Technique Magazine - January 1993

USA Gymnastics

The Official Technical Publication of USA Gymnastics

New Name, New Look, New Home

General Gymnastics

Dance Technique

USA Gymnastics Videos

Coaching Performance

Not Enough Time

Judge's Fees

Which Way Do I Go,

Coach?

Insurance Jungle

EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS

Creating Gymnastics Pyramids and Balances

Joseph M. Fodero, EdD, and Ernest E. Furblur, MS 1989 • Spiral ·120 pp Item #3614 - $18.00

Pyramid building is safe and fun with the thorough instructions guidelines found in this guide. Choose from 268 carefully illustrated and explained formations that have all met safety requirements of gymnastics and cheerleading organizations.

Each formation is organized according to level of difficulty and size of pyramid or balance for easy reference. There are even various stunts labeled according to level of difficultyfrom beginning to intermediate to advanced. Readers will learn proper positioning of performers, counterbalancing, assembly and disassembly of pyramids, and spotting and safety measures.

Contents: Hi stor ical overview • Py ramids and Cheerleading • Objectives and Values • Principles of Teaching, Learning and Performing • Lesson Planning • Technique • Illustrations • Exhibitions • Sports Acrobatics

Marketing HealthlFitness Services

Marketing Health/Fitness Services

Richard F. Gerson, PhD 1989 • Cloth • 136 pp • Human Kinetics Item #3616 - $21.00

This is the first marketing guide for health / fitness services that shows how to enhance the business side of an operation and achieve optiomal profit with minimal financial risk. It offers proven techniques for selling services, products, facilities, and programs; takes readers step by step through writing a marketing / business plan; and shows how to use this plan to secure financing, attract potential clients and employees, and ensure customer satisfaction.

It also includes such valuable features as a sample business plan and two model marketing plans, read y-to-use forms, a glossary of business terms, and guidelines for analyzing the financial aspects of readers ' business and market places.

To order any of these books, or other educational materials and videos presented in this issue, please complete this order form and send to:

~--------------------------~ Name _____________ _

USA GYMNASTICS PO Box 5562

Indianapolis, IN 46225-5526 (317) 237-5060

PLEASE NOTE: The videos listed in thismagazine are provided for educational and historic purposes. While every effort is made to produce videos of the highest quality, it should be noted that some of the videos are produced at events utilizing handheld cameras from vantage points in the stands by non-professional volunteertechnicans. OnIylimitededitingand production enhancements are utilized in order to provide a timely product at a reasonable rost to the USA Gymnastics membership.

2

I Address I I

Item Qty Cost Total

I City ___________ _ I State _____ Zip _____ _ I Phone ( _____ _ : USA Gymnastics Memb. No. ___ _ I S.s. No. __ _

I 0 MasterCard 0 VISA I Card # __________ _

I Expiration Date: ________ _ I Signature: __________ _ I

Send Mail Orders to:

I

I USA Gymnastics Merchandise PO Box 5562

I Indianapolis, IN 46255-5562

Subtotal Indiana Residents add 5% sales tax Shipping & Handling Charges Purchases over $50 = $4.50 Purchases 510.01-$50 = 53.50

I Make checks payable to:

I USA Gymnastics I (T1 93)

Purchases 10.00 and under = $2.00

Grand Total L __________________________ ~

January 1993 - TECHNIQUE

January, 1993, Volume 13, No.1

Publisher Mike Jacki

Editor Stephen W. Whitlock

Production Luan Peszek

Men's Program Director Robert Cowan

Women's Program Director Kathy Kelly

Rhythmic Program Director Nora Hitzel

USA Gymnastics Board of Directors

President: Mike Jadd; Chair: Sandy Knapp; President Emeritus: Bud Wilkinson/Mike Donahue; Athlete Directors: Wendy Hilliard, chair; Jim Hartung, vice chair; Michelle Dusserre, sec; Sheryl Dundas; Tim Daggett; Karyn Lyon-Glover; Tanya Service; Chris WaUer; Kevin Davis, USOC: Athlete's Ad visory Council; Nancy Marshall, Admin. Advisor; Amateur Athletic Union: Stan Atkinson; American Sokol O rganization: Jerry Milan; American Trampoline & TumblingAssociation: Wayne Downing; American Turners: Betly Heppner; Junior Boys Gymnastics Coaches Association: Marc Yancy; Men's Elite Coaches Association: Peter Kormann; National Association for Girls and Women in Sport: Dr. Mimi Murray; National Association of Collegiate Gymnastics Men: Abie Grossfeld ; National Association of Collegiate Gymnastics Women: Gail Davis; National Association of Women's Gymnastics Jud~es: Yvonne Hodge; National Collegiate Athletic Associatton: Cheryl Levick, Fred Turoff; National Federation of State High School Associations: Susan True; National Gymnastics Judges Association: Harry Bjerke; National High School Gymnastics Coaches Associatton:John Brinkworth; National Jewish Welfare Board: Courtney Shanken; Rhythmic Coaches Association:Suzie DiTullio; Special Olympics, Inc.: Kate Faber-Hickie; U.S. Association of Independent Gym Clubs: Lance Crowley; U.S. Elite Coaches Association for Women: Tony Gehman; U.S. Sports Acrobatics Federation: Bonnie Davidson; Young Men's Christian Association: Rick Dodson; USA Gymnastics National Membership Directors: Men's: Jim Holt, Ray Gura; Women's: Joan Moore, Julia Thompson-Aretz; Rhythmic: AUa Svirsky, Ute Alt-Carberry.

USA Gymnastics Executive Committee

Chair: Sandy Knapp; Secretary: Mike Milidonis; Vice Chair Women: Nancy Marshall; Vice Chair Men: Jim Howard; Vice Chair Rhythmic: Norma Zabka; President: Mike Jacki; FIG Women's Technical Committee: Jackie Fie; FIG Rhythmic Technical Committee: Andrea Schmid-Shapiro; FIG Men's Technical Committee: Bill Roetzheim; At Large Members: R~ Kreutzer; Sue Arrunennan; Athlete Directors:Tim Daggett, MtcheUe Dusserre, Wendy Hilliard; President Emeritus: Bud Wilkinson, Mike Donahue.

Associate Content Editors Sports Science Advisory Committee

William Sands, PhD .• Chair, Sports Ad visory Committee Pat ty Hacker, Ph.D., Chair. Education Sub-committee

Stephen W. Whitlock, Liaison

Unless expressly identified to the contrary, all articles, sta tements and views printed herein a re attributed solely to the autho~ and the United States Gymnastics Federation expresses no opinion and assumes no responsibil ity thereof.

TECHNIQUE - Januanj 1993

Inside This Issue

Contents Announcements New Name, New Look, New Home ...... .... ... ... ....... .. ..... ...... 5

General Gymnastics General Gymnastics: World Gymnaestrada .... .... ... ..... .... .... 7 Dance How Does Dance Relate to Gymnastics? .. ....... ... ..... .. ...... .... 8 Dance Technique ....... ...... .. ..... ... .. ..... .... ......... .... ...... ........ ...... .. 9

Coaching PDP Update ... ... ..... .... ... .. ............. ... ... .... ... ............. .... ....... ...... 12

General USA Gymnastics Videos .............. ............. .... .. ... ......... .... .. ... 13

Coaching Performance Evaluation .. .... .............. ......... ........ .... .. ..... .... ... 16 Not Enough Time ........ ... .. ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... ...... .. ..... ..... ..... . 19 Rhythmic Gymnastics Rhythmic Code of Points .... ... ..... ........ ... ..... ... .. .... ... ....... ... .... 21 General Battle of the Bulging Baked Potato ... ......... ......... ... ............. 23 Creating Gymnastics Pyramids & Balances ..... ..... ..... .... ... 24 Planning an Exhibition .. ...... ... ..... ...... ...... ... ... ........... ..... ..... .. 25

Judging Women's Judging Fees ... ... .......... ..... ...... ........ ........ ... .... .. ...... 27 Coaching Which Way Do I Go, Coach? .... ............. ........... ......... ... ....... 30 Membership Report The Insurance Jungle ... .. .......................... ..... ..... .. .... ... .. .... .... 32

Minutes and Reports W-JOPC, 12/4-5/92, Indianapolis, IN ............ ..... ............... 34 W-Joint Meeting, 12/ 5/92, Indianapolis, IN ...... ... ... .... .. ... 36 W-EPC, 12/4-5/92, Indianapolis, IN ...... ............. .... ... ... .. ... 37 W-Ad Hoc Conference Call, 12/10/92 ... ..... ..... .............. ... . 38 W-EPC Conference Call, 12/ 15/ 92 .. ... ...... ................ ... ..... .. 38

Other The Dream Team: In the Flow .... ... .... ...... ................. .... ...... .42 USA Gymnastics Objective 2000 .... ........ .... .. ...... ..... ....... ..... 38 Annual Index of Articles for 1992 ................ .. ... .. .... ............ 46 Education/ Event Calendar .... ....... ....... ..... .. ...... .... ... ... ...... ... 47 Safet Certification Schedule ................. .................. ..... .... .. . 48

CHANGE OF ADDRESS AN D SUBSCRlPTION INQUIRIES: In order to ensure uninterrupted delivery of TECHNIQUE magazine, notice of change of address should be mad e six to eight weeks in advance. For fastest service, please enclose your present mailing label. Direct all subscription mail to TECHNIQUE Subscriptions, Pan American Plaza, 201 S. Capitol Ave., Suite 300, Indianapolis, IN 46225.

TECHNIQUE is published 10 times per year by USA Gymnastics, Pan American Plaza, 201 S. Capitol Ave., Suite 300. Indianapolis. IN 46225 (phone: 317-237·5050). Third class postage pa id at Ind ianapolis, IN. Subscrip tion price: $25.00 per year in United Sta tes; all other countries $48.00 per year. If ava ilable, back issuesinglecopies$4.00 p lus $1.00 postage / handling. AU reasonable care will be taken, but no responsibility can be assumed for unsolicited material; enclose return postage. Copyright 1992 by USA Gymnastics and TECHNIQUE. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.

3

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9.- 15. Juli 1995

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I EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS I

U.S. OLYMPIC TRIALS • June, 1992 - Baltimore, Md. •

#2187 - Women's Optionals - Miller, : Zmeskal, Strug, Dawes, Kelly, Bruce, • Borden, Grivich, McDermott, Crandall, • Sonuner, Bangerter, Balogach (1 :10) .... $14.95 •

#2287 - Men's Optionals - Keswick, Waller, : Roethlisberger, Lynch, Dimas, Minicucci, • Ringnald, Hanks, Umphrey, Kirksey, . Warburton,Harrison,Stelter,Caputo,Asano, • Thomas, McKiernan, Schlesinger, Lakes, • Ryan (1 :50) .. ......................... ... .... ..... ...... $14.95 •

#2387 - Rhythmic Optionals - Lovell, : Levinson, Sapetto, Simpson, Hunt, Lovell, • Bushnell, Neuman, Vanderpluym, Alt. ... ..... ........ .............. ........ ........... .. .... ........ . ~4.%·

VIDEOTAPES Coaches Muriel Grossfeld and Tamara Biggs instructs Elite Na tional Team members at the August, 1992 Training Camp. (1 :38) .............................................. ........ . $14.95

NEW #2200 - (Men's) Dieter Hofmann's Lecture/Clinic, 9/20-21/92, Anaheim, CA. (2

.#2157 - Women's Competitions • Junior Women - Compulsories, optionals • and all award ceremonies. (2:40 long -SLP • format) ................... ..... .... .. .. ....... ...... .. $14.95 • #2255 - Men's Competition : National Team Optionals from the prelimi-

parts - total 9 hrs. in SLP) ........ .......... $39.95 • nary rounds & FINALS ................ ...... $19.95

#2107- Round-off Entry Vault Training • • Video-TrainingTips .... .. ...... .. .. .... .. .. .. $19.95 •

U.S. RHYTHMIC CHAMPIONSHIPS May, 1992 - Colorado Springs, CO

#2201-1992 J.O. Men's National Championships - Class I & II Event Finals. May 10, • #2354 - Senior All-Around Finals. Including

: Sa p e tto, Hunt , Bushnell, Simpso n, Austin, TX .... ........ ..... ...................... ... $15.95 H tl L II t $1295

#2243-Future Trends in Mens Gymnas- : #235;~ J~~~iO~~~I-A~o~;~·d ·F; ;~~i·~:i ;~·~iudi·ng tics. TapebyM. Watanabe. (0:58) .. ... #14.95 • Tucay, David, Ward, Fredrickson, etc.

• .. .. .... ..................... .... .... .................. ... .. ~2.% U.S. CHAMPIONSHIPS - May, 1992 •

RSG WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS Athens, 1991

: #2156 - Women's Competitions • Senior Women - Competition la, Ib, and

Event Finals . Zmeska l, Strug, Campi, Dawes, Borden, Kelly, etc. (5 :42 long -SLP

• SPORTS MEDICINE

• #2102 - How to Tape an Injured Gymnast -

• #2385 - Group Finals •

(1:22) ....... ........ ... .... ...... .... ...... ..... .. ... .. $14.95 • forma t) ........ ......... ................ .......... .... $21.95

#2386 - Individual Finals ~~------------...... - ......

(1:40) .... ............ ~~~.~.~ ...... ............. . $14.95 Panasonic NEW #2129-1993 Elite Compulsory Beam

& Floor Testing Exercises -National Team

NEW #3614 - Creating Gymnastics Pyramids and Balances - Fodero & Furblur (1989) - Pyramid building is safe and fun with the thorough instructions and guidelines found in this guide. Choose from 268 carefully illustrated and explained for-mations .......................................... .. .. $18.00

NEW #3616 - Marketing Health/Fitness Services - Gerson (1989) - This is the first Marketing guide for health / fitness services that shows how to enhance the business side of an operation and achieve optiomal profit w ith minimal financial risk ............................................... ....... . $21.00

NEW #3601 - Fitness Fun: 85 Games and Activities for Children -Foster, Hartinger and Smith (1992) - This book provides children with unique activities that consider muscular strength, muscular end urance, flexibility, and cardiorespiratory fit-ness ............ ... .. ..... ................ ........ ... ... ... . $12.00

#3608 - Rookie Coaches Gymnastics Guide - USA Gymnastics / ACEP (1992) - The basics of teaching gymnastics providing coaching principles related to sport psychology, sport philosophy, teaching and planning, injury prevention and care, and liability concerns. This is used asonecomponent of the USA Gymnastics PDP Level I Coaching Accreditation .................. $8.%

4

PROUD SPONSOR USA Gymnast

OF i c s

PUBLICATIONS #3604 - Sequential Gymnastics II: The

Instructor's Guide - Hacker (1992) - Used in conjunction with Level I Coach Accreditation, this book is designed especially for the gymnastics teacher to provide basic gymnmastics skill progressions .......... .. ............ .. ....... .... .... .... ...... ...... .... . $13.00

#3611 - I Can Do Gymnastics - Hacker (1 992) - This is the student version of Sequential GYll1nastics !T. The book includes check sheets for the gymnast to record his/her progress .... .......... .. .. .. .. .... .... $13.00

#6001 - Gymnastics Safety Manual, 2nd edition (1990) - This book is used as the text for the USA Gymnastics Safety Certi-fication courses .. .... .... .... .. .. .... .. ......... $16.45

#6002 - Trampoline Safety Manual - If you use trampolines in your club, you should ha ve a copy of this book! .... ........ .... .... $9.95

USA Gymnastics Safety Posters - display these in your gymnasium. #6101- 1. Safety Guidelines ...... .. ...... $5.00 #6102 - 2. H.esponsibilities of the

Gymnas t. ..... .. .. ... .... .. .... ..... $5.00 #6103 - 3. Mat Safety .... .... .... .... ........ .. $5.00 #6104 - 4. Safety First! ................ .... .... $5.00

Use the Order Form 011 page 2 to order any of these videos or

educatiol1almaterials.

• In 2 parts: 115 minutes and 83 minutes. : This tape was prepared by Larry Nassar, • ATc.. ............ ...... .. ........... ...... ... ......... $19.95

#2410 - Back Exercises for the Gymnast A video designed to lessen the problem of back pain in the gymnast. With the use of a skeleton and gymnasts, L.Nassar, ATe, demonstrates how body positioning, flexibility, pelvic stabiliza tion & muscular ex-ercises are beneficial. (0:80) .... .... .. .... $10.95

#3613 - The Fifth Event - Sands, et al (1992) - A comprehensive conditioning plan designed for the demands of women's gymnastics. The components of the plan include the Calisthenic Strength Program, the Flexibility Program, and Injury Pre-ven tion Exercises .......... .. .. .. .. ..... ...... . $12.50

#3612 - Gymnastics: A Guide for Parents and Athletes - Feeney (1992) - This is an excellent book for beginners as well as experienced gymnasts. It contains vital informa tion to guide parents and athletes in choosing a gymnastics program that will best suit their needs and also gives pertinent information on safety, conditioning, and the guidelines which govern thesport. ............ .. ....... .... ....... ... .. ....... .. $15.00

#Artistic Gymnastics: A COl11prehensiveGuide to Performing and Teaching Skills fo r BeginIlersand Advanced Beginners- Turoff(1991) - All of the skills covered in this text are Alevel or easier. Each skill is presented with a description of how it should be performed, a short list of common problems, and teaching suggestions. Covers men's and women'sevents .. .... ................ .... $21 .95

January 1993 - TECHNIQUE

Announcement

New Name, New Look, NewHome E ffective January 1, 1993 the United States

Gymnastics Federation (USGF) will conduct business as USA Gymnastics. This

announcement was made at the semi-annual USGFboard of directors meeting in Indianapolis, Ind. The name change will be accompanied by a new logo to complement the updated identity.

Sandy Knapp, formerly the president of Indiana Sports Corporation, will serve as chairperson of the USA Gymnastics board of directors.

New National Facility In order to meet the challenges of the future,

USA Gymnastics is charting a new course - a course through which it intends to reshape itself from a national governing body which focuses primarily on servicing and administering a national competitive program, to one which integrates and manages all aspects of the sport of gymnastics. The centerpiece of this bold initiative will be the USA Gymnastics Center.

This new headquarters for USA Gymnastics will become a showcase for the sport, having the following features:

• 2.2 acres of property along the beautifully refurbished canal in downtown Indianapolis, on property donated by the City ofIndianapolis.

• Multi-story, 80,000 square foot structure, designed by the award winning firm of Browning, Day, Mullins and Dierdorf. More than one-quarter of the $9.5 million to build the facility has been secured.

• Fully-equipped video studio, auditorium and classroom designed to advance coaches education and sports safety. This emphasis on education will manifest itself in increased publication of technical articles, manuals and books, extensive series of instructional and safety videos and workshops, clinics and symposiums.

• 37,000 square feet of state-of-the-art training gyms created with the flexibility to serve both as a permanent site for national team training and a place for developmental gymnastics programs. It will include separate training areas for men's, women's and rhythmic programs, a dance studio, offices, locker rooms, training room, and strength conditioning area.

TECHNIQUE January 1993

• Eighty-bed residence and dining area used to house athletes, coaches, sports educators, committee members and board members participating in national training programs, educational gatherings, and business meetings.

• 10,000 square feet of administrative and business offices designed to house each of the seven divisions of USA Gymnastics. By planning this facility to meet the long-term needs, sufficient space will be available to expand the scope of efforts in areas such as marketing, merchandising, member services, safety education and program administration. This carefully planned space will allow USA Gymnastics to integrate athlete testing, athlete services, sports science and research and development more completely into the fabric of its business.

• A central location for the sport's archives to display the accomplishments of great athletes and coaches and ensure that the knowledge, history and traditions of the sport are preserved and made available to all.

"We are excited about our future and believe that the USA Gymnastics Center will become the model for Olympic sports into the 1996 Olympic Games," said Mike Jacki, USA Gymnastics president. ,

Michael Browning, chairman of Indiana Sports Corporation, said, "We believe this project ushers in a new era of sports in Indiana polis. We ha ve always placed an emphasis on eduction and the development of young people. This facility addresses both of those initiatives and continues our long-standing commitment to amateur sports, in general, and the Olympic movement in particular."

Indianapolis is home to seven national governing bodies and one international federation.

5

THE USA GYMNASTICS CENTER

The spirit, imagi

nation and re

sources of one sport

in a state-of-the-art

facility for the

membership to

share.

Sudafed Award to Miller

Five-time Olympic medalist Shannon Miller received the Nuprin Comeback Award®. The award was presented after competition in the Barcelona Olympic Games to athletes who have distinguished themselves in national or international competition after exceptional come-backs from sports-related injuries.

The award is the first of its kind to recognize performance based on an athlete's perseverance through injury and a trainer's dedication and prowess in readying that athlete to compete.

Miller sustained a fractured dislocation of her left elbow in March. With the help of her trainer, Mark Cranston, she was able to compete in June at the Olympic Trials, going on to medal at the Olympic Games.

Miller was also a nominee for the 1992 Babe Zaharias award.

Artistic Worlds Update

In 1992, the International Federation of Gymnastics (FIG) altered the competition format of the World Championships in an effort to make the World Championships more accessible to athletes, more exciting to viewers and more effective for international competition experience.

Olympians Retire 1992 Olympians Betty Okino and

Jenifer Lovell have announced retirement from international gymnastics competition.

A three-year Senior National Team member for artistic gymnastics, Okino was a participant at the 1991 and 1992 World Championships, as well as a competitor at the Barcelona Games. Okino experienced success winning a bronze team medal in Barcelona, a silver medal on uneven bars at the 1992 Worlds, and a bronze medal on beam along with a silver medal for team competition at the 1991 World Championships.

Additionally, Okino brought home medals in six of nine other international competitions in years between 1989-1991. Okino trained at Karolyi Gymnastics in Houston, Texas, with Bela and Martha Karolyi.

Seventeen-year-old Okino is attending high school and intends to pursue a career in modeling.

The 1991 U.s. Rhythmic National Champion, Lovell is in her fourth year on the Senior National Team at age 18. Lovell won the Olympic Trials and placed 23rd all-around in the 1992 Olympic Games. Lovell competed in 18 international competitions since 1987. A 1992 high school graduate, Lovell moved from Miami to train in Illinois with Irina Vdovets at Illinois Rhythmics.

F.I.G. Bulletin Those Professional members who

want to keep current on the developments in International Gymnastics can now suscribe to the quarterly F.I.G. Bulletin , published by the Federation Internonale de Gymnastique. To order, send your check or Money Order for $25 along with a copy of this page to:

USA Gymnastics - FIG Bulletin Pan American Plaza, Suite 300 201 S. Capitol Avenue Indianapolis, IN 46225

(Please make checks payable to "USA Gymnastics ")

Important Deadline: In order for you to receive your 1993 issues, we must receive your order and check by:

February 8, 1993

Orders received after that date will be returned to you .

F.I.G. Bulletin Order Form

NAME __________ _

ADDRESS ________________ __

CITY ___________________ __

ST ATE ________ ZIP ________ _ The format change includes splitling ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

the elements of World Championships competition and rotating them in the following order:

World Championships Year Site Month Format 1992 Paris April Ind. Event

FRA 1993 Birmingham April Ind.Event/

GBR 13-18 All-Around 1994 Brisbane April Ind. Event/

AUS 16-23 All-Around 1994 Dortmund Nov. Team

GER 21-27 1995 Sabae Sept. Team / Ind.

JAP 22-1 Event / All-Around

6

Election Results

National Representatives to the USA Gymnastics Board of Directors

Rhythmic Program

Ute Alt-Carberry 57 Alla Svirsky 55

Jolie Barretta-Keyser 54 W. Terry Exner 41 Tamara Dasso 24

Women's Program

Joan Moore 659 Julia Thompson-Artez 394

Jim Archer 354 Mark Weber 266 Marge Kiley 224

Men's Program

Ray Gura Jim Holt

Monte Kimes Bob Wuronos

189 148

80 79

January 1993 TECHNIQUE

General Gymnastics

General Gymnastics: World Gymnaestrada I n the FI~ Technical R~gulations on General

GymnastIcs, the term General Gymnastics" is defined as follows:

General Gymnastics describes that aspect of gtjmnastics which is leisure-oriented and offers a range of exercise programs featuring special characteristics, as follows:

General Gymnastics offers a varied range of sports activities suitable for all age groups and other target groups comprising, essentially, exercises from the field of gymnastics with and without apparatus, as well as games. It focuses on items that are of particular interest in the national and cultural context.

General Gymnastics develops health, fitness, and social integration. General Gymnastics contributes towards physical and psychological wellbeing. Gymnastics is a social and cultural factor.

General Gymnastics, fundamentally, comprises regular games and exercise activities which people enjoy mainly for their own sake. The purpose of these activities is to maintain and/or improve personal fitness. General Gymnastics offers aesthetic experiences in movement for participants and spectators.

Events and competitions may also form part of General Gymnastics.

The World Gymnaestrada World Gymnaestrada is the name of the official

FIG world event in the sector of general gymnastics. It comprises non-competitive presentations from the entire field of general gymnastics, including a variety of sports activities suitable for all age groups as well as other particular target groups. Activities consist of exercises with and without apparatus as well as games, with the focus of the activity varying from nation to nation.

Both Gymnaestradas and gymnastics festivals are events in which everyone present participates actively. The World Gymnaestrada takes place at four-year intervals. The programs of the World Gymnaestrada include:

• Opening Ceremony • Group Performances • Large-group performances • National gymnastics presentations • FIG presentation of General Gymnastics -

FIG Gala • Instructors' Forum • Social event for all active participants in the

World Gymnaestrada • Closing Ceremony

TECHNIQUE Januan) 1993

Notes on Group Performances Group performances are designed to visualize

the diversity of General Gymnastics. Groups shall comprise no less than ten active performers. Performances shall be presented twice indoors, in arenas of no less than 1312 square feet measuring between 65 x 65 ft. and 65 x 130 ft. and offering technical control and equipment accommodation facilities. Each arena shall be capable of seating 1,000 persons on grandstands. Performance arenas shall be cordoned off from the grandstands and accessways.

Prepared by: Steve Whitlock Director of Educa-

fRANKfURT AM MAIN 9.- 15. Juti 1995

Performance contentAny activity belonging to the sector of General Gymnastics. Activities, music and dress should harmonize and form a coherent entity. It is desirable for performances to show something that is typical of a nation.

Objectives of the World Gymnaestrada

A great deal of creativity is required to create one's own performance, and National Federations as a rule are constrained to think deeply about the characteristics of their country in such a context, particularly with regard to the development and interpretation of the concept of exercise.

Participation in a World Gymnaestrada means presenting gymnastics in its national setting and, to some extent, presenting your own na-

• Advertising the value and diversity of General GymnastiCS.

• Encouraging the spread of General Gymnastics worldwide.

• Providing incentives and motivation for meaningful work within national federations.

• Inspiring enjoyment in exercise and encouraging personal activity.

• Demonstrating the possibilities of different conceptions and diffusing ideas about them.

• Presenting the most recent findings and developments in General Gymnastics.

• Assisting in the general and technical education of instructors.

• Bringing together gymnasts from the four corners of the globe as a contribution towards the friendship of nations.

• Presenting General GymnastiCS to a wide public.

tion to an international audience. While such a presentation implies an obligation to present concrete elements in a purposeful manner, it is also an opportunity for both the country and the FIG Member Federation to improve its image.

Program length for the group performances shall be 15 minutes. Member Federations shall be fully accountable for the supervision of all their participants for the entire duration of their stay at a World Gymnaestrada venue and, particularly, for the welfare of the young gymnasts participating. In all instances where there are no national legal regulations setting a higher age limit, special supervision shall cover all minors up to 16 years of age.

7

Dance

How does Dance Relate to Gymnastics?

Tamara Biggs Safety

If dance is done correctly, it develops strength and flexibility in all the muscle groups and all joints. This helps prevent injuries that are caused by under or over development of strength and

Examples of How Dance Movements Use Muscles

1. Demi-Plie in Five Basic Positions This basic exercise turns out legs and develops the tendons and muscles of thighs, calves , ankles, and feet, increasing flexibility and strength in the Achilles tendon . The spring-like action of demi-plie is essential to all jumping upward and upon return of feet to the floor .

2. Grand Plie A slow, continuous movement, bending downward and rising upward without pause, coordinating movement of free arm with movement of legs.

3. Port de Bras (at the Bar) Gives flexibility to and develops coordination in the entire body. The movements are flowing and continuous.

4. Battement Tendu Simple (stretched beating) Strengthens and turns out legs and feet , develops insteps.

5. Battement Tendu Jete (degage) Develops speed and precision in movement of legs and feet.

6. Grand Battement Jete Develops freedom of leg movement from hips.

7. Grands Battements Developpes (passer la jambe) Strengthens the torso and develops balance for Adagio movements.

8. Rond de Jambe a terre Facilitates rotary movement of legs from the hips and flexibil ity in ankles and insteps.

9. Releves (facing bar - first and second positions) Strengthens Achilles tendon , insteps, knees , and thighs

10. Basic Positions of the Body To achieve the classic line and symmetrical relationship of head, shoulders , torso, and legs, the following positions are of the utmost importance.

11. Pas Assemble (en avant - forward) The correct execution of assemble is essential as a foundation for all subsequent jumping steps.

8

flexibility. Gymnasts have a tendency to be overly developed in the front muscles of the body and under developed in the back muscles of the body thus leading toward injuries. Equal muscle development is very important for safety reasons! The gymnast needs the equal muscle development so that the muscles share the work load of the body. Compensation is very dangerous.

I. Areas of the body in which dance develops strength: A. Feet-Toes, arch, and all the muscles around

the foot area. B. Ankle - Achilles tendon and all the muscles

around the ankle area. C. Calves - Achilles tendon, shins and all the

muscles around the calf and shins. D. Hamstrings - upper and lower hamstrings

plus the gluteus maximus. E. Thighs - Quads upper and lower F. Knees - All the muscles around the knee

area. G. Mid-Section - Upper and lower ab

domenand back. H. Arms - Upper and lower arm, hands, wrist,

fingers. I. Neckand Shoulders-Chest and upper back

II. Areas of the body in which dance develops flexibility: A. Feet - Toes, arch and all muscles and ten

dons in the foot area. B. Ankle - Achilles, and all the muscles, ten

dons, and joints around the area. The range of motion increases.

C. Calves - Achilles tendon, and all the muscles and tendons around the area.

D. Hamstrings and hip joint - Upper and lower hamstrings, all muscles and tendons around the area . The range of motion and turn out in the hips increases.

E. Thighs - Quads upper and lower. F. Knees - All the muscles around the knee

area . G. Mid-Section - Upper and lower stomach

and back. H . Arms - Upper and lower arm, hands, wrist,

and fingers. All muscles, tendons, and joints around the arm, elbow and hand.

I. Neck and Shoulders - Chest (for an open chest look), upper back (for upper back arches) and all muscles, tendons, and joints around the neck and shoulders.

Janllary 1993 TECHNIQUE

Dance Technique The ability to transfer weight efficiently

marks the difference between a tense, jerky execution and a flowing, controlled one.

There are only four ways in which a jump can be executed:

1. From two feet to two. 2. From two feet to one. 3. From one foot to one. 4. From one foot to two.

1. There is no weight transference in jumps of the first category. Since the push-off is totally vertical, weight is equal on all sides of the body and on the feet; these jumps precondition the gymnast to feel the verticality in all jumps.

2. In the second category, jumps from two feet to one, the push-off is from both feet, but weight is transferred to one leg either at the height of the jump or just before the moment of landing. Although the body is supported by one leg only, the total weight of the body is not allowed to be borne entirely by the leg. Much of it is absorbed by the pelvis. The plie of the supporting leg, at the moment of landing, acts rather like the contracting coils of a pogo stick, mini-

mizing the stress of landing but also coiling up for the next jump.

3. The weight-a bsorbing quality of the pelvic area lends lightness to jumps in our third category, from one foot to one foot. The strength of the Tammy Biggs supporting leg alone would not be sufficient to lift the body off the floor. It is only through the cooperation of the pelvis, which does not allow the total weight of the body to descend onto the foot, that the leg can act as a springboard and propel the body upward. When this type of jump is done from one foot to the other, as in grand jete, the benefits of correct weight trans-fer in the air are maximized.

4. In the fourth category, jumping from one leg to two, the jump begins on one leg, as it does in the jump from one foot to one foot. The landing is even onto both feet.

All jumps derived from soubresaut come under the first category, jumps from two feet to two. The weight is evenly distributed between the two feet, the push-off is vertical, and the landing is perfectly centered. In changement the legs open to the side (only enough to bypass each other) at the

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TECHNIQUE January 1993 9

height of the jump. The correct execution of changement prepares the student for the correct execution of all even-numbered entrechats, as well as for other beaten steps.

The balloon, so important in jumping, is first experienced in these simple jumps from both feet. The vertically push-off determines to a great extent the height of the jump. The verticality of the landing teaches a balanced weight distribution which safeguards ankles and knees from injury. One's upper body is placed compactly around its axis while the legs thrust against the floor.

Glossary Arabesque:

A basic balletic pose, generally taken in profile. The working leg is extended straight behind, the supporting leg may be straight or on demi-plie. The hips and shoulders are square to each other and to the line of direction.

Assemble: To assemble or place together. Fourth category jump. From fifth position the working leg slides out and is thrust to a 45° angle in the air; as the leg is extended the supporting leg pushes off; the legs join before landing in fifth position. The movement can be done devant or derriere; when executed a la seconde it is taught both dessur and dessous .

Attitude: A pose inspired by the statue of Mercury by Giovanni

We've made it

da Bologna; its first use is credited to Carlo Blasis. The supporting leg is straight, the working leg is ra ised to a 90° angle, or higher, and bent; the foot and the knee remain alligned to each other on the same horizontal plane.

Chasse: Chasing one foo t with the other. The right foot slides forward to a four th position; then with a slight spring off the floor, the left foo t draws up to it in the air, and the right foot opens to fourth as the land occurs. The movement is continuous. Chasse can be done in croise or efface traveling forward or backward; it can also be done from side to side.

Entrechat: A straight up-and-down jump in which the dancer crosses the legs, each in front and then behind the other, the desired number of times. Each crossing counts as two movements. Even numbered entrechats finish on both feet: entrechat deux or royale springs from both feet, beats front to finish in the back. Entrechatquatre bea ts back to finish in front. Entrechat six bea ts back then front to fini sh in the back. Odd numbered entrechats finish on one foot, the other leg on the cou-de-pied, in front or behind; entrechat trois beats front finishing on the cou-de-pied back; entrechat cing beats front then and finishes on the cou-de-pied front; entrechat spet bea ts back then front and finishes on the cou-de-pied back. All entrechats can be reversed, in which case the back leg is thought of as the working leg.

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Fouette: Whipping - a strong whipping movement of one leg accompanied by half or full revolution of the body. Grand fouett ' saute. Third category jump. Preceded by a failli , the right leg extends in a grand battement devant. Pushing off the supporting leg, the dancer turns away from the working leg in the air and lands in first arabesque. This can also be done with a full or a half revolution in the air. Following the first fouette the dancer swings the working leg through first position to gra nd battement devant and executes a turn in the air en dedans while the whip is taking place. The landing is on the same leg.

Jete: Thrown movement. Third category jump. Grand jete en avant. A high jump from one leg to the other. It begins with agrand battement to the front, pushes off the supporting leg, and lands on the front leg with the back leg in arabesque. It travels forward in the air.

Grand Jete in Tournant: Grand jete in which the legs pass each other in the air while the bod y is revolving. The first leg does a gra nd battement devant; the second leg kicks while the first leg is still in the air, the legs passing each other in the back as the body revolves to face front again. The landing is in arabesque on the first leg.

Pas De Chat: Cat's jump. Third category jump. Fifth position, right foot back. The right foot lifts to a high retire as the left bends to push off. After the push-off, it bends

to a high retire. The legs pass each other in the air as the left leg travels up to retire and the right travels down. Landing is on the right leg with the foot closing in front a moment after the landing.

Sissone: Named for the creator of this step. Second category jump. Springing up from both feet, the working leg opens at the apex of the jump; the landing is onto one leg. It may travel de cote, en arriere, or en avant, or it may remain en place.

Soubresaut: Sudden bound. First category jump. A spring upward from both feet to both feet. It can remain en place or travel en avant, en arriere, or de cote. The legs must be held close together throughout the action.

Temps De Fleche: Arrow step. Third category jump. Preceded by a pas de bOUlTee couru or a glissade, this is a high jump with one leg shooting through like an arrow. After a running preparation the left leg kicks in a grand battement devant, while the right leg pushes off and executes a battement developpe. The landing occurs on the left leg with the right leg extended devant.

Tours En L' Air: Turns in the air. The dancer springs up from both feet in fifth position and revolves one or more times, finishing in fifth position, opposite leg in front. Tours en ['air may also finish in various positions on one leg as well as on one knee.

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11

Coach Education

PDP Level II Sports Science Requirement

Dave Moskovitz Coaching Development Coordinator

Seventy-nine coaches, administrators, and club owners participated in an ACEP Leader Level Sports Science Leadership Training

Seminar at the National Congress in Anaheim, CA. This group along with several other certified instructors will be responsible for delivering the ACEP Leader Level Sports Science course to the gymnastics community.

USA Gymnastics-ACEP Leader Level Sports Science Instructors

The individuals listed below have completed the clinic requirement for instructor certification. Coaches should refer to Technique for the current scedule of sports science courses. For additional information, contact the Coaching DevelopmentCoordinator at USA Gymnastics.

Paul Agar - Anchorage, AK Gloria Aikenhead - Elko, NV Wallace Anderson - Norwich, CT Roger Baldwin - Reno, NV Norbert Bendixon - Mundelein, IL Diane Berry - Virginia Beach, VA Mike Birdsong - Oklahoma City, OK Beau Biron - Houston, TX Karl Bishop - Clearwater, FL Kay Brown - Paris, TX Lou Burkel - Colorado Springs, CO Steve Butcher - Santee, CA Randy Carr - Macon, GA Keith Carter - Aurora, IL Sarah Jane Clifford - Penfield, NY Woody Clifton - S. Burlington, VT Scott Crouse - Ft. Worth, TX Bruce Davis - Miami, FL Rick Dodson - Sarasota, FL Steve Dunnigan - Santa Monica, CA Kate Faber-Hickie - Toms River, NJ Doug Fitzjarrell- Waco, TX Bill Foster - Houston, TX Will Foster - Florence, AL Phil Frank - Cinnaminson, NJ Hiroshi Fujimoto - Monterey, CA Abe Gabriel - Camillus, NY Ricky Garcia - Birmingham, AL Patricia Gardner - Kaneohe, HI Edward Gibson - Merrillville, IN Dennis Gosnell - Knoxville, TN Pat Gray - Meridian, MS Sherry Gruber - Alva, OK Rick Gunther - Menomonee Falls, WI Patty Hacker - Brookings, SD Hal Halvorson - Los Angeles, CA

12

Paul Hausladen - Mountain View, CA Jm Henderson - New Hartford, NY Jennifer Scannell- Leicester, MA David Klein - Tigard, OR . Connie Kleven - Medina, ND Thomas Koll - Omaha, NE Bernadette LeBlanc - Commack, NY Louis Liguori - Southern Pines, NC James Linderholm - Huntsville, AL Derick Moellenbeck -Colorado Springs, CO Susan Montgomery - Santa Barbara, CA Louie Morales - Katy, TX Dave Moskovitz - Indianapolis, IN Jerry Nelson - North Haven, CT Phyllis Niemi - Rome, NY Paul Padron - Charleston, SC Dave Peterson - San Jose, CA James Reichart - Council Bluffs, IA Jerry Reighard - Mt. Pleasant, MI Susan Robinette - Pleasanton, CA Victoria Romano - Madera, CA R. Lynn Ross - St. Thomas, PA Steve Rybacki - Covina, CA John Salein - West Fargo, ND Steven Schoenbaechler - Louisville, KY Heinz Schulmeister - Los Angeles, CA Kevin Scott - Fenton, MO Marvin Sharp - Fargo, ND George Sobatka - Syracuse, NY Kevin Spencer - Louisville, KY Betsy Sprague - Denver, CO Mike Stanner - Omaha, NE Blake Starr - Salt Lake City, UT Lauri Stoneburner - Santa Maria, CA Billy Bob Taylor - Scott Depot, WV Richard Terry - Milford, CT Elaine Thompson - Greenville, NC Eric Totman - Orangevale, CA John Valdez - Vista, CA Russell Ward - Houston, CA Wilhelm Wennersten -Newport News, VA Kevin White - Ridgeland, MS Steve Whitlock - Indianapolis, IN Robert Wuornos - Minneapolis, MN

What is ACEP? The American Coaching Effecti veness Program

(ACEP) is a division of Human Kinetics Publishers, the largest distributor of coaching and physical education materials in the United States. The program was developed and refined over the last 15 years. Many gymnastics coaches will recognize Coaching Young Athletes, part of ACEP's first coaches education course.

The ACEP program has now expanded to three levels including 18 courses. At each level, coaches attend a clinic(s) and complete self-study and testing requirements.

PDP The USA Gymnastics Professional Develop

ment Program utilizes textbooks, materials and training courses from a variety of resources. In an effort to conserve resources and provide quality programs and resources it was decided that the PDP should incorporate those materials which best served gymnastics coaches.

PDP Level I Accreditation requires the completion of three components:

1. Rookie Coaches Gymnastics Guide - self-study and testing

2. Sequential Gymnastics II - self-study and testing 3. Level I Video Clinic - attend clinic and sub

mit application form The Rookie Guide was published in conjunc

tion with ACEP for their Volunteer Level. At USA Gymnastics we use the guide as part of Level I Accreditation.

PDP Level II Accreditation citeria: 1. ACEP Leader Level Sports Science course -

complete the ACEP course. 2. USA Gymnastics Safety Certification - at

tend course and complete examination. 3. USA Gymnastics Professional Membership

- maintain member status. 4. J.O. Compulsory Skills - compete self-study

and testing. (June '93) 5. Basic Skills - complete self-study and test

ing. (June '93) 6. PDP Level I Accreditation

The ACEP Leader Level Sports Science course is currently being delivered across the country by certified instructors. In an effort to make this course more available to the gymnastics community, USA Gymnastics is working closely with ACEP and the new group USA Gymnastics-ACEP instructors. Guidelines are currently being developed to standardize fees for the course and to facilitate courses.


Educational Services

USA Gymnastics Videos

The purpose of this article is to provide the Professional Membership with some information about the videos that are offered

through the Merchandise Department. USA Gymnastics videos are offered primarily

for educational (not entertainment) purposes. The goal is to provide videos at a reasonable cost and in a timely manner. Several categories of videos are offered:

1. Limited Edited Tapes (LE) USA Gymnastics competitions (un televised)

and / or events such as Training Camps or coaching seminars. Examples would be the Classic competitions and the Men's Winter Cup Challenge. Generally, the goal is to prepare one 2-hour tape that summarizes the competition.

The original footage is shot by staff members or volunteers using S-VHS cameras. Often, "ideal" camera locations are not possible, therefore, the camera's view may occasionally be interrupted by members of the audience walking in front of the camera to go get refreshments! The original tapes are edited onto another S-VHS tape to create a "Master" so that the tapes you receive are equivalent to secondgeneration quality. To insure reproduction quality most tapes are shot at Standard Play (SP) speed.

Occasionally, you will find these advertised as containing "selected routines." This means that the tape does not contain all performers on all events-this occurs for a variety of reasons: • Obviously, if multiple events are conducted

at the same time, 1 or 2 person camera operators will miss some routines.

• Camera operators occasionally miss a routine through technical reasons.

• 2 hours and 15 minutes oHootagejustdoesn't fit on a 2-hour tape! (Using 2 tapes would not be economically feasible). These tapes generally have very limited

editing: we add titles / credits at the beginning and a ttem pt to cut dead -time. There is no "voice over" - sound is just the ambient sound pickedup from the camera mikes.

We believe that these tapes offer a historical documentation of the competition(s) and can be effectively utilized by the coaching and judging community.

2. Gift Tapes with Limited Editing (GT-LE) USA Gymnastics receives a number of tapes

from coaches from local, national and international events that they shot themselves and then sent to us because they thought that they

TECHNIQUE JanuanJ 1993

would be of interest to the gymnastics community. Examples include: foreign events such as the Golden Sands Competition from Bulgaria or various state and regional mini-congress presentations. The quality of the tape that we receive is usually of low quality (2nd or 3rd generation), with little attention paid to camera placement, sound, etc. These tapes are usually low in price.

3. Televised Events (TE) There are two categories of tapes here:

A. USA Gymnastics Events (such as the American Cup) or FIG Events (such as the World Championships) that are televised by major networks or cable, cannot be reproduced or sold. However, through contractual negotiations with the networks, USA Gymnastics is often permitted to do our own taping for sale and distribution to our membership "for educational purposes." Our tapes from these events often suffer from some of the same problems in #1 above, but we feel fortunate to be able to offer them at all!

NOTE: the networks are '!2fIY protective of their contractual rights. The Elite Coaches Association's Video Club has recently had some difficulties because they offered their own version of certain televised events without prior permission. Even though USA Gymnastics video taped the entire TripleCast footage of the Barcelona Olympic Games, we have not yet been able to offer any of this to the membership! (We are attempting to gain permission!)

B. Occasionally, the network or cable company produces their own tape of the event that is made available for distribution to our membership. These tapes are usually of a very high quality ... but cost more.

4. Training Camp and Lecture Tapes (TC&L) Here the goal is to provide and distribute

the information. An example might be a lecture by Dr. Sands at a Women's National Training Camp or the FIG presentation of the new compulsory routines. These go through a quick editing process, but viewers should keep in mind that these are tapes of an actual presentation to a live audience, NOT a specially produced tape on a topic. How does this differ? Essentially, What You See Is What You Get!

USA Gymnastics is currently offering tapes of the Dieter Hoffmann lectures at Congress. The production values of these tapes are very low ... but the content quality is very high!

13

Steve Whitlock Director of Educational Services and Safety

~ Panasonic

5. Professional Quality Tapes (PQ) These tapes utilize extensive editing and

often elaborate (and expensive) production. Examples include the J.O. Compulsory Program presentations, the Dance Workouts, and various judging training tapes.

The purchase price varies, but generally is higher than the other tapes discussed above.

Also in this category are tapes on a wide variety of subjects that are offered by independent production groups. USA Gymnastics Merchandise offers these tapes because of the quality of information and the quality of the product. The prices are established by the various production companies and are usually higher that our other tapes. Examples include tapes from the Athletic Institute and Human Kinetics.

6. Committee Tapes (CT) As part of the goal to provide information to

the general membership, the various departments of USA Gymnastics regularly provides free educational tapes to various groups including the Regional Chairmen, State Chairmen, and National Team Club Coaches. The idea is that these individuals need the information ASAP in order to conduct their programs and workshops/ clinics.

We see these people as information resources who will share this information with their local gymnastics communities. Many of these can be viewed, borrowed, and even copied. Contact your Sc, RC and/or local National Training Team facility to find out what tapes that they have available for you to review.

7. Special Orders (SO) More and more, we are getting requests for

specially edited videos. These requests might be research or personally based. For example, we find a lot of gymnastics fans who want special tapes of Kim, Shannon, or Trent. Judges might call us requesting tapes of specific skills. While we are willing to do this, special tape requests will be individ ually priced based upon time and effort of preparation.

8. International Formats (IF) USA Gymnastics now has the capability of

converting any VHS system format tape- for example, PAL->NTSC or NTSC->SECAM. In the past this has been a very expensive process. We are willing to assist our Professional Member's needs for tape conversion. Prices for tape conversion will be based upon individual project demands, but will be substantially lower than other commercial services.

The relationship between USA Gymnastics and Panasonic has already resulted in a significant increase in the number of offerings and quality of Merchandise video offerings. You will continue to see improvement!

Goals in 1993 include the production of coach-

14

ing and judging tapes in a variety of areas including: technique, spotting, trampoline, safety, business, preschool, general gymnastics, coaching education, and judges' education.

Current utilization of the Panasonic equipment has been by USA Gymnastics staff such as H. Mizoguchi, C. Maloney, D. Moskovitz and others who are not trained video professionals and have numerous other job responsibilities. As the interest in video continues to increase, it is our expectation that USA Gymnastics will hire someone with specific responsibility and expertise in this area.

Panasonic National Team Equipment -Through the Panasonic sponsor rela tionshi p, USA Gymnastics has been able to provide cameras, monitors and editing equipment to National Team Clubs as well as selected individuals, judges, and organizations. Besides the immediate usefulness of this equipment in preparing and training U.S. National Team athletes, we see the Clubs and organizations who have received this equipment as local, state, and regional resources.

We encourage them to share the use of this equipment. For example, a National Team Club could use their equipment to video-tape the various state meet competitions and then share these tapes with other local clubs. The State Board might wish to use the editing equipment to prepare a special banquet presentation video. Or, the state NAWGJ association might wish to utilize the equipment in preparing a presentation for their state meeting. All of the individuals and organiza tions who ha ve received Panasonic equipment should make every effort to share these video resources within their geographic areas.

A primary goal of this program was to increase the communication (via videotape) between the equipment recipients and USA Gymnastics. All National Team Coaches, individuals and programs who have received this equipment are expected to continually provide tapes to USA Gymnastics. (Unfortunately, to date, we have received very few tapes from the program participants-we hope that changes in 1993).

Obviously, if a coach or judge who has received Panasonic equipment is assigned to an international event, it is expected that he/ she will send USA Gymnastics a copy of their video diary of the trip and as much of the competition that they can document. Since USA Gymnastics has provided the video equipment and paid for the transportation and other travel costs and per diem, it seems logical that we would receive a copy of any videotapes made in conjunction with the trip. This footage could assist USA Gymnastics in preparing U.S. delegations for travel to future events, producing training tapes, providing current trend information to the Membership, and in documenting historical perspectives. Again unfortunately, this has not happened as expected- we


have received very few tapes. In fact, there have been a few situations where tapes have been offered by the USECA Video Club to their limited membership without USA Gymnastics receiving a copy that could be offered to the general membership or added to our video archives.

Of course, each of the Panasonic Equipment participants will need to establish check-out and u tiliza tion procedures that work for them in order to maintain the equipment. We suggest that each participant work closely with the State and Regional Boards to determine the best wa ys tha t this equipment opportunity can be best utilized.

Besides event tapes, we encourage the Panasonic Equipment participants to regularly send us other tapes: drills and skills, new ideas in progressions and spotting, innovative gym and equipment designs, gym FUN activities, clinic presentations, and any other topics that might be of interest to the gymnastics community.

When we reach the point of reviewing the USA Gymnastics/Panasonic relationship for continued sponsorship, it will be very important that we can document how the utilization of the current equipment has assisted in increased communication and specific training effects.

If you have any concerns or questions about how this equipment and technology can be better utilized within your area, please contact yourSC or RC.

USA Gymnastics Video Magazine - a goal in 1993 is for USA Gymnastics to produce a prototype of a Video Magazine that would be a subscription piece offered on a quarterly basis. The format would be a 2-hour video newsletter divided into various departments similar to a TV news program-new trends, gymnastics technique, important information, announcements, advertisements, USA Gymnastics Departmental reports, sports medicine digest, highlights from Training Camps, the FIG Corner, national and international competition highlights, and other topical information would be presented as well as some FUN presentations.

USA Gymnastics Video Archives - Please send us your videos! While we can't offer a $10 ,000 dollar prize like America's Funniest Home Videos, we are interested in building our video-tape library. Historical documentation is an important goal. The footage that you provide could also be very helpful to us in preparing judging training videos or other technical videos.

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Coaching Development

Performance Evaluation

Dave Moskovitz Coaching Development Coordinator

I n my previous article, "Evaluating Coaches," Technique, Nov-Dec, 1992, several suggestions were gi ven to im prove the level of coaching in your

facility. This article will follow-up on the concepts of evaluation from the first article and outline practical evaluation procedures using the sample "Coaches' Performance Evaluation Form" on the following two pages.

Evaluation should be systematic. The procedures followed by the club owner/administrator must be consistent, logical, and follow the agreed upon criteria that was established as part of the coach's employment contract. Some suggestions: • Set aside a specific time period for evaluation. Re

member that the first few class sessions and the last session are often not representative of the coaches' abilities.

• Follow a standard format for each evaluation. Observe the coach in as many different roles as possible; try to remain inconspicuous and hold your comments for a follow-up meeting with the coach.

• Inform the coach of the evaluation. You need not tell the coach the specific day and time, but let him / her know that the evaluation will be coming up shortly. This helps to put the coach at ease; many people fear evaluation, especially if it is a "surprise" or unannounced critique.

Completing the evaluation The Lesson Preparation section refers to the Lesson

Plan, not the coaching session. Evaluate the components of the coach's lesson based on the listed criteria. You complete this section before you observe the actual lesson.

The Lesson presentation and coaching ability, Communication skills and Professionalism sections refer to the actual coaching sessions. These should be completed as soon as possible after viewing each lesson. Take notes during the lesson to make sure you keep your facts straight. A void completing an entire evaluation form during a coach's lesson. Spend a few minutes of quiet time to make sure your assessments and comments are accurate.

Assessment of the practical coaching lesson as a whole. (evaluation form, page 2) This is your overall impression of the coach's performance. Place an 'X' at a point on the line which best describes their performance during the lesson. Then, using the following two categories, elaborate your over-all assessment.

Strengths of the coach. Briefly identify good coaching behaviors. Be specific. Vague remarks like, "Suzy has good control," do not provide accurate information. Qualify all your statements and back them up with examples from the lesson. The remarks you make should answer the question- what does he /she do well?

Specific areas requiring further development. These may show up from the rankings given, but this section allows you to highlight any key areas. Make sure to include tips or helpful hints with each remark in this area. If any glaring weakness is revealed, set up a time for special assistance sessions with the coach. If

16

presented properly these specific points can become goals for the coach.

Comment by coach being assessed. After discussing the evaluation with you, the coach should be given time to review your evaluation of his /her performance. Using this space the coach should add notes or reinforce your comments, to help him / her to address the issues raised in the evaluation.

To finalize the evaluation process, both people sign the form. Copy the evaluation form (initial the copy), and give it to the coach for his / her records.

Building a coaching staff This type of evaluation system can also benefit the

new or inexperienced coach as well. The question of Application has been raised relative to the PDP and Safety Certification program. By using a standardized evaluation system and implementing it regularly, administrators will be able to identify those areas in which the instructor needs assistance or additional training / reinforcement. Use the recommendations in the Rookie Coaches Gymnastics Guide, Sequential Gymnastics II, Successful Coaching, and the USGF Gymnastics Safety Manual, 2nd Edition, to assist you in designing evaluation forms of your own.

Sample evaluation system for 'new' instructors:

1. All first-year instructors must prepare and carry out three lessons under the direct supervision of a supervising coach - that's you. Before implementing a lesson plan, the 'new' instructor must work with a class for 10-15 class-hours under a supervising coach. Each lesson should be evaluated using a standardized assessment system. Use or modify the form on the following pages.

2. Based on the results of the three lesson evaluations, set a specific training period for the coach-in-training. 30-60 hours of supervised instruction can be used as on-the-job training. Toward the end of the training period, the instructor should prepare another lesson plan to be evaluated.

3. During both #1 and #2 above, the instructor should complete 10-20 self-evaluations. Use the same evaluation system. At the very least, self-evaluations should be done on the same lessons that the supervising coach evaluates.

4. During the entire training period, the supervising coach should conduct scheduled and unscheduled "de-briefings." These sessions provide an opportunity for the experienced coach to share what they have learned over the years. Discuss current events in the community that may effect the students or outline specific skills that have or have not been mastered. Continuous open communication is a key to the development of quality coaches.

Remember, the goals of evaluation are productivity and efficiency. Your efforts to conduct comprehensive evaluation and staff training programs should all be executed with these goals in mind. Theultimatewinners in coaches' evaluation are the athletes in your program.

Janllary 1993 TECHNIQUE

Coaching Performance Evaluation Form

Coach's Name ______________ _ Date ____ _

Evaluator's Name _____________ _

Description of class or coaching session observed:

Assessment Scale: 1 - Needs Much Attention; 2 - Needs Attention; 3 - Satisfactory; 4 - Excellent

Lesson preparation Balanced warm-up

Fun and Fast-moving activities

Awareness of physical preparation

Suitable activities and lead-ups

Balanced lesson content

Safety awarness and practice

Lesson presentation and coaching ability Adequate class control

Students organized quickly into activity

Enjoyment (FUN!) for everyone

Continuous activity for everyone all the time

Safety Awareness and paractice

Supervision (provided all of the time)

Recognition of the group's stage of development

Recognition of individual needs

Produced observable improvement in performance

Effective use of time

Effective use of equipment and circuits

Communication skills Effectiveness of explanations

Effective eye contact maintained

Voice: volume and modulation

Does the coach display good humor?

Other non-verbal behavior

Professionalism Punctuality

Appropriate dress and appearance

Attitude to coaching

Lesson completed on time as planned

TOTAL SCORES

TECHNIQUE lm7Uan} 1993

Overall Rating ___ _

Coaching Assessment

1 2 3 4

17

Assessment of the Practical Coaching Lesson as a Whole

Not impresssive 1 .......... ......... ... .. .. ..... 1 .... .. ......................... 1 .. ... .. ... ............ ........ 1 Very impressive

Strengths of the coach:

1.

2.

3.

Specific areas requiring further development:

1.

2.

3.

Comments by Coach being assessed:

Type of Group / Activity:

0 Men's Artistic o Women's Artistic 0 Rhythmic 0 Other

o Pre-school developmental o Recreation 0 School 0 Compulsory o Optional o Elite

Name of Supervising Coach: ______________ Signature ______________ _

Signed by Coach being assessed: ________________ _

18 January 1993 TECHNIQUE

Time Management

Not Enough Time

C oaches and Class Instructors are constantly faced with the problem of time -there never seems to be enough time to

accomplish everything that needs to be done! To be effective, instructors need to learn how to make the most of the limited time available with their students. Keeping in mind that the students want to have FUN and be ACTIVE, teachers should utilize proven time management techniques.

Let's examine the situation of a coach working with a group of 8 students at a single set of uneven bars for a 20 minute rotation. In this example, each student could have a maximum of 2.5 minutes each "on the bars." We all know that AT BEST, the students only use about one third of the available time actually performing skills and drills. Therefore, each student can only spend just under one minute out of the 20 minute session working on the apparatus! Therefore, the instructor's task becomes to increase and maximize each student's available work time. How can this be accomplished?

Planning The most obvious solution is for the instructor

to prepare and plan ahead of time the goals, objectives and tasks for the group and individuals . Unfortunately, many teachers are lax about preparation of lesson plans. The result is lost time and lost results. Even the most experienced teachers will gain better results if they make the effort to prepare written lesson plans. Gym Club Program Directors should encourage and reward this effort on the part of the instructors.

Equipment Utilization In the example above, the addition of a second

set of bars could double the gymnast's work time. While it isn't always possible to provide two or more sets of equipment, the instructor can take advantage of several methods to increase time on the apparatus, for example:

• Identify skills and drills that 2 or more gymnasts can perform at the same time. When introducing some skills, it might be possible for the instructor to work with 2 gymnasts at the same time - for example, pullovers or support positions.

• Element count - an easy measure of the


amount of activity is the element count. An element is anyone definable gymnastics skill, such as a pullover, a cast to handstand or a flyaway dismount. As part of the planning process, the instructor can establish goals for the number of elements to be accomplished during the training period. After only a short time, the instructor will be able to establish realistic goals for light, medium and heavy training using element counts.

• Encourage multiple repetitions - The rule should bethat, whenever possible, the gymnast performs 3-5 repetitions of the skill on each turn. This increases the element count. Further the gymnast learns how to connect skills and begins to develop muscular endurance and strength.

• Require "entry" and "exit" skills - If the goal skill is a cast to handstand, it actually takes almost the same amount of time for the gymnast to: A) climb up to a front support and do one cast and then climb down, as it does to; B) kip to support and cast handstand followed by a cast to underswing dismount. In "A" the gymnast has performed only one element; in "B" the gymnast has performed 3 elements! As above, this increases awareness of connections and muscular endurance and strength.

Cireui t Stations Even if only one set of bars is available, the

instructor can establish mini-circuits that can increase element count and student activity. In the cast to handstand example, the instructor could establish stations to complement the goal skill that each gymnast is required to perform while waiting for his/her turn:

• Kick to handstand against nearby wall and hold for 10 seconds with good body position.

• Kick to handstand on floor mat and attempt to hold a handstand for 5 seconds (3 repetitions)

• 5 Handstand push-ups against wall.

• 5 Handstand pirouettes on floor mat.

• 3 sets of 15 "hollow-body" push-ups.

19

Steve Whitlock USA Gymnastics, Director of Educational Services and Safety

To be effective,

instructors need to

learn how to make

the most of the

limited time avail

able with their

students.

Clear communica

tion with the

gymnast is essen

tial for effective

time management.

The instructor

should make use of

procedures that

clearly identify

performance expec

tations for each

student.

Principles for Good Communication

• Speak clearly.

• Volume-use the appropriate level for the situation.

• Use examples.

• Ask the students if they understand or have questions

• Don't talk too much or too often! Give your input in small chunks and allow the students time to concentrate and work to make improvements on your suggestions.

• Be positive and reinforcing. Avoid negative feedback. Use the "compliment sandwich" technique.

• Use humor, but not in a way that identifies any particular student.

Communication Clear communication with the gymnast is es

sential for effective time management. The instructor should make use of proced ures tha t clearly identify performance expectations for each student. These might include:

20

• Outline the goals for the next practice (class).

• Establish standard procedures. Give the students a regular set of procedures to follow as they rotate from one event to another. These might include assignments to set up the equipment and circuit stations and warmup activities.

• Take a few minutes to explain the daily goals at the onset of the activity - this will ultimately save time later.

• Post conditioning and circuit goals on the wall by the activity station. The students can read these instead of having the instructor take the time to relay the information verbally. Many coaches use a student "diary" format to establish individualized plans for their students.

Supervision A significant part of the teaching responsibility

is supervision. The effective teacher can work with an individual student (specific supervision) while still maintaining control of the group (general supervision). It is important that the instructor maintain control and responsibility for the total group at all times even if working with an individual. Some suggestions:

• Position - the instructor should make every effort to position him/ herself where they can constantly observe the entire group.

• Establish rules and guidelines that are clearly understood by the group.

• Maintain discipline.

• Review the rules as necessary or take time to call the group together to re-establish goals and orientation.

The goal of this article has been to identify the need for the coach/teacher to pay attention to time management and planning procedures in order to increase class workout efficiency. Ideas were suggested to assist in increasing the work load (element count) and efficiency of time available. The key is planning and the establishment of performance goals for each class.

What is the Outcome? The students will have more fun, successfully

accomplish more goal oriented activities, and experience these opportunities in a safe environment. The instructor will be less frustrated by time constraints, establish better rapport with their students, and become more effective and productive. The Gym Club will have better credibility with the gymnasts' parents and community, experience lower drop-out rates, and ultimately produce better athletes.

If you have suggestions as to how to increase the time management effectiveness of Gym Club class and team practices, please send your ideas to Steve Whitlock at USA Gymnastics. I look forward to a future article in Technique magazine that can offer other helpful hints to class and team instructors.


Rhythmic Gymnastics

Rhythmic Gymnastics Code of Points

The Rhythmic Code of Points is not yet available from the FIG. Coaches who train Level 9 and 10 athletes may call Nora Hitzel at the USA Gymnastics tp receive information about obtaining a provisional code. Below are several major changes from the previous code.

Composition of the Exercises: Essentials 1. Number and Level of Difficulties

There are 4 different levels of difficulties: A, B, C (A+B or B+A), and D (B+B).

a. All individual exercises will have to include the following difficulties:

Competition ruf. A Diff. B Diff. C Diff. D

Competition I 4 4

Competition II 4 4

Competition III 4 4 1 1

Penalties: - 0.30 point for lack of element A. - 0.60 point for lack of element B, C, or D. Note: The same difficulty repeated several times

in a like manner in an exercise counts for one difficulty only.

b. Each difficulty A can be replaced by a difficulty B, but two difficulties A cannot replace a difficult B; in the same way, a difficulty B cannot replace two difficulties A.

c. Three of the 4 difficulties B will have to be performed in conjunction with three different body movements of difficulties B, each of which will have to correspond to one of the 3 following compulsory groups of body movement elements: jumps or leaps, pivots, and balances.

For the 4th difficulty B, the choice of body movemen t is at the discretion of the gymnas t who can use: • Either a agroup of body elements different from

the 3 compulsory groups, always of level B, • or an element belonging to one of the 3 groups

of compulsory body movements, the difficulty B chosen being different from the one already performed for the compulsory difficulty.

Only the following 3 groups of pre-acrobatic elements are authorized: a. Forward or backward rolls (on the neck or shoul

ders) without flight b. Passing support on one or two hands succes

sively or on the forearms, without stopping and without flight, with backbend of the body

c. Support on the chest, with or without hand support, legs lifted.


The apparatus cannot be held for a long time nor be placed immobile on the floor. Penalty: - 0.10 point for static use of apparatus

a. "Apparatus held" means apparatus held solidly with one or two hands and/ or with more parts of the body.

b. "A long time" means held during more than one element of body movement: • 2 or more successive traveling or connecting

elements, even if they are of the same type (ex.: 2 waltz steps, 2 gallops, etc.)

• The element performed as preparation for a difficulty and the difficulty itself.

• 2 successive difficulties, even if they are of the same type

• A difficulty CorD • A series of elements of body movements.

The following cases are not considered as risk taking:

a. Catch with bent arms ~ ".,

:-.

b. Catch between the trunk and the legs with the help of the elbows.

Examples of Difficulties: Jumps / leaps

A's Split leap Ring Leap Stag leap

B's Split leap with back bend of trunk Ring split leap Switch leap

C's jump or leap A + jump or leap B, OR, jump or leap B + jump or leap A C difficulties must always be performed with

out intermediate steps. D's Jump or leap B + same jump or leap B with

single intermediary step. Jump or leap B + different jump or leap B with

a maximum of 2 intermediary steps.

21

Nora Hitzel Rhythmic Program Director

Apparatus Difficulties

4 Elements A

CI,) 1 Element B Q. 1 Element B 0 1 Element B a: 1 Element B

4 Elements A

Q. 1 Element B 0 1 Element B 0 1 Element B J: 1 Element B

4 Elements A 1 Element B ca 1 Element B m 1 Element B 1 Element B

4 Elements A

fA 1 Element B

.0 1 Element B ::::s 1 Element B () 1 Element B

c:::: 4 Elements A

0 1 Element B .0 1 Element B .0 1 Element B a: 1 Element B

Balances r;o ... B difficulty Pivot 3600 =

r;o . B difficulty

J./ .. /~ Adim"", J .. //~ A dif""",

\r:- \r:-~ .. """'" No difficulty ~ .. , ... ,"" No difficulty

7200 = r;o C = Passing directly from a balance A to a balance B

(or vice versa), each of a different shape, and either remaining on the toes (releve) or putting down the heel for support between 2 balances. B difficulty

D = 2 successive and different balances of level B either remaining on the toes or putting down the heel for support between the 2 balances .

Compulsory Body Elements

-> Individual's choice -> Jump/ leap level B -> Pivot level B -> Balance level B -> Individual choice

-> Individual's choice -> Jump/leap level B -> Pivot level B -> Balance level B -> Individual choice

-> Individua l's choice -> Jump/ leap level B -> Pivot level B -> Balance level B -> Individual choice

-> Individual's choice -> Jump/ leap level B -> Pivot level B -> Balance level B -> Individual choice

-> Individual's choice -> Jump / leap level B -> Pivot level B -> Balance level B -> Individual choice

22

C = 2 successive and different pivots, one A and one B either on toes or with heel support between the 2 pivots.

D = 2 successive and different pivots of level B, either on the toes or with intermediary heel support or with change of supporting foot (a single intermediary step).

COMPETITION I

Compulsory or Fundamental Apparatus Elements Left Hand

• A series of 3 successive jumps or leaps into the rope Balance between • Different types of jumps apr leaps into the rope left hand -• 3 different series of skips or hops into the rope right hand work. • Jump/ leap or skips / hops into the rope with double turn of the rope • Different types of leading movements • Different types of throws • Changes in the speed of the rope • Changes in the grip of the rope

• 3 different rolls of which: Difficulty B + a) 1 on the floor; and b) 1 large roll on the body Balance between

• Different rotations, or which: a) 1 around its axis left hand - right • Different types of throws, of w hich: a) 1 with rotations around one of hand work.

the axis of the hoop • 3 different types of passing through the hoop, one of which with a jump

or leap • Different types of passing above the hoop

• Different types of th rows Difficulty B+ • 3 different active bounces, of which: a)1 series of rhythmic bounces Balance between • 3 different free rolls, of which: a) 1 large roll over the body left hand - right • Circles and figure-eight movements hand work. • Ball bouncing on a part of the body

• Different types of small circles • 3 different mills • Different types of rotations of the clubs during the flight, of which:

a) 1 series of 3 small throws • 3 asymmetrical elements • Different types of throws, of which: a) 1 with two clubs asymmetrical • A series of rhythmic tappings

• 3 diffferent spirals, of which: a) 1 with a pivot difficulty Difficulty B+ • 3 different snakes Balance between • Different types of swings and circles left hand - right • Different types of throws: a) total throws; b) boomerang throws; hand work.

c) tosses (echappers) • Changes in speed and amplitude


Nutrition

Fighting the Battle of the Bulging Baked Potato Solving the Mystery of the Corpulent Chocolate Chip Cookie

Every athlete competing at the world championship and Olympic level knows he or she must eat carbohydrates in order to produce energy and replace glycogen stores. Athletes also realize that in order to lose extra pounds, they have to cut back on the calories. On the other hand, they need to increase caloric consumption if they want to gain weight.

During the past few years the public has become aware that eating too much fat not only contributes to obesity, but also constitutes a major risk factor in heart disease and certain cancers. The American Heart Association, for example, advises us to eat no more than 30 percent of our calories in fa t.

Why, then, are so many Americans still overweight? Why do so many athletes deprive themselves of the fuel they need to perform at their optimum levels?

Sometimes appropriate foods are simply not available at the right time. Another reason is tastefat sources like butter or sour cream add flavor to food. However, most often, the composition of food eludes us. What we perceive as high carbohydrate may actually be high in fat.

Take a look at some examples from the accompanying chart. A cup of boiled potatoes contains 31.2 grams of carbohydrates and only a trace of fat at 134 calories. A large baked potato provides 20 more grams of carbohydrate, but a packet of sour cream adds 6.1 grams of fat, bringing total calories to 270. A cup of french fries slims down to 180 calories but the fat content is 9.4 grams.

pasta dishes are high-carb, all salads are lowcalorie, all potatoes are low-fat, and all cookies are high-carbo Another common misconception is if you're trying to lose weight, juice is ok, but soft drinks aren't.

SpaghettVMarinara Sauce Spaghetti w/Meatballs (1 cup) (1 cup)

Calories: 266 Calories: 332 CHO (gm) :50.0 CHO (gm):38.7 Fat (gm): 3.6 (12%) Fat (gm) : 11.4 (31%)

Potatoes, Boiled Baked Potato w/Sour Cream (1 cup) (1 each + packet cream)

Calories: 134 Calories: 279 CHO (gm):31.2 CHO (gm):51.6 Fat (gm): 0.2 (1%) Fat (gm): 6.1 (20%)

Fig Newton Cookie Oreo Cookie (1 each) (1 each)

Calories: 60 Calories: 50 CHO (gm): 11 .0 CHO (gm): 7.2 Fat (gm) : 1.0 (15%) Fat (gm): 2.2 (40%)

Hamburger Double Hamburger (3 oz. patty + bun) (6 oz. patty + bun) Calories: 370 C(llories: 604 CHO (gm):22.4 CHO (gm):22.4 Fat (gm): 19.6 (48%) Fat (gm): 35.7 (53%)

Orange Orange Juice (1 each) (4 oz.)


Grapes Grape Juice (1/2 cup) (1/2 cup)

Calories: 57 Calories: 77 CHO (gm):14.2 CHO (gm) :18.9 Fat (gm) : 0.5 (8%) Fat (gm) : 0.1 (1 %)

Banana Banana Nut Bread (1 each) (1 slice)


Bagel/Plain Bagel w/Cream Chesse (1 each) (1each + packet chesse)

Calories: 161 Calories: 260 CHO (gm):30.5 CHO (gm):31.3

Fat (gm): 1.5 (8%) Fat (gm): 11.4 (39%)

Chesse Thin Pizza Pepperoni Thin Crust Pizza (1 slice) (1 slice)

Calories: 199 Calories: 207 CHO (gm) :1 8.5 CHO (gm): 18.0 Fat (gm): 8.5 (38%) Fat (gm): 10.0 (43%)

Fettucini Alfredo (1 cup)

Calories: 403 CHO (gm):30.8 Fat (gm): 24.8 (55%)

French Fries (1 cup)


Chocolate Chip Cookie (1 each)

Calories: 69 CHO (gm): 6.8 Fat (gm): 4.6 (60%)

Double Chesseburger (6 oz. patty + bun) Calories: 710 CHO (gm):22.9 Fat (gm): 44.6 (57%)

Orange Soda (4oz)


Grape Soda (1/2 cup)

Calories: 53 CHO (gm):13.9 Fat (gm): 0.0(0%)

Banana Cream Pie (1 slice)


Doughnut (1 each)


Supreme Pan Pizza (1 slice)

Calories: 295 CHO (gm):27 Fat (gm): 15.0 (46%)

Here's some news for you cookie cravers: although a homemade chocolate chip cookie contains only nine more calories than a Fig Newton, it delivers 4.6 grams of fat, while a Fig Newton has only one. That means you could eat nearly five Fig Newtons before you would eat as much fat contained in a single homemade chocolate chip cookie. Now, let's untangle the truth about pasta. If you eat a cup of spaghetti with marinara sauce on top, you'll be eating 266 calories,50 grams of carbohydrate and only 3.6 grams of fat. But notice what happens when you pile on meatballs; the carbohydrates drop to 38.7 grams, while the calories increase to 322 and the fat content nearly triples to 11.4 grams. A cup of fettucini alfredo racks up even higher numbers with 403 calories and 24.8 grams of fat.

Sorting out the composition of food can be confusing. The examples in the chart compare similar foods to clarify the misconceptions that all

If you have specific questions about food content, direct them to:


Judy Nelson, Nutrition Coordinator One Olympic Plaza Colorado Springs, CO 80909

23

Book Review

Creating Gymnastics Pyramids and Balances --------- T he controversy over safety pertaining to

Reviewed by: pyramiding in cheerleading and gymnas-Steve Whitlock tics has sparked the interest of two nation-Director of Educa- ally acclaimed gymnastics educators, Joseph tional Services and Fodero and Ernest Furblur. Safety They've written a book, entitled Creating Gym

nastics Pyramids and Balances, that keeps safety as its primary focus . It's a complete guide for physical educators, cheer leading coaches, and gymnastics instructors.

According to the authors, the objectives for pyramid building in terms of student accomplishment may be stated as follows:

1. Develops one's body through large muscle activity.

2. Develops the neuromuscular system, improves agility, balance, flexibility, strength and coordination.

3. Provides the opportunity for the expression of satisfaction of accomplishment.

4. Opportunities for satisfying interpersonal relationships and social interactions.

5. Develops desirable character traits such as initiative, achievement, leadership, cooperation and dependability.

6. Provides the opportunity for problem solving.

7. Develops confidence, courage, determination, self-reliance and self-esteem.

According to Fodero and Furblur, all pyramids and balances should meet the safety requirements of cheerleading and gymnastics organizations.

24

Figure 1 Beginner Partner

Balances

With this in mind, the authors have provided thorough instructions and more than 400 illustrations for assembling, spotting, and disassembling partner and group stunts and pyramids.

Creating Gymnastics Pyramids and Balances leads instructors, educators, and coaches as they help students build balances and pyramids for up to 13 people. In addition, the authors share about 250 pyramids and balances they have performed. These gymnastics stunts are categorized according to level of difficulty and fully illustrated, leaving room for original modifications.

Figure 1 illustrates some Beginner level positions and balances. Figure 2 is an example of Instructions for a Selected Beginner Double Balance (Forward Thigh Stand).

Figure 2 Instructions for Forward Thigh Stand

A. Base (the strongest and heaviest of the participants) leaning against wall. Top standing (the lighter participant who assumes the higher position) on bench.

B. Base grabs waist of Top, who grasps wrists of Base. Top steps on thighs of Base.

C. Top straightens body. D. Base shifts grasp to mid thighs of Top,

then rises to release support from wall. Top raises arms sideward-upward.

E. Base shifts grasp to waist of Top, who steps back to bench.

From the historical aspect of pyramid building to today's "sports acrobatics," Creating Gymnastics Pyramids and Balances is an up-to-date tool for safely constructing human pyramids and balances.

About the Authors: Joseph Fodera is currently associate professor

of physical education at State University College in Oneonta, NY. Ernest Furblur is currently an instructor of physical education in Geneva, Switzerland public school system. Both authors have been active in pyramid and acrobatic competitions at national levels and have performed internationally. They teach classes and hold workshops on acrobatics, tumbling, and pyramiding.

JanuanJ 1993 TECHNIQUE

General Gymnastics

Planning an Exhibition

A ll your team members have shown up at the mall on time looking really good in their new leotards. Your team parents

are helping to keep the crowd of spectators out of the display area. Everyone is finished warming up, the show is about to begin. You finish connecting the wires on the stereo, then go to plug it in ... Where's the outlet? There isn't one in the immediate vicinity. You become frantic. The team is looking at you expectantly ready to begin their routine. The crowd is getting restless, their attention returning to all the errands they have to finish. They begin to thin out. By the time you have secured an extension cord, most of your audience is gone and you end up doing the exhibition for your team parents.

Many coaches can relate to the above situation or situations similar. The forgotten music tape, a stage that is too short for the routine, or worse, elevated off the ground, entrances to the exhibition area that are too small to fit your equipment through, etc. The possible problems are endless, but you can prevent most by adequate planning before the event.

This article lists several important topics to consider when running the average exhibition in your local community. The items listed are in no particular order or priority, but should help you with pre-planning.

Most clubs do not have the luxury of specialized exhibition teams. Competitive team members usually cover the bill, although using recreational class members is a good idea and shows the public both ends of the gymnastics spectrum. Most exhibition routines are prepared in relation to the teams competitive level, however, for special occasions you may specifically choreograph tumbling and dance routines. For the average display most teams have a standard routine that is whipped into shape within a few days notice of a scheduled exhibition, however, to keep the performance fresh and synchronized the exhibition routines can be incorporated into practice every few weeks.

Don't get too fancy with your exhibitions because circumstances change. Flexibility is the key word when running exhibitions. Changing numbers of gymnasts, site constraints, and type of equipment used help determine the final product. You know the old saying about the best laid plans of mice and men ...

For the most part your audience is not going to be well educated in the sport of gymnastics so any minor mistakes may go unnoticed. I have run exhibitions where everything possible went wrong


and the audience still loved it. Most mistakes, if handled smoothly, can add enjoyment to the exhibition. Try planning exhibition routines with purposefully choreographed wipeouts just for the audience reaction.

Back to square one. What gymnastics equipment do you bring? Obviously this is determined by site constraints or the specific request of the group for whom you are doing the exhibition. In general, it is wise to take the least amount of equipment possible. While you may have several willing hands to get you there and set up, parents and gymnasts seem to disappear at the end when everything needs to be packed up. In this case, it is a good idea to schedule specifically who will set up and break down the equipment.

Vehicles for transporting the equipment may also have an effect on how much and what type of equipment you can bring. Be sure the vehicles can safely "contain" the equipment. Stacking equipment on top of vehicles is not a good idea. Mats and other apparatus blown off while driving to the site can cause quite a commotion on the highway and rearrange your equipment into new and different shapes that could be difficult to work with later.

Be sure to bring chalk, tools for setting equipment and repairing the apparatus (duct tape). When doing outdoor exhibitions always carry a tarp or some type of plastic covering. The weather could change at a moments notice and ruin suede beams or horses and make a mess of everything.

Previous to any exhibition you should go and visit the site. Determine the size of the area, possible physical obstructions, and locate the nearest electrical outlets. Check where the bathrooms are for changing lothe s or nervous gymnasts. Having a reliable parent on hand for bathroom trips and as a general "go-fer" is a good idea.

While checking the exhibition site be sure to check on the nearest parking area and entrance for your team members and parents. Be sure they know exactly where to go when they arrive. Communicate clearly important information on directions, times, and what to wear directly to the parents and team members. Back it up in written form just in case someone forgets.

Check whether a permit is necessary, and where and from, whom you, can get it.

At county fairs, malls, and other such demonstrations you may need to bring equipment in before the public arrives. For safety reasons you may have to leave it there until closing time. Check storage areas and methods of securing your equipment when not in use. At malls and

25

Rik Feeney

This article lists

several important

topics to consider

when running the

average exhibition

in your local

community.

Keep the exhibition

running smoothly

by having an

announcer gIVe

runnmg commen

tary on the action

as it is occurring

like they do on

Monday Night

Football.

other locations check the "in house" advertising policies. It may be possible to have your demonstration advertised on the marquis outside the mall or store. In addition, the promoters may announce it in newspaper ads with regularly scheduled advertising as a perk to the public. In any case, you can always send a press release with a picture of your team to the local newspaper and tv station. Keep press kits handy for any media that happen to turn up on the day of your show.

On the day of your display, advertise the times your team will perform. Place little placards listing the time of the next exhibition around your display area. Have times announced via the P.A. system if possible.

Once you have checked the site you will need to figure out the timing of the event. The best exhibitions are those that run quickly from one event to the other. Use lively commentary to hold audience interest while preparing the next event. Set a schedule for equipment set up, gymnast warm up, introduction, the exhibition itself (i .e. dance numbers, equipment demonstrations, special numbers, club information), and finally the closing. An exhibition should run 30 to 45 minutes. It may need some trimming to clean it up, or rearrange the sequence of events so equipment changes are smoother and quicker. Always do a full dress rehearsal before the actual event to iron out the problems.

Keep the exhibition running smoothly by having an announcer give running commentary on the action as it is occurring like they do on Monday Night Football. If you don't like talking on the microphone or if you need to spot, enlist a parent or coach who does. When planning your commentary remember that your audience does not know what most gymnastics terms mean so use simple, easy terms even if they may be technically incorrect. Your audience will be more comfortable if they know what you are talking about.

Before the exhibition write what you want to say on index cardsora sheet of paper. Give "color" or background information on each of the gymnasts. Ask your team members for the information. Where do they live (town only, not actual residence), competitive level, favorite apparatus, hobbies and goals, any special awards they have received, etc. As the gymnast performs relate this information to the audience.

It is also a good idea to do a short synopsis of the sport of gymnastics. Show them all the different body positions (i.e. squat, straddle,layout) so they will know what to expect. Describe particular items of interest on each of the events. Many people watch gymnastics on tv and have no idea how to score a gymnastics routine. A brief discussion on what composes a score, the difference between compulsory and optional routines, age levels, and competition levels will help keep their interest. Items like this are ideal to use when shifting equipment and the crowd is waiting for the next portion of your demonstration.

26

Add a little comedy to your routlne tto spice it up. Every team has at least one entertainer. Work up some special situation that you can use to get laughs during the exhibition. Whatever you do, the key is to leave them wanting more. If you fully satisfy the crowds desire they may walk away content and not seek anymore information about your club. Leave them desiring more and invite them to your club to get it.

Have home and emergency phone numbers for each of your gymnasts. Always carry complete medical emergency release forms in case an accident should happen. Carry some type of cooling agent like ice, or a bag of frozen peas, or one of the chemical first aid devices in case of bumps and bruises. Prepare a plan of action with your coaches and parents in case an accident occurs during the exhibition. How you handle an accident situation will quickly relay your level of professionalism and safety concern to the public. Another safety idea is to have the area you are working in roped off so spectators cannot interfere with the display. Keep the mats covered during outdoor exhibitions when not in use, or the sun will bake the gymnasts' feet when they start their show. If it is fairly hot, be sure the team members have plenty to drink. Have them stay cool in the shade so they won't suffer from heat exhaustion. In addition, plan breaks between the shows when they can have something to eat well in advance of the next show so there are no surprise demonstrations. During the show all gym bags and unused equipment should be out of sight so as not to clutter the visual display.

A call to your insurance agent to check your clubs liability insurance policy is also a good idea. Many locations may ask for a certificate of insurance before allowing you to puton a display. Your agent should be able to send you the necessary certificates. Be sure your policy covers you and your gymnasts while out at a display, and that coverage also includes your equipment.

Finally, besides demonstrating the extraordinary skill of your gymnasts, or as just plain entertainment, the importance of an exhibition is to entice people to come and see your club and hopefully enroll their children. Be sure to have plenty of club brochures and application forms to hand out after every exhibit. Sometimes you may want to give what advertisers call "throwaways." Little items like pens, stickers, or maybe even tshirts that have your club name and address on them, and especially your phone number.

Not all displays will require such extensive planning, but go through this list each time to be sure. There are situations unique and sometimes unexpected to deal with at each exhibition. Depending on the location and purpose there may be other factors you will need to consider, and a bit of advance preparation in every case will help you and your gymnasts perform under the best possible conditions.

Be prepared, then knock their socks off!


Women's Judging

Judges' Compensation Package As Negotiated with NAWGJ Effective January 1, 1993-July 31, 1993

I. Hourly Meet Rates

Rating Initial Rate Running Rate

Brevet $24.00 $19.00 Elite $23.00 $IS.00 Level 10 $22.00 $17.00 Level 9 $19.00 $14.00 LeveI6-7-S $17.00 $12.00 LevelS $16.00 $11.00 Level 6-7 $16.00 $11.00 LevelS $14.00 $ 9.00

II. Competitive Structure A. In ONE (1) round competitions, compensation

will be as follows: 1. A minimum of two hours at the initial rate. 2. If total judging time is 2 '12 hours, the initial

rate will be applied for the first hour and the running rate to all additional judging time.

3. If total judging time is 3 hours or more, the running rate will be applied to all judging time.

B. In TWO (2) round competitions, compensation will be as follows: 1. If the total judging time is 4 hours or less, the

initial rate will be applied for the first TWO (2) hours and the running rate applied to additional judging time.

2. If the total judging time is 4 '12 hours, the initial rate will be applied for the first hour and the running rate applied to additional judging time.

3. If the total judging time exceeds 4 % hours, the running rate will be applied

Judging Time Break Time

2 hrs or less 0 3 hrs 1 4 hrs 1 12 hrs Comp

2 hrs Opt

5 hrs 2 hrs 6 hrs 2 Y2 hrs

C. In THREE (3) round competitions, compensation will be as follows: 1. If the total judging time is 4 hours or less, the

initial rate will be applied for the first three hours and the running rate will be applied to any additional judging time.

2. If the total judging time is 4 Yz hours, the initial rate will be applied for the first two hours and the running rate applied to additional judging time.

3. If the total judging time exceeds 4 %hours, the initial rate will be applied for the 1st hour and the running rate will be applied to additional judging time.


Judging Time Break Time

2 hrs or less 0 4 hrs 1 12 hrs Camp

2 hrs Opt 5 hrs 2 hrs 6 hrs 2 12 hrs 7 hrs 3 hrs S hrs 3 12 hrs 9 hrs 4 hrs

D. Clarifications: 1. Judges should report 15 minutes prior to march

in for local and invitational competitions, unless otherwise specified by the Meet Referee. A $5.00 fine will be deducted from the check of any official who does not report as per the contract.

2. Reporting time for Sectional and above competitions is up to one (1) hour prior to march-in to include the Judges' Meeting and video analysis. The reporting time will be specified by the Meet Referee. A $5.00 fine will be deducted from the check of any official who does not report as per the contract.

3. Fees are paid based on the contracted march-in time until the last competitor of the meet has completed her routine.

4. A portion of the hourly rate may be broken into halves, not less. Round off to the nearest hour or half hour.

5. The above fees will be applicable for all USGF Sanctioned Events, unless otherwise specified in advance by the USA Gymnastics President (U.s. Championships / Trials, etc).

6. The USA Gymnastics Meet Director and the contracting official may negotiate any of the above due to the particulars of the competition, and so state in the contract.

7. Whenever actual judging time exceeds S hours, additional time will be compensated according to the initial rate for both hourly and Championship Meet Fees.

S. For USGA Gymnastics Junior Olympic Meets, a judge cannot accept a higher fee than is sta ted in this schedule. A judge can accept a lower fee if it has been negotiated and agreed upon in the contractual agreement.

9. Judging fees for competitions lasting two days or more should be calcula ted according to the USGF fee structure for each day. Each days' compensation begins anew each day.

10.For competitions that are sanctioned as different types of events (i.e. Level 10 State Meet + an Optional Invitational or an Elite Regional) held on the same weekend, in the same facility and sponsored by the same host organiza tion, judges' fees are computed as one meet.

I1.If judging begins before the maximum allotted break time has elapsed, judging time begins.

27

III. Championship Meet Fees As follows:

Rating Up to 4 hrs.

Brevet $ 64.00 Elite $ 60.00 Level 10 $ 56.00 Level 9 $ 44.00 Level 6-7-8 $ 36.00 Level 8 Only $ 32.00

Up to 8 hrs.

$128.00 $120.00 $112.00 $ 88.00 $ 72.00 $ 64.00

Championship Meet fees will be paid at Regional competitions. State Meet fees may be negotiated by State Boards and the contracting official, but cannot exceed the basic fee schedule.

IV. Chief Judge/Meet Referee Payment A Meet Referee /Chief Judge shall receive an additional $10.00 fee per day for Sectional and above competitionsONL Y. Nodual compensation is given if the Meet Referee also serves as a Chief Judge.

V. Travel 1. No Mileage will be paid if the round trip mile

age is under 30 miles. • 28 cents per mile will be paid for mileage 100

miles round trip and over. For mileage under 100 miles round trip, 30 miles will be deducted.

• Judges who must drive to meet the CARPOOL DRIVER will receive mileage payment following the rules above, i.e. if the judge travels 20 miles round trip to meet the CARPOOL DRIVER she/he receives no mileage fee, etc.

• Riders fees are not acceptable. Plane, train or bus travel expenses as stated on the contract shall be paid in full by the Meet Director.

• The total mileage cost should not exceed the cost of an airline ticket to the same location.

2. Round trip travel expenses to and from the airport, airport parking, taxi or limosine service as stated on the contact shall be paid by the Meet Director. • These expenses must be listed on the contract

and be approved by the contracting official to be compensated by the Meet Director.

• Only standard and customary expenses with accompanying receipts will be reimbursed in the actual amounts.

3. Departure flights should be scheduled as close to the end of the judges' service as possible.

4. It is recommended that judges carpool whenever possible. If a judge refuses to carpool (without pre-arrangement and good reason), mileage will not be paid to that judge.

5. No other expenses (such as babysitters, car repairs, car rental, reimbursement for lost salary, or other normal work related expenses) will be approved.

VI. Meals

28

• No per diem will be paid for competitions of 3 hours or less, unless the round trip mileage exceeds 30 miles and the judge is away from home during the hours listed below.

• If assign men t necessita tes being a way from home during the hours listed below, compensation should be paid to the judges at a rate of: 1. Per diem - $20.00 per day for single day meets. 2. Per diem - $25.00 per day if overnight lodging

is required.

Meal Breakdown:

Breakfast $ 5.00 1. Leave home before 7:00 am OR,

2. Arrive home after 9:00 am.

Lunch $ 5.00 1. Leave home before 11:00 am OR,

$ 7.50 2. Arrive home after 1:00 pm.

Dinner $10.00 1. Leave home before 5:00 pm OR,

$12.50 2. Arrive home after 7:00 pm.

• If the judges are required to stay extra time because of travel arrangements, per diem should be paid.

• OPTION: Thehostmayprovidemealsinplaceof the per diem. If meals are provided, it should be more than concession stand snacks.

VII. Lodging If a judge must stay overnight prior to, during or following the competition, lodging must be provided and paid for by the Meet Director. The form of accommodation must be specified in the judge's contract. Accommodations should be based on double occupancy.

VIII. Modification If any conditions on the contract are altered, the Meet Director is responsible to contact the individual judge(s) and provide that information to the official. If additional judging time is added, the judge shall be compensated according to the USA Gymnastics Judges' Compensation Package.

IX. Cancellation If the contract obligations are not fulfilled by either party because of extenua ting circumstances, no mandatory penalties will be applied to either party.

EX: Inclement weather (which would prohibit trav-eling) Grave illness

Failure to comply with the contractual agreement will result in the following:

On the Meet Director's part: A. A minimum of 7 days notice is required for

cancellation of officials. If cancellation of officials occurs less than seven days prior to the meet, the Meet Director is responsible for payment of 3 hours per judge and any non-refundable expenses incurred.

On the Iudges' part: B. If a judge fails to appear without notifying the

Meet Director, a penalty of 3 hours and any nonrefundable expenses incurred by the Meet Director will be paid to the Meet Director by the judge.


Judge's Fee Chart

LEVEL IBREVET ELITE I 10 9 I 6-7-8 8 6-7 5 BREAK TIME

Initial Hourly Rate 24.00 23.00

I

22 .00 19.00 I 17.00 16.00 16.00 14.00

Running Rate 19.00 18.00 17.00 14.00 12.00 11.00 11 .00 9.00

One Round Meets 1 Hour 48.00 46.00 44.00 38.00 34.00 32.00 32.00 28 .00 o Hours

2 Hour 48.00 46.00 44.00 38.00 34.00 32.00 32.00 28 .00 o Hours

2 V2 Hour 52.50 50.00 47.50 40.00 35.00 32 .50 32.50 28.00 o Hours

3 Hours 57.00 54.00 51.00 42.00 36.00 33.00 33.00 28.00 o Hours

3 % Hours 66.50 63.00 59.50 49.00 42.00 38.50 38.50 31.50 o Hours

4 Hours 76.00 72.00 68.00 56.00 48.00 44.00 44.00 36.00 o Hours

Two Round Meets 2 Hour 48.00 46.00 44.00 38.00 34.00 32.00 32.00 28.00 o Hours

2 V2 Hour 57.50 55.00 52.50 45.00 40.00 37.50 37.50 32.50 o Hours

3 Hours 67.00 64.00 61.00 52.00 46.00 43.00 43.00 37.00 1 hour

3 V2 Hours 76.50 73.00 69.50 59.00 52.00 48.50 48.50 41.50 1 hour

4 Hours 86.00 82.00 78.00 66.00 58.00 54.00 54.00 46.00 1 1/2-2 hours

4 V2 Hours 90.50 86.00 81 .50 68.00 59.00 54.50 54.50 46.00 1 V2-2 hours

5 Hours 100.00 95.00 90.00 75.00 65.00 60.00 60.00 46.00 2 hours

5 % Hours 109.50 104.00 98.50 82.00 71 .00 65.50 65.50 49.50 2 hours

6 Hours 119.00 113.00 107.00 89.00 77.00 71 .00 71 .00 54.00 2 % hours

6 % Hours 128.50 122.00 115.50 96.00 83.00 76.50 76.50 58.50 2 V2 hours

Three Round Meets 3 Hours 72.00 69.00 66.00 57.00 51.00 48.00 48.00 42.00 1 hour

3 % Hours 81 .50 78.00 74.50 64.00 57.00 53.50 53.50 46.50 1 hours

4 Hours 91.00 87.00 83.00 71.00 63.00 59.00 59.00 51.00 1 % hours

4 %Hours 95.50 91 .00 86.50 73.00 64.00 59.50 59.50 51.00 1 % hours

5 Hours 100.00 95.00 90.00 75.00 65.00 60.00 60.00 51 .00 2 hours

5 % Hours 109.50 104.00 98.50 82.00 71.00 65.50 65.50 54.50 2 hours

6 Hours 119.00 113.00 107.00 89.00 77.00 71.00 71 .00 59.00 2 % hours

6 % Hours 128.50 122.00 115.50 96.00 83.00 76.50 76.50 63.50 2 % hours

7 Hours 138.00 131.00 124.00 103.00 89.00 82.00 82.00 68.00 3 hours

7 % hours 147.50 140.00 132.50 110.00 95.00 87.50 87.50 72.50 3 hours

8 Hours 157.00 149.00 141 .00 117.00 101.00 93.00 93.00 77.00 3 V2 hours

8 V2 Hours 166.50 158.00 149.50 124.00 107.00 98.50 98.50 84.00 3 V2 hours

9 Hours 176.00 167.00 158.00 131 .00 113.00 104.00 104.00 91 .00 4 hours

Championship Meets Up to 4 Hours 64.00 60.00 56.00 44.00 36.00 32.00 Whenever actual judging time

4V2 - 8 Hours 128.00 120.00 112.00 88.00 72.00 64.00 exceeds 8 hours, "additional time"

9 Hours 151 .00 142.00 133.00 106.00 88.00 79.00 is compensated according to

10 Hours 174.00 164.00 154.00 124.00 104.00 94.00 the initial rate for both hourly and

championship fees.

Revised 10/92 - Produced by Ruth Morse, Massachusettes State Judging Director, Edited by Heather Whitaker

TECHNIQUE fal1Uan} 1993 29

Coaching Hints

Robert Cowan USA Gymnastics Men's Program Director

Which Way Do I Go, Coach? O ne of the most common questions asked

of me in the myriad of phone calls which I receive daily is, "How do I determine

which way I should start a child twisting?" While this document is in no way intended to

be scientific in scope or a panacea for developing an ironclad manner in which to determine a child's best direction, it is based on a wide range 6f research read and gymnastics coaching experience.

In the early 1960's , Dr. W.A. "Bill" Crensha w, a professor emeritus from the University of Texas

and a fonner President of the USGF, former Vice President for Men and possibly the grandfather of club gymnastics, published a Doctoral Dissertation, entitled "Orthokinetic Segments ... " .

The paper dealt with anatomical research that identified the spinal cord as actually twisting to a given direction based on the environment and development of a child. As bizarre as this may sound, the research showed that if a child was handled in the same manner from birth, this developed a 'tendency' for the direction in which they would naturally turn. Simply put, if an infant was put in the crib and the parents approached the left side of the crib or the right side of the crib, if the child was lifted, held, spoken to on a certain side, and fed, this developed a ' tendency' for dominant side.

So, literally, every action which an infant experienced caused the mytotic reflex of the spinal cord to twist in that direction, according to this theory.

This had absolutely nothing to do with which hand was dominant. This seemed to be hereditary and even today, parents are discouraged from trying to make a child right-handed, if in fact he / she wants to pick up objects in his/her left hand . While there is disagreement on this subject, especially by behavioral psychologists, a child's tendency to be right handed or left handed is not the

30

subject we are addressing.

So, how do you determine which way a child should twist? One of the best tests, is to have a child clasp his / her hands together. Either the right thumb will be on top or the left. In 26 years of using this, I have never seen a child who could not decide and do so without even thinking about it. Left thumb on top is almost unequivocally an indication that the child will turn left naturally, right thumb on top will turn right. Another test, although from my experience, not as reliable is to have the child jump up and turn. While there are no scientific studies or statistics to provide percentages of success, I would say the hand clasp is much more accurate than the jump turn.

Subsequently, once you have an idea on which side the child would prefer to turn towards, the cartwheel, roundoff and pommel circle will probably follow suit. The back saIto twist is not al,ways as predictable, as many coaches with years of experience will attest. However, what seems to be evident is that the second hand is the most important one and usually the dominant hand is the second hand down.

In other words, the posting or pirouette arm/ hand is usually the 'weaker' or least used of the two. Most coaches agree that the push of the second arm is very instrumental in a successful roundoff which will become paramount to an effective back handspring and ultimately to good back tumbling.

Using this information, a boys coach who is teaching pommel horse to a group of beginners, might find there is a tendency for gymnasts to try to circle to their strong arm side. This is sort of natural, given that pommel horse takes so much upper body strength. However, a lot of studies of boys who start out on a mushroom and especially with their feet in a suspended bucket, almost always circle opposite their strongest arm. In fact, just a casual observation will indicate a much straighter and naturally attractive circle. Why? My feeling is because first of all they are circling to their natural side and also that their second hand placement is most important and by circling away from their strong arm, their second hand would be their strong one. Since the majority of pommel skills (in my opinion) are the result of being pushed into position, while occasionally pulling occurs, this would stand to reason.


Further, in conversations with many Hungarian and Bulgarian coaches who have used the bucket and mushroom method for almost 15 years, they agree that they have observed the same thing. Boys tend to swing better toward their cartwheel/roundoff side and away from their dominant or writing hand side.

Earlier, I mentioned that back saIto twists do not always follow this rule. There is wide diversity of opinion on whether the back full should be taught as a half turn (arabian) and then barani (roundoff) out. Almost everyone agrees that you should ideally twist between 10:00 and 2:00 on an imaginary clock and that additional tw ist should be added in front. However, if a gymnast imagines the second half of a back full as a roundoff or barani type action, attention must be given to the dominant side or m ytotic reflex theory. Thus, a person who twists 'left' is actually going to barani right, and vice versa. This is not always perceived

USECA-M

as a problem w hen a back handspring interrupts the roundoff and saIto . However, if there is a need to roundoff and saIto together and one tw ists left and the other right, it makes life very interesting for the coach and the athlete.

Time spent now attempting to determine a comfort zone for these a thletes, through some of the 'tests' m entioned, could result in a much more successful and less frustrated athlete in the future. In conclusion, as stated earlier, this paper was not intended to be a scientific trea tise which could w ithstand the acid test of 'experts.' Rather, it is hopefully a compilation of many years of practical experience and applica tion which may be useful to any young or beginner coaches w ho have never been given a better method of determining w hich direction a child should be taught to turn.

Good luck and don't hesitate to call and tell m e how it' s going or just argue with m e.

Women's 1993 Elite United States Elite Coaches Association - Men Qualification Procedures

Membership Application

International International National National Name Seniors Juniors Seniors Juniors

(14 + years) (10-14 yrs) (14 + yrs) (10-13 yrs) Team Name

Rules FIG III FIG II FIG II FIG II Address for (2D,IC, 00,2 C,

City State _ _ Zip Competition 2 B) 2 B, 1 A)

Tel. (day) (_ ) _ -__ (night) (_) _ -__ At See * 30% 30% 40% Regionals below '93 comp. '93 compo element

Dues: $50 Active - Open to coaches who have placed a testing & testing & testing & 70% opt. 70% opt. 60% opt.

gymnast in the top 48 at the U.S. Na tiona 1 Cham-pionships any one of the two previous years as Qualifying See * 70.00 AA 69.00 AA 68.00 AA

well as coaches of the top 16 Junior Elites at U.S. Score to below Nationals any of the two previous years. (Vot- Classics ing Privileges).

At 100% 100% 30% 40% $25 Associate - Open to anyone who wishes to re-Classic optionals optionals '93 comp. element ceive the information distributed to the mem-

bership. (No voting privileges). wi th comp. with comp. testing & testing &

clinic-evaluation clinic-evaluation 70% opt. 60% opt.

NOTE: Membership dues are renewed annually at the USA At 30% '93 compo 30% compo Gymnastics Congress. Late Applications send to: USA & 70% opt. 70% opt. NA NA

Mark Williams Champ.

Secretary /Treasurer USECA - W University of Oklahoma Gymnastics * At the first Regional meet (Feb): 325 W. Imhoff 1992 Senior Na tional Team members have the choice of com-Norman, OK 7301 9-0646 peting:

a) Optional only, with a 36.00 AA to qualify to Classics, OR b) '93 Compulsory testing (30%) & optionals (70%), with a

President Vice President Sec. /Trens. 71.00 AA to qualify to Classics.

Fred Roethlisberger Tom Dunn Mark Williams Non-Na tional Team members MUST compete '93 Compul-

(612) 625-9567 (319) 335-9432 (405) 325-8341 sory testing (30%) and optionals (70%), witha 71.00 AA to qualify to Classics.


Membership Information

The Insurance Jungle

Jan Claire USA Gymnastics Director of Membership

All in all, the

gymnastics com

munity is a good

risk. We're young,

we're healthy, and

not too many of us

have serious inju

rzes.

It' s Very Dark In There There is no entity on earth who dislikes surprises

more than insurance companies. They go to great pains to eliminate the element of surprise from what they cover. Often, insurance policy exclusions are more extensive than the list of items covered ... because insurance companies don't like surprises.

Here's an example. It used to be that health insurance covered you for medical expenses related to illness or injury. Period. Then the baby boomers started getting older, and, since they are the largest population segment in American society, the illnesses associated with aging began putting a strain on our health care system. Insurance companies had neglected to exclude long-term care from their policies and now they're paying through the nose for their oversight. Try to buy a health insurance policy NOW that includes long term care. Try to buy ANY health insurance after you've been diagnosed with HIV, heart disease, lung disease or any chronic problem. Just try.

Since health insurance companies have been hurt gravely by situations involving long term care, they have begun writing policies which specifically exclude -or avoid-covering those situations in which they know they'll payout more than they received in premium from the person insured.

The marriage between the medical establishment and the insurance companies is a strange example of a love-hate relationship. The similarities between this corporate marriage and human ones are often startling. Husbands and wives fight over who spends too much money. So do insurance companies and hospitals. Spouses invent reasons they have to spend money, and so do hospitals and doctors. Often, one spouse accuses the other of being at fault for the family having no extra money to spend. Hospitals and insurance companies do the very same.

The Health Care Bomb Ticks Away We didn't expect this to be a treatise on the very

important health care problems facing Mr. Clinton as he takes office, but the fact is, that health care costs have risen dramatically in the USA and we the people haven' t been made aware of it since much of the shock has been absorbed by company-provided health insurance plans. The companies paying the insurance premiums feel the shock. Anyone who pays their own health insurance premiums definitely knows the shock, and any insurance company currently paying out more in medical expenses than they are receiving in premiums is at ground zero!

The REAL culprits in all this are interest rates and a sluggish economy. Insurance companies have two types of income: that which comes in as premiums, and that which they earn as interest on investing those premiums until they have to pay them out. Insurance companies invest in everything from new housing projects to pension plans. Their money is found invested in mutual funds, bonds, and trust funds. They hope they'll make a little extra on these investments through inter-

32

est. A stagnant economy cuts into how much they can earn on investments, and at the same time medical expenses have been equalling or exceeding their premium income. This puts a squeeze on the insurance companies, and the only way out is to charge you more, or cover less. And guess who suffers either way?

Circle The Wagons! Limit Your Losses USA Gymnastics always has to keep the above

scenario in mind, since we pay a huge insurance premium each year-into the millions of dollars-just to provide accident coverages for our Athlete and Club Members. This premium is then divided up among our members who pay their fair share. It's cheaper to do it this way because our members pay $16 to $25 per year, versus $150 to $300 per MONTH for full fledged health insurance. We' re able to keep it cheap by how carefully we play the EXCLUSIONS game.

It is the EXCLUSIONS that make USGF accident coverages different from standard health insurance. The coverages, provided with Athlete Membership and Club Membership exclude everything but injuries resulting from gymnastics accidents. That narrows down the field. Further, in the case of Athlete Members, those accidents are covered only if they occur during USGF Sanctioned Events. (Club Members are only covered if they're training in their club or a clubsponsored, NON-sanctioned activity) . Our biggest exclusion, though, is the very basic one: our insurance only responds to accidents. We don't have to worry about illnesses or other medical care. By eliminating those things we save hundreds of dollars per member per year, yet are able to provide the important coverages that help the Federation preserve the sport and assist those taking part in it. That's what we are here for.

During most of our waking time, we are subject to the possibility of an accident. Walking across the street, walking down a sidewalk, getting up out of a chair, sitting in a chair, and on and on. By limiting accident insurance coverages to only a small portion of a person's waking time, an insurance company lowers the risk of having to pay medical expenses.

All in all, the gymnastics community is a good risk. We're young, we're healthy, and not too many of us have serious injuries. On the other side, our injuries are frequently very expensive, and we tend to want top level doctors and hospitals involved in repairing us. We tend to re-injure our injuries by going back to workouts too soon, and we tend to skimp on strength training to build up the muscles protecting our joints.

Considering w ha tis ha ppening out there in the health insurance jungle, USA Gymnastics enjoys a nice, peacefullittle clearing, relatively free from vicious lions, with a good fence of accident insurance surrounding us. Unfortuna tely, there's a seismic zone called "The Economy" that could affect us all and we don' t know when the big one will hit. There are storm clouds in the "Investment Climate" and who knows whether we'll enjoy sunshine tomorrow, or more dark clouds. But otherwise all is peaceful here in the insurance jungle.

!amlanj 1993 TECHNIQUE

Women's Minutes

Elite Ad Hoc Committee Meeting - October 16, 1992 Conference Call - October 26, 1992

E.P.Committee Chairman Coaches Representatives

Athlete Representative Members Absent

Program Administrator

Roe Kreutzer Kevin Brown Tony Gehman Donna Strauss Michelle Dusserre Bela Karolyi Steve Nunno Kathy Kelly

Proposed selection procedures for 1993 World Championships and 1993 World University Games were drafted by the Selection Committee and submitted to the Ad Hoc Committee for their input. A mailing was sent to the Ad Hoc Committee containing first drafts on June 30, 1992, and again September 22, 1992. Available members of the committee, including Peggy Liddick, met briefly and informally at the USGF Congress. The September 22 mailing was also sent to all National Team Coaches requesting that they contact their elected representatives or send written opinions to the USGF Office. Kathy received three phone calls and one written document from that body.

Kathy presented those opinions to the committee at the meeting. Each item of the proposal was discussed and either agreed upon or amended until agreement was reached. Bill Strauss was in attendance at Training Camp and also gave his input.

The selection criteria for the 1993 Olympic Sports Festival is the top 16 Seniors in rank order and the top 8 Juniors in rank order from the American ClassicsOptional ONLY scores. (Senior replace senior, and junior replace junior).

After the committee met there was a conference call held with the collegiate coaches concerning the 1993 World University Games. Input from the collegiate coaches resulted in amendments to the original draft.

The final selection procedures for the World University Games and the 1993 World Championships were approved by the Ad Hoc Committee on the call. (Paula Gehman was present on tha t call for Tony Gehman who was on international assignment). The final document was approved unanimously by the committee.

The office received United States Olympic Committee approval of the World University Games Selection Procedures on October 29,1992.

The World University Games Selection Procedures and the 1993 World Championships Selection Procedures will be presented for their approval to the Executive Committee and the USA Gymnastics Board of Directors at the November meeting.

The approved procedures were published in USA Gymnastics (Nov I Dec) and Technique (Nov IDee) and mailed directly to all National Team Members, parents and coaches, Division I and II universities with women's gymnastics programs: the USECA-W and Jim Turpin, NCAA, for distribution within their publications.

Notice to Membership The following Membership Statement has been

adopted by the Board of Directors of USA Gymnastics:

Membership in USA Gymnastics is a privilege gran ted by USA Gymnastics. That privilege can be withdrawn by USA Gymnastics at any time where a member's conduct is determined to be inconsisten t with the best interest of the sport of gymnastics of the athletes we are servicing.

At times USA Gymnastics may find it necessary to initiate the following actions regarding individual membership in USA Gymnastics:

1. Place member on probation; 2. Suspend membership; or 3. Terminate membership.

An individual who's membership with USA Gymnastics has been suspended or terminated, may NOT:

1. Participate in USA Gymnastics sanctioned programs or events;

2. Provide instruction to USA Gymnastics member athletes;

TECHNIQUE JamtanJ 1993

3. Be an employee or owner of a USA Gymnastics club; or

4. Again apply for membership in USA Gymnastics.

Official N otice--effective immediately: SUSPENDED -with no rights of membership with

USA Gymnastics. Mr. Vince Brown, Spartanburg, S.c.

TERMINATION -and probibited from ever regaining membership with USA Gymnastics.

Mr. Robert Dean Head, LaGrange, Kentucky

List of previous Membership suspensions:

Roy L. Gallagher, Wall, PA

List of previous Membership terminations:

Larry Dutch, Bangor, ME Rick Feuerstein, San Marcos, CA Joseph Fountain, Gaithersburg, MD Robert Garner, Hixson, TN William Munsinger, Minneapolis, MN

33

Women's Minutes

J.O. Program Committee

Indianapolis, IN December 4-5, 1992

Region I Region II Region III Region IV Region V Region VI Region VII Region VIII WTCRep Chairman JOPC WABC EPC WPA

Darla Franz Mike West Steve Snow Bryon Hough John Geddert Bob Colarossi KelliHill Elaine Thompson Cheryl Hamilton Tom Koll Connie Maloney Kathy Feldmann Roe Kreutzer Kathy Kelly

I. CALL TO ORDER - Meeting was called to order by Chairman Tom Koll at 6:45 PM.

II. COMPULSORY CONCERNS The deduction for deliberate omission of more than

one element in a series was discussed. It was decided that the committee would not recommend any changes to the WTC.

The committee requested that the WTC address the deduction for deliberate omission in regards to the Aerial Cartwheel in the Level 7 Floor. There is concern that when the gymnast attempts the aerial but puts her hands down, she is receiving deliberate omission rather than a deduction for incomplete element. III. WTC REPORT

Cheryl Hamilton reported on the October WTC meeting decisions. She also mentioned that the RTCs recommend to the JOPC that we stay as close to the new code as possible when making modifications for the JO Program.

IV. USGF/NAWGJ JUDGES' COMPENSATION Tom reviewed the new USGF-NA WGJ Judges' Com

pensation packet, based on the ad hoc meeting with 2 JOPC \and 2 NAWGJ board members. This document is printed in this issue of Technique (Jan. '93)

V. RENAMING OF THE OPTIONAL LEVELS Recommendation that effective August I, 1993, the

Levels be renamed: Level 70 becomes Level 8, Level 8 becomes Level 9, Level 9 becomes Level 10.

Motion - John Geddert Second - Bob Colarossi PASSED

VI. LEVEL 10 REVIEW Each region reported on the number of competitors

in their states. The committee determined that the numbers were adequate to conduct a successful National Championships under the format stated in the Rules and Policies.

VII. TALENT OPPORTUNITY PROGRAM & J.O. PROGRAM

The integration of TOP National level athletes into the JO Program was discussed. The basic sentiment was that if the gymnasts are that talented that they should be able to move through the JO Program qUickly

34

and it is not necessary that they by-pass levels. There were many questions about the purpose of the program. The committee felt they needed to know more about the program before making any decisions regarding mobility of the TOP athletes. They reviewed any involvement they had with their regional testing and voiced concerns/problems regarding the actual testing items or the evaluation of skills.

VIII. INDIVIDUAL EVENT COMPETITION PILOT PROGRAMS

Bob Colarossi reported on the pilot program for Individual Event competitors. New York is using it at Level 8; Massachusetts is using it for Level 70 & 8. He will report again on the implementation of such programs at the May meeting.

IX.COACHES' EDUCATIONAL VIDEOS Connie Maloney requested input on the needs for

coaches' educational videos. The committee recommended to produce videos which would educate coaches on how to set up programs, periodiza tion for the JO athlete, pre-team selection, spotting,conditioning programs and other such program concerns. They also suggested to perhaps highlight specific gyms which have successful total programs (pre-school through Elite) to explain their work-out systems, hours per week per Level, etc.

X. UNEVEN BAR SPECIFICATIONS The committee and the USGF office will devise a

form to be published in Technique which can be signed by a judge or State Chairman verifying that the gymnast contacts the landing mat with their feet (HB) or seat (LB), in order to eliminate the need to request permission to raise the LB / HB at each competition.

Clarification: A variance of ± 3 em from specifications listed in the R & P is allowed when measuring the height of the bars. The Meet Director is required to mark FIG specs on the equipment.

XI. NEW BUSINESS Recommendation to require the use of the Round

off safety zone mat for Round-off entry vaults performed by J.O. athletes.

Motion - John Geddert Second - Kelli Hill PASSED

Reconllueudation that le.el 1'0 gymnasts be al lo~.ed to raise the LB so that theiI knees do not drag if a LB giant is performed.

Motion Kdli IIill Second Blyon IIotlg}, DEFEATED.

Clarification regarding Level 9/10 Round-Off Entry vaults for the 1993 season:

Correct the wording in the Rules & Policies (pg. 16 & 18) to read II Any Group 4 vault with longitudinal twisting only or Group 4 vault with a saito without twist may be performed.

XII. APPLICATION OF 1993-96 CODE OF POINTS TO THE J.O. PROGRAM

Recommendation to change the following Ele-


ment Values in the '93 Code for the J.O. Program (effective August, 1993):

Vault: 1f2 on, VI off 9.2 Y2 on, 1 Y2 off 9.4

Bars: Flyaway Double Saito Bwd Tucked "C" Underswing Y2 twist to salto Bwd

tucked (Comaneci) Dismount "C" Beam: None Floor: Double saito Bwd tucked or piked "0"

Double saito Bwd tucked or piked with YI twist on 1st salto "E"

Motion - John Geddert Second - Steve Snow PASSED

Recommendation to the WTC to maintain the concept of a Chief Judge in the J.O. Program, with each judge determining the Start Value; and that an allowable score range between the Chief and panel judges scores be determined by the WTC.

Motion - Bryon Hough Second - John Geddert PASSED

Recommendation to the WTC that, if an element is performed which is not allowed at a specific level, it not receive any credit for Value Part, Special Requirement, Special Connection, composition, etc.

Motion - Bryon Hough Second - Steve Snow PASSED

Recommendation that a 9.60 Start Value be used for the J.O. Program, with Bonus possibilities of 0.20 for Special Connections and 0.20 for Extra DIE elements.

Motion - Bob Colarossi Second - Mike West PASSED

LEVEL 10 (Previous Level 9) RULES Difficulty Requirements: Same as FIG-3 A's, 3 B's,

2 C's Restrictions: Bars, Beam & Floor -None

Vault- All Group 1, 2 & 3 vaults will be allowed. Possible Group 4 (Round-off Entry) vault restrictions will be determined at the May, 1993 meeting, after observing the performance of the Roundoff entry vaults this season.

Evaluation of the exercise: Difficulty 3.00 Combination 2.00 Bonus 0.40 Execution 4.60 TOTAL 10.00

Special Requirements: Recommendation to change the Special Requirement of 3 Bar changes on Uneven Bars to require only 2 bar changes.

Motion - Mike West Second - Darla Franz PASSED

Meeting adjourned 10:00 pm. Sat. Dec.5 Meeting re-convened at 8:45 AM

LEVEL 9 (previous Level B) RULES Difficulty Requirements: 3 A's 4 B's 1 C

Restrictions: Recommendation to allow all vaults valued at 9.6 and below from Groups 1 and 3 (Handsprings & Tsukaharas).

Motion - John Geddert Second - Kelli Hill PASSED

Bars, Beam & Floor: Performance of an "E" element will void the exercise. The only 0 elements allowed are gymnastics and acro-strength-balance elements on Beam and


Floor. Any other D's will receive no credit.

Evaluation of the exercise: Recommendation to accept the following:

Difficulty 2.BO Combination 2.00 Bonus 0.40 Execution 4.BO Total 10.00

Motion - Darla Franz Second - Bob Colarossi PASSED

Special Requirements: Recommendations to accept the following modifications: Bars:

• 2 Bar Changes • 1 flight element, minimum of B (excluding

mount or dismount) Beam & Floor: None

Motion - Elaine Thompson Second - Kelli Hill PASSED

Recommendation to change the Giant circle back ~~ard to a "Eff for LevelS only.

Motioll Dlldll FIIIII~ Secolld BI)'Olt Hough DEFEATED

Meeting adjourned at 12:00. Meeting re-convened 3:15

LEVEL B (previous Level 7-0) RULES

Difficulty Requirements: 4 A's, 4 B's, 0 C

Restrictions: Vault: Only Group 1 vaults with a maximum of 9.5

value are allowed. UB, BB & FX: Performance of a D or E element voids

the exercise. The only C elements allowed are gymnastics and acro-strength-balance elements on Beam and Floor. All other C's will not receive credit.

Evaluation of the exercise: Recommendation to accept the following:

Difficulty 2.40 Combination 2.00 Bonus 0.00 Execution 5.20 TOTAL 9.60

Special Requirements: Bars:

• 2 Bar changes • 1 flight element, minimum of B (excluding

mount or dismount) • No B dismount required • No directional change required

Beam: • Acro Series with 1 flight element • No B dismount required

Floor: No B dismount required

Recommendation to accept all of the above men-tioned modifications for Level B optional.

Motion - John Geddert Second - Darla Franz PASSED

XIII. 1993 LEVEL 9 AGE DIVISIONS Recommendations that the Le v el 9 conlpetition

age di v isiolIS for Ihe 1993 season be changed (as Ihey ~v ill be in 1993 94 season) 10 • Le v el 9 11, 12 13, 14 15 and 16+ o'\ler.

Motioll Steve 5110" Secolld By I Oil I Iough DEFEATED

35

REQUIREMENTS

VALUE PARTS

START VALUE

BONUS

DIFFICULTY RESTRICTIONS

FOR BARS, BEAM & FLOOR

VAULTS ALLOWED

SPECIAL REQUIREMENT

MODIFICATIONS

XIV. COMPULSORY/OPTIONAL J.O. LEVEL 10 Reconlnlendatiou to Ieiustate a ComptlisorylOptiouai Lel'eilO pIOgIanl.

Motioli Steve SliO" Secolid Kelli Hill DEFEATED

XV. LEVEL 4 VAULT Elaine Thompson expressed regional concern re

garding the Level 4 Squat flight vault. It will be addressed for the next cycle beginning 1996.

XVI. COMPULSORY PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT FOR 1996-2000.

The committee discussed possible choreographers for the Beam and Floor exercises. For the May 1993 meeting, committee members were directed to bring final ideas regarding Level 1-4 changes or additions in elements or drills for the events assigned. Tom Koll and Connie Maloney will develop a timeline for the next 3 years of the compulsory development.

Meeting adjourned at 5:15 PM. - Next meeting scheduled for May 16-17, 1993 in Baltimore, MD. Minutes Approved: Mike Jacki (December, 1992)

JOINT MEETING of the J.O.P & E.P. Committees December 5, 1992

I. CALL TO ORDER Meeting was called to order at 8:00 PM by Chairmen

Roe Kreutzer & Tom Koll.

II. EPC PROPOSAL Gary Warren, assisted by Scott Crouse, presented

the Elite Program Committee's proposal for a new National Elite program (see Dec. '92 EPC minutes in this issue of Technique). The JOPC complimented the EPC on the proposal and commented that we are on the right track with a program that will fill the gap between the JO and Elite International program.

III. TALENT OPPORTUNITY PROGRAM A report on the T.O.P. was given by Gary Ander

son. The EPC requested assistance from the JOPC in networking the program through the states and to determine how to integrate the TOP kids into the JO program.

Tom Koll responded that the JO Committee would address the mobility regulations at their May meeting.

It is the desire of the USGF office that the TOP program be a total program concern, rather than a responsibility of the Elite Program, since the athletes involved are still participating in the J.O. Program.

Meeting adjoumed at 10:00 PM.

Approved: Mike Jacki,December, 1992

J.O. Optional Requirements (effective August 1993)

LEVELS LEVEL 9 LEVEL 10 (present Level 7-0) (present Level 8) (present Level 9)

4 A's 3 A's 3 A's 4 B's 4 B's 3 B's o C's 1C 2 C's

9.6 9.6 9.6

o Bonus 0.4 Bonus 0.4 Bonus

"D" or "E" will VOID the exercise. "E" will VOID the exercise. No restrictions .

"C" Gymnastics (dance) & / or "D" Gymnastics (dance) & / or Acro-strength-balance Acro-strength-balance elements are allowed. elements are allowed. All other "C's" will not All other "D's" will not

receive credit. receive credit.

Group 1 (Handsprings) with a Group 1 & 3 Vaults All vaults from value of 9.50 or less. (Handsprings & Tsukaharas) Groups 1,2 & 3.

with a value of 9.60 or less. All other vaults are not permitted All other vaults are not permitted Group 4 (Round-off entry)

and if performed, and if performed, vaults will be discussed at VOID the event. would VOID the event. the JOPC meeting in May '93.

BARS: BARS: Same as FIG on all events. 2 Bar Changes 2 Bar Changes

1 flight element, minimum of "B." 1 flight element, minimum of "B." BARS: No directional change. 2 Bar changes.

No "B" dismount. BEAM & FLOOR: BEAM: Same as FIG.

Acro series with 1 flight element. No"B" dismount.

FLOOR: No "B" dismount.

36 January 1993 TECHNIQUE

Elite Program Committee December 4-5, 1992 Indianapolis, IN

RollCall : Region I Julie Knight Region II Brad Loan Region III Scott Crouse (for Kristi Krafft) Region IV Absent Region V Gary Warren Region VI Byron Knox Region VII Gary Anderson Region VIII Absent ABC Kathy Feldmann JOPC Torn Koll NET Audrey Schweyer (Sat pm) EPCC Roe Kreutzer WPD Kathy Kelly Guests Muriel Grossfeld

Dr. Bill Sands

I. MINUTES Recommendation that the minutes from the last

meeting are approved as published. Motion - Gary Anderson Second - Byron Knox PASSED

II. ELITE SCHEDULE Kathy informed the committee that the site for the

American Classic will be Salt Lake City, Utah. The event will be hosted by Rocky Mountain Gymnastics. (March 25-29,1993) Bids are open for the U.s. Classic meet.

NOTE: The following motions were passed by the Elite Program Committee but subsequently overturned by the Elite Ad Hoc Committee. "Trials format" is the jurisdiction of the Elite Ad Hoc Committee of elected National Team Coaches.

Rec:onlnlendation that only the 8lynlpic: 'feanl Metnbets (MiBet, ;il;nleskal, 8kino, Sh ltg, Btltc:e, Ba,,~es and EanlpB ha~e the option of c:onlpeting 8ptional only at the Ametic:an €las sic;

Motioll ScoH ElOtlse Secollci By 1011 K1loX l¥rS5EB

Rec:omnlendation that only gymnasts ,,~ith c:onlpltlsory and optional AU Atotlnd sc:otes at the Anletic:an €lassic:s ,,~iB be eligible fot.

t; Rerankil [g r. Atlrlete SttppOI t ftmds 3; II [terllatiollal assiglllllellts 47 Qtlalifieatim[ to USA Champiollships.

Moholl 6111 y Allcielsoll Secollci ScoH Elotlse l¥rS5EB

III. CHAMPIONSHIPS FORMAT Kathy Kelly presented the committee with a pro-

posed training/ competition schedule for USA Cham-pionships and asked the committee to approve for the events department. The committee approved thesched-ule as amended.

A duplicate warm-up facility has been requested. The events department is attempting to secure the facility.

IV. INTERNATIONAL MEET 1992 Kelly distributed an updated international competi-

tion result sheet. The final year end results will be published in Technique. The Women's international program won an unprecedented number of medals this year. The athletes and the coaches are to be com-mended for their dedication and effort.

TECHNIQUE Januan) 1993

V. FORMER LEVEL 10/ELITE NAT. LEVEL- MERGE Julie Knight and Gary Warren presented a proposal

to the committee and Gary presented the Elite Committee's proposal to the J.O. Committee. The proposal provides a competitive level, difficulty level and competitive format. At the joint meeting, the proposal was approved.

The following is the broad concept: A new Level of Competition for the 1994 season will be named the National Elite Level. Olympic Element Testing & Optionals (Comp. II Rules) will be competed. Competition will be conducted in two age divisions (Junior and Senior) and will be held at the Regional and National Level. (States may also elect to conduct competitions) Qualification is by score. A Junior and Senior National Elite Team will be named. A yet to be determined number of gymnasts will qualify from the National Elite Meet to the U.S. Classic Meet.

VI. TALENT OPPORTUNITY PROGRAM The committee discussed the TOP Program. Amend

ments, corrections, and additional needs were discussed. Recommendation to accept TOP as amended.

Motion - Brad Loan Second - Scott Crouse PASSED

Gary Anderson was assigned to work with Dr. Bill Sands to create a Training Manual for next year.

Anderson made a presenta tion of the program to the J.o. Committee and requested their assistance. Many improvements will be added to next year's program.

The calendar for next year is as follows: Regional Testing completed by Aug. 1, '93 National Testing - October '93 Training Camp - first weekend in Dec '93

This year's National Testing was a great success. Everyone is excited with the quality of athletes involved and the educational opportunities the program will provide for the athletes, coaches, and parents.

VII. NATIONAL TEAM Kelly apprised the committee of the new athletes

and coach support programs that were recently passed by the Executive Committee and the Board of Directors. A direct mailing will be sent to all National Team Members and Coaches.

VIII. NEW BUSINESS Muriel Grossfeld addressed the committee on the

new changes that were made by the FIG/WTC at the FIG International Symposium. Muriel made proposals for modification to the 1993 Compulsory Testing Program based upon the changes to the complete text. An amended text of the '93 Compulsory Testing Program, with deductions, will be sent to all REPC, RTC, RC, and National Team Coaches immediately.

Recommendation to accept the amended text and deductions for the 1993 Compulsory Testing Program. (effective immediately)

Motion - Gary Anderson Second - Julie Knight PASSED

Recommendation to the WTC to delete the requirements of Brevet from the selection criteria for Regional Elite Meets, for financial considerations. (R&P, Section IX, pg 52.)

Motion - Scott Crouse Second - Brad Loan PASSED

Recommendation to adjourn. Motion - Byron Knox Second - Julie Knight PASSED

Minutes approved: Mike Jacki, December, 1992

37

Ad Hoc Committee Conference Call Thursday, Dec. 10, 1992 -10:00 am

Roll Call: Present:

Steve Nunno Donna Strauss Tony Gehman Michelle Dusserre Roe Kreutzer

Ka thy Kelly Absent:

Bela Karolyi Kevin Brown (In ternat

tional Assignment)

Conference call was cond ucted to clari fy the wishes of the committee concerning this year's competitive structure in regards to the Classic Competition which will also serve as a Trials for 1993 World Championships.

The committee agreed that this year is a unique challenge to the athletes and the coaches with a new Code of Points and very difficult compulsory elements. They also agreed that, in order to continue to escala te our position internationally, we must improve our optional difficulty. With this in mind and with the knowledge of no compulsory international competitions scheduled until 1994, the Ad Hoc Committee recommends the following to the Elite Program Committee. Each member of the Ad Hoc Committee will be calling the other N ational Team Coaches for their position on this important issue.

Recommendation that option~l only scores be used to determine re-ranking (including the re-distribution of support funds) and Spring international assignments for both the International Junior and Senior Age Divisions.

Motion - Steve Nunno Second - Tony Gehman PASSED

Recommendation that the qualification percentage from the regional Meets to Classic be 30% compulsory testing and 70% optionals for all levels, except National Juniors which is 40% element testing and 60% optionals.

Motion - Steve Nunno Second - Donna Strauss PASSED*

Recommendation that International Juniors and Seniors qualify to USA Championships by optional only scores from Classics.

Motion - Steve Nunno Second - Donna Strauss PASSED*

Recommendation that a compulsory evaluation and clinic be conducted for International Juniors and Seniors at the Classic Meets.

Motion - Steve Nunno Second - Tony Gehman PASSED*

Recommendation that 1992 Senior National Team Members in the International Senior Division be allowed to perform optionals only at the February regional and the American Classic meets. (petitioned National Team Members are not included)

Motion - Tony Gehman Second - Donna Strauss PASSED*

Recommendation that the regional qualifying score be 36 AA for those 1992 Senior National Team Members electing to perform Optionals only at the regional meet. (Comp III Rules, new FIG Code of Points)

Motion - Steve Nil 11 110

Second - Donna Strauss PASSED

* Elite Program Commmittee Approved 12/15/92

38

Four year p lanning meeting will be held Sunday and Monday following the American Cu p.

There will be a conference call of the Elite Program Committee on Wednesday, December 16, 1992 at 10:00 am. Steve Nunno w ill represent the Ad Hoc Committee on the call.

Kathy and Roe thanked the committee for their input and efforts.

Call completed at 11:32 am. Approved: Mike Jacki, December, 1992

Elite Program Committee Conference Call December 15, 1992 -10:00 am

Roll Ca ll: Region I Region II Region III Region IV Region V Region VI Region VII Region VIII Ad Hoc EPCC WPA

Julie Knight Brad Loa n Kristi Krafft Diane Stockard Gary Warren Byron Knox Gary Anderson (absent) Kevin Brown Steve unno Roe Kreutzer Ka thy Kelly

Kathy Kelly addressed the committee regarding the purpose of the call. According to the Women's Program structure, the Ad Hoc Committee has jurisdiction from USA Championships including Trials, ranking, athlete support, and international assignment. The Elite Program Committee has jurisdiction over the regional and classic qualification and format. Since the first Classic meet is also a Trials to 1993 World Championships, a gray area exists concerning this jurisdiction.

The Ad Hoc Committee has made recommendations to the Elite Program Committee and Steve Nunno made their presentation by a letter outlining the entire plan for our international program.

The Elite Program Committee discussed and reviewed each recommendation made by the Ad Hoc Committee and voted as notated under the recommendations.

In addition the following recommendations were made:

Recommendation that 30% Compulsory and 70% Optionals percentages be used to determine the rank order of the National Team (International Junior and Senior) at the USA Championships 1993.

Motion - Kevin Brown Second - Julie Knight PASSED

Recommendation that for the Senior National Level the qualification percentage from Regionals to Classics be 30% compulsory testing and 70% optionals.

Motion - Gary Warren Second - Julie Knight PASSED

Call completed at 11:30 am Approved: Mike Jacki, December, 1992


Future Trends

USA Gymnastics Objective 2000 The USGF now begins its fourth decade of

operation as USA Gymnastics. There have been grea t changes in the organiza tion and

more significantly, in the operations, economics and structure of sport. As we approach this next decade, it is both appropriate and necessary to create an accurate data base that will be used to determine the structure of our business for the next eight years and beyond. That is the purpose of this document.

The Olympic Games will come back to the United States in 1996. This brings many great opportunities and also a significant number of problems. A great deal of money will be taken out of the marketplace during the next four years. We have an opportunity to significantly grow our business and gain more exposure and visibility than we have ever had before. Without proper planning and prepara tion, the last four years of this century could be the most difficult that our sport has ever faced. This is something that needs to be addressed now and for which we need to plan accordingly to be prepared for the difficulties that we will face after the Olympic Games in Atlanta.

It is also necessary to evaluate the changing social trends that will significantly impact our country and the rest of the world during the remainder of this decade. Ethics will be a paramount issue that we all will need to deal with in a much more pro-active way. The topic of child development and the general need to address the problems of you th will need to be incorporated in sports programs and sports ed ucation. New trends and philosophies in the work place will require much greater attention and need to be given a higher degree of priority than ever before.

At the highest levels of competition, great changes will be seen during the next eight years. While many people anticipate that the break-up of the Eastern European sports machine will readily create parody amongst the world's teams, a new order of sports discipline will ultimately be created. In order for the United States to be in a leadership position during these changing times, the utmost amount of planning and a very scientific yet practical approach will be necessary. This will be further complicated by the global marketing approach which will effect sports worldwide. As the world becomes smaller and economic issues, instead of traditions, drive decision making and planning, there will be infinitely more competition in both the sporting venues and in the sports marketplace. Foreign athletes as well as American athletes will playa role in endorsements, commercial involvements and marketing programs.


With the elimination of state supported athletic programs, the sports market place becomes an open field with the United States serving as the hub of this activity. While this has already taken place at certain levels, (Katrina Witt, Sergei Bubka, Brian Orser and Alberto Tomba) it will significantly increase in the future which will make "the American dream" much more difficult to realize.

Family, socioeconomic and life-style trends will more than ever before impact buying trends, personal health care, fitness and wellness and the personal service industries. Great changes will take place in education over the next decade as tax and public supported school systems continue to face budget cuts and lack of adequate funding to provide first-class education and instruction. As this happens, greater numbers of these personal services will be offered through the private sector and will need to be purchased by the general public. Great changes will take place in children's development programs, day-care, infant development programs, screening and testing as well as private education. All of these issues will significantly impact and influence our sport, our business, our industry and future.

What we will try to do in this document is evaluate many of these areas based on past and current trends as well as future forecasts. Based upon this analysis, we will try to evaluate the opportunities that are afforded to our sport, athletes, clubs and coaches. With this information, it is our hope and intent to be able to prepare for the new decade.

The Private Sector: Gymnastics Clubs Throughout the 1990's

The private sector continues to assume increasing responsibility for conducting and promoting the sport of gymnastics. As public institutions find it more difficult to fund programs outside of the basic core curriculum of science, math and social studies, even greater number of activities will move from public education into the private sector. We do not believe that any of us would question the value of these activities and their contribution to the development of well-rounded individuals.

The emergence of the gymnastics clubs in the United States is as old as the sport itself. Some of our constituent member organizations provided the first club activities for interested young people literally hundreds of years ago. The Turners, Sokols and other groups set up private clubs for

39

Mike Jacki President, USA Gymnastics

The Olympic

Games will come

back to the United

States in 1996.

This brings many

great opportunities

and also a signifi

cant number of

problems.

Gymnastics clubs

today are very

different from their

predecessors 20 and

30 years ago. Many

changes have taken

place that have

been forced by

family style trends

and the economy.

their members in the European tradition that dates back centuries.

The first modern clubs began as early as the 1940's and 1950's. Development was slow since this was also the time period that gymnastics programs were developing throughout the public school systems in high schools and colleges. The private clubs developed on a limited basis throughout the 1950's and 1960's primarily due to the fact that many coaches wanted to spend more time coaching and some athletes simply did not have public school programs offered to them. Thus, services were solicited and private enterprises were set up to provide such service.

In 1972, the Munich Olympics brought us Olga Korbut. The growth of private clubs during the next four years was dramatic. Literally hundreds of clubs opened up with a significant number developing on both the West Coast in California and on the East Coast from New England down through Virginia and Maryland. Another dramatic increase took place in private club businesses in 1976 after the Summer Olympics in Montreal when Nadia Comaneci gained international acclaim. Throughout the end of the 1970's, private clubs continued to emerge due both to the popularity of gymnastics and also from the beginning of elimination of public school programs.

With the loss of the trampoline event in the 1970's, insurance problems and school budget cuts, it was simple to foresee the fate of public school activities - especially programs such as gymnastics that were considered "non-revenue producing."

Gymnastics, as well as other sports, was dramatically damaged by the boycott of 1980. Without a Summer Olympics to boost the enthusiasm of the American people and attract children to gym clubs, private clubs were in a difficult position in soliciting members. The sport suffered a period of stagnation; it was only individual entrepreneurial effort that kept clubs going and allowed new ones to open.

As the 1984 Olympic Games approached, a number of things were occurring. There had been a four-year drought without an Olympics, there was no question that the world, and in particular, the United States was ready for Los Angeles. The enthusiasm for the Games and especially for gymnastics was at an all time high. The success of the U.S. athletes and teams in Los Angeles was the single greatest boost that our sport had ever received. However we continued to lose college programs; and while women's gymnastics appeared on a strong course, it was also inevitable that even the popularity of women's collegiate gymnastics could not be spared from university budget cuts and priority spending programs.

After the 1984 Olympic Games, there was a significant increase in USGF and club membership. The club population was probably at an alltime high. While a definitive date is lacking, we are of the opinion that the number of gymnastics clubs peaked in 1984 and has basically remained at the same level or at least within ten percent since that time. Clubs responded to these changes

40

by expanding their ability to handle more members, opening up satellite programs under the auspices of one owner or club name, and offering a more varied curriculum to a more diverse membership pool. This is becoming more popular for a number of reasons, many being economically driven based on long-term investment strategies. We estimate that there are approximately 4,000 private businesses that conduct gymnastics programs on a day-to-day basis in the United States. These range from large clubs with as many as 2,000 members or more down to the small club that is being run out of the basement of a church or park and recrea tion cen ter tha t has 50 to 100 participants.

The Gymnastics Club of the 90's

Gymnastics clubs today are very different from their predecessors 20 and 30 years ago. Many changes have taken place that have been forced by family style trends and the economy. Some of

. these trends include the following:

Trends 1. The composition of the clubs membership in

cludes a larger percentage of young children. It is not unusual for preschool membership (ages 2-6) to be greater than class and competition membership (ages 7 and above).

2. Many clubs are utilizing different and unique ways of generating revenue to support their businesses. Alternative programs are also being incorporated .

3. In numerous cases, the owner of the club does not have a gymnastics or coaching background.

4. Many clubs are now incorporating standard business practices to assist in the operation of their business. This may include marketing and promotional help, advertising assistance, computer and technology counseling and numerous other services that are frequently purchased by the business.

5. Increasingly, clubs are incorporating family fitness activities, aerobics, dance, child care services and other alternatives to encourage membership and participation as well as fill vacant hours of the day.

6. Club owners and directors are critically and ca u tiousl y evalua ting partici pation in competitive programs. They realize that competitive programs increase the expense associated with participation and can have a negative impact on the bottom line.

7. There is a concern a bou t increased costs to their clients. This is why the competitive programs are being scrutinized so carefully. One of the problems with competitive programs is the cost of judges and thus, the cost of conducting competitions. Cost of judges drives up entry fees, passed directly to the athlete / parent. Another problem is the amount of training time, specialized equipment and low student/ teacher ratios necessary to adequately prepare competitive gymnasts.


8. ~any of t~e most financially successful clubs In the Umted States run limited competitive programs and frequently do not involve thems~lves with higher level competitive gymnastIcs at all .

Club Profile A typical profile of the average gymnastics

club in the United States would be as follows: 1. Membership of approximately 200-350 students. 2. Approximately 30 percent of these students

would be children under seven years old. Classes for these younger children may take place between the hours of 9:00am-2:00pm.

3. Approxim.ately 25 percent of the membership would be mvolved in competitive programs. The rest would be involved in recreational ~ymnastics with some competitive aspect bemg provided either intra-gym or purely recreational <amongst local clubs / programs).

4. The gym would occupy approximately 7500 square feet of floor space including a small office and reception area.

5. There is one floor exercise area, two sets of bars, four balance beams, one vaulting area and one or two small multi-purpose areas used for dance, stretching, strength exercises, preschool and other small group activities. Most have trampolines.

6. The head coach is usually the club owner or partne~. The owner / coach is in the gym from approxImately 9:00am-9:00pm six days a week.

7. There are seven/eight other staff members that are working on a full-or part-time basis. Gross club revenues are between $125,000 and $250,000 per year. The club owner nets approximately 8 to 10 percent of the gross revenue as his annual income.

8. The club owns and/ or is paying off its equipment, apparatus and mats. Current market value for this equipment is between $80,000-$140,000. The club spends between $8,000-$10,000 per year on new equipment. Some of these pur-

chases may be through local public school programs that have been dropped or cancelled.

9. The club offers a full range of activities associated with women's gymnastics and has recently added a boys program or is planning to do so in the near future.

10. The club has one or two full-time secretaries/ receptionists who work at minimum wage and are parents of class members. In many cases, clubs barter services in exchange for lessons.

11 . At least one staff member is safety certified and a USGF professional member. With the larger clubs, a greater percentage of staff is safety certified and has joined as a professional member.

12. The club does a minimal amount of advertising which is usually restricted to identification in the yellow pages, an inexpensive flyer or brochure, participation in some local mall shows, high school basketball exhibitions or other requested demonstrations. Within the last 12 months the club has increased its ad vertis~ng activit~e~ and is currently investigating pnnt advertISIng, electronic media and cooperative programs with other clubs in the area. The club is also looking at potential sponsor relationships.

13. A minimal amount of time is spent on longterm strategy and planning; little effort has ?een made in the area of economic planning, Investment strategy, pricing and options for future growth and development.

14. Little time is spent on evaluating insurance needs and comparative shopping for these services.

15. The great e~~hasis is still placed on daily programmatIc Issues such as teaching, coachmg and providing services for customers.

16. Most clubs do not know the "cost per student" base on which they would determine their exact cost pricing strategy.

In the next article we will discuss "The United States Private Gymnastics Club: 1993 and Beyond."

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41

Sport Science

The Dream Team: In The Flow?

Shane Murphy, Ph.D USOC Division of Athlete Performance

(Low) Anxiety

'" Ql Ol

<;-<:,e'\ c 2

0'0'1i co .c ~\o-ll ()

(High)

(Low) Skills

Very simply, the

theory of flow states

that in human

activity, an enjoy

able state known as

flow can be achieved

when a person is

doing something

that is sufficiently

challenging to

require a lot of

concentration.

This article is reprinted by permission from Olympic Coach , Fall, 1992, Vol. 2, No.4, 8.

42

A lthough the appearance of the Dream traps and hazards. I was in control of my game." Team in the Games of the XXVth Olym- Clearly, this state is a very enjoyable one, and piad at Barcelona, Spain, was a highlight people want to experience flow again and again.

for many, the athletes themselves sounded disap- This theory is important in sports because the pointed at times by their a thletic experience. "It's flow experience is particularly likely to be felt in a pity we weren't extended more in the games," athletic situations. In part, because sports are said Earvin "Magic" Johnson. Superstar Michael games with clear rules and specific goals. Jordan lamented, ''I'm here more for the golf Csikszentmihalyihasfound thatthesetwocondigames than I am for the basketball." Why did tions are nearly always found in the flow experithese great athletes sometimes find their Olympic ence. But flow is also important in sports because participation to be unexciting? when an athlete is "in the flow," he or she is likely

Boredom

(High)

A very important psy- to be performing very well . Just as the tennis chological theory explains the player and the golfer described in the preceding experience of the Dream Team paragraph reported, when you are in the flow you and also holds many clues for tend to feel in control and make good decisions. For improving coaching effective- many athletes, every competition becomes an atness. It is the theory of "flow" tempt to recapture the flow experience. developed over the last 20 Now we can return to the Dream Team and see years by University of Chi- why its Olympic involvement was at least partly cago professor, Mihaly unsatisfying. For the Dream Teamers, their skills Csikszentmihalyi. Very sim- greatly exceeded the challenges they faced . No ply, the theory of flow states one pushed them really hard . Even the goldthat in human activity, an en- medal game against Croatia was not the spine

joyable state known as flow can be achieved when tingling thriller that a Knicks-Bulls playoff game a person is doing something that is sufficiently can be. Because their skills were not matched by challenging to require a lot of concentration. On the challenge, the USA Olympic Basketball Team the other hand, the activity cannot be too chal- rarely entered the flow state, and they knew it. Of lenging or the person is likely to become anxious. course this situation arose through no fault of the It cannot be too easy either or boredom will be a team. Perhaps in another decade we will see likely outcome. Flow is most likely to occur when international basketball develop to the point where the challenge of the task just about equals the skill another national team can truly challenge our the person has for that task. national team.

The accompanying diagram illustrates the idea What can you do as a coach to promote the flow of flow. Along the bottom axis is skill level. Along experience for your athletes? Csikszentmihalyi's the side axis is degree of challenge. We can see research suggests the following simple steps: that when the two m eet (or are equivalent), the • Help your athletes set specific goals that are person is in the flow. When skill exceeds chal- challenging-not out of reach, but not too easy. lenge, boredom results. But when challenge ex- When an athlete really has to concentrate in order ceeds skill, anxiety is the ou tcome. to reach a goal, flow becomes possible. If I set a

But what is flow? Csikszentmihalyi has stud- goalto stay awake during mynextmeeting,Ican ied thousands of people in an attempt to answer probably achieve that goal. However, I will expe-this question, and it is clear that "being in the rience none of the exhilaration that a runner flow" is a state that most people recognize. Con- might feel who accomplishes the goal of com-centration is very high when individuals are in pleting three fast 20-kilometer nms in a week. the flow. A chess player in the flow will report • Make sure that your athletes receive clear feed-being unaware of anything but the chess board. back about how well they are doing. The type of Time seems to slow down for many. A tennis feedback that works for each individual athlete player in the flow reports tha t "everything seemed will vary, but without feedback, it is impossible to be happening in slow motion, so that I had lots to judge whether goals are being reached. of time to make good decisions." People lose self- • Help your athletes learn the mental skills that consciousness in the flow. The actor in the flow will enable them to concentrate on the sports doesn't worry about what people think of him. task and not worry about the outcome. If ath-He's notthinking a bou t performing, he's truly" lost letes worry a bou t the score or w ha t the judges in his performance." Control seems to increase. A think of them, they will never enter the flow. golfer in the flow found that, "I could shoot right Sport is likely to be much less enjoyable for at the pin every time. I wasn ' t worried about the athletes who rarely enter the flow state.

------------------------~--------------------

Jalluary 1993 TECHNIQUE

Information

1992 Index of Articles Technique, Vol.12 ADMINISTRATIVE National Membership Representatives to the USGF

Board of Directors. #1, 29-30. National Membership Representatives to the USGF

Board of Directors. #9, 31-32. (Candidates).

ANNOUNCEMENTS Academic All-american recognition awards. #2, 26. Announcements. #2, 41-42. (BB safehj; Addendum:

1992 men's selection procedures; 93-96 JO boy 's program philosophy).

Announcements. #3, 35. (So. America challenge; Foreign athletes in sanctioned competitions; Safety Certification mandate).

Announcements. #4, 24-27. (Buyer Beware; Technique submissiol1s; Notice to membership on suspel1sions; In memonI Chic Johl1 son; Results: Am. Cup, Winter Nats., Dodge Challenge, Rhythmic Challel1ge; Men's J.O. compulsory skills) .

Announcements. #5, 25-28. (Results : US Classic, Nat. Collegiate Champiol1ships, Individual World Championships in Paris; 111 Memory: Wayn e Huebl1er; Evial1 awards; Hilton Exhibitiol1).

Announcements. #6, 25-28. (Results: Level 10 Nationals, Level 9 Nationals, RsG Nationals, US Champiol1ships, Boy's J.O. Championships; World Ul1iversity trials; Mel1 's Olympic Coach selection).

Announcements. #7, 33-35. (Resu lts: U.s. Olympic Trials; Womel1's Request for sal1ctiol1 Form).

Call for Papers: 1992 USGF Sport Science Con-gress, Anaheim, CA. #3, 29-30.

Congress '92, Anaheim, CA. #4, 41-42. Congress '92, Anaheim, CA. #5, 29-3l. Congress '92, Anaheim, CA. #6, 29-3l. Congress '92, Anaheim, CA. #7, 23-25, 32. Congress '92, Anaheim, CA. #8, 23-27. Education Event Calendar. #1,47. Education Event Calendar. #2, 47. Education Event Calendar. #3, 47. Education Event Calendar. #4, 47. Education Event Calendar. #5, 47. Education Event Calendar. #6, 47 Education Event Calendar. #7, 47 Education Event Calendar. #8, 47 Education Event Calendar. #9, 47 Education Event Calendar. #10,47 J.O. Compulsory Materials. #5, 35-38. J.O. Compulsory Materials. #6, 34-37. J.O. Compulsory Materials. #7, 28-30. J.O. Compulsory Materials. #8, 28-3l. Membership. Four club memberships offered in

1992-'93. #5,46. Safety Certification Schedule. #1,48. Safety Certification Schedule. #2, 48. Safety Certification Schedule. #3,48. Safety Certification Schedule. #4, 48. Safety Certification Schedule. #5, 48. Safety Certification Schedule. #6, 48. Safety Certification Schedule. #7, 48. Safety Certification Schedule. #8, 48.


Safety Certification Schedule. #9, 48. Safety Certification Schedule. #10,48 Sanction Application Forms. #8,35-38. USGF National Compulsory Workshops. #1 , 31-

33. (Annollncement and registration forms). USGF National Compulsory Workshops. #2, 36-

40. (Anl1ouncement and registration forms). USGF National Compulsory Workshops. #3, 36-

40. (Anl1ouncement al1d registration forms). USGF National Compulsory Workshops. #4, 36-

39. (Announcement and registratiol1 form s). Who can answer your questions? #2, 35. (UsGF

office directory).

COACHING Flynn, C. Coaching burnout: how to beat it. #5, 5-6. Moskovitz, D. ACEP /USGF sports science clinic.

#7,3l. Moskovitz, D. Evaluating coaches. #10, 9-11. Moskovitz, D. Mutual Respect? #6, 42. Moskovitz, D. PDP level II description. #6, 4l. Moskovitz, D. PDP level II: ACEP-USGF sports

science clinic. #8, 39. (Level II criteria; Sports science clinic; Compulsory skills progressions) .

Moskovitz, D. PDP update. #9, 5. (Levels I, II and III). Moskovitz, D. Progress through 1992. #5, 8. Moskovitz, D. Questions and answers. #4, 35. Moskovitz, D. Status Report: PDP level I accredita-

tion. #8, 40. Moskovitz, D. USGF PDP: what is it? #10, 42. Moskovitz, D. USGF professional development

program. #3, 6. Moskovitz, D. USGF professional development

program: accreditation begins in 1992. #2, 20. Moskovitz, D., and Whitlock, S. Coaching Accredi

tation: flow chart. #10, 41. Moskovitz, D., and Whitlock, S. USGF coach ac

creditation continues. #2, 11 . (Level I description). PDP "Premier" participants. #8, 41-43. Posner, S. A coach's and managers guide for devel

oping motivation. #10, 23-24. Reynard, R, Swiderski, M.J., and Sutton, T.L. Im

portant coaching competencies: a survey of club gymnastics coaches. #4, 14-16.

Summer Coaching Workshops. #4, 43. Summer Coaching Workshops. #5, 32-33. Summer Coaching Workshops. #6, 32-33. Summer Coaching Workshops. #7, 26-27. Whitlock, S. Coaching implications. #1, 24-25. (A

summary of tthe "Overview of Youth Sports Programs in the United States") .

Whitlock, S. Professional development program (PDP) - Level I. #6, 38.

Whitlock, S., and Moskovitz, D. USGF coach accreditation begins. #1, 28.

GENERAL 1991 Annual Index of Articles. #1,42-46. (Index of

articles, etc. appearing in 1991 UsGF publications: Technique, USA Gl/ml1astics and safetll Update).

Abel, Liz. Tips for increasing attendance at meets. #6,42-44.

Baum, N. Keeping things positively positive. #8, 46.

Bindler, V. The triple back somersault. #5, 11-12. Boling, D. Treat me - the customer - like I am

important. #6, 22. Brickman, W. Make headline news with positive

PRo #8, 5. Child abuse in youth sport. #5, 21-24. Claire, J. Register athletes for August 1 season

start. #7, 11-l2. Claire, J. USGF membership data. #1, 34. Day, D. The benefits of gymnastics. #8, 20-21. Exner, W.T. Updating pre-school gymnastics. #8,

14-16. (Ha I1d/a nl1 sllpport; rUl1n i ng/replllsiol1; body position; strength/conditiol1il1g; positive reinforcemel1t; cirCllits).

Faber-Hickie,K Gymnastics Benefits. #6, 16. (Physica l, cognitive and psychological bel1efits).

Faber-Hickie, K Special Olympics gymnastics report. #1, 20. (The l1ew 1991-1999 rhythmic routil1es) .

Feeney, R The vital difference. #9, 30, 36. McCharles, R and Russell, K Building a bunjie pit.

#1 , 18-19. Moskovitz, D. Developing assistant coaches. #2,

21. (Suggestions fordevelopinga group ofassistances il1 the gtjm club).

Moskovitz, D. General Gymnastics: senior sports 55+. #7, 5-6. (Report from the April Internatiol1al GG seminar).

Moskovitz, D. Introduction to General Gymnastics. #5, 9.

Murmark, K, and Stahl, G. Summary of report: USGF developmental workshops in general gymnastics. #1 , 23.

New Product. The Gaylord 3: a step ahead. #10, 46. Posner, S. Team Leadership in Business and Sport.

#10,25-26. Reid, T.J. Keep up good PR through postcards. #7,

10. (Busil1ess tips) . Reiken, G. Safe progressions in gymnastics. #8, 17-

19. (Movement; surface alld equipment; /lumber of studel1ts; competitiveness) .

Sands, W.A. Who speaks for gymnastics? #5, 41-44 . Sands, W.A., Henschen, KP. A twenty-three year

retrospective look: the probablity of repeating on World Championship and Olympic teams for u.s. women's gymnastics. #2, 8-10.

Seefeldt, V., and Ewing, M. (summarized by S. Whitlock) Further coaching implications. #3,5-6. (Presel1tatiol1 of some of the findil1gs from the Carnegie Report).

Thompson, RE. Teaching pre-school gymnastics. #2,5-7. (The purpose of a quality pre-school program is to provide productively positive learning experiences) .

USOC Sports Medicine Committee. Weight loss and sports performance. #10, 36.

Warren, M. How to introduce RSG to the artistic club. #5, 16-19.

Whitlock, S. Fi tness Fun. #10, 6-7. (Book review). Whitlock, S. How to set-up a safety certification

course. #4, 17-18. Whitlock, S. Sequential Gymnast II and I Can Do

Gymnastics. #9, 8. (Book reviews).

43

Whitlock, S. The Fifth Event: a conditioning plan. #9, 7. (Book review).

Whitlock, S. USGF safety certification policies: for individuals whose 1st language is not English. #4,19-20.

Wiley to, P. Infiltrating America's colleges. #10, 27-29. Wold, B. PR: a priceless commody. #6,21-22. (Leam

how to make the most of your opportunities). Mahoney, K., and Allen, G. Work smart: take time to manage your time. #10, 5.

MEN - GENERAL Cornelius, W.L. Body positions and swing. #1, 6-9.

(Discusses the relationship between body position and swing technique).

Cowan, R. Originality Invitational. #3, 33. (Report of skills performed).

Curtin, J. and Warren, M. Physical preparation for the young gymnast. #7, 17-18.

FIG 1996 Men's Compulsory Pictograms. #2, 12. Kar,ksony, l. Specific strength training in men's

gymnastics. #9, 23-29. Mizoguchi, H. Cast support half turn or peach

basket to half pirouette? #2, 13. Selection Procedures: for the 1993 World Champi

onships, Birmingham, England. #7, 20-22. Watanabe, M., and Mizoguchi, H. Core skill analy

sis and progressions. #1, 26-27. (Rings: backuprise swing half tums; and Vaulting: Hecht vault) .

Zamudio, A. Teaching double back dismounts on parallel bars. #4, 29-31.

MEN - JUDGING Elite Requirments for 1992. #5, 13-15. FIG/TC. 1996 Olympic compulsory exercises. #3,

12-15. FIG/TC. Contents of the performed optional exer

cises at the 26th World Championships in 1991 in Indianapolis. #3, 16-1 7.

Mizoguchi, H. Errata: 1992-96 Men's Compulsory Exercises. #7, 8.

Wiley to, E.P. Indifference and the evaluation of execution. #4, 12-13.

Zembower, A. Evaluation of pommel horse routines. #1, 14-16. (Summanj of the 0 skills performed on pommel horse and combination faults at the 1991 USA Championships).

MEN - COMMITTEE REPORTS JOPc. 11 /2/91, Indianapolis, IN. #1, 40. (Regional

reports, Office report, '93 JO nationals, '93 program presentation).

JOPc. 9/9/92, Anaheim, CA. #9, 38. (Reports; Testing sites & dates; Cumiskey award; JO update; New code; Ceiling scores).

MPC Conference Call. 10/16/91. #1, 39. (OTC applicants, Winter Nat . qualifijing data).

MPC Conference Call. 12/19/91. #1, 16. (USA vs. Japan)

MPC Conference Call. 4/28/92. #5, 19. (Petitions and qualifijing scores).

MPC. 2/8/92, Colorado Springs, CO. #3, 42-44. (Election of secretary; Reports; Olympic Coach selection; Athletes assignments; Petitions; Team '96 athlete support) .

MPC. 5/16/92, Columbus, OH. #6, 45. (Intemational competitions; Athlete support; Continental judges course; '93 selection procedures; Petitions; Olympic Coach selection).

MPC. 5/16/92, Columbus, OH. #7, 39-40. (International competitions; Athlete support; Coaches support; 93 selection procedures; Petitions; Olympic Coach selection).

MPC. 6/12 / 92, Baltimore, MD. #7, 41. (Election of

44

Chairman; Team structure; 93 Tealll selection procedures).

MPC. 9/ 17/ 92, Anaheim, CA. #9, 44-45. (Olympic review; FIG Congress; Watanabe/Mizoguchi; Special requirements; Ranking procedures; Assignments).

RHYTHMIC -GENERAL Abruzzini, E. The impressions of Mrs. Eagle

Abruzzini (Chairman of the TC / RG) . #4, 16. FIG RSG Report. #9, 33-34. FIG RSG / TC report. #5, 39-40. Hilliker, P. Rhythmic gymnastics classes a big hit

with girls incorpora ted. #10, 35. Hitzel, N. RhythmicJ.O. program proposals. #4, 5-7. Sanders, R., and Hume, P. Biomechanics in rhyth

mic gymnastics. #2, 14-17. (This article discusses implications of ten biomechanical concepts specific to the sport of rhythmic gymnastics).

Yastrjembska ja, N. Developing Elevation (Jump ness) in RSG, #10, 34-35.

RHYTHMIC - JUDGING . Competition Rules (effective January 1, 193). #9,46. Hitzel, N. Errata: 1992-96 rhythmic compulsory

exercises. #7, 7. Hitzel, N. Errata: 1992-96 rhythmic compulsory

exercises. #9, 34. Schmid, A.B. Clarification of rhythmic judging. #2,

18-20.

RHYTHMIC - COMMITTEE REPORTS JOPc. 6/ 5-7/ 92, Baltimore, MD. #7, 44-45. (Com

pulsory program; Entry fees). RPC Conference Call. 2/ 8/ 92. #3, 45-46. (Office

report; FIG report; International program; 1993 schedule).

RPc. 6/ 6/ 92, Baltimore, MD. #7, 45-46. (Athlete/ coach support; Athlete monitoring; World Championships; Pan Ams; Rhythmic Challenge; Judging course; '93 national championships).

RTC. 2/8/92, Colorado Springs . Co. #3, 46. (FIG report; Certification policies; R&P; Judges training, shorthand, and evaluation).

RTC. 6/8 / 92, Baltimore, MD. #7, 44. (New judging levels; Transfer of ratings; Maintaining ratings; Judges selection process; R&P).

SPORT SCIENCE Baum, N. The magic of guided imagery. #10, 16. Buchheister, K.M. Muscle balance: a physical

therapist's view. #1, 21-22. Flynn, C. and Zimmerman, S. A voiding overtrain

ing: a balance of art and science. #9,18-20. (Terminologtj; Symptoms; Causes; Prevention) .

Flynn, C. Speed + strength = power. #6, 5-6. Grandjean, A. Calorie-counting: only a guide. #9,

22. Grandjean, A. Dietary supplements. #5,7. Hauge-Barber, L.S., Ircin, R.C., Major, J., and

Abramowitz, R.E. Enhancing self-efficacy" a guide for coaches. #4, 32-33. (Belief in one's ability to perform a skill successfully has been termed self-efficacy by social psychologists).

Liggett, D.R., and Hamada, S. Hypnosis-a key to effective visualization. #3, 20-22.

Major, J. Evaluation of technical element performance. #2, 23-25. (Discussion of how to reduce complex movements ill sports to single elements).

Major, J. Pelvic tilt. #4, 10-11 . Major, J. The general principles of traianing ap

plied to training gymnasts. #8, 6-13. Massimo, J.L. "Reasons for Leaving". #6, 39-41. McCann, S. Healthy behavior and stress manage-

ment. #9, 6. (Coach as a role model; Communication).

McCann, S. The drive within. #6, 19-20. (Helping athletes maintain intemalmotivation) .

Murphy, S. Staying focused at competitions. #7, 15. Queary, J.L., and Laubach, L.L. The effects of mus

cular strength/ endurance training. #1, 9-11. (The purpose of this study was to evaluate a musCl/lar strength/endurance training program for prepubescent fema le gymnasts).

Rudd, S. Ability requirements of women's gymnastics. #9, 12-17. (A task analysis of the individual all-around competition at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics).

Starr, B. Cryotherapy techniques for coaches and athletes. #10, 12-15.

Starr, B. Wrist pain in gymnasts. #6, 11-15. Starr, B.s. Psychological responses of children and

adolescents to acute physical injury in sport. #3,26-28.

Teurlings, L.J .L., and Mandelbaum, B.R. A newly designed brace for the management of wrist pain in gymnasts. #3, 10.

Teurlings, L.J .L., and Mandelbaum, B.R. Wrist pain in gymnasts. #3, 8-9.

WOMEN - GENERAL Body, Mike. Shoulder drills for vault & bars. #8, 45. Maloney, C. Special Program Descriptions. #4, 8

(Skill Evaluation Certificatioll; Coaches' Clinic on RO wily vault; J.O. Educational Dance Workouts).

Passalaqua,J. Vault run. #2,27-29. (Discussiollofhowto develop desirable running qualities for vaulting).

Restaino, R. Training tips for the backward handspring. #9, 10-11.

Selection Procedures. #1, 41-42. (1992 Olympic Games).

Selection Procedures. #10, 40. (1993 World Championships; 1993 World University Games).

Thompson, R.E. Safety on balance beam. #4, 21-23. Warren, M. 39 s teps to the handspring va ult .

#10,31-33. Warren, M. Notes from the USGF Congress ses

sions. #2, 30-33. (Soviet bardrills; Peters: Preparation for winning-the criteria for hitting).

Warrer , M. Training for the kip. #6, 17-18. Whitlock, S. USGF Recreational/optional compe

tition program. #7, 13-14. Wojtczuk, J. Preparation for the development of

basic skills. #1, 12-13. (Presentation ofa model for the development of gtjn1l1astics progressions).

WOMEN - COMMITTEE REPORTS Ad Hoc Committee: Na t. Team program. 12/15/

91, Indianapolis, IN. (Olympic team training schedule; 1992 Individual World Championships; Olympic selection procedures, Judges evaluation).

Administrative Board Conference Call . 2/ 21 / 92. #4, 44.

Administra tive Board. 5/16/92, Columbus, OH. #7, 38-39. (Election; Elite program; Operating code; TC; Athlete registration; R&P).

Administra tive Board. 9/ 15 / 92, Anaheim, CA. (Operating code; Joint Cert.; R&P; Budget items; Reports).

EPC Conference Call. 1/16/ 92. #2, 46. (Jr . A/Sr. Development Deductions and Testing procedures).

EPC. 3/ 8-9/ 92, Orlando, FL. #4, 46. (TOP; Election; Competition review; Coaches education; Athlete and coach support programs).

EPC. 6/ 6-7/ 92, Phoenix, AZ. #7, 42-43. (TOP; Calendar; Elite compulsory; Level 10-Elite; Program competitiol1; Club Championships; Judges).

EPC. 9/ 18/ 92, Anaheim, CA. #9, 39. (Code; Quali-

!anuanj 1993 TECHNIQUE

fijing scores; Bids; TOP; International assignments; Athlete/coach support) .

Joint Meeting - EPC/ JOPC 9/ 19/92, Anaheim, CA. #9, 41-42. (Level 10 merge; National club champiollships).

JOPC 10/ 11-12/ 91 , Indianapolis, IN. #1, 37-38. (Level 10 exercises, Regional clinics, Dance elements, Vault values).

JOPC Conference Call. 1 /14/92. #2, 43-44. (LevellO elements, Level 4).

JOPC 5/10-11/92, Baton Rouge, LA. #7, 36-37. (Calendar; Invitational formats; Level 5 awards; Regional meet format; Mobility; Level 10; Level 9 nationals).

JOPC 9/ 16/92, Anaheim, CA. #9, 40-41. (Qualifications; Training camp; Skill evaluators; Bar specs; Meet Directors; Foreign athlete awards; RO vault; '96 Camp routines; R&P; new optional requirements).

WTC10/12-13 / 91,Indianapolis,lN.#1,35-37. (JO Report, Elite Report,Rule clarifications, Judging issues, Dance acro-strength elements).

WTC 3/7-8/92, Orlando, FL. #4, 44-46. (Judges evaluation; JO Developmen tal; rO. Technical; Judges training).

WTC 10/10-11 / 92, Indianapolis, IN. #10, 38-39. (Judge's course; Technical publications; JCI; rO. Technical; Committee reports; New element evalllation)

WOMEN - JUDGING 1996 Compulsory Element Testing. #3, 18-19. (List

of elements, sequences and dedu ctions). Elite compulsory deductions (1993 season). #9, 35-36. George, G.s. Judges-beware of Greeks bearing

gifts! #3, 24-25. (Comparison of Tsukahara tucked with 1/2 twist and Half-on , half-off salta forward tucked) .

Maloney, C 1992-96 Women's j .O. compulsory errata. #10,39.

Maloney, C Errata: 1992-96 Women's Compulsory Exercises.

Sands, W.A. , Abramowitz, R, Hauge-Barber, L., Irvin, R , Major, L and Lemons, P. A comparison of routine error distributions. #6, 7-10. (Descriptive comparison of the executi90n error distributions of world class female gymnasts at the 1990 Goodwill Games and 1991 Classic Nationals).

Sands, W.A., and Kipp, RW. Gymnastics judging and the assessment of objectivity. #10, 17-22.

USA Gymnastics, 1992, Volume 21 EDITORIALS Jacki, M. Compulsories ... Not!, #4, 5. Jacki, M. Image: important issue. #6, 6. Jacki, M.lt's not whether you win or lose, but how

you market. #2, 6. Jacki, M. New system-Longer participation in

gymnastics. #3, 6. Jacki, M. Positive thinking. #1, 5, 15. Jacki, M. There are no losers in sport. #5, 6.

EVENT RESULTS '92 J.O. Level 9 National Championships, #4, 44. '92 J.O. Level 10 National Championships. #4, 41. '92 Phar-Mor U.S. GymnastiCS Championships.

#4,27. Dobransky, J. Golden Sands. #5, 10). Hitzel, N. RSG North Ametican Junior Champion

ships, #6, 39.

TECHNIQUE Januanj 1993

International Events. #2, 19. (Swiss Cup; Arthur Gander Memorial; DTB Pokal).

Olympic Results . #5, 36-37. ('92 Olympic Games). Pasquale, J. Chunichi and zTokyo Cup. #1, 33. Results-Special Section. #5, 14-19. Various Events. #3,15. (Champions All; Anne Dupuch

In vitational; Tournament of Th ia is; ISGF National Club Championships).

Various Events. #3, 43. (Polakoff,S.: Miller and Keswick Win. McDonald's International Mixed Pairs). Fulcomer, E. Intemational Tournament of Champions. Grand Prix of Italy).

Various Events. #4, 35-38. (Cowan, R.: Boy's rO. National Championships. Mulvihill , L.: Championships of Hungary. Feinberg, C: DTB Pokal Rhythmic. Weiskopf, E. & Raymond, C: USGF Collegiate National Championships. Tiemo Gavan (Spain) . 6th Rhythmic Tournament, Portugal. Four Continentents, China).

Various Events. #5, 35. Eastern/ Western RSG Allstar. USA-Argentina.

Wright, M. American Classic: Traci Sommer Wins. #1,35.

FEATURE ARTICLES Buchheister, K. Posture. #2, 36-37. Competitive Aerobics: a natural transition for gym

nasts. #1, 20. Gymnastics Camps. #2, 32-35. Morrissey, M. Variety is the key: proper nutrition

vital to athletic performance. #6, 18-19. Nassar, L. Wrist strengthening exercises. #1, 12-13. Peszek, L. Baltimore to Barcelona. #4, 28-31. (U.s.

Olympic Trials '92). Peszek, L. Zmeskal & Roethlisberger rise to the

occasion. #4, 20-26. ('92 Phar-Mor U.S. Gymnastics Championships) .

Polakoff, S. Olympic Trials Preview. #2, 26-27. Post-Olympic Tour. #6, 20-21 . Whitlock, S. 1992 USGF Congress. #6, 12-13. Whitlock, S. and Cowan, R 1992 World Champi-

onships: Zmeskal earns two golds. #3, 18-21.

FEATURES - MEN'S GYMNASTICS Baughman, S. The new Ait Force. #2, 20-22. Cowan, R Non-scholarship alternative. #1, 10. Dimas grabs gold. #6, 30. (Interview). Hill, S. N.CA.A. preview. #2, 10-11. Hill, S. NCAA Report: Stanford takes a stand. #4,

12-13. Krewson, S. Jarrod Hanks. #2, 22-23. Krewson, S. Scott Keswick. #1 , 16-17. (Interview). Legg, J. Grigori Misutin. #1, 46. Men's Team Selection Procedures. #5, 41. (Winter

Cup Challenge; World Championships; World University Games; U.S. National Championships).

Peszek, L. Ahh-so close. # 3, 28-29. (Dodge Challenge: USA-Japan , presented by Texaco).

Peszek, L. Hanks hangs on to the title. #3, 26, 27, 32. Peszek, L. Unified Team Sweep. #5, 29-31. ('92

Olympic Games). Peszek, L. Unified Team Unites for the last time.

#5,26-28. ('92 Olympic Games).

FEATURES - RHYTHMIC GYMNASTICS Baughman, S. Rhythmic gymnasts battle for na

tional team positions. #2, 24-25. Callahan-Molnar, T. Timoshenko's reign in Spain.

#5,32-34. ('92 Olympic Games). Callahan-Molnar, T. U.S. Gaining Ground . #1,

26,27,29. Mann, J. Sapetto: mines for gold. #4, 18-19. (RSG

National Championships, May, 1992). Polakoff, S. Lovell & Levinson lead the way to

Barcelona. #4, 32-33. (U.S. Olympic Trials '92).

FEATURES - WOMEN'S GYMNASTICS 1992 World Championships Photo Collage. #4, 10. Benson, D. N.CA.A. preview. #2, 12-15. Benson, D. NCAA Reoirt: Utes win seventh NCAA

title. #4, 14-15. Peszek, L. 2 tangle for the title. #3, 22-25. Peszek, L. Barcelona, here we come. #1, 22-24. Peszek, L. Bronze in Barcelona. #5, 20-22. ('92

Olympic Games). Peszek, L. Dominique Dominates. # 3, 30-31 (Dodge

Challenge: USA-Japan , presented by Texaco) . Peszek, L. Mighty mite Miller. #6, 25-27. Peszek, L. Miller /Gutsu Match. #5, 23-24. ('92

Olympic Games) . Peszek, L. Onward & Upward. #6, 28-29. (NCAA

athletes). Peszek, L. Strength + consistency = Strug. #6, 22,

23,44. Peszek, L. The right stuff: Northbrook gymnastics

training center. #2, 17. Retton, M.L. Ask Mary Lou. #1, 6. Retton, M.L. Ask Mary Lou. #2, 8. Retton, M.L. Ask Mary Lou. #3, 8. Retton, M.L. Ask Mary Lou. #4, 6. Retton, M.L. Ask Mary Lou. #5, 7. Retton, M.L. Ask Mary Lou. #6, 7. Rights and Obligations of J.O. and Elite Athletes.

#6,14. Women's Selection Procedures. #1,31. (1992 Olym

pic Games) . Women's Selection Procedures. #6, 17. (1993 World

Championships & World University Games).

REPORTS Classified Ads. #1, 42-43. Classified Ads. #2, 40-42. Classified Ads. #3, 40-41. Classified Ads. #4, 42-43. Classified Ads. #5, 42. Classified Ads. #6, 42-43. Congress 1992. #4, 7. Congress 1992. Bridging the gap. #2, 9. Event Schedule. #1, 8. Event Schedule. #2, 38. Event Schedule. #3, 38. Event Schedule. #4, 8. (The registration race is on). Event Schedule. #5, 19. Event Schedule. #6,19. Faces in the GYm. #6, 35. (CBelotti; S.Cu/len;

Metroplex Gym; T. Winslow; KDonoghue; RDavis; rCapasso; BNeison; J,.Paes; T.Rowland; r Vilchis; rSomers; H.Pugsley; E.Carter; J.Fairchild; A Bagenstose; H.Crooks; Z.Roberts).

Faces in the Gym. #1, 40-41. (AJackson; C Walsh; J.Thompson; L.Szczepan ik; L.Trninham; H. Williams; ABurns).

Faces in the Gym. #2, 44. (M .Flammer; S.Brown; rRieland; S.McFee) .

Faces in the Gym. #3, 44. (A Belt; M .Baimbridge; rSmith; rGeorge) .

Faces in the Gym. #4, 46. (S.Schneider; B.Trause; S.Karsten; E.Sapp).

Faces in the Gym. #5, 46. (R.Borkowski; C Weiss; M.Adorno; B.Cubbage).

Faces in the Gym. #6, 9. (T.Talavera; S10hnson). Safety Certification Schedule, #1, 32. Safety Certification Schedule. #3,37. Safety Certification Schedule. #4, 39. Safety Certification Schedule. #5, 11 . Safety Certification Schedule. #6,40. Sponsor Update. #2, 30. (Phar-Mor). Sponsor Update. Davis, R: Reebok Joins Federa

tion. #6, 15. Sponsor Update. Kenney, R. Dodge returns as

major USGF sponsor. #3, 10.

45

Sponsor Update. Welcome New Sponsors. #1, 18. Star Search. #2, 29. (Kathy Johllsoll; Tim LaFleur). Star Search. #3, 34. (Cathy Rigby; Mark Caso). Star Search. #4, 34. (P. Vidmar; rMcNamara). Star Search. #5, 9. (P.Mills; M .Be/'llbe). Star Struck. #6, 10-11. (U.S. Olympians at White

House). Televised events. #1, 8 Televised events. #2, 28. Televised events. #3, 38. Update. #1, 19. (Buckeye Classic; Olympic Trials:

Baltimore). Update. #1, 36-39. (Barcelona posters; USA Gymnas

tics; USGR Regional Testing; Conner and Vidlllar in Hall of Faille; Whitfield Memorial Team Cup; Skating al1d Gyml1astics Spectacular; Boy's rO. National Team; In Memory: Paige Smith; Erica Stokes) .

Update. #2, 18. (Hillary Anderson; Abie Grossfeld; Kim Zmesknl) .

Update. #3, 12-14. (In Memon;: C. John son; Advison) Board Nom inations; Sullivan Award; Baughman: Hilton Exhibition).

Update. #3, 17. (Sandy Woolsey retires; Jacob Geier into Hall of Fame; City of Pope).

Update. #3, 36. (Baltimore to host U.s. Olympic Gymnastics Trials).

Update. #4, 11. Novikov: Memories of a soviet gymnast in Seoul-1988.

Update. #4, 17. (For the record; USOC Athlete Advisory Elevtion; Coaches and athletes of the year).

Update. #5, l3. J.Fie elected President FIG Women's Technical Committee. #5, 13.

Update. #5, 38. (Academic AI/-American recognition awards for boys; In Memory: B. Wright; Bel/1Co update; Yuri Titov) .

Update. #5, 43-44. (Hall of Fame; Team Atlanta; S.Miller wins Nuprin award).

Update. #6, 32-33. (ZlIIeska/'s Chalk Talk; Golden Girls; NCAA Scholastic Teams).

Update. #6, 41. (rO. Boys Training Camp; Unified Team; Bids for Women's '94 rO. Nationals).

1992 Congress Publications, Vol. 2 CONGRESS PROCEEDINGS BOOK Adlard, D. System for the analysis of simple and

complex gymnastics skills. 74. (Genera l). Artemov, V. Progressions for teaching a round -off.

39-44. (Women's presentation). Biggs, T. and Grossfeld, M. Elite compulsory beam

and floor exercise. 45-46. (Women's presentation). Biron, B. Sleep overs, birthday parties, & Dad's

nights: Three ways to make your gymnastics program important to the whole fami ly. 18-20. (Business).

Bowers, C. Practice judging level 10 balance beam. 33-34. (Women's presentation).

Cesene, L. Co-operative gymnastics-a wave of the future . 14. (Business).

Cesene, L. Marketing the public schools. 12-14. (B usiness).

Christine, J. Body psychology. 28-30. (Women's presentation).

Colarossi, R. Staff management. 14. (Business). Congress Exhibitors. 7-9. (Business). Crumley, K. 1996Ctlmpulsory still rings. 51. (Men's

presentation). Davis, B. Involving parent's in preschool programs.

63. (Preschool).

46

Exner, T. Contemporary pre-school gymnastics progressions: hand support and body position development. 64, (Preschool)

Gehman, T. Round-off entry vault training guide. 36-37. (Women's presentation).

Hacker, P. Sequential Gymnastics, level III. 57-58. (Developmental presentatiol1).

Howard, J. 1996 Compulsory floor exercise. (Men's presentation).

Knight,J. Intermediate balance beam. 32. (Women's presentation).

Komara, P. Customer service: Closing the gap between coach's mentality and the professional business owner. 60-61. (Preschool).

Komara, P. The recreational Olympic connection. 59. (Preschool).

Lulla, J. Working on your business, not in it. 15-17. (Business).

Maloney, C. Level 10 compulsory floor exercise. 47-48 . (Women's presentation).

Mazeika, K. 1996 Compulsory horizopntal bar. 52. (Men's presel1tation).

Metzger, J. From mediocre to master marketer. 24-25. (Business).

Metzger, J. Which are you? Boss, Leader. 22-23. (Business).

Nassar, L. Back Exercises for the gymnast. 65. (Sport science).

Nassar, L. HIV and the gymnast: what all coaches should know. 65. (Sport science).

Posner, S. Developing motivation and team leadership in sport and business. 26. (Bllsiness).

Rand, T. Keeping gymnasts happy in your gym. 21. (Business).

Rand, Tim, and Toni. Gymnastics for the 90's: a new preschool gymnastics facility. 62. (Preschool).

Roetzheim, B. FIG Congress report-eight cycle. 50. (Men 's presentation).

Scharlow, B. One stop shop: a complete children's center. 63. (Preschool).

Scott, K. 101 skills on the trampoline without somersaulting. 72. (General).

Scott, K. Difficult spotting made painlessly easy. 73. (General).

Spini, L. Basic floor choreography. 27. (Women's presentation ).

Starr, B. Cryotherapy techniques for coaches and athletes. 66-69. (Sport science).

Tranquill, S. Choreography' 31. (Women's presentation).

Turoff, F 1996 Compulsory vault. 53. (Men's presen tation ).

Weiner, B. and Williams, M. 1996 Compulsory pommel horse. 54-55. (Men's presentation).

Wilmerding, G. Bridging the gap between dance training and gymnastics. 38. (Women's presentation).

SPORT SCIENCE PROCEEDINGS BOOK Crowe, M.J. Visualization and floor exercise per

formances of female gymnasts: phase three. 45. Goode, S.L. Learning and study strategies of fe

male gymnasts. 76-79. Hauge-Barber, L.S., Abramowitz, R.E., and Sands,

W.A. Systematic observation of error distribution of a successful collegiate gymnastics team. 46-53.

Irvin, R.,Major,J., Sands, W.A. Lowerbodystrength norms for elite female gymnasts. 5-12.

Kulac, FM., Sanborn, c., Ben-Ezra, V., and DiMarco, N. Bone mineral density in fema le collegiate gymnasts. 72-75.

Liu, c.L. Biomechanical diagnosis and development of new drill to improve performance on high bar. 33-37.

Mandelbaum, B.R. Gymnast wrist pain: dose-response relationships. 32.

Mar, S. The effects, management and rehabilitation of spondylolisthesis in gymnasts. 26-31.

McNitt-Gray,J.L. Biomechanical factors contributing to successful landings. We need to stick in '96.19-25.

Meeuwsen, H.J. Effects of altering board placement on the control of gait in the women's gymnastics vault. 38-44.

Munkasy, B.A., and Smith, S.L. Kinematic analysis of American Junior Olympian handspring double back somersault performances. l3.

Sanborn, C.F PhYSiological concerns for the competitive female gymnast. 63.

Sands, W.A., Irvin, R.c., and Major, J.A. What the sport scientist can really tell about your percent fat; and An alternative method for assessing body composition in female gymnasts. 54-62.

Wilkerson, J., & Smith, S.s. Kinetics experienced by gymnasts performing selected forward and backward rotational landings. 14-18.

Gymnastics Safety Update, Vol. 7, 1992 Clement, A. Legal rights: legal responsibilities. #3,

5. (Notes from the USOC Coaching Symposillm held in Colorado Springs, CO by S. Whitlock).

Kolt, G. Gymnastics injuries-why they occur. #3, 1-2. (Reprinted by permission from The Australian Gl{mnast, Winter, 1992, Vol. 19, No.2, 18-19).

Moskovitz, D. Coaches can learn to reduce stress. #1,3-4.

Moskovitz, D. Child abuse and gymnastics. #4,1-2 and 7.

Niles, F Injury rates. #2,5. Niles, F The dangers of extremely low fat and

calorie intake. #2, 4-5. Protasova, M. Train for balance. #1, 4-5. (Reprinted

by permissioll from Fitness and Sports Review, Ed. M. Yessis, December 1990, 157-159).

Safety Certification Schedule. #1 , 6. Safety Certification Schedule. #2, 6. Safety Certification Schedule. #3, 6. Safety Certification Schedule. #4, 6. USGF Publications. Child abuse in youth sports.

#4,3-6. USOC Sports Medicine Committee. HIV / HBV

Virus and sport.#1, 1-2. (Reprinted by permission from Oll{mpic Coach, 1992, Vol. 2, No . 1, 1-2)

Whitlock, S. Hand spotting. #3, 3-4. Whitlock, S. Increasing the level of safety aware

ness in your gym. #2, 1-3.

JanuanJ 1993 TECHNIQUE

EDUCATION/EVENT CALENDAR

Start No. Discip- STI Date days line Event City CO Contact Phone

1/3/93 1 MWR Safety Certification Course (9:00 a.m.-4:30 p.m.) Mt. Laurel NJ Phil Frank 609-786-3977 1/8/93 2 M West Point Open West Point NY Robert Cowan 317-237-5050

1/ 10/93 5 R FIG Intercontinental Judging Course Rome ITA Nora Hitzel 317-237-5050 1/ 10 /93 1 MWR Safety Certification Course (9:00 a.m.-3:00 p.m.) Greenville SC Robert White 803-268-3790 1/12/93 1 MWR Safety Certification Course (5:00 p.m.-9:00 p.m.) Tacoma WA Leigh Eaton 206-874-1363 1/12/93 6 W National Elite Judging Course Indianapolis IN Kathy Kelly 317-237-5050 1/16/93 1 MWR Safety Certification Course (3 :00 p.m.-9:00 p.m.) Shelburne VT S teve DiTullio 508-263-9306 1/17/ 93 1 MWR Safety Certification Course (9:00 a.m.-3:00 p.m.) Rochester NY S.J.Clifford 716-586-9580 1/17/93 1 MWR Safety Certification Course (4:00 p .m.-9:00 p.m.) Scottsdale AZ Quinn Shannon 602-990-9062 1/24/93 1 MWR Safety Certification Course (9:00 a.m.-4:00 p.m.) Oak Lawn IL Gerald Denk 708-272-9511 1/30/93 1 MWR Safety Certification Course (2:00-8:00 p .m.) Buffalo Grove IL Monte Kimes 312-347-6770 2/4/93 1 W National Girls & Women in Sports Day Various USA NAGWS 703-476-3450 2/5/93 2 M USA Gymnastics Winter Cup Challenge Colo. Spgs. CO Robert Cowan 317-237-5050

2/17/93 7 R FIG Continental Judging Course Colo. Spgs. CO Nora Hitzel 317-237-5050 2/20/93 8 M Jr. National Team Camp Colo. Spgs. CO Robert Cowan 317-237-5050 2/21/93 1 R USA Gymnastics Rhythmic Challenge Colo. Spgs. CO Nora Hitzel 317-237-5050 2/26/93 1 MWR Safety Certification Course (2:00 p.m.-8:00 p.m.) Charlotte NC Sandy Weyandt 704-568-1277 2/26/93 1 MWR Safety Certification Course (10:00 a.m.-4:00 p.m.) Pittsburgh PA Jeannette Jay 412-279-4344 2/27/93 2 W Regional Elite Meets Various 2/28/93 1 MWR Safety Certification Course (10:00 a.m.-6:00 p.m.) S. Plainfield NJ Cathy Finkel 201-586-1808 2/28/93 1 MWR Safety Certification Course (9:00 a.m.-3:00 p.m.) Decatur AL Mike Goodale 205-544-2864 2/28/93 1 MWR Safety Certification Course (9:30 a.m.-4:00 p.m.) Downer's Grove IL Gerald Denk 708-272-9511 3/5/93 2 MW McDonald's American Cup Orlando FL Allison Melangton 317-237-5050 3/5/93 1 MWR Safety Certification Course (9:00 a.m.-3:00 p.m.) Orlando FL D. Moskovitz 317-237-5050 3/7/93 1 MWR Safety Certification Course (12:00 noon-5:00 p .m.) Hudson OH Bobbi Montanari 614-457-1279

*3/9/93 1 MW McDonald's International Mixed Pairs Tallahassee* FL Allison Melangton 317-237-5050 3/25/93 5 W American Classic Na tionals TBA Kathy Kelly 201-586-1808 3/27/93 1 MWR Safety Certification Course (10:00 a.m.-3:30 p .m.) Louisville KY Kevin Spencer 502-426-2214 *3/TBA MW Gymnastics Challenge: USA / JPN Japan* JPN Allison Melangton 317-237-5050 4/3/93 MW NCAA Regionals Various Sites 4/5/93 1 MWR Saferty Certification Course (9:00 a.m.-3:00 p.m.) Orlando FL Dave Moskovitz 317-237-5050

4/13/93 6 MW World Championships (Individual App./ AA) Birmingham GBR Allison Melangton 317-237-5050 4/15/93 3 W NCAA National Championships Corvallis OR 4/16/93 2 M NCAA National Championships Albuquerque NM 4/17/93 2 W J.o. Level 9 + 10 Regional Meets Various Connie Maloney 317-237-5050 4/30/93 4 MWR (th Annual Scottish Gymnastics Festival Perth SCOT Bill Don (0324) 612308

4/TBA MW USA Gymnastics Collegiate Championships Springfield MA Allison MeIangton 317-237-5050 5/1/93 1 W World University Games Trials Salt Lake City UT Kathy Kelly 317-237-5050 5/6/93 4 M J.O. Nationals Ann Arbor MI Robert Cowan 317-237-5050 5/7 /93 3 W J.O. National - Level 9 Colo. Spgs. CO Connie Maloney 317-237-5050

5/13/93 4 W J.O. National- Level 10 Baltimore MD Connie Maloney 317-237-5050 5/30/ 93 2 R J.O. Nationals - Rhythmic Colo. Spgs. CO Nora Hitzel 317-237-5050 6/4/93 3 R U.s. RhythmiC Championships Colo. Spgs. CO Nora Hitzel 317-237-5050 6/4/93 3 W WTC Symposium TBA Kathy Kelly 317-237-5050

6/12/93 2 M World University Games Trials Colo. Spgs. CO Robert Cowan 317-237-5050 6/17/93 4 MWR ACEP National Conference (Coaching America's Coaches) Indianapolis IN ACEP 217-351-5076 6/23/93 5 XVIII American Sokol Slet IL Jackie Kourim 708-795-0539 6/26/93 2 W Regional Elite Meets Various sites Kathy Kelly 317-237-5050 6/30/93 4 W NAWGJ National Symposium Orlando FL Kathy Kelly 317-237-5050 7/8/93 12 MW World University Games (1 gymnastics session per day) Buffalo NY Cowan/Kelly 317-237-5050

7/17/93 2 W Regional Elite Meets Various sites Kathy Kelly 317-237-5050 7/23/93 10 MWR U.s. Olympic Festival San Antonio TX USOC 719-632-5551

7/TBA W Elite Judges Course TBA Kathy Kelly 317-237-5050 8/6/93 4 W U.s. Classic Nationals TBA Kathy Kelly 317-237-5050

8/26/93 4 MW U.S. Championships Salt Lake City UT Allison Melangton 317-237-5050 9/9/93 4 MWR USGF National Congress Atlanta GA Kathy Brown 317-237-5050

10/3/93 1 MWR Safety Certification Course Flemington NJ Cathy Finkel 201-586-1808 10/27/93 4 Olympic Congress of the USA New York NY USOC 719-632-5551 10/TBA 2 MW USA Gymnastics Triangular Event (USA/UKR/BIE) TEA Allison Melangton 317-237-5050 11 /4/93 4 R Rhythmic World Championships qAlican te ESP Nora Hitzel 317-237-5050 11 /TBA MW Chunichi Cup Nagoya JPN Cowan/Kelly 317-237-5050 l1/TBA W Catania Catania ITA Kathy Kelly 317-237-5050 12/TEA MW DTB Pokal Stuttgart GER Cowan/Kelly 317-237-5050

* Tenative

TECHNIQUE JanuanJ 1993 47

~flt OrganlDtlon U. S. Poatage

PAID Permit No. 7867

Indlanapolla, Ind.

USA GYll1nastics

SAFETY CERTIFICATION Safety Course Schedule

Sunday, January 3, 1993 Mt. Laurel, NJ - 9:00am-4:30pm Jersey Jets Gymnastics Club, Roland A venue, Mt. Laurel, NJ Course Dir.: Phil Frank (609) 786-3977 Local Contact: E. Houghton (609) 866-0511

Sunday, January 10, 1993 Greenville, SC - 9:00am-3:00pm Piedmont Academy of Gymnastics, 2595 Rutherford Rd. Greenville, SC 29609 Course Dir. : Robert White (803) 268-3790

Tuesday, January 12,1993 Tacoma, WA - 5:00-9:00pm Lakewood YMCA, on Lakewood Blvd ., Board Room, Tacoma, WA Course Dir.: Leigh Eaton (206) 874-1363 Local Contact: B. Hershey (206) 756-1729

Saturday, January 16, 1993 Sherlburne, VT - 3:00pm-9:00pm Gymstar Gymnastics, Tennybrook Square, 2011 Shelburne Rd ., Shelburne, VT 05482 Course Dir.: Steve DiTullio (508) 263-9306 Local Contact: Shelly O'Brien

Sunday, January 17, 1993 1. Rochester, NY - 9:00am-3:00pm

Gymnastics Training Center of Rochester, 1606 Penfield Rd ., Rochester, NY 14625 Course Dir.: Sarah Jane Clifford (716) 586-9580

2.Scottsdale, AZ - 4:00pm-9:00pm Desert Devil Gymnastics, 7800 E. Pierce St. Scottsdale, AZ 85257 Course Dir.: Quin Shannon (602) 990-9062 Local Contact: Judy Simpson (602) 941-3496

Sunday, January 24, 1993 Oak Lawn, IL - 9:00am-4:00pm Oak Lawn Park District, 9401 S. Oak Park A venue, Oak Lawn,IL Course Dir. G. Denk (708) 272-9511

Saturday, January 30, 1993 Buffaalo Grove, IL - 2:00-8:00pm Buffalo Grove Gymnastics Center 1362 Barclay Blvd. Buffalo Grove, IL 60089 Course Dir. : Monte Kimes (312) 347-6770 Local Contact: G. Didech (708) 459-8842

Friday, February 26, 1993 l.Charlotte, NC - 2:00-8:00pm

Radisson Hotel in Charlotte Course Dir.: Billy Bob Taylor Local Contact: Sandy Weyandt (704) 568-1277

2.Pittsburgh, PA -10:00am-4:00pm National School of Gymnastics, 2101 Greentree Rd., Store A105

Western Reserve Academy Hudson, OH 44236

Pittsburgh, P A 15220 Course Dir.: B. Montanari (614) 457-1279

Saturday, March 27, 1993 Course Dir.: Jeannette Jay (412) 279-4344 Local Contact: Jan Delmar (412) 429-8879

Sunday, February 28, 1993 l.South Plainfield, NJ -1O:00am-6:00pm

Course Dir.: Cathy Finkel (201) 586-1808 2. Downers Grove, IL - 9:30am-4:00pm

Indian Boundary YMCA, 711 59th Street, Downers Grove, IL 60516

Louisville, KY - 10:00 am-3:30pm Louisville Gymnastics Club, 3600 Chamberlain Lane, Louisville, KY 40241 Course Dir.: Kevin Spencer (502) 426-2214

Course Dir.: Gerald Denk (708) 272-9511 3. Decatur, AL - 9:00am-3:00pm

Gymnastics International, 1222 Church Street NE, Decatur, AL 35601 Course Dir.: Mike Goodale (205) 544-2864 Local Contact: Dawn Whitley (205) 351-0480

Friday, March 5, 1992 Orlando, FL - 9:00am-3:00pm Radisson Plaza Hotel Orlando, 60 South Ivanhoe Blvd., Orlando, FL 32804 Course Dir.: Dave Moskovitz (317) 237-5050 In conjunction with the 1993 McDonald's American Cup

Sunday, March 7, 1992 Hudson, OH - 12:00noon-5:00pm

1. The text book for the Certification Course is the USGF GYMNASTICS SAFETY MANUAL. This texVreference manual is to be purchased and studied prior to course participation.

2. The course will take approximately six hours, including the test.

3. Certification is good forfouryears. 4. The Course/examination fee is

$100.00. USA Gymnastics members and second cycle recertification is $75.00. Retest cost is $25.00. For groups of at least 5, contact the USA Gymnastics Department of Safety and Education

r-------------------------, Participation Registration Form T1 93

Name: Mr./Mrs./Ms., _____________ Soc. Sec. # _____ _

Address: ________________________ _

City:. ______________ State:, _ _____ Zip ___ _

Telephone: (H) (B), _________ _

Course Director: ______________________ _

Course Location: _______________ _ Date:, ___ _

Organization Represented: __________________ _

If USA Gymnastics Member, List Type and Number ________ _

Form of Payment: D Check D Visa D Mastercard Name on Card:, __________ _ Number: ________ _

Expiration Date: _____ Signature: _____________ _

Please make checks payable in full to USA Gymnastics Safety Certification Mail Registration Form and Payment to: USA Gymnastics Safety, Pan American Plaza, Suite 300, 201 S. Capitol, Indianapolis, IN 46225

DO NOT WRITE BELOW THIS LINE • FOR OFFICE USE ONLY I'" I I Registration Form Received: _________________ _

Confirmation Mailed: I L _________________________ ~

Technique Magazine - January 1993

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Transcript of Technique Magazine - January 1993