TECHNICAL RESEARCHTECHNICAL RESEARCH

TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINESTECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Manila

• Research as a Concept and as a ProcessResearch as a Concept and as a Process

• Rationale and DirectionsRationale and Directions

• Types of ResearchTypes of Research

• The Science and Technology ResearchThe Science and Technology Research

• Research MethodologyResearch Methodology

• Data: Nature, acquisition and analysisData: Nature, acquisition and analysis

• Problem IdentificationProblem Identification

• Topic IdentificationTopic Identification

• The Topic ProposalThe Topic Proposal

•The Research DocumentationThe Research Documentation

RESEARCHRESEARCH

is an organized way of solving a problem or establishing the answer to a query.

It is the manner by which the individual articulates the meaning of facts and data.

RESEARCH IS A CYCLIC PROCESS

Research begins with an unanswered question in the mind

of the researcher

1 Research sees the goal in a clear statement of the problem

Research subdivides the problem into appropriate sub-problems

4

Research poses tentative solutions to

the problem(s) through appropriate

hypotheses

3

2

Research looks for the fact directed by the hypotheses and guided by the problem

5

Research interprets the meaning of the facts which leads to the resolution of the problem

6

RESEARCH AS A PROCESSRESEARCH AS A PROCESS

Article XIV of the 1997 Philippine ConstitutionArticle XIV of the 1997 Philippine Constitution

The state shall give priority to research and development, invention, innovation and their utilization; to science and technology education, training and services. It shall support indigenous, appropriate and self-reliant scientific and technological capabilities, and their application to the country’s productive systems and national life. --------

The Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan, The Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan, 2005-20102005-2010, includes the basic task of fighting poverty and building prosperity for the greatest number of Filipino people. One of the chapters of the plan states, “Research today is the source of new jobs tomorrow, not simply the source of ideas for others… Knowledge economy has emerged as one that is directly based on the production, distribution and use of knowledge and information… In a knowledge economy, investments in research and development (R&D), education and training and new managerial work structure have become important factors…”

UNIVERSITY RESEARCH UNIVERSITY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AND DEVELOPMENT MANDATEMANDATE

Section 2 of the Presidential Decree No. Section 2 of the Presidential Decree No. 15181518 states that TUP states that TUP “shall provide progressive “shall provide progressive leadership in applied research, developmental leadership in applied research, developmental studies in technical, industrial and technological studies in technical, industrial and technological fields and production using indigenous materials; fields and production using indigenous materials; effect technology transfer in the countryside; and effect technology transfer in the countryside; and assist in the development of small and medium scale assist in the development of small and medium scale industries in identified growth centers.”industries in identified growth centers.”

The mandate for TUP as a state university The mandate for TUP as a state university in technology is purposive research in the priority in technology is purposive research in the priority areas embodied in the National Science and areas embodied in the National Science and Technology Plan and the CHED Medium-Term Technology Plan and the CHED Medium-Term Research Agenda. The research shall have clear Research Agenda. The research shall have clear and immediate impact to the nation’s productivity and immediate impact to the nation’s productivity and, in the end, to the overall quality of life of the and, in the end, to the overall quality of life of the people.people.

UNIVERSITY RESEARCH UNIVERSITY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AND DEVELOPMENT MANDATEMANDATE

The roadmap of the University in The roadmap of the University in Research and Development for the years Research and Development for the years 2006 to 20102006 to 2010 are impacted by prevailing are impacted by prevailing national directions in R&D prepared by national directions in R&D prepared by the the Department of Science and Department of Science and TechnologyTechnology and the continuous and the continuous rationalization of state higher education rationalization of state higher education institutions through its specific institutions through its specific implementations implementations SUC Leveling and SUC Leveling and Normative FinancingNormative Financing. Moreover, the . Moreover, the TUP’s R&D Agenda for 2006-2010TUP’s R&D Agenda for 2006-2010 ensures that productivity in R&D will be ensures that productivity in R&D will be instilled in its thrusts leading to the instilled in its thrusts leading to the enhancement of the quality of life as enhancement of the quality of life as promulgated also in the promulgated also in the Medium-Term Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan 2004-2010 of Philippine Development Plan 2004-2010 of the National Economic Development the National Economic Development Authority (NEDAAuthority (NEDA).).

KEY DRIVERS IN R&D KEY DRIVERS IN R&D AGENDAAGENDA

RESEARCH PRIORITIES RESEARCH PRIORITIES AND DIRECTIONSAND DIRECTIONS

Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan 2004-2010 Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan 2004-2010 andand

PGMA’s BEAT THE ODDSPGMA’s BEAT THE ODDS

The Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan The Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan for 2004-2010 of the National Economic Development for 2004-2010 of the National Economic Development Authority (NEDA) carries the 10-point agenda of the Authority (NEDA) carries the 10-point agenda of the current National Administration’s plan towards achieving current National Administration’s plan towards achieving national growth benefiting the greatest number of Filipino national growth benefiting the greatest number of Filipino people. The Plan is subdivided into five (5) parts as people. The Plan is subdivided into five (5) parts as follows: follows: (1) economic growth and job creation; (2) energy; (1) economic growth and job creation; (2) energy; (3) social justice and basic needs; (4) education and youth (3) social justice and basic needs; (4) education and youth opportunity; and (5) anti-corruption and good governance.opportunity; and (5) anti-corruption and good governance.

Under Under economic growth and job creationeconomic growth and job creation, the , the following are the concerns included: trade and investment, following are the concerns included: trade and investment, agribusiness, environment and natural resources, housing agribusiness, environment and natural resources, housing construction, tourism, infrastructure, fiscal strength, construction, tourism, infrastructure, fiscal strength, financial sector, and labor. For financial sector, and labor. For energyenergy, the thrusts are as , the thrusts are as follows: energy independence and power sector reforms. follows: energy independence and power sector reforms. For For social justice and basic needssocial justice and basic needs, the concerns are: , the concerns are: responding to basic needs of the poor, national harmony responding to basic needs of the poor, national harmony and automated elections, national harmony and the peace and automated elections, national harmony and the peace processes, national harmony and healing the wounds of processes, national harmony and healing the wounds of EDSA, basic needs and peace and order, and rule of law. EDSA, basic needs and peace and order, and rule of law. Under Under education and youth opportunityeducation and youth opportunity, the plan is , the plan is further categorized into: education, science and further categorized into: education, science and technology, and culture. For technology, and culture. For anti-corruption and good anti-corruption and good governancegovernance, the plan composed of concerns further , the plan composed of concerns further subdivided into anti-corruption, bureaucratic reforms, subdivided into anti-corruption, bureaucratic reforms, defense against threats to national security, response defense against threats to national security, response foreign policy, and constitutional reforms.foreign policy, and constitutional reforms.

RESEARCH FOR WORLD RESEARCH FOR WORLD TRANSFORMATIONTRANSFORMATION

R&D for Commerce R&D for Commerce and Industry and Industry

R&D for Public R&D for Public Health and Health and EnvironmentEnvironment

R&D for Value R&D for Value Formation and Formation and ReorientationReorientation

• To produce new knowledge, process or product;

• To evaluate the impact of individual item of software and hardware that are currently in use; and

• To improve the characteristics of each item of hardware and software for societal benefits.

OBJECTIVES OF OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCHRESEARCH

THE UNIVERSITY THE UNIVERSITY IS A CENTER FOR IS A CENTER FOR

HUMAN HUMAN RESOURCE RESOURCE

DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPMENT, SCHOLARSHIP SCHOLARSHIP

AND CREATIVITY. AND CREATIVITY.

HAND IN HAND, HAND IN HAND, LET US PURSUE LET US PURSUE

PROGRESS PROGRESS THROUGH THROUGH

RESEARCH AND RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT

RESEARCH MUST BE MANAGED TO RESEARCH MUST BE MANAGED TO PRODUCE THE BEST BENEFIT, THE PRODUCE THE BEST BENEFIT, THE SHORTEST POSSIBLE TIME WITH SHORTEST POSSIBLE TIME WITH

THE LEAST OF RESOURCESTHE LEAST OF RESOURCES

• There are many global problems requiring immediate solutions

• The Philippines needs to The Philippines needs to leap-frog into development leap-frog into development

• Competition is keener in the Competition is keener in the global perspectiveglobal perspective

• There is opportunity in There is opportunity in networkingnetworking

• The resources for R&D are The resources for R&D are limitedlimited

RESEARCH MANAGEMENT IS BOTH AT THE RESEARCH MANAGEMENT IS BOTH AT THE LEVEL OF THE PROPONENT(S) AND THE LEVEL OF THE PROPONENT(S) AND THE

LEVEL OF THE ORGANIZATIONLEVEL OF THE ORGANIZATION

GUIDE IN PROJECT IDENTIFICATION

Equipment for HEIs

Equipment for metal industries

Waste Management Technologies

Alternative energy technologies

Structures for Rural & Urban Centers

Hardware and software for automation

Equipment for emerging food products

Pioneering HRD programs

2000 Assembly and maximization 1999

1998

Fabrication and testing

1997

1996 Material search and characterization; part and equipment/machine design; data gathering; systems analysis

EW BDN SI OPA

Nature of Science and Nature of Science and Technology ResearchTechnology Research

• A systematic/ organized way of solving a problem or establishing the answer to a query, the outcome of which could be new knowledge, new process or new product;

• The manner by which the individual articulates the meaning of facts and data collected particularly in the areas of natural sciences and engineering technologies;

• Usually concerned with materials, processes and products, and their utilization in society.

1. Basic and Strategic Research in the Sciences

• Pure or fundamental research

• Aims to discover truths and principles

• Towards development of theory or model

• Results may or may not have immediate application

• Levels I & II or upstream research

R & D R & D Undertakings in Undertakings in

Science and Science and TechnologyTechnology

2. Applied Research

• Establishes relationships and tests theories

• Utilizes existing knowledge to provide solutions to pressing problems

• Uses available facts to come up with new process, product or a system

R & D Undertakings R & D Undertakings in Science and in Science and

TechnologyTechnology

3. Development Work

• Evaluates and improves existing process, product or system

• Results to innovations and better utilities

• Towards improved technology applications

R & D Undertakings R & D Undertakings in Science and in Science and

TechnologyTechnology

• A set of strategies in the execution of the various tasks related to a research;

• Includes the proper conceptualization of the research problem, organization of theoretical or conceptual framework, the construction of a research design, and documentation.

Research Research MethodologyMethodology

RESEARCH METHODOLOGYRESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Problem Conceptualization

• Scenario building

The broad concern related to the research problem is completely but briefly discussed.

• Problem analysis

The problem(s) related to the study are identified and articulated clearly.

• Project focusing

The objectives, scope and limitations of the research to be undertaken are clearly describe.

Organization of the Theoretical Organization of the Theoretical FrameworkFramework

• Includes facts from books and theories from journals and theses.

• Shows the conceptual model of the study.

• Includes the definition of terms.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGYRESEARCH METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH METHODOLOGYRESEARCH METHODOLOGY

1. Observations or Measures

2. Treatments or Programs

3. Groups

4. Assignment to Group

The The planplan, the , the structurestructure, and , and strategystrategy of investigation in order to obtain of investigation in order to obtain answers to research questions and to answers to research questions and to control variance, otherwise known as control variance, otherwise known as research design.research design.

Construction of a Research DesignConstruction of a Research Design

COMPONENTSCOMPONENTS

RESEARCH METHODOLOGYRESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Theory-Grounded: Reflects the theories which are being investigated

Situational: Indicates the settings or conditions of the investigation

Feasible: Can be implemented

Redundant: Provides multiple processing particularly for validation

Efficient: Maintains a balance between redundancy and the tendency to over-design

CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD DESIGNCHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD DESIGN

RESEARCH METHODSRESEARCH METHODS

• Primary ResearchPrimary Research

Involves the collection of data Involves the collection of data that does not already exist. that does not already exist. This can be through This can be through numerous forms, including numerous forms, including questionnaires and telephone questionnaires and telephone interviews amongst others.interviews amongst others.

RESEARCH METHODSRESEARCH METHODS

Secondary ResearchSecondary Research

Involves the summary, collation and/or synthesis of existing research rather than primary research, where data are collected from, for example, research subjects or experiments.

RESEARCH METHODSRESEARCH METHODS

ExperimentExperiment

A set of observations performed in the A set of observations performed in the context of solving a particular problem or context of solving a particular problem or question to retain or falsify a hypothesis or question to retain or falsify a hypothesis or research concerning phenomena. research concerning phenomena.

Mathematical ModelingMathematical Modeling

The use of mathematical language to The use of mathematical language to describe a system. The representation of describe a system. The representation of the essential aspects of an existing or the essential aspects of an existing or future system which represents knowledge future system which represents knowledge of that system in usable form.of that system in usable form.

SimulationSimulation

An imitation of some real thing, state of An imitation of some real thing, state of affairs, or process. The act of simulating affairs, or process. The act of simulating something generally entails representing something generally entails representing certain key characteristics or behaviors of certain key characteristics or behaviors of a selected physical or abstract system. a selected physical or abstract system.

RESEARCH METHODSRESEARCH METHODS

PrototypingPrototyping

The process of quickly putting together a The process of quickly putting together a working model (a prototype in order to test working model (a prototype in order to test various aspects of a design, illustrate ideas various aspects of a design, illustrate ideas or features and gather early user feedback. or features and gather early user feedback. Prototyping is often treated as an integral Prototyping is often treated as an integral part of the system design process, where it is part of the system design process, where it is believed to reduce project risk and cost. believed to reduce project risk and cost.

Case StudyCase StudyInvolves an in-depth, longitudinal Involves an in-depth, longitudinal examination of a single instance or event: a examination of a single instance or event: a case. It provides a systematic way of looking case. It provides a systematic way of looking at events, collecting data, analyzing at events, collecting data, analyzing information and reporting the results. As a information and reporting the results. As a result the researcher may gain a sharpened result the researcher may gain a sharpened understanding of why the instance understanding of why the instance happened as it did, and what might become happened as it did, and what might become important to look at more extensively in important to look at more extensively in future research. future research.

RESEARCH METHODSRESEARCH METHODS

Action ResearchAction ResearchPromotes professional development opportunities that can make a difference in their practice, connect to their lives as professionals, and ultimately improve the performance in one’s workplace.

The goal of action research is to investigate a self-selected issue in one’s workplace to effect positive changes in the quality of results.

CartographyCartographyThe study and practice of making maps. The study and practice of making maps. The application in science and The application in science and technology research is focused primarily technology research is focused primarily on spatial data transfer standards and on spatial data transfer standards and in the application of mathematical in the application of mathematical packages in creating and positioning packages in creating and positioning solid images in three dimensional space.solid images in three dimensional space.

RESEARCH METHODSRESEARCH METHODS

ClassificationClassificationA method by which scientists group and A method by which scientists group and categorize things and concepts.categorize things and concepts.InterviewInterviewThis includes recording oral narratives This includes recording oral narratives and their subsequent analysis, so that and their subsequent analysis, so that the intangible histories become the intangible histories become tangible. The interview provides tangible. The interview provides important primary source data for important primary source data for research.research.

Participant observationParticipant observationThe process by a researcher senses and The process by a researcher senses and assimilates the knowledge of a assimilates the knowledge of a phenomenon in its framework of phenomenon in its framework of previous knowledge and ideas, or previous knowledge and ideas, or within some scientific usages it may also within some scientific usages it may also refer to data or phenomena recorded or refer to data or phenomena recorded or evaluated from a specific viewpoint as evaluated from a specific viewpoint as opposed to an omniscient or objective opposed to an omniscient or objective viewpoint. viewpoint.

RESEARCH METHODSRESEARCH METHODS

Statistical SurveysStatistical SurveysUsed to collect quantitative Used to collect quantitative information about items in a information about items in a population. A survey may focus on population. A survey may focus on opinions or factual information opinions or factual information depending on its purpose, and many depending on its purpose, and many surveys involve administering surveys involve administering questions to individuals. questions to individuals.

Statistical AnalysisStatistical AnalysisProcessing, interpretation or Processing, interpretation or explanation, and presentation of data. explanation, and presentation of data.

Content or Textual AnalysisContent or Textual AnalysisA standard methodology in the social A standard methodology in the social sciences for studying the content of sciences for studying the content of communication. Texts are studied as communication. Texts are studied as to authorship, authenticity, or to authorship, authenticity, or meaning.meaning.

RESEARCH METHODSRESEARCH METHODS

EthnographyEthnographyThe results of a holistic research The results of a holistic research method founded on the idea that method founded on the idea that a system's properties cannot a system's properties cannot necessarily be accurately necessarily be accurately understood independently of understood independently of each other.each other.

Experience and IntuitionExperience and IntuitionThe ability to sense or know The ability to sense or know immediately withoutimmediately without reasoning, using only previous experiences.

DATADATA

Data (singular: datum) refers to a Data (singular: datum) refers to a collection of natural phenomena collection of natural phenomena descriptors including the results of descriptors including the results of experience, observation or experiment experience, observation or experiment or a set of premises. This may consist of or a set of premises. This may consist of numbers, words or images, particularly numbers, words or images, particularly as measurements or observations of a set as measurements or observations of a set of variables.of variables.

Data acquisitionData acquisition is the sampling of the is the sampling of the real world to generate data that can be real world to generate data that can be manipulated, particularly, by a manipulated, particularly, by a computer. computer.

Data analysisData analysis is the process of looking at is the process of looking at and summarizing data with the intent to and summarizing data with the intent to extract useful information and develop extract useful information and develop conclusions. conclusions.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGYRESEARCH METHODOLOGY

EXAMPLES OF RESEARCH DESIGNEXAMPLES OF RESEARCH DESIGN

1. Laboratory Experiments (JIS, ASTM, Euro, PNS, etc) and Regression Analysis

2. Prototyping and Descriptive Statistics

DocumentationDocumentation

INCLUDES

• Data/Information from other Sources

• Data Collected

• Procedures and Observations

STRATEGIESElectronic files Technical

notes

Printed files Tentative

bibliography Marginal

notes

RESEARCH METHODOLOGYRESEARCH METHODOLOGY

CAPSULE PROPOSALCAPSULE PROPOSAL(Topic)(Topic)

• Broad and Specific Area of study

• Introduction

• Background of the Study

• Project Description

Objectives

Scope and Limitations

Activities and Timelines

Resources

Target Output(s)

• Proponent (Include biodata)

RESEARCH REPORTRESEARCH REPORT(Documentation)(Documentation)

• Introduction• Background of the study• Objectives• Scope and limitations• Theoretical framework• Research Design• Methods and Procedures• Presentation and analysis of findings• Summary of key results• Conclusions and recommendations