Technologies and Management of Municipal Solid Waste in ... 2.9... · Municipal Solid Waste in...
Transcript of Technologies and Management of Municipal Solid Waste in ... 2.9... · Municipal Solid Waste in...
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Technologies and Management of Municipal Solid Waste in Thailand:
Status Quo and Current DevelopmentsStatus Quo and Current Developments
Dr. Jochen AmrehnDr. Jochen Amrehn
Integrated Resource Management in Asian Cities: the Urban NexusBangkok, 24.6.2013 – 27.6.2013
King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang
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General Information
� Inhabitants: 69,122,234 � Population of Capital (2009):
7,025,000 (official figure)� Population of BMR (2009):
12,177,000 (estimated)� 76 Provinces
BMR
� 1277 municipalities and � 6636 SAO’s in Thailand
(Subdistrict Administrative Organizations or Thesaban)
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Distribution of Authorities for MSW
Royal Thai Government
Central Government Regional Governments Local Governments
Formulate policies,guidelines, programs,regulations andstandards
Coordinate relatedworks between centraland local governments
Handle wastemanagement withingoverned area
Implementing Unit
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Generation of MSW
Region 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Bangkok
Special Zone PattayaCentral and Eastern Region
Northern Region North-Eastern Region Southern Region Outside Municipalities
8,29112,6355,499
2,1482,9062,082
18,295
8,40312,9125,619
2,1952,9702,128
18,697
8,53213,6005,780
2,3463,1672,307
18,200
8,78014,9155,258
2,9314,2672,459
17,369
8,83416,3685,830
3,2554,7002,583
16,208
8,76616,6205,918
3,3154,7682,619
16,146
Whole Thailand 39,221 40,012 40,332 41,064 41,410 41,532
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Whole Thailand 39,221 40,012 40,332 41,064 41,410 41,532
Pollution Control Department , Annual Report, 2011
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Thai MSW
� High amount of organics (>50%)� Water content > 50%� High amount of small plastic bags� Little amount of recycling materials� Calorific value low (3-4 MJ/kg)5
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Improper Disposal
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Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
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Collection Rate
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Waste Flow
Saleng
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Waste Flow
Transfer Station
Dump site / landfill
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Waste Flow outside Bangkok
Household Household Household
Garbage CollectionOBOTO
Informal Collectors(Saleng)
Collecting Company
CompostingAnimal Feed
Illegal DumpingBurning
Waste Bin
Household Household HouseholdHousehold Household
Scavengers
Washing and Repacking Company
RecyclingCompany
LandfillDump, MBT
Public sector
Private and informal sector
Government
Private and informal sector
<1%
Recycling Quota<1%
Ai Hiramatsu et al., Waste Manag Res 2009; 27; 951
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Wongpanich (Recycling Materials)
Founded in 1974� Founded in 1974� Over 400 branches in Thailand� Buys recycling materials� Located at good locations� Franchising
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Waste Treatment Technologies
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MSW Treatment
� Landfill / open dumps– Number of operating sanitary landfills: 93– Number of landfills that never opened: 8– Number of landfills that have been closed: 6– Number of open dumps: 330 (official)
� Incinerators: 3Phuket: 250 t/d currently extended to 850 t/d– Phuket: 250 t/d currently extended to 850 t/d
– Koh Samui: 150 t/d (only partially operational)– Lampang: 6 t/d– Bangkok 500 t/d (under construction)
� Integrated Waste Management: 3
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Incinerators
Phuket Koh Samui
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Economic Models
� Government operated� BOT (Build-Operate-Transfer)
– Private investor– License from government for treatment of MSW
� x years (10-30), y tons/day, z Baht/t tipping fee� x years (10-30), y tons/day, z Baht/t tipping fee
– Private investor has to recover investment, o&mcosts and profit from treatment process
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Economic Models
Tipping Fee ElectricityRecycling materialsReduced disposal costs
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Income Distribution
Energy
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Tipping Fee
High Income CountriesEurope, USA, Japan
Lower Income CountriesThailand
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Problems of MSW in Thailand
� Collection of waste on the country side is difficult� Responsibility of waste management on Thesaban
level leads to small amounts of waste� No enforcement of regulations� Tipping fee very low� Landfills are almost full� Landfills are almost full� Resistance of the informal sector
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Integrated Waste Management
Adder tariff20
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Problems for Automatic Sorting
� High water and organic matter content� Bag-in-the-bag concept
WasteBin
Europe
Thailand
� Small amounts of waste� Road transport� Low Tipping Fee� Social Factors
Thailand
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Municipal Waste Management Center
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Criteria for Successful Technology
� Can treat unsorted MSW
� Can cope with high moisture content of MSW� Can utilize all components to generate electricity:
– Biogas and RDF
� Can treat wide range of MSW compositionsEnvironmentally friendly� Environmentally friendly
� Economically feasible
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MYT (Biodamp ) Technology
Metalseparation
Mechanicalpretreatment
BIODAMP®
Mechanical separation
Paper, packaging
Biological drying
Off-gas treatment
MixedMSW ~90
%
Anaerobic digestionAerobic waste
water treatment
separation
Heat
Electric current Co-generation
Inerts Solid recovered fuel
2 days8 days
6 days
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Biodamp Pilotplant Petchaburi
BIODAMP® Pilot Plant Thailand
Company: WEHRLE Umwelt GmbH
Location: Petchaburi, Thailand
Input: 3 t/d Municipal Solid Waste
Year: 2010 – 2011
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Waste with high organic contentsWater content ~ 50-60 %
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Waste composition of the input matierial
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Charging of the DAMP ®-mixer
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Fresh waste in the DAMP ®-mixer
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Treated waste in the DAMP ®-mixer
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Dewatered output of the DAMP ®-mixerWater content ~ 35 %
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Structure of the output material
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Air-drying (rotting) of the output material
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Key Figures of the dry output material RDF:
• Water content ~2 %
• Calorific value Hu = 13,000 - 20,000 kJ/kg
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Clustering of Thesaban
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Source: Pollution Control Department 2011
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Clustering (2)
Cluster Size Waste Load[t/day]
Number of Clusters
MoUAgreements
Large Cluster > 500 3 3
Medium ClusterM1M2M3
250 – 500100 – 25050 – 100
206268892
140186557
Small Cluster < 50 301 207
Cluster Size Recommended Processes
L Sorting + Bio-conversion Process + Incineration + Landfill
M1 Sorting + Anaerobic Digestion + Gasification/Pyrolysis/Stoker Incineration + Landfill
M2 Sorting + Bio-conversion Process + Pyrolysis/ Gasification + Landfill
M3 Sorting + Bio-conversion Process + Pyrolysis/ Gasification + Landfill
S Sorting + Bio-conversion Process + Landfill
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Source: Pollution Control Department 2011
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Existing Clusters (2011)
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Conclusion
� Most cities in Thailand face a “waste crisis”
� New landfills face public resistance� New waste management and treatment strategies
are needed i.e.– waste reduction, waste separation, distribution of authorities
etc.etc.
� Treatment technologies must be appropriate for the Thai specific MSW
� Government must provide suitable conditions for advanced MSW treatment
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