TECHNO-ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF OFF-GRID HYBRID...

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TECHNO-ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF OFF-GRID HYBRID RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR A REMOTE AREA ELECTRIFICATION IN IRAN AMIR AHMAD YAHYAZADEH BANDARRIGI A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Electrical Engineering (Electrical Power) Faculty of Electrical Engineering University Teknologi Malaysia DECEMBER 2015

Transcript of TECHNO-ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF OFF-GRID HYBRID...

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TECHNO-ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF OFF-GRID HYBRID RENEWABLE

ENERGY FOR A REMOTE AREA ELECTRIFICATION IN IRAN

AMIR AHMAD YAHYAZADEH BANDARRIGI

A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of

Master of Electrical Engineering (Electrical Power)

Faculty of Electrical Engineering

University Teknologi Malaysia

DECEMBER 2015

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To my beloved mother and father who are always there for me

And

To my dearest brother who changed my life on earth into heaven

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I would like to thank my parents who not only tolerated

my absence, but also supported me while I was away from home.

Additionally, I would like to thank my esteemed supervisor, Associate

Professor Dr. Mohd Muhridza Yaacob for his help, and feedback. I am greatly

indebted to him, because this study could never have been completed without his

astute guidance and moral encouragement.

Furthermore, I like to express my heartfelt thanks to my dear brother Soroush

for his undying help, and encouragement.

With love and gratitude,

Amir Ahmad Yahyazadeh Bandarrigi

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ABSTRACT

In this project, comprehensive information about various types of renewable

energy is provided. Also, solar and wind energy is analyzed specifically. For this

project a residential area in the town of Astara, Iran has been selected. Based on

information provided by TAVANIR Company and electricity distribution companies

in the region of Astara, power consumption has been calculated to be kwh / day20.

Independent system for providing power in the region is diesel generators, wind

power and photovoltaic power. HOMER software has been used in this project

which is based on the design of power supply system according to lowest cost. For

this purpose the environmental characteristics of the area including the amount of

solar energy received on account of annual wind speed in meters per second have

been considered. This application is based on optimization. To achieve this objective

consumer information, including load profile in terms of time, number, type and

price of diesel generators, number, type and price of wind energy turbines, number,

type and price of photovoltaic cells are keyed in to the application and the software,

based on mathematical optimization models, selectes the best options (such as

optimization algorithms and PSO algorithm in MATLAB) as output.

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ABSTRAK

Dalam projek ini, maklumat yang komprehensif mengenai pelbagai jenis

tenaga boleh diperbaharui disediakan. Juga, tenaga solar dan angin dianalisis secara

khusus. Untuk projek ini kawasan perumahan di bandar Astara, Iran telah dipilih.

Berdasarkan maklumat yang diberikan oleh TAVANIR Syarikat dan syarikat-

syarikat pengedaran elektrik di kawasan Astara, penggunaan kuasa yang telah dikira

sebagai kwh / day20. Sistem yang bebas untuk menyediakan kuasa di rantau ini

adalah penjana diesel, kuasa angin dan tenaga photovoltaic. Perisian HOMER telah

digunakan dalam projek ini yang berasaskan kepada reka bentuk sistem bekalan

kuasa mengikut kos terendah. Untuk tujuan ini ciri-ciri alam sekitar di kawasan

tersebut termasuk jumlah tenaga suria yang diterima pada akaun kelajuan angin

tahunan meter sesaat telah dipertimbangkan. Permohonan ini adalah berdasarkan

kepada pengoptimuman. Untuk mencapai maklumat pengguna matlamat ini,

termasuk profil beban dari segi masa, bilangan, jenis dan harga penjana diesel,

jumlah, jenis dan harga turbin tenaga angin, bilangan, jenis dan harga sel fotovoltaik

diberi kekunci masuk untuk permohonan dan perisian, berdasarkan model

pengoptimuman, selectes pilihan yang terbaik (seperti algoritma pengoptimuman dan

algoritma PSO dalam MATLAB) sebagai output.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

DECLARATION ii

DEDICATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

ABSTRACT v

ABSTRAK vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

LIST OF TABLES x

LIST OF FIGURES xi

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background 1

1.2 Problem Statement 2

1.3 Objectives of the Study 3

1.4 Scope of Work 3

1.5 Thesis Outline 4

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5

2.1 Introduction 5

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2.2 Renewable Energy Technology 6

2.3 The Share of Renewable Energy in Iran 9

2.4 Solar Energy 10

2.4.1 Sun 11

2.4.2 Solar Energy and Future Generation 12

2.4.3 Necessity for Using Solar Energy 13

2.4.4 Solar Energy (Needs and Limits) 13

2.4.6 Electricity Generating Solar Energy Systems 15

2.4.7 Photovoltaic (PV) Technology 16

2.4.8 PV- Standalone System 17

2.4.9 Significance of Investment in solar Energy 18

2.5 Wind Energy 19

2.5.1 Wind Turbine 21

2.5.2 Wind Farms 25

2.5.2.1 Onshore 26

2.5.2.2 Offshore 27

2.5.2.3 Near Shore 28

2.5.3 Hybrid power system 29

2.5.4 PV-wind Hybrid Power System 29

2.6 Summary 30

3 METHODOLOGY 31

3.1 Introduction 31

3.2 PV Panel Data 31

3.3 Wind Turbine Data 32

3.4 Battery Data 33

3.5 Inverter Data 34

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3.6 Site Meteorological Data 34

3.7 Load Data Site 37

3.8 Summary 37

4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 38

4.1 Introduction 38

4.2 Software Analysis 38

4.3 PV Cells 47

4.4 Wind Turbine 48

4.5 Battery 48

4.6 Power Converter 48

4.7 Summary 56

5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 57

5.1 Conclusion 57

5.2 Recommendation 58

REFERENCES 59

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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

3.1 Solar Resource Data 35

3.2 Wind Speed Data 36

4.1 The annual solar radiation in the region 43

4.2 Average monthly wind speed 45

4.3 Results of Simulation 49

4.4 Optimized simulation results for PV wind diesel system 53

4.5 Parturition rate 54

4.6 The costs of installation of PV Wind system 55

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

2.1 Example of solar plane in Arizona 11

2.2 Solar Power Administration System in Arizona, United States 12

2.3 Photovoltaic Standalone System 18

2.4 A Typical Wind Turbine 22

2.5 Horizontal axis wind turbine 23

2.6 Vertical axis wind turbine (lift type) 24

2.7 Ducted Wind Turbine 25

4.1 The amount of load consumed during one day 39

4.2 Seasonal load 40

4.3 Single-line diagrams 42

4.4 The annual solar radiation in the region 43

4.5 The monthly solar radiation in the region 44

4.6 Average monthly wind speed 45

4.7 Average monthly wind speed 46

4.8 Simulation of PV-Wind Diesel in HOMER Software 47

4.9 Monthly production of energy by solar, wind 54

4.10 The costs of installation of PV Wind system 55

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

In recent years, renewable energy resources such as wind and solar energy

get serious attention from people who concern about the environmental impact

around the world. The main purpose exploitation of renewable energy is to avoid the

environmental downfall and mitigate energy crisis [1]. Many renewable energy

sources sets techno-economic and functional limitations in their application for

covering most type of energy needs. Renewable energy sources are available freely

wherever the environmental impacts are negligible.

The performance of all power system configurations in term of economic

analysis and optimization, are evaluated using a simulation tool called HOMER.

HOMER is a computer model that simplifies the task of evaluating design options

for both off-grid and grid-connected power systems for remote, stand-alone and

distributed generation (DG) application.

The cost and environmental impacts can be evaluate by using HOMER with

various technologies like run-of-river hydro power, generator: diesel, solar

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photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine, gasoline, biogas, alternative and custom fuels, co

fired, electric utility grid micro turbine and fuel cell can be evaluated.

1.2 Problem Statement

As we know, oil and its derivatives are valuable and vital national assets and

non-optimal use of them often creates irreparable losses, so scholars and experts are

looking for resources that will gradually replace fossil fuels [3]. Fossil fuels will

impose enormous environmental pollutions, in other words, on one hand the burning

of fossil fuels would unleash toxic gases into the environment and cause human

respiratory problems as well as the pollution of the environment and on the other

hand concentration of these gases in the atmosphere prevents heat to get out of the

Earth and it would lead to an increase in temperature and changes in the Earth's

climate, which is called the greenhouse effect [1]. If rising temperature continues

with the current trend, it would be almost impossible to restore it to its former

condition. Most scientists have suggested that the best solution is to stop the growing

trend of these harmful gases.

Therefore it is also essential to our country's officials to look for ways to

reduce the use of fossil fuels in order to reduce the mentioned hazardous gases.

Designing a power system based on renewable energies is a good solution for this

problem. In designing a power system, there are many decisions on the

configurations of the system that must be considered. What are the components need

to be included in the system design? How many and what is the size of each

component should be used? The large number of technology option, the variation in

technology cost and availability of energy resources such as wind energy, solar

energy, biomass energy, hydro energy and etc. make these decisions more difficult.

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Some users develop their own models for their investigations, while others

purchase commercially available software or use free software available on the

Internet. This study investigates the capabilities of a software package HOMER to

analyze system design optimization of renewable energy technologies, which is

commercially available.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

This project has several objectives, the objective are:

i. To study the implementation of renewable energy in IRAN

ii. To design a DG System based on renewable energy system for a Remote area

in IRAN

iii. To gather data on any aspect of existing renewable or sustainable energy.

iv. To compare the cost of different types of renewable energy to find the

affordable combination.

1.4 Scope of Work

i. Types of renewable energy to be studied are solar and wind energy

ii. Data to be collected are effectiveness, cost, effect on environment, etc.

iii. Comparison will be made on the cost of different types of renewable energy

to determine the most affordable renewable energy.

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1.5 Thesis Outline

This thesis completed with five chapters. Chapter one will gives an

introduction about the project. The introduction contains project background,

problem statement, objective, and also scope.

Chapter two more focuses on literature review of this project and the various

types of renewable energy sources. This chapter also describes the technologies used

for generating electricity.

The methodology used to complete this project was described in chapter

three. The software used is HOMER. The calculation to determine a proper size of

each component in the system is also explained in this chapter. The site

meteorological and load data are also discussed in this chapter.

Chapter four shows the steps in simulate the proposed system configurations

which have been previously discussed. This chapter also discusses result obtained

from the simulation tool HOMER.

The conclusions and recommendations for further design and simulation of

this project are stated in chapter five.

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5.2 Recommendation

In future, the PV standalone system should be installed in Iran compared to

wind standalone and PV-wind hybrid system. In this project, the charge controller is

not put in the equipment consideration. To implement the PV system, charge

controller should be considering in that system. A battery controller is a device

which regulates the charge current and prevents over charging. In photovoltaic

systems, such devices can regulate the charge current either by interrupting the array

current (series type) or by short-circuiting sections of the array (shunt type). As

short-circuiting will aggravate any tendency to hot spot failure, the series type is not

always advisable. A more sophisticated type embodies a microprocessor which

maintains battery current, voltage and temperature, computes the state of charge and

regulates the input and output currents so as to avoid overcharging and excessive

discharge [16]. Besides that, Solar Advisor Model Software that specific and more

specialists on the PV system can be used to verify the result.

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10. Iran Renewable Energy Organization (SUNA), Biomass Energy,

http://www.suna.org.ir/ationoffice-zisttoodehoffice-zisttoudehenergy-fa.html,

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