Technical Report Part 2 Fire Safe Design Road Tunnels

Chapter

Technical Report – Part 2

Fire Safe Design – road tunnels Rapporteur Road Tunnels, Niels Peter Höj, COWI Technical review: Richard Bettis (HSE), Ulla Eilersen (Sund & Bealt) Workpackage Members Bruno Brousse (CETU), Didier Lacroix (CETU), Paul Scott (ARUP), Niels Peter Hoj (COWI), Enrique Fernandez (Dragados), Gabriel Khoury (FSD), Yngve Anderberg (FSD)Walter Frey (GRS), Hermann Otremba (Hochtief), Daniel Gabay (RATP), Arnaud Marchais (RATP), Giorgio Mi-colitti (RFI)Ilse Roelants (Traficon), Esko Mikkola (VTT)

Table of contents

Technical report Part 2 ‘Fire Safe Design – Road Tunnels’ 54/329

Table of contents

1 List of collected guidelines..........................................................................................58 1.1 Table of references (national guidelines)....................................................................59 1.2 Table of references (other reference documents) ......................................................59 1.3 Analytical summaries (national guidelines).................................................................59 1.3.1 Italy .............................................................................................................................59 1.3.2 France.........................................................................................................................59 1.3.3 Switzerland .................................................................................................................59 1.3.4 Germany .....................................................................................................................59 1.3.5 Austria.........................................................................................................................59 1.3.6 Norway........................................................................................................................59 1.3.7 United Kingdom ..........................................................................................................59 1.3.8 The Netherlands .........................................................................................................59 1.3.9 Sweden.......................................................................................................................59 1.3.10 USA ............................................................................................................................59 2 Comprehensive list of safety measures......................................................................59 2.1 Structural measures relevant to safety .......................................................................59 2.2 Safety equipment........................................................................................................59 2.3 Structure & equipment, response to fire .....................................................................59 3 Matrix of guidelines contents ......................................................................................59 4 Detailed comparison ...................................................................................................59 4.1 Structural measures relevant to safety .......................................................................59 4.1.1 S1 - Emergency exit for users ....................................................................................59 4.1.2 S2 - Emergency access for rescue staff .....................................................................59 4.1.3 S3 Drainage of flammable liquids ...............................................................................59 4.2 Safety equipment........................................................................................................59 4.2.1 E1 Smoke control ventilation ......................................................................................59 4.2.2 E2 Emergency exit and rescue access ventilation .....................................................59 4.2.3 E3 Lighting..................................................................................................................59 4.2.4 E4 Signage (permanent/variable) ...............................................................................59 4.2.5 E5 Communication and alarm systems ......................................................................59 4.2.6 E6 Traffic regulation - monitoring equipments ............................................................59 4.2.7 E7 Power supply.........................................................................................................59 4.2.8 E8 Fire suppression (fire fighting equipment) .............................................................59 4.3 Structure & equipment, response to fire .....................................................................59 4.4 Tunnel Classification...................................................................................................59

Table of contents


5 Appendix 1: Tables of contents of national guidelines translated into English ...........59 5.1 Italy .............................................................................................................................59 5.1.1 Circular 6 Dec. 1999. Safety of Traffic in Road Tunnels with Particular Reference to Vehicles Transporting Dangerous Materials...........................................................59 5.1.2 Functional and geometrical standard for construction of roads ..................................59 5.1.3 Light and lighting Tunnel lighting ................................................................................59 5.2 France.........................................................................................................................59 5.2.1 Inter-ministy circular n°2000-63 of 25.08.2000 concerning safety in the tunnels of national route network ................................................................................................59 5.2.2 Inter-ministerial circular n°2000-82 of 30.11.2000 concerning the regulation of traffic with dangerous goods in road tunnels of the national network. ........................59 5.2.3 Law n° 2002-3 of 3 January 2002 relative to safety of infrastructures and transport

systems, ….................................................................................................................59 5.2.4 Risk studies (ESD) for road tunnels, methodology guideline (preliminary version) ....59 5.3 Switzerland .................................................................................................................59 5.3.1 Guidelines for the Design of Road Tunnels. 03.05.1995 ............................................59 5.3.2 Ventilation of Road Tunnels, Selection of System, Design and Operation.................59 5.4 Germany .....................................................................................................................59 5.4.1 RABT 2002 Guidelines for equipment and operation of road tunnels ........................59 5.4.2 ZTV Additional Technical Conditions for the Construction of Road Tunnels ..............59 5.5 Austria.........................................................................................................................59 5.5.1 RVS 9.232 Tunnel cross section ................................................................................59 5.5.2 RVS 9.233 Structures .................................................................................................59 5.5.3 RVS 9.234 Interior Constructions ...............................................................................59 5.5.4 RVS 9.261 Ventilation, Fundamentals........................................................................59 5.5.5 RVS 9.262 Ventilation, Calculation of fresh air demand.............................................59 5.5.6 RVS 9.27 Lighting.......................................................................................................59 5.5.7 RVS 9.281 Operation and safety measures, Tunnel structure ...................................59 5.5.8 RVS 9.282 Operation and safety measures, Tunnel equipment ................................59 5.5.9 RVS 9.286 Operation and safety measures, Radio equipment ..................................59 5.5.10 RVS 13.74 Maintenance of tunnel equipment ............................................................59 5.6 Norway........................................................................................................................59 5.6.1 Road Tunnels .............................................................................................................59 5.6.2 Risk Analysis of Fire in Tunnels..................................................................................59 5.7 Sweden.......................................................................................................................59 5.7.1 Tunnel 2004................................................................................................................59 5.8 United Kingdom ..........................................................................................................59 5.8.1 Design of Road Tunnels .............................................................................................59 5.9 The Netherlands .........................................................................................................59 5.9.1 Ventilation of Road Tunnels........................................................................................59 5.9.2 Safety Guidelines Part C / Basic measures for Safety in Tunnels..............................59 5.9.3 Fire protection for tunnels (Part 1: fire test procedures for immersed tunnels)...........59 5.10 USA ............................................................................................................................59 5.10.1 NFPA 502 Standards for Road Tunnels, Bridges and Other Limited Access Highways ....................................................................................................................59

Table of contents

Thematic Network Fire in Tunnels 56/329

6 Appendix 2: Tables of contents of other reference documents translated into English ........................................................................................................................59 6.1 EU, Commission of the European Communities ........................................................59 6.1.1 Directive 2004/54/EC..................................................................................................59 6.2 PIARC.........................................................................................................................59 6.2.1 Classification of Tunnels.............................................................................................59 6.2.2 Road Safety in Tunnels ..............................................................................................59 6.2.3 Fire and Smoke Control of Tunnels ............................................................................59 6.2.4 OECD/PIARC Safety in Tunnels. Transport of Dangerous Goods through Road Tunnels .......................................................................................................................59 6.3 NVF.............................................................................................................................59 6.3.1 Ventilation of Road Tunnels........................................................................................59 6.4 UN/ECE ......................................................................................................................59 6.4.1 Recommendations of the Group of Experts on Safety in Road Tunnels. Final Report. ...............................................................................................................59 6.5 FHWA .........................................................................................................................59 6.5.1 Prevention and Control of Highway Tunnel Fires .......................................................59 6.6 ASTRA........................................................................................................................59 6.6.1 Tunnel Task Force, Final Report ................................................................................59 6.7 Germany BASt/STUVA...............................................................................................59 6.7.1 Fire protection in traffic tunnels final report.................................................................59 6.7.2 Procedures for selection of cross section of roads in tunnels.....................................59

List of collected guidelines


Road Tunnels In accordance with the description of work package 3.1 and discussions at the network meetings, this section of the report covers: • Structural safety facilities • Safety equipment • Reaction/resistance to fire The work in WP3 includes both a listing of relevant guidelines and comparison of se-lected guidelines.

The reporting has been carried out by Niels Peter Høj, who has been the rapporteur for this task. The detailed comparisons for Austria and Switzerland have been provided by Herman Otremba and the detailed comparison for the Netherlands has been provided by Inge Stringa.

(The contents of the present document will be incorporated into the WP3 part of the FIT report. The section numbers will be subsections to the section 3.3 Road Tunnels. For practical reasons the two first digits in the section numbers have been left out in this document.)

1 LIST OF COLLECTED GUIDELINES The first part of the activity concerns the listing of relevant guidelines. It has been agreed that this should include regulations, guidelines, standards, and to some degree current best practices. Guidelines concerning construction are beyond the scope. Guidelines in-clude relevant documents from European and international organisations and European countries, supplemented when relevant with guidelines from other major road tunnel countries, e.g. USA, Japan.

The list also contains the EU directive on minimum safety requirements for tunnels in the trans-European road network, which was issued in April 2004.

The following countries are the main "road-tunnel-countries" in Europe, i.e. those coun-tries with the highest traffic volume in tunnels: Italy, France, Switzerland, Germany, Nor-way, and Austria in the order of annual vehicle kilometres in tunnels. For these countries the information about standards and guidelines is particularly interesting. Furthermore, the selection is based on an evaluation made by the authorities of each European country concerning validity and sufficiency of the standards. According to the review made by UN/ECE the guidelines used by the Netherlands and Sweden are also worthy of inclusion. finally, the US standard is included as an important international ref-erence.

The first level of reporting is a list of the documents including: - Title, reference and date of the document - The administrative status of the document in the country concerned

The second level includes - An analytical summary in English of the contents, stating the essential items relevant

to the topics compiled by WP3. - The table of contents translated into English (given in the two Appendices)



1.1 Table of references (national guidelines)

Country Title / Issued by Refer-ence Date Administrative status Comments

[1] Circular 6 Dec. 1999. Safety of Traffic in Road Tunnels with Particular Reference to Vehicles Transporting Dangerous Materials (Sicurezza della circolazione nelle gallerie stradali con particolare riferimento ai veicoli che trasportano materiali pericolosi)

Ministero dei Lavori Pubblici (Ministry of Public Works)

Circ. 06.12.1999

Dec. 1999

Governmental circular Covers transport of dangerous goods only

[2] Functional and geometrical standard for con-struction of roads (Norme funzionali e geomet-riche per la construzione della Strade)

Ministerio della Infrastrutture e dei Transporti. Ispet-torato Generale per la Circolazione e la Sicurezza Stradale. (Ministry of Infrastructure and transport. General Inspectorate for Traffic and Road Safety)

Norm 05.11.2001

Nov. 2001

Ministerial Decree Only 4 pages deal with tunnels, showing tunnel cross section.

Italy

[3] Light and lighting Tunnel lighting (Luce e illu-minazione Illuminazione delle gallerie)

UNI - Milano U29000240

UNI 29000240

Jul. 2003

Norm Covers tunnel lighting only.

[1] Inter-ministerial circular n°2000-63 of 25 August 2000 concerning safety in the tunnels of Na-tional road network (la sécurité dans les tunnels du réseau routier national)

Circ2000-63A2

Aug. 2000

Governmental circular ****Circulars nos. 2000-63 and 200-83 are recent and corre-spond to the present state of knowledge.

France

[2] Inter-ministerial circular n°2000-82 of 30 No-vember 2000 concerning the regulation of traffic with dangerous goods in road tunnels of the na-tional network.

Circ2000-82N2

Nov. 2000

Governmental circular **** It is recognised that Circular no. 2000-82 needs to be im-proved to take account of the prohibition of dangerous goods in five levels ref. the OECD/PIARC project.



[3] Law n° 2002-3 of 3 January 2002 relative to safety of infrastructures and transport systems, etc. 1.3.2.3 (LOI n° 2002-3 du 3 janvier 2002 relative à la sécurité des infrastructures et sys-tèmes de transport, …)

Law2002-J2

Jan. 2002

Law Law 2002-3 art. 2 makes it pos-sible to impose similar proce-dure to locally owned tunnels as to those owned or conceded by the State.

[4] Risk studies for road tunnels : Guide to metho-dology (Les études spécifiques de danger (ESD) pour les tunnels du réseau routier: Guide méthodologique)

ESD 2002 Guideline

Includes the description of typi-cal fires (releases of heat, CO2, CO and consumption of O2) to be used in risk studies.

[1] Guidelines for the Design of Road Tunnels. (Richtlinien für die Projektierung von Strassen-tunnel)

ASTRA (Swiss Federal Roads Office).

ASTRA Road Tunnels

1995

Guidelines by the fed-eral roads office

New version to be issued in 2005

Switzerland

[2] Ventilation of Road Tunnels, Selection of Sys-tem, Design and operation. Project. (Ventilation des tunnels routiers, choix du système, dimen-sionnement et exploitation, Projet), version 6.1.

ASTRA (Swiss Federal Roads Office).

ASTRA Ventila-tion

2004 Guidelines by the fed-eral roads office

[1] RABT Guidelines for equipment and operation of road tunnels (Richtlinien für die Ausstattung und den Betrieb von Strassentunneln)

Forschungsgesellschaft für Strassen- und Verkehrs-wesen. (Road and Transportation Research Associa-tion)

RABT 02

2002

Guidelines recom-mended by the Federal Ministry of Traffic.

Germany

[2] ZTV Additional Technical Conditions for the Construction of Road Tunnels (Zusätzlichen Technischen Vertragsbedingungen und Richtli-nien für den Bau von Strassentunneln) - Part 1 Closed Construction - Part 2 Open Construction

Forschungsgesellschaft für Strassen- und Verkehrs-wesen.

ZTV - Tunnel

1995 1999

Technical addendum

****Amendments are made with respect to e.g. smoke and fire control, emergency exits, com-munication measures, tunnel barriers emergency cabins etc.



Austria Guidelines and Regulations for Road Con-

struction (Richtlinien und Vorschriften für den Stras-senbau) [1] Tunnelquerschnitt (Tunnel cross section) [2] Bauliche Anlagen (Structures) [3] Innenausbau (Interior Construction) [4] Lüftungsanlagen, Grundlagen (Ventila-

tion, Fundamentals) [5] Lüftungsanlagen, Luftbedarfsberechnung

(Ventilation, Calculation of fresh air de-mand)

[6] Beleuchtung (Lighting) [7] Betriebs- und Sicherheitseinrichtungen,

Bauliche Anlagen (Operational and safety measures, Structure)

[8] Betriebs- und Sicherheitseinrichtungen, Tunnelausrüstung (Operational and safe-ty measures, Equipment)

[9] Betriebs- und Sicherheitseinrichtungen, Funkeinrichtungen (Operational and safe-ty measures, Radio equipment)

[10] Überwachung, Kontrolle und Prüfung – Betriebs- und Sicherheitseinrichtungen (Maintenance of tunnel equipment)

Forschungsgesellschaft für das Verkehrs- und Strassenwesen (Transportation and Road Research Association)

RVS ref: 9.232 9.233 9.234 9.261 9.262 9.27 9.281 9.282 9.286 13.74

1994 1987 2001 1997 1997 19912002 2002 1987 1999

Guideline supported and funded by the National Roads Administration

****Guidelines are considered sufficient

[1] Norwegian design guide, Roads Tunnels Public Roads Administration, Directorate of Public Roads

Håndbok 021

Jun. 2002

Guideline/ manual is-sued by public authority

Norway

[2] Risk analysis of fire in road tunnels (Risikoanalyse av brann i vegtunneler) Guideline for NS 3901

Norges Byggstandardiseringsråd (Norwegian Council for Construction Standards)

2000 Guideline for a Norwe-gian Standard, issued by the Standardisation Council



[1] Manual for the design, construction and operation of tunnels (Orden por la que se aprueba la instruccion para el proyecto, construccion y explotacion de obras sub-terraneas para el transporte terrestre)

IOS-98 Nov. 1998

Manuals are effectively standards

[2] Road Instruction, Norm, Alignment (In-strucción de Carreteras, Norma– Trazado) 3.1 IC, [refers to tunnels and especially to cross section and slopes]

Norma 3.1

Dec. 1999

Spain

[3] Road Instruction, Norm, Vertical signals (Instrucción de Carreteras, Norma - Señalización vertical) 8.1 IC [refers to signalling at tunnel entries]

Norma 8.1

Dec. 1999

**** The existing texts are not sufficient at all. Infrastructure, safety requirements, operation management rules and meas-ures to be carried out on existing tunnels are not considered. Ven-tilation and signalling are barely treated.

UK [1] Design manual for roads and bridges, Volume 2 Highway structure design (sub-structures and special structures) materi-als, Section 2 : Special structures, Part 9, BD 78/99 :Design of road tunnels, 1999

The Highways Agency *

BD 78/99 1999 Guideline and require-ments issued by public authority

**** Yes, sufficient.

The Netherlands

Technical standards for the provisions and installations: a.o. [1] Ventilation of Road Tunnels [2] Safety Guidlines Part C / Basic measures

for Safety in Tunnels, (Veiligheidsrichtli-jnen Deel C / Basismaatregelen). Main Report and Appendixes (Centre for tunnel safety). Version 1.0

[3] Fire Protection for Tunnels (Tunnel De-partment)

RWS (Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management) [4] Specifications for temperature resistance

of boosters and description of testing method

RWS, Tunnel Engineering Department, Luuk Swart

xx NL-Safe GT-98036

1991 2004 1999 1997

Recommendation Guidelines for safety measurements regard-ing tunnels. Requirements for tests and materials. Draft.

Update expected 2005. Legislation is being developed now and is expected to be proc-essed and operational in 2006. Draft status. The document was never finalised.



Sweden [1] Tunnel 2004

Swedish National Road Administration

VV Publ. 2004:124

2004 Guideline. Internal regu-lation within the Swedish National Road Admini-stration. (general tech. specification)

[1] NFPA 502 Fire Protection. Standards for Road Tunnels, Bridges, and Other Limited Access Highways. National Fire Protection Association

NFPA 502

1998

American National Standard, issued by Standards Council.

*** USA

[2] 1991 ASHRAE Handbook HVAC applications, part 13

1991 Handbook

**** Comments by Governmental representatives (National Road Administrations or Traffic Ministries)to the questionnaire issued by UN/ECE in 2000 to the question: "(Are there any legislation, regulations, recommendations on safety in road tunnels in your country and) do you consider the above texts sufficient?" . If the guidelines have been revised or replaced since 2000 the comments are not given in the table.

*** USA was not included in the UN/ECE review * As well as The Scottish Executive Development Department, The National Assembly for Wales, Department for Northern Ireland.



1.2 Table of references (other reference documents)

Organisation Title Refer-ence Date Administrative status Comments

EU, Commission of the European Com-munities

• Directive 2004/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on minimum safety requirements for tunnels in the trans-European road net-work

Directive 2004/54/EC

Apr 2004

European Directive

• Classification of Tunnels PIARC Committee on Road Tunnels, C5

05.03.B

1995

• Road Safety in Tunnels PIARC Committee on Road Tunnels, C5

05.04.B

1995

PIARC World Road Asso-ciation

• Fire and Smoke Control of Tunnels PIARC Committee on Road Tunnels, C5

05.05.B 1999

Reports of an international working group. Approved by PIARC

NVF Nordic Road Techni-cal Association

• Ventilation av Vägtunnelar (Ventilation of Road Tunnels)

NVF Sub Committee 61: Tunnels

Rep. No 6: 1993

1993 Report of a Nordic working group.

The intention was to create a common Nordic guideline, but this was impossible due to differ-ences in legislative re-quirements

UN/ECE United Na-tions Economic Commission for Europe.

• Recommendations of the Group of Ex-perts on Safety in Road Tunnels. Final Report.

Ad hoc Multidisciplinary Group of Experts on Safety in Tunnels

TRANS/AC.7/9

Dec.2001

Report of an international expert group.

Review of existing guidelines and recom-mendation of improve-ments

OECD/PIARC • Safety in Tunnels. Transport of Dangerous Goods through Road Tunnels

2001 Report of a project spon-sored by OECD and PIARC. International Scien-tific Expert Group.

Basis for restrictions of transport of dangerous goods. Risk and deci-sion support software.



FHWA US Dept. Transp., Federal Highways Adm.

• Prevention and Control of Highway Tun-nel Fires

FHWA-RD-83-032

Research report. Review of the problem and recommendations, no legal status.

ASTRA. Swiss Fed-eral Roads Office

Tunnel Task Force, Final Report. - May 2000

Result of the work in the Swiss task force

Recommendations for improved safety

Brandschutz in Verkehrstunneln, Schlussbe-richt (Fire protection in traffic tunnels, final re-port), Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen (BASt) (German Federal Road Institute) / STUVA.

FE 82.166/1999/B3

Nov. 2000

Result of a research pro-gramme.

BASt / Germany BASt / Germany Verfahren für die Auswahl von Straßenquer-

schnitten in Tunneln (Procedures for selection of cross section of roads in tunnels), Ausgabe 2000

BASt 2000

• Road Tunnel Technology in Japan Public Works Research Institute, Ministry of Construction

PWRI n°3023

Oct 1991

Technical Memorandum

• State of the Road Tunnel Equipment Technology in Japan – Ventilation, Light-ing, Safety Equipment

Public Works Research Institute, Ministry of Construction

PWRI Vol. 61

Sept. 1993

Technical Note

PWRI / Japan

• Report on Survey and Research on Tun-nel Ventilation Design Principles (Tunnel Ventilation Design Principles – Draft)

Technology Centre of Metropolitan Express-way,

? Feb. 1993

Survey Report



1.3 Analytical summaries (national guidelines)

1.3.1 Italy 1.3.1.1 Circular 6 Dec. 1999. Safety of Traffic in Road Tunnels with Particular

Reference to Vehicles Transporting Dangerous Materials Summary The brief circular deals only with transport of dangerous goods through tunnels.

1.3.1.2 Functional and geometrical standard for construction of roads Summary The standard covers construction of roads in general. Only two pages are related to tun-nels and show tunnel cross sections.

1.3.1.3 Light and lighting Tunnel lighting Summary The Italian UNI standard gives detailed instructions for design of tunnel lighting.

1.3.2 France 1.3.2.1 Inter-ministry circular n°2000-63 of 25 August 2000 concerning Safety

in the Tunnels of National Route Network Summary The circular relates to those tunnels in the national highways network, including conces-sionary motorways, whose length is more than 300 metres. As far as its application is concerned, tunnels are regarded as being all covered roadways. In the case of these structures, the circular establishes a procedure prior to their commissioning and means for monitoring their operation described in its Appendix no 1. It therefore supercedes pre-viously specified procedures for the investigation and approval of designs. The circular also subjects new tunnels in the national highways network to the rules of technical in-spection appended in its Appendix n°2.

1.3.2.2 Inter-ministerial circular n°2000-82 of 30 November 2000 concerning the regulation of traffic with dangerous goods in road tunnels of the national network

Summary The circular describes the results of the joint OECD/PIARC study of transport of danger-ous goods for the evaluation of restrictions and prescribes their application to road tun-nels owned or conceded by the French State.



1.3.2.3 [3] Law n° 2002-3 of 3 January 2002 relative to safety of infrastructures and transport systems, …

Full title: Law n° 2002-3 of 3 January 2002 relative to safety of infrastructures and trans-port systems, technical inquiries, after events at sea, accidents or incidents of terrestrial- or air transport and undeground storage of natural gas, hydrocarbon and chemical prod-ucts, J.o. number 3 of 4 January 2002, page 215. (Loi n° 2002-3 du 3 janvier 2002 rela-tive à la sécurité des infrastructures et systèmes de transport, aux enquêtes techniques après événement de mer, accident ou incident de transport terrestre ou aérien et au stockage souterrain de gaz naturel, d'hydrocarbures et de produits chimiques.)

Summary Article 2 of this law allows the imposition of the same procedures on the tunnels owned by local communities are imposed on those owned or conceded by the French State.

1.3.2.4 Risk studies (ESD) for road tunnels, methodology guideline (prelimi-nary version)

Summary This document includes a description of typical fires (releases of heat, CO2, CO and consumption of O2) to be used in safety studies.

1.3.3 Switzerland 1.3.3.1 Guidelines for the Design of Road Tunnels. (Richtlinien für die Projek-

tierung von Strassentunnel) ASTRA (Swiss Federal Roads Office), 03.05.1995 Summary This document gives general guidance on the planning, design and equipment of road tunnels. It specifies safety (not only fire safety) relevant features such as route mapping, cross passages and lay bys, road surface, drainage, ventilation, lighting, emergency sta-tions, traffic signal and signage system, power supply and control center. For tunnels with a high frequency of dangerous goods transport, additional measures are prescribed: structural resistance to fire, special drainage system, fire detection system. 1.3.3.2 Ventilation of Road Tunnels, Selection of System, Design and opera-

tion. Project (Ventilation des tunnels routiers, choix du système, di-mensionnement et exploitation, Projet,)

ASTRA (Swiss Federal Roads Office), 2004. Summary This guideline contains a description of current state of the art ventilation systems and gives general guidance for the system selection. Furthermore, it defines criteria and input data depending on traffic- and tunnel parameters for the design and calculation of venti-lation systems and components.



1.3.4 Germany 1.3.4.1 RABT 2002 Guidelines for equipment and operation of road tunnels Summary: The "Guidelines for Equipment and Operation of Road Tunnels" (RABT) contains basis, guidance and criteria for the planning of the equipment of road tunnels as well as for their operation. The guidelines only consider structural issues when these are connected directly with equipment and operation. The latest guidelines also contain, for the first time, traffic management issues in tunnel approach areas.

1.3.4.2 ZTV Additional Technical Conditions for the Construction of Road Tunnels

ZTV-Tunnel gives guidance and regulation to the construction of a tunnel, whereas tun-nel operation is dealt with in RABT. ZTV-Tunnel is divided into two parts: ZTV-Tunnel Part 1: Closed construction (shotcrete) 1995 edition Summary The document deals with the construction of tunnels and also with the contractual condi-tions for tunnels. In chapter 10 it is specified how to document safety of the structure against fire. Part of this specification includes the RABT/ ZTV-Tunnel fire curve. ZTV-Tunnel Part 2: Open construction 1999 edition Summary The document deals with the construction of tunnels and also with the contractual condi-tions for tunnels. In chapter 10 it is specified how to document safety of the structure against fire. Part of this specification includes the RABT/ ZTV-Tunnel fire curve.

1.3.5 Austria 1.3.5.1 RVS 9.232 Tunnel cross section Summary This guideline defines the cross section in general. It gives regulations for the number of lanes and the situation of emergency lanes, lay bys and walkways.

1.3.5.2 RVS 9.233 Structures Summary This guideline gives the geometrical dimensions of lay bys, turning areas, cross pas-sages and recesses for emergency call stations or fire fighting equipment.

1.3.5.3 RVS 9.234 Interior Constructions Summary This guideline gives general information on the construction of the tunnel, mainly con-cerning the driving lanes, the lining, intermediate ceilings and walls, sealing and the drainage system. Especially for the intermediate ceilings it prescribes the fire resistance.



1.3.5.4 RVS 9.261 Ventilation, Fundamentals Summary This guideline is used for the planning of road tunnels, subsurface roads and under bridges in both rural and urban environment. The guideline deals with the fundamentals of tunnel ventilation and gives information about the general principles of response to fire incidents, the possible ventilation systems and also the ventilation control system. It con-tains a classification of tunnels based on traffic volume, traffic direction, conflict zones, the frequency of dangerous goods and escape route length. The resulting classes of I-IV influence the ventilation, operation and safety systems.

1.3.5.5 RVS 9.262 Ventilation, Calculation of fresh air demand Summary This guideline contains methods and inputs to be used for calculation of the fresh air re-quirements of all tunnels covered by RVS 9.261.

1.3.5.6 RVS 9.27 Lighting Summary This guideline deals with tunnel lighting. This is mainly the normal tunnel lighting, but Emergency lighting is briefly mentioned. Further regulations about this are given in RVS 9.282.

1.3.5.7 RVS 9.281 Operation and safety measures, Structure Summary This is a comprehensive guideline for all structural safety measures such as lay bys, turning areas, escape and rescue ways, recesses for emergency call stations and fire fighting equipment, the protection and placement of cables and pipes, and water reser-voirs. It prescribes the design of these measures as well as their necessity and location in the tunnel. It contains a tunnel classification system similar to that described in RVS 9.261. Thus it supplements the older guidelines described above. 1.3.5.8 RVS 9.282 Operation and safety measures, Equipment Summary This is a comprehensive guideline concerning safety equipment. It deals with the neces-sity and placement of the following items: traffic management and control systems, emergency call systems, information and communication systems, fire extinguishing equipment, lighting, power supply and connections to the operations centre. The tunnel classification system gives the basis for the planning and positioning of all the equipment covered.

1.3.5.9 RVS 9.286 Operation and safety measures, Radio Equipment Summary This guideline deals with radio equipment further to RVS 9.282. It gives a lot of informa-tion on technical details of radio equipment.

1.3.5.10 RVS 13.74 Maintenance of tunnel equipment Summary This guideline is not relevant for the design of tunnels as it mainly covers the service, maintenance and inspection of the equipment once installed.



1.3.6 Norway 1.3.6.1 Road Tunnels Summary The manual applies to all types of road tunnel. Particular attention has been paid to pub-lish an independent and complete road tunnel standard. The manual deals with all phases relevant to a road project. Planning, construction, operation and maintenance are covered. Design criteria and information on preliminary investigations are primarily aimed at hard rock tunnels. Other types of tunnel are dealt with only briefly.

1.3.6.2 Risk Analysis of Fire in Tunnels Summary There is a Norwegian Standard and a general guideline on requirements for risk analysis for fire in structures (NS3901). The present document is a guide to NS3901 indicating the particular issues relevant for risk analysis of road tunnels. All relevant issues are men-tioned in a brief, practice-oriented form.

1.3.7 United Kingdom 1.3.7.1 Design of Road Tunnels Summary This Standard describes the procedures required for the design of new or refurbished road tunnels located within Motorways and other Trunk Roads. It gives guidance on the necessary equipment, Operational and Maintenance Systems that should be considered by the designer in order to facilitate continued effective and safe operation.

1.3.8 The Netherlands 1.3.8.1 Ventilation of Road Tunnels Summary The objectives of the recommendations are in key words: documentation of current knowledge, anticipating the current state of affairs, indication of the boundary conditions and basic assumptions, cost reduction, determination of the capacity of ventilation sys-tems and standardisation of methods. Ventilation systems are to be designed for traffic exhaust and fire. The latter, fire aspect is new compared to previous (Dutch) recommen-dations. (Comment: the fire aspect, however, forms only a very limited part of the report. 4 pages in the chapter on design scenarios deal with fire).

1.3.8.2 Safety Guidelines Part C / Basic measures for Safety in Tunnels Summary The department of Traffic, Public Works and Water management has developed an inte-gral approach for safety issues regarding tunnels (open, semi-open and fully closed). The ‘Safety Guidelines Part C’ is about the basic measures which are recommended to increase safety in underground tunnel constructions. These guidelines are meant to help the designer and others who are involved with a tunnel construction. The objective is a balanced starting point of safety measures. These guidelines will be updated until formal legislation is operational.



1.3.8.3 Fire protection for tunnels (Part 1: fire test procedures for immersed tunnels)

Summary The report describes the necessary test specimens, test procedure and performance cri-teria specified by RWS for fire tests of tunnel structures to give tunnels resistant to hy-drocarbon fires. The purpose of the report is to achieve uniform performance criteria and test procedures for insulation materials in tunnels.

1.3.9 Sweden 1.3.9.1 Tunnel 2004 Summary Tunnel 99 contains requirements for road tunnels, which need to be applied to all tunnels with a length of over 100 m and to all rock tunnels independent of length.

1.3.10 USA 1.3.10.1 NFPA 502 Standards for Road Tunnels, Bridges and Other Limited Ac-

cess Highways Summary This standard provides fire protection and fire life safety requirements for limited access highways, road tunnels, bridges, elevated highways, and roadways that are beneath air-tight structures. This standard establishes minimum requirements for each of the facilities identified. The purpose of this standard is to establish minimum criteria that provide a reasonable degree of protection from fire and its related hazards. The requirements in this standard reflect the practices and the state of the art prevalent at the time this standard was is-sued.

Comprehensive list of safety measures


2 COMPREHENSIVE LIST OF SAFETY MEASURES In order to readily identify the measures referred to in regulations and guidance, these have been given a code made up of three parts, a letter identifying the general ‘type’ of measure, a top level number for each ‘family’ of measures in each type and, where nec-essary, a final number identifying each specific measure.

2.1 Structural measures relevant to safety S1 Emergency passenger exit for users S11 Parallel escape tube S12 Emergency cross-passage S13 Shelter S14 Direct pedestrian emergency exit

S2 Emergency access for rescue staff S21 Separate emergency vehicular access gallery S22 Cross passage vehicular access S23 Emergency lane S24 Direct pedestrian access (lateral, upstairs, shaft) S25 Turning areas S27 Emergency Services station at portals

S3 Drainage of flammable liquids S31 Inclination of tunnel axis S32 Separate drainage systems S33 Liquid sump S34 Non porous surface course

S4 Others

2.2 Safety equipment E1 Smoke control ventilation E 11 Natural ventilation by shafts E 12 Longitudinal E 13 Transverse E 14 Ventilation control sensors

- Opacity - CO - NOx - Anemometers - Counter pressure measurement at portals

E2 Emergency exit and rescue access ventilation

E3 Lighting E31 Emergency tunnel lighting E32 Marker light in tunnel E33 Emergency exit and rescue access lighting

Comprehensive list of safety measures


E4 Signage (permanent/variable)

E41 Traffic signs and signals outside the tunnel E42 Traffic signs and signals inside the tunnel E43 Exit pedestrian signs E44 Rescue pedestrian signs

E5 Communication and alarm systems E51 Emergency telephone E52 Alarm push button (manual fire alarm) E53 Automatic alarm on equipments (exit doors, extinguisher, fire boxes) E54 Automatic incident detection E55 Fire/smoke detection (ventilation sensors or specific fire detection) E56 Radio rebroadcast

- tunnel users - emergency team - operator

E57 Loudspeakers (in tunnel, in shelters)

E6 Traffic regulation - monitoring equipment E61 Monitoring of traffic speed and density E63 Closed circuit television E64 Remote control barriers E66 Thermographic portal detectors (trucks)

E7 Power supply

E8 Fire suppression (fire fighting equipment) E 81 First aid manual fire fighting (extinguisher, hose-reels, etc...) E82 Fire fighting media E84 Fixed fire suppression system (Sprinkler, Deluge)

E9 Others

2.3 Structure & equipment, response to fire R1 Reaction to fire R2 Structure resistance to fire R3 Equipment resistance to fire

- cables - fans

Matrix of guidelines contents


3 MATRIX OF GUIDELINES CONTENTS

Overview of contents Italy

Fran

ce

Switz

erla

nd

Ger

man

y

Aus

tria

Nor

way

UK

Net

herla

nds

Available national guidelines: 3 4 2 2 10 2 1 5Category ElementStructural measures relevant to safety

S11 Parallel escape tube O A,1 O A,1 A,1,7 A,1 A,1 A,2S12 Emergency cross-passage A,2 A,1 A,1,2 A,1 A,2,7 A,1 A,1 A,2S13 Shelter O A,1 O O O O A,1 OS14 Direct pedestrian emergency exit O A,1 O A,1 A,7 O A,1 A,2S21 Separate emergency vehicle gallery O A,1 O A,1 A,7 O O OS22 Cross passage vehicle access A,2 A,1 O A,1 A,2,7 A,1 O OS23 Emergency lane O A,1 A,1 A,1 A,1,2,7 O A,1 OS24 Direct pedestrian access O O O O O O O A,2S25 Turning areas O A,1 A,1 A,1 A,2,7 A,1 A,1 OS27 Firemen station at portals O A,1 O O O O A,1 OS31 Inclination of tunnel axis O A,1 O A,1 A,3 A,1 A,1 A,2S32 Separate drainage systems O O A,1 A,1 O A,1 O A,2S33 Liquid sump O A,1 O A,1 A,3 A,1 A,1 A,2S34 Non porous surface course O A,1 O O O O A,1 A,2

Safety equipmentE 11 Natural ventilation by shafts O A,1 A,1,2 A,1 A,4 A,1 A,1 A,1,2E 12 Longitudinal O A,1 A,1 A,1 X,4 A,1 A,1 A,1,2E 13 Transversal O A,1 A,1 A,1 X,4 A,1 A,1 A,1,2E 14 Ventilation control sensors O A,1 A,1,2 A,1 A,4 A,1 A,1 A,1,2

E2 Emergency exit and rescue access ventilation O A,1 O A,1 O O A,1 A,2E31 Emergency tunnel lighting A,3 A,1 A,1 A,1 A,6 O A,1 A,2E32 Marker light in tunnel A,3 A,1 O A,1 A,8 O A,1 A,2E33 Emergency exit & rescue access ligh A,3 A,1 O A,1 A,6 A,1 A,1 A,2E41 Traffic signals outside the tunnel O A,1 A,1 A,1 A,7,8 A,1 A,1 A,2E42 Traffic signals inside the tunnel O A,1 A,1 A,1 A,8 A,1 A,1 A,2E43 Exit pedestrian signs O A,1 O A,1 A,8 A,1 A,1 A,2E44 Rescue pedestrian signs O O O O A,8 O O OE51 Emergency telephone O A,1 A,1 A,1 A,7,8 A,1 A,1 A,2E52 Alarm push button (manual fire alarm O A,1 A,1 A,1 A,8 A,1 A,1 OE53 Automatic alarm on equipments O A,1 O A,1 A,8 A,1 A,1 A,2E54 Automatic incident detection O O O O O A,1 O A,2E55 Fire/smoke detection O A,1 A,1 A,1 A,8 O A,1 A,2E56 Radio rebroadcast O A,1 O A,1 X,9 A,1 A,1 A,2E57 Loudspeakers (in tunnel, in shelters) O A,1 O A,1 A,8 O A,1 A,2E61 Monitoring of traffic speed and intens O O A,1 A,1 A,8 A,1 A,1 A,2E63 Close circuit television O A,1 A,1 A,1 A,8 A,1 A,1 A,2E64 Remote control barriers O A,1 O A,1 O A,1 O OE66 Thermographic portal detectors (truck O O O O O O O O

E7 Power supply O A,1 A,1 A,1 A,8 A,1 A,1 A,2E 81 First aid fire fighting O A,1 A,1 A,1 A,7,8 A,1 A,1 A,2E82 Fire fighting media O A,1 A,1 A,1 A,7,8 A,1 A,1 A,2E84 Fixed fire suppression system O O O O O O A,1 A,2

Structure & equipement, response to fire No requirements,little information OR1 Reaction to fire O A,1 O O O O O O Normative information AR2 Structure resistance to fire O A,2,3 A,1 A,1 A,3 A,1 A,1 A,2,4 Detailed information or models XR3 Equipment resistance to fire O A,1,2,3 A,1,2 A,1 A,6,7,8 A,1 A,1 A,2,5 Reference to national guideline n ,n

Legend:

S1 Emergency passenger exit for users

S2 Emergency access for rescue staff

E3 Lighting

S3 Drainage of flammable liquids

E1 Smoke control ventilation

E4 Signage (permanent/ variable)

E5 Communication and alarm system

E6 Traffic regulation - monitoring equipments

E8 Fire suppression (fire fighting

Figure 1: Overview over types of requirements, amount of information and reference to the documents. Reference to national guidelines (n) is according to the numbers given in the table

in section 1.1.

Matrix of guidelines contents


Detailed comparison


4 DETAILED COMPARISON For the detailed comparison, the national guidelines of France, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Norway, UK, and the Netherlands has been included and compared with the minimum requirements of EU directive on minimum safety requirements for tunnels. These national guidelines have been selected based on the number of tunnels and the traffic in tunnels in the relevant countries, as well as on the basis of availability and qual-ity of the guidelines.

4.1 Structural measures relevant to safety

4.1.1 S1 - Emergency exit for users 4.1.1.1 Role of the measure The emergency exit(s) for tunnel users are established with the purpose of having a safe haven in case of harmful situations in the tunnel. The exits will mainly be used in connec-tion with a fire in the tunnel. The emergency exits can be connected to the adjacent traf-fic tube, to a dedicated escape tube or out to the open air. The connection can be direct or through a cross passage, shaft or similar. In some cases shelters are arranged as safe havens, where tunnel users can stay for some time.

4.1.1.2 Synthesis - comments The requirements for emergency exits in the guidelines studied appear to indicate that parallel escape tubes are not prescribed and the distance between exits varies upward from 100 m to having no requirement for such exits. Shelters and direct escape routes are less frequently considered and are not generally a requirement.

4.1.1.3 Comparison tables • S11 Parallel escape tube Country/Guideline Requirement Comment France/ Circ2000-63A2

2.2.2 … A safety tunnel parallel to the tunnel is only to be constructed if this is justified for technical reasons (e.g. pilot tunnel)…

Switzerland no reference Germany/ RABT 2.5.1.3 Escape doors can lead to a rescue tunnel, which

can be used by pedestrians. The tunnel can be parallel to traffic tunnel and various emergency exits from the tunnel can be connected to a common exit to the open. The longi-tudinal slope shall not be more than 10%, the cross section shall be 2,25 m × 2,25 m.

Austria/ RVS The general safety concept shows two possibilities. - Limitation of escape routes (according to tunnel cross

section) in combination with natural or longitudinal ventila-tion.

- Transversal or semi transversal ventilation with no limita-tion of escape routes.

RVS 9.232 Dimension of escape routes 1.20m x 2.20m, doors 1,00m x 2,00m RVS 9.281 Escape tubes for foot passengers or vehicles could be used to minimize the escape routes (see above). Dimensions are given.

Norway/ Road Tun-nels

no reference

Detailed comparison


UK/ BD78/99 2.38 …A separate service tunnel…should be considered on a whole life cost basis…Such tunnels may also be used for evacuation purposes during an emergency.

Netherlands/NL-Safe 11.4 …Escape tubes must have a minimal width of 1.20 meter. Narrowing obstacles in escape tubes must be avoided as much as possible; the width here must still be 0.85 meter minimal.…The escape route must be safe (no possible exits in smoking zones, no crossing of lanes with traffic) …Avoiding danger of stumbling (no steps) …(See also S24)

EU/2004/54/EC 2.3.3 … Examples of such emergency exits are:…, exits to an emergency gallery, ….

• S12 Emergency cross-passage Country/Guideline Requirement Comment France/ Circ2000-63A2

2.2 Arrangements for the evacuation and protection of us-ers and emergency access … shall be provided on a sys-tematic basis and access shall be provided approximately every 200 m; a shorter spacing is to be used in tubes which are frequently congested and which have more than three lanes. In non-urban tunnels these arrangements are to be provided where lengths exceed 500 m and the spacing will be approximately 400 m. 2.2.2 Communication between the (two) tubes represents a satisfactory arrangement … provided that a single door does not provide access from the tube in which the incident or accident occurred and a traffic lane in the other tube

Switzerland/ Design In two tube tunnels cross passages for pedestrians every 300m, for vehicles every 900m In tunnels with high frequency of dangerous goods vehicles the following have to be applied: Cross passages have to be equipped in order to stop fire spread to the other tube. Emergency exits to a lower level have to be equipped with a ramp instead of stairways

Switzerland/ Ventila-tion

Cross passages with length > 5 m need two doors

Germany/ RABT 2.5.1.3 Escape routes must be indicated and illuminated. Tunnels ≥ 400 m must have emergency exits at regular dis-tances ≤ 300 m. The emergency exits can connect to the other tunnel tube directly or through a cross passage. Cross passages have doors in both ends.

Austria/ RVS RVS 9.233 Dimension and design of cross passages RVS 9.281 Opposite each lay by (see S23) a cross pas-sage for vehicles is situated (a=1000m) Additionally in tunnels without fire ventilation and in tunnels with a longitudinal gradient >3% a foot passenger cross passage is situated at each emergency call station (a=250m)


409 Cross passages. In tunnels with two parallel tubes pe-destrian cross passages between the tubes shall be ar-ranged for escape. These shall be located for every 250 m... 602.1 Pedestrian cross passages are required for tunnel class E and F.

Detailed comparison


UK/ BD78/99 3.16 Escape Routes: In twin bore tunnels, passenger es-

cape routes through fire doors positioned in central walls or cross-connecting passages, shall be provided. These shall be positioned at 100m nominal intervals… 5.13 (100m preferred limit, 150m maximum limit). 3.17 Tunnel Cross Connections: Tunnel cross connections are generally of three types: i. A single set of fire doors in the partition wall between two traffic bores, ii. A cross passage with fire doors at both ends providing a safe refuge and an escape route from one bore to the other, iii… Normal provision for class AA, to be considered in classA and B.

Netherlands/NL-Safe 11.4 Exit-doors for escape are necessary when the dis-tance to open area is too long. Distance between those exit doors must be determined by quantitative risk analysis.

EU/2004/54/EC 2.3.3.Emergency exits allow tunnel users to leave the tun-nel without their vehicles and reach a safe place in the event of an accident or a fire and also provide access on foot to the tunnel for emergency services. Examples of such emergency exits are: direct exits from the tunnel to the out-side, cross-connections between tunnel tubes, exits to an emergency gallery, shelters with an escape route separate from the tunnel tube. 2.3.4.Shelters without an exit leading to escape routes to the open shall not be built. 2.3.5.Emergency exits shall be provided if an analysis of relevant risks, including how far and how quickly smoke travels under local conditions, shows that the ventilation and other safety provisions are insufficient to ensure the safety of road users. 2.3.6.In any event, in new tunnels, emergency exits shall be provided where the traffic volume is higher than 2 000 vehi-cles per lane. 2.3.7.In existing tunnels longer than 1 000 metres, with a traffic volume higher than 2 000 vehicles per lane, the fea-sibility and effectiveness of the implementation of new emergency exits shall be evaluated. 2.3.8.Where emergency exits are provided, the distance between two emergency exits shall not exceed 500 metres. 2.3.9.Appropriate means, such as doors, shall be used to prevent smoke and heat from reaching the escape routes behind the emergency exit, so that the tunnel users can safely reach the outside and the emergency services can have access to the tunnel.

Detailed comparison


• S13 Shelters Country/Guideline Requirement Comment France/ Circ2000-63A2

2.2.2…Whenever none of the preceding arrangements ap-ply, shelters are to be built to offer users a safe place while they await evacuation. Each shelter shall have a surface area of at least 50 m2 … Shelters must be connected to the exterior of the tunnel by an access-way, which is protected from fire and intended for emergency purposes.

Switzerland no reference Germany no reference Austria no reference Norway no reference UK/ BD78/99 3.16 … Single bore tunnel escape route and safe refuge

requirements shall be examined and established by the De-sign Organisation from first principles, to the agreement of the TDSCG.

Netherlands no reference EU/2004/54/EC 2.3.3…. Examples of such emergency exits are:… shelters

with an escape route separate from the tunnel tube. 2.3.4Shelters without an exit leading to escape routes to the open shall not be built.

• S 14 Direct pedestrian emergency exits Country/Guideline Requirement Comment France/ Circ2000-63A2

2.2.1 In the case of tunnels where the roadway is less than 15 m from the ground surface …the facilities for the evacuation and protection of users and emergency access shall consist of direct communication with the exterior. Ac-cessible to pedestrians only, these communication facilities must have a minimum width of 1.40 m and a height of 2.20 m. …

Switzerland no reference Germany/ RABT 2.5.1.3. The escape doors can connect directly to the open

or to evacuation shafts, which are vertical structures for es-cape routes with stairways leading to the open. Stairways must be minimum 1.5 m wide. At the design of shafts the limited physical performance of disabled and elderly people will have to be considered.

Austria/ RVS RVS 9.281 see S11 Norway no reference UK/ BD78/99 3.17 Tunnel cross connections are generally of three types:

i…, ii…, iii. Access doors to a central escape shaft or pas-sage, leading to a safe exit.

Netherlands/NL-Safe 11.4 Avoid staircases where possible. When necessary to provide, then minimum width: 0.7 m / minimum height: 1.9 m

EU/2004/54/EC 2.3.3… Examples of such emergency exits are:…direct ex-its from the tunnel to the outside…

Detailed comparison


4.1.2 S2 - Emergency access for rescue staff 4.1.2.1 Role of the measure In case of an emergency, e.g. a fire or a severe accident, the rescue personnel may not be able to access the incident site directly but may have to access through an adjacent tunnel or through shafts. The access from an adjacent tunnel may allow emergency ve-hicles to move from tunnel to tunnel, or access may be for rescuers on foot only.

4.1.2.2 Synthesis - comments The comparison shows that cross passage vehicle access shall be provided if possible with a distance of approximately 1 km. Turning areas shall be provided for long tunnels. Apart from this, there is insufficient consensus to give further overall synthesis.

4.1.2.3 Comparison tables • S21 Separate emergency vehicle gallery access Country/Guideline Requirement Comment France/ Circ2000-63A2

2.2.2 In tunnels more than 5000 m long which are not light traffic tunnels, the safety tunnel parallel to the tunnel or the access-ways providing access to the shelters must be ca-pable of being used by the motor-driven equipment

Switzerland no reference Germany/ RABT 2.5.1.3 In exceptional cases it can be reasonable to con-

struct the evacuation tunnels so that it can be used by res-cue vehicles. This may be relevant for tunnels longer than 300m with high traffic load. The need for this arrangement shall be documented as part of safety concept.

Austria/ RVS RVS 9.281 Could be used to minimize the ways for rescue staff. According to this, the tunnel category could be influ-enced (see 4.4)

Norway no reference UK no reference Netherlands no reference EU/2004/54/EC -

Detailed comparison


• S22 Cross passage vehicular access Country/Guideline Requirement Comment France/ Circ2000-63A2

2.3.1…In tunnels more than 1000 m long, provision must be made at approximately every 800 m for the passage of emergency vehicles from one tube to the other if there are two tubes …

Switzerland no reference Germany/ RABT 2.5.1.3. … For two tube tunnels every third cross passage

can be constructed for the use of fire fighting and rescue vehicles, in case this is required by the safety and rescue concept. …

Austria/ RVS RVS 9.233 Dimension and design of cross passages RVS 9.281 At every second emergency call station (a=500m) a cross passage for rescue staff vehicles is situ-ated.

Norway no reference UK no reference Netherlands no reference EU/2004/54/EC 2.4.1 In twin-tube tunnels where the tubes are at the same

level or nearly, cross-connections shall be suitable for the use of emergency services at least every 1500m.

• S23 Emergency lane Country/Guideline Requirement Comment France/ Circ2000-63A2

2.1.1 - Emergency vehicle access widths. If traffic is one-way, the transverse profile must be designed to permit ac-cess by emergency vehicles, including in the normal traffic direction, when there are stopped vehicles on the nominal number of traffic lanes. Exceptions… if there is direct com-munication with the exterior… - if there is access to a second tube, … and also if the traffic can easily be interrupted in the second tube…

Switzerland/ Design In bidirectional traffic tunnels > 1,5 km emergency bays every 600-900 m, alternating on each side, every 2-3 km turning bays Design of emergency bay

Germany/ RABT 2.5.1.1 Under certain economical and traffic conditions it can be reasonable to have an emergency lane - to be evaluated and documented… 2.5.1.2 Emergency bays shall be considered when the con-struction of emergency lanes is not reasonable. They are required at a tunnel length of 600 - 900 m … The distance shall be ≤ 600 m in each traffic direction.

Austria/ RVS RVS 9.232 Necessity and dimensions of emergency lanes in accordance to speed, traffic volume, number of lanes and traffic regulation systems RVS 9.233 Dimension and design of lay by RVS 9.281 Lay by a=1000m, in tunnels with two directional traffic on both sides, positioned together with emergency call

Norway no reference

Detailed comparison


UK/ BD78/99 3.14 Due to the high costs involved there are very few ex-

amples of continuous emergency stopping lanes within tun-nels. However, additional lane width or widened verges provide a temporary expedient for traffic to be able to pass a stranded vehicle…. The first priority and whole basis of safe tunnel operation must always be to remove, as a mat-ter of urgency, any obstacle to unrestricted lane use. Normal provision for tunnel class AA, A, B

Netherlands - EU/2004/54/EC - • S24 Direct pedestrian access (lateral, upstairs, shaft) Country/Guideline Requirement Comment France/ Circ2000-63A2

See S14, requirements to size of doors and rooms to suit fire-fighting equipment.

Switzerland no reference Germany/ RABT See S14, no other reference Austria/ no reference Norway no reference UK/ BD78/99 See S14, no other reference Netherlands/NL-Safe 11.3 To support the rescue teams it is strongly recom-

mended to locate the escape doors (from two tubes to the escape tube in the middle) opposite to one another. 11.3 Appendix: The width of escape routes is based on width of the stretcher with a nurse accompanying on the side. The width of the doors must support easily the width of the stretcher (See also S14)

EU/2004/54/EC 2.3.3 Emergency exits allow tunnel users to leave the tun-nel without their vehicles and reach a safe place in case of an accident or a fire and also provide an access on foot to the tunnel for emergency services. Examples of such emergency exits are: direct exits from the tunnel to the out-side, cross-connections between tunnel tubes, exits to an emergency gallery, shelters with an escape route separate from the tunnel tube

Detailed comparison


• S25 Turning areas Country/Guideline Requirement Comment France/ Circ2000-63A2

2.3.1…In tunnels more than 1000 m long, provision must be made at approximately every 800 m for… them to turn round…

Switzerland/ Design In bidirectional traffic tunnels > 1,5 every 2-3 km turning bays

Germany/ RABT 2.5.6 Turning bays are standard equipment for tunnels > 900 m, to be considered for tunnels 600 - 900 m.

Austria/ RVS RVS 9.233 Dimension of turning areas RVS 9.281 In category III and IV tunnels (see 4.4) with two-directional traffic, a turning area is necessary instead of each fourth lay by. Alternatively an escape tube for vehicles could be situated.


408.1 …Turning bays are arranged in tunnels with contra flow traffic. Lay bys function as turning bays for cars. Turn-ing bays for larger vehicles are arranged as specified in figures… Normal distances between turning bays (for large vehicles) in class B, C and D are 2000m, 1500m and 1000m.

UK/ BD78/99 3.19 Turning Bays: In tunnels of over 5 km length, turning bays of sufficient size to enable a lorry to turn around shall be provided, not more than 1 km from the middle of the tunnel. To be considered in class AA.

Netherlands no reference EU/2004/54/EC - • S27 Emergency Services station at portals Country/Guideline Requirement Comment France/ Circ2000-63A2

2.3.2 A location 12 m long and 3 m wide for parking an emergency vehicle shall be provided outside, close to the ends,… In addition to this … an arrangement enabling emergency vehicles to turn around / move from one roadway to another shall be provided externally, close to the portals.

Switzerland no reference Germany no reference Austria no reference Norway no reference UK/ BD78/99 3.20 Emergency Services Parking: If necessary, an area

close to the tunnel portals shall be provided for the parking of police and emergency services vehicles and equipment when attending a tunnel incident.

Netherlands/NL-Safe no reference EU/2004/54/EC -

4.1.3 S3 Drainage of flammable liquids 4.1.3.1 Role of the measure If flammable liquids are spilled in a tunnel there is a risk that the spill can be ignited and cause a serious fire. If the tunnel is well drained and the flammable liquids are collected in a system suitable for the purpose, this risk can be reduced.

Detailed comparison


4.1.3.2 Synthesis - comments Drainage systems capable of draining flammable liquids are generally required. The ca-pacity specified for the liquid sump varies significantly.

4.1.3.3 Comparison tables • S31 Inclination of tunnel axis Country/Guideline Requirement Comment France/ Circ2000-63A2

7.2.2 Transverse gradients… to ensure the satisfactory col-lection of hazardous liquids … A minimum transverse gra-dient of 2% must be provided over the traffic lane. 7.2.3 … a continuous slot gutter is compulsory. This gutter shall drain to an underground main along independent sec-tions of the order of 50 m long. Each section of gutter is to be capable of accepting a volume of 5 m3 in 1 minute.

Switzerland no reference Germany/ RABT 2.6.2 A slotted channel with a drain capacity of 100 l/s is to

be arranged along the road with sections of 50 m.

Austria/ RVS RVS 9.234 Inclination should be 0.5%. It must be ensured that on a length of 200m tunnel an amount of 200l/sec flammable liquid could be drained


412.4 …maximum longitudinal gradient 6 - 8%

UK/ BD78/99 4.22 Gradients: …Trunk road tunnels with gradients ex-ceeding 6% are unlikely to be practical. 4.24 Crossfalls: … For tunnels, the need to drain the road surface arises from routine wall washing, flushing away ac-cidental spillage and any seepage. It is recommended that the normal cross-fall of 2.5% is provided throughout the tunnel.

Netherlands/NL-Safe 7.2 In order to avoid pools of fuel larger then 500 m2as a result of an accident: a minimum traverse gradient of 2% must be provided over the traffic lane.

EU/2004/54/EC 2.2.2.Longitudinal gradients above 5 %shall not be permit-ted in new tunnels, unless no other solution is geographi-cally possible. 2.2.3.In tunnels with gradients higher than 3 %, additional and/or reinforced measures shall be taken to enhance safety on the basis of a risk analysis.

Detailed comparison


• S32 Separate drainage systems Country/Guideline Requirement Comment France/ Circ2000-63A2

See S33

Switzerland/ Design In tunnels with high frequency of dangerous goods vehicles a slotted channel for drainage of flammable liquids has to be installed, connected to the main drainage system.

Germany/ RABT 2.6.2 … the drainage system for ramp and tunnel must as far as possible be separated…

Austria no reference Norway/ Road Tun-nels

801 …In addition to drainage for leakage water a separate system for collection of washing water shall be estab-lished… 804… sand trap shall be located every 80m… 805 The drainage system can be supplemented with a separate sumps for fire water…

UK no reference, see S33 Netherlands/NL-Safe 7.1 Appendix. Drainage systems are for the drainage of rain

water as well as others liquids including hazardous ones. No reference to separate drainage systems.

EU/2004/54/EC 2.6.1.Where the transport of dangerous goods is permitted, the drainage of flammable and toxic liquids shall be pro-vided for through well-designed slot gutters or other meas-ures within the tunnel cross-sections. Additionally, the drainage system shall be designed and maintained to pre-vent fire and flammable and toxic liquids from spreading inside tubes and between tubes.

• S33 Liquid sump Country/Guideline Requirement Comment France/ Circ2000-63A2

7.2.3 - A water lock is to be provided between the gutter and the main alongside each connection in order to stop flames … All liquids collected from the roadway are to pass through the main … The system must be capable of recov-ering at least a minimum total volume of 200 m3 (40 m3 cor-responding to the maximum volume of hazardous liquids transported in a vehicle and 160 m3 corresponding to the volume of water used to control the accident).

Switzerland no reference Germany/ RABT 2.6.2…A sump must be provided. For accidental cases the

volume must be approximately 100m3 (72 m3 for fire extinc-tion and approximately 30 m3 spill from a tank). Electrical systems in the sump must be explosion safe.

Austria/ RVS RVS 9.234 Outside the tunnel, the drainage system should be designed to take care of environmentally dangerous waste. A sufficiently dimensioned storage tank must be sta-tioned (25m3/50m3).


806 … The pump system comprises normally of the pump arrangement and the pump sump. In addition there is a sludge interceptor and an oil separator….

Detailed comparison


UK/ BD78/99 7.5 … sumps are equipped with ventilation and sensors,

which will detect a build-up of common hydrocarbons and will initiate automatic protective measures to prevent an explosive atmosphere developing. These measures include flooding the sump with foam to prevent ignition, and shut-ting down pumps and sump ventilation fans to confine the hazard until it can be dealt with… 3.22 Drainage sumps shall be sized to accept, and be equipped to contain with safety, the largest spillage that may reasonably be expected to occur within the tunnel. Unless byelaw restrictions are imposed and enforced, the volume to be assumed is 30m3, which approximates to the total contents of a large tanker vehicle.

More details are indicated

Netherlands/NL-Safe 7.4 The target value for collection of liquid in the nadir sumps is 30 m3. For the main sump the target value is 240 m3. Between drainage system and sump a water lock is required. Electrical systems in the sump must be explosion safe (zone 1)

EU/2004/54/EC - • S34 Non porous surface course Country/Guideline Requirement Comment France/ Circ2000-63A2

2.1.3 - Roadway surfacing. Draining wearing courses are prohibited within tunnels more than 50 m from the ends…

Switzerland no reference Germany no reference Austria/ no reference Norway/ Road Tun-nels

904.3 Generally the surface course is chosen in accor-dance with Handbook 018 (for open roads)

UK/ BD78/99 4.30 … Porous asphalts are unsuitable as they may retain flammable or toxic spillages arising from an incident.

Netherlands/NL-Safe 7.2 Porous asphalt is not recommended in tunnels with lon-gitudinal slope because of: the risk of a larger pool of petrol, more evaporation per m3, longer duration of a explosive mixture in the tunnel a large part of the petrol remains be-hind in the asphalt (not reaching the drainage system)

EU/2004/54/EC -

4.2 Safety equipment

4.2.1 E1 Smoke control ventilation 4.2.1.1 Role of the measure Ventilation of smoke is a very important safety measure both for the evacuation of tunnel users and for assistance to the fire fighting operation. The arrangement of the ventilation system may be dependent on the traffic (contraflow or unidirectional traffic) the traffic and the length of the tunnel.

4.2.1.2 Synthesis - comments Detailed descriptions of requirements for ventilation systems are available in most of the tunnel guidelines. It is accepted that tunnels under 300 - 400 m do not require mechani-cal ventilation. Limits of concentrations are given in the different guidelines.

Detailed comparison


4.2.1.3 Comparison tables • E 11 Natural ventilation Country/Guideline Requirement Comment France/ Circ2000-63A2

3.2.2 Arrangements for smoke ventilation will be required for tunnels in excess of the following lengths: 300 m in the case of urban tunnels, 500 m in the case of non-urban tun-nels which are not for light traffic (…800 m provided that the absence of ventilation is compensated …), 1000 m for light traffic tunnels.

Switzerland/ Design Natural ventilation (piston effect) is sufficient for - bidirectional traffic tunnels < 200 m - one directional traffic tunnels several hundred meters Decision/calculation see guideline “Ventilation of Road Tunnels”


Contains a decision system which of the three main catego-ries – natural, mechanical without extraction, mechanical with extraction – becomes necessary. Decision criteria are: - traffic type and volume - tunnel length - tunnel gradient It also contains parameters and methods for a detailed cal-culation of the chosen system. The calculation systems for normal and emergency case operation are described, in-cluding fire loads.

Germany/ RABT 2.3.3.3 …. In short tunnels it is less reasonable to control the smoke with ventilators. For that reason tunnels shorter than 400 m resp. 600 m do not have fire ventilation…

Austria/ RVS RVS 9.261 Permitted if the fresh air demand during normal operation is ensured and the length of the escape routes is within the limits.

Norway 601 … For tunnels shorter than 250m only safety equip-ment in terms of lighting is required. …

UK/ BD78/99 5.13 In many short one-way tunnels, of up to 300m length, the ‘piston effect’ of vehicle induced air flow will provide sat-isfactory natural ventilation for normal environmental needs, also emergency evacuation routes to places of refuge can be made acceptably short … 5.78 … Except for shorter tunnels, …, a lack of positive control of smoke direction is not acceptable,…

Netherlands/NL-Safe 12.1 For tunnels shorter than 250 meter mechanic ventila-tion is not required. Due to the short time for escape it is important that the possibilities and measures (for escape) are sufficient in relation to the choice of natural ventilation. Tunnel constructions of more than >250 meter and less than <500 meter offer the possibility to opt for natural venti-lation or mechanic ventilation. Tunnels longer than 500 me-ter always need a mechanic ventilation system. 12.2 For natural ventilation the closed structure must be short or techniques of horizontal slots in the roof or damp-ers must be applied.

EU/2004/54/EC - • E 12 Longitudinal Country/Guideline Requirement Comment France/ Circ2000-63A2

3.2.2 … Longitudinal ventilation is possible for non-urban one-way tunnels: up to a length of 5 000 m; urban one-way tunnels up to 500 m…(for light traffic up to 800 m); non-

Detailed comparison


urban two-way tunnels: up to 1 000 m (for light traffic up to 1 500 m). Longitudinal ventilation is prohibited for urban two-way tunnels. The ventilation must be started up as soon as possible un-der conditions, which will make it possible to achieve at least 3 m/s in the direction of traffic movement. (For urban tunnels or two way tunnels the ventilation control may be more delicate in order to maintain stratification)


Two types are described: Longitudinal ventilation without extraction Longitudinal ventilation with extraction through a separate channel with steerable flaps Decision and calculation system, see guideline “Ventilation of Road Tunnels” Calculation data for jet fans is included Calculation data for extraction is included Calculation data for flaps is included

Germany/ RABT 2.3.5.1.2 … In case of fire the longitudinal ventilation can … be activated to control the velocity of the smoke. 2.3.3.3 … For longer tunnels the smoke is discharged through openings in the ceiling at limited sections or blown in one direction from the site of the fire. Singular discharge can reduce the smoke spread for long tunnels. For longitu-dinal ventilation the traffic situation, the site of the fire, and the velocity of the tunnel air are decisive for the operation of the ventilation. For contraflow and congestion the use of longitudinal ventilation only possible with limitations. For this reason a risk evaluation must be carried out for tunnel lengths over 600 m… 2.3.3.4 Critical air velocity 2.3 - 3.6 m/s (indicated in a table depending on tunnel shape, gradient and fire output.)

More details in sec 2.3 and ap-pendix A

Austria/ RVS RVS 9.261 If natural ventilation does not ensure sufficient supply of fresh air or if the escape routes are above limits mechanical ventilation is necessary. Possible systems are longitudinal, semi transversal and transversal. For dimensioning of the system, normal operation phase and emergency (fire) operation phase must be taken into account. The three main aims are: - Enable self rescue due to smoke prevention for a suffi-

cient time and ventilation of escape tubes - Ensuring reasonable conditions for rescue staff - Reduction of damage to people, vehicles and tunnel

structure A decision system based on risk factors, a catalogue of measures and special demands for each ventilation system are given.

Details see RVS 9.261

Detailed comparison



1004.21 Mechanical longitudinal ventilation is … based on the use of impulse fans. In long tunnels with heavy traffic, or where there are particular restrictions…, the use of ventila-tor shaft may be considered. 1005 … the ventilation system shall also be designed to control a fire of 5 MW or 20 MW depending on the traffic volume…For tunnels with gradient < 2% the net design air velocity shall be minimum 2 m/s for tunnels designed for car fires (5 MW) and minimum 3.5 m/s for HGV fires (20 MW)…

Details in annex (C and) D

UK/ BD78/99 For tunnels of between 300m to 400m length, mechanical ventilation plant will need to be considered with respect to fire smoke control, for example, where traffic is relatively light and/or gradients are not steep, the length of tunnel where mechanical ventilation plant is unlikely to be required may be increased to 400m. Mechanical ventilation is re-quired for all longer (400m and above) tunnels and for (200m and above) tunnels on steep gradients or those sub-ject to frequent congestion, either due to high usage or ex-ternal traffic conditions… 5.16 Longitudinal ventilation is the simplest form of tunnel ventilation and because of lower capital and running cost benefits, is often the first choice. … 5.91 Fans for tunnel air control shall be reversible … 5.22 Calculations of jet fan capacity shall take into account that air velocities shall be sufficient for control of fire smoke. The fans shall be capable of reverse operation … 5.74 The initial velocity of smoke layer advance is about 1.3m/s for a 3 MW car fire and 3.0m/s for a 25 MW lorry fire, depending on the tunnel geometry. A petrol tanker fire of 50 to 100 MW could generate a smoke velocity of 7.0m/s or more, which requires large and high cost ventilation plant provisions to be able to cope successfully. Ventilation normal provision for tunnel class AA, A, B, to be considered for C, D

Netherlands/NL-Safe 12.1Tunnels > 500 m always need a mechanic ventilation system…Longitudinal ventilation is suitable for tunnels > 250 m. 12.2 Longitudinal ventilation is applied only in tubes with one-directional traffic. The ventilation design has to take into account: the fire intensity, the location of the fire …, influence of the wind, the resistance in ventilation by the vehicles, influence of the longitudinal slope on the draught

EU/2004/54/EC 2.9.2 A mechanical ventilation system shall be installed in all tunnels longer than 1000m with traffic volume higher than 2000 vehicles per lane.2.9.3 In tunnels with bi-directional and/or congested unidirectional traffic, longitudi-nal ventilation shall be allowed only if a risk analysis ac-cording to Article 13 shows it is acceptable and/or specific measures are taken, such as appropriate traffic manage-ment, shorter emergency exit distances, smoke exhausts at intervals.

Detailed comparison


• E 13 Transverse Country/Guideline Requirement Comment France/ Circ2000-63A2

3.2.2 …the objectives for transverse ventilation systems are to… retain a layer of pure air close to the roadway, and to extract smoke … at roof level. Smoke extraction…must be capable of being achieved over a distance of the order of 400 m in an urban tunnel and 600 m in a non-urban tun-nel…. If fresh air blower blocks are more than 800 m long, provision must be made for the possibility of blowing fresh air into the lower part of the tunnel under all circumstances. This imposes a requirement for blower outlets at the base of the side walls and means for delivering fresh air to the duct feeding them at all times… The start-up of smoke extraction requires a human pres-ence at all times, or an automatic system, which includes fire detection. When the tunnel has a human presence of-fering rapid and accurate control at all times it is most effec-tive that smoke is extracted using smoke vents in the roof which are opened under remote control. Vents are placed per 50 m (not more than 100 m apart in non-urban tunnels).


Transversal ventilation with one fresh air channel and one extraction channel with adjustable flaps Decision and calculation system see E 12

Germany/ RABT See also E12 2.3.5.3 Today the only economical use of transverse venti-lation is in cases of long tunnels… 2.3.5.2 Semi-transverse ventilation… the inlets are placed at the road level in regular distances ≤ 20 m. Normally the inflow velocity can be up to 10 m/s, whereas it in case of fire should not exceed 3m/s. The polluted air is usually discharged through the portals… For long tunnels semi-transverse ventilation in sections can be an economi-cal alternative to longitudinal ventilation…


Austria/ RVS See E12 Norway/ Road Tun-nels

no reference

UK/ BD78/99 See also E12. 5.30 Fully transverse ventilation is the most comprehensive form of mechanical ventilation, but because of its high capi-tal and operational costs, is seldom adopted for new tun-nels. 5.37 Semi transverse ventilation has frequently been used in UK tunnels at river crossings. Ventilation normal provision for tunnel class AA, A, B, to be considered for C, D

Netherlands/NL-Safe 12.1 When … traffic intensities and tunnel length increases, also the risk of congestion increases in case of a (fire) acci-dent. Transversal ventilation can become an alternative for this. Though warning is given to this transversal ventilation for its limited capacity of removing smoke and for its reliabil-ity. A better option would be the creation of open spaces in the tunnel (cutting the tunnel into several smaller parts).

Detailed comparison


EU/2004/54/EC 2.9.2 A mechanical ventilation system shall be installed in

all tunnels longer than 1000m with a traffic volume higher than 2000 vehicles per lane. 2.9.4 Transverse or semi-transverse ventilation systems shall be used in tunnels where a mechanical ventilation sys-tem is necessary and longitudinal ventilation is not allowed according to 2.9.3. These systems shall be able to exhaust smoke in case of fire. 2.9.5 For tunnels with bi-directional traffic, with a traffic vol-ume higher than 2000 vehicles per lane, longer than 3000m and with a control centre and transverse and/or semi-transverse ventilation, the following minimum measures shall be taken as regards ventilation: Air and smoke extrac-tion dampers shall be installed which can be operated separately or in groups. The longitudinal air velocity shall be monitored constantly and the steering process of the venti-lation system (dampers, fans, etc.) adjusted accordingly.

• E 14 Ventilation control - sensors Country/Guideline Requirement Comment France/ Circ2000-63A2

3.2.1 - Ventilation … in accident situations… must ensure that for users a pollution level of 150 ppm of carbon monox-ide and an absorption coefficient per unit length, K, of 9.10-3 m-1 is not exceeded at any point in the tunnel following an accidental traffic stoppage. …

Switzerland/ Design In each ventilation-section CO concentration and opacity have to be measured. If a defined limit is exceeded informa-tion to control room. Ventilation steering via the control room.


If mechanical ventilation is applied, opacity (two measure-ment points per tube) and air velocity measurement (one measurement point per ventilation section) are obligatory.

Germany/ RABT 2.3.2.2 The emission of CO for vehicles with catalytic con-verter is usually only relevant for level over 800 m over the sea level. At tunnels located lower, the tunnel ventilation is primarily operated based on the air opacity. Exceptions for tunnels with frequent congestion. .. 2.3.6 … The monitoring of the opacity and the CO concen-tration as well as the air flow (airspeed and - direction) … give the basis information for the operation of the tunnel ventilation… The opacity must be measured along the tun-nel in distances of maximum 300 m. For supporting the fire detection the distances can be reduced to 150 m. 2.3.2.4 …Closure of the tunnel is necessary, when the CO concentration of 200 ppm, or an extinction coefficient of 12 · 10-3 m-1 is exceeded, or the transmission becomes less than 30%.


Austria/ RVS RVS 9.261 In each ventilation section the following should be measured: CO concentration (2x), Opacity (2x), Air speed and direction, Air volume and air pressure difference (transversal and semi-transversal ventilation), Traffic pa-rameters

Detailed comparison



1004.11 … In order to ensure sufficient control of the con-centrations in the tunnel, detectors shall be installed for measuring the level of CO and NO gas in the middle of the tunnel and at each end. In unidirectional tunnels there is no need for detectors at the entrance. … Maximum allowable concentration of CO 200 ppm, maximum allowable NO2 concentration 1.5 ppm…. If a CO detector at tunnel mid point registers 100 ppm for more than 15 minutes, the tunnel shall be closed. … If an NO2 detector at tunnel mid point registers 0.75 ppm for more than 15 minutes, the tunnel shall be closed. …Limit values for visibility pollution is 1.5 mg/m3

UK/ BD78/99 5.160 The measurement of carbon monoxide and visibility levels currently form the basis of control for ventilation. In the near future, as carbon monoxide levels continue to fall and air opacity clears then nitrogen dioxide etc levels may need to be used for ventilation control … Table 5.2 CO; NO; NO2 limits: A = up to 500m: 100,; 30; 4 ppm, B = 500 - 1000m, 50; 20; 3 ppm, C = 1000m - 2500m: 35; 10; 1.5 ppm. 5.180 Anemometer, ultrasonic flow or orifice plate devices shall be installed in the tunnel to give a reading of the tun-nel air direction and velocity to the control room. 5.23 In the event of a fire, the ventilation system would ini-tially respond automatically to the reduced visibility (due to fire smoke) by ventilating in one direction to control air qual-ity. Table 5.3 Tunnel to be closed: Opacity (extinction coeffi-cient) K >= 0.012 5.177 Measurement of External Wind Speed and Direction: Wind speed is usually measured using a vane type ane-mometer.

Netherlands/NL-Safe 14.2 Detection of CO can only be done correctly by point measurement. The maximum distance between diction points is 500 m. … Disadvantages are the high cost, time delay, and high degree of maintenance. Besides this the low concentration of CO in the exhaust gases makes CO measurements questionable. 14.2 Due to the impossibility to make accurate NO2 meas-urements, the Dutch government has chosen to use the measured value of visibility…The correlation visibility/ NO2 is 10/1.4 k/ppm. Another way to determine the NO2 value is by measurement of the amount of vehicles inside the tunnel in relation to the speed of air. If the NO2 is measured by a detection system then the starting point is on a k-value of 0.007/m. 14.4 Appendix. The criterion for NO2 concentration in tun-nels is according to the PIARC-criterion: max. 1 ppm or 1880 μg/m3.

EU/2004/54/EC -

Detailed comparison


4.2.2 E2 Emergency exit and rescue access ventilation 4.2.2.1 Role of the measure Within the emergency exit routes there should be good conditions for people to stop in safety, at least for some time. This may require specific ventilation at these exits. Such ventilation can also improve conditions for the rescue forces.

4.2.2.2 Synthesis - comments The requirements for emergency exit ventilation are only briefly described, if at all.

4.2.2.3 Comparison tables Country/Guideline Requirement Comment France/ Circ2000-63A2

3.2.3 a) Communications between tubes: The airlocks pro-vided in the communication facilities between tubes must be provided with a ventilation system providing them with an excess pressure of approximately 80 Pa with respect to the tube in which an incident or accident has occurred. b) Safety tunnel parallel to the tunnel: Whenever in use the tunnel is to be ventilated and the communication airlocks (or the tunnel itself in the absence of airlocks) is to have an excess pressure of approximately 80 Pa in comparison with the tunnel. c) Shelters: Shelters are to be equipped with a specific ven-tilation system. Air quality is to be maintained at all times by renewing the volume in the shelter three times per hour.


Separate guide-line “Ventilation of Safety- and Cross- passages in Road Tunnels”

Germany/ RABT 2.5.1.3 The escape routes must be kept free of smoke. For this purpose locks or overpressure are useful measures.

Austria/ RVS See E12 Norway no reference UK/ BD78/99 3.17 Cross passages and escape shafts … require ventila-

tion to maintain a supply of fresh air to the escape route and positive pressure or other provisions to exclude smoke from any fire within a traffic bore. Where two or more bores are linked by cross connections, the effect of opening one or more of those cross connection doors shall be consid-ered

Netherlands/NL-Safe 11.4 ... Escape tubes… must be safe, …control of a smokeless situation in escape routes.

EU/2004/54/EC -

Detailed comparison


4.2.3 E3 Lighting 4.2.3.1 Role of the measure In case of an emergency it is important to have sufficient lighting in the tunnel. The light will provide visibility for a possible evacuation and for any rescue/emergency operation. In case of a fire, additional marker lights may indicate the route to the exits. Also in the escape routes (cross passages, escape tunnel etc.) it will be necessary to have sufficient light in order to facilitiate evacuation.

4.2.3.2 Synthesis - comments The requirements vary significantly between the different guidelines.

4.2.3.3 Comparison tables • E31 Emergency tunnel lighting Country/Guideline Requirement Comment France/ Circ2000-63A2

3.3…To enable users to evacuate the tunnel in the event of an electricity power cut, emergency lighting ensuring a minimum level of lighting over the roadway and walkways of an average of 10 lux, and 2 lux at any point, is to be pro-vided. This lighting is not compulsory in light traffic tunnels.

Switzerland/ Design Normal lighting is used as emergency lighting (see power supply) In tunnel with high frequency of dangerous good vehicles an additional emergency lighting is installed 50 cm above the walkways and with a distance of 50 m.

Germany/ RABT 2.2.3.6 Emergency lighting. The normal tunnel lighting is also used as emergency lighting. 2.5.5 Fire emergency lighting … is placed in one side of the tunnel at the walkway, preferably at the side of the emer-gency exits. Fire emergency lighting is necessary for tun-nels ≥ 400 m. Fire emergency lights… are placed with a distance ≤ 25 m…The fire emergency lighting is turned on automatically at fire alarm or manually… A flashlight is build into the emergency exit sign…

Austria/ RVS RVS 9.27 Emergency lighting equals the lowest category of normal lighting.

Norway 1003.6 Priority lighting is arranged by ensuring that every 4th or 5th luminaire works in approximately 1 hour after the power fails.

UK/ BD78/99 11.65 As a minimum requirement, one luminaire in ten of the Stage 1 lighting shall be designated as emergency light-ing and maintained by a UPS. This will provide sufficient light for safe evacuation of the tunnel, but not for continued operation with traffic,…

Netherlands/NL-Safe 6.1 Lighting installations are designed in separate sections to prevent power failure in the entire lighting systems as result of an emergency.

EU/2004/54/EC 2.8.2 Safety lighting shall be provided to allow a minimum visibility for tunnel users to evacuate the tunnel in their ve-hicles in case of a breakdown of the power supply.

Detailed comparison


• E32 Marker light in tunnel Country/Guideline Requirement Comment France/ Circ2000-63A2

3.3 … In order to provide marker lights in circumstances where smoke from a fire masks the overhead lighting …, illuminated markers (or marker lights) are to be located at a height of approximately 1 m approximately every 10 m along the sidewalls. These are to be permanently lit

Switzerland no reference Germany no reference Austria/ RVS RVS 9.282 Self lighting signs at the boundary of the driving

lanes a=3m-25m

Norway no reference UK no reference Netherlands/NL-Safe 11.5, nr. 45 At 1.5 m above the road surface, on the wall at

the emergency exits, a marker light is recommended to in-dicate these exits. Only in operation when evacuation in-structions are given.

EU/2004/54/EC 2.8.3. Evacuation lighting, such as evacuation marker lights, at a height of no more than 1.5 m, shall be provided to guide tunnel users to evacuate the tunnel on foot in the event of emergency.

• E33 Emergency exit and rescue access lighting Country/Guideline Requirement Comment France/ Circ2000-63A2

3.3…The arrangements for the evacuation of users and emergency access are to be provided with lighting, which will ensure a minimum average lighting level of 10 lux and 2 lux at all points when these facilities are in use. Comfort lighting ensuring a mean level of 150 lux shall be ensured in the shelters when these are in use.

Switzerland no reference Germany See E31 and E43 Austria/ RVS RVS 9.27 On the escape routes a permanent switched on

lighting for orientation including direction markings has to be installed. It must be connected to the emergency power supply. Emergency exits for vehicles additionally need a lighting equal to the lowest category of normal light. This has to be switched on through the control centre or directly. Emergency call recesses have to be permanently lighted. RVS 9.282 see also E43-E45


602.202 Emergency exit lighting is used to show the way to the tunnel entrance in smoke filled tunnels. The lighting is activated automatically by removal of fire extinguisher or alarm from the fire alarm centre. The lighting … should be installed… every 62.5 m on one side of the tunnel approxi-mately 1.0m above the road surface… providing 1800 lu-men (Lm)…

UK no direct reference

Detailed comparison


Netherlands/NL-Safe 11.4 …Level of illumination in escape routes must have a

minimum 100 lux on the floor… 11.5, nr. 42 Green LED-lighting on top and on both sides of an emergency exit to indicate the location of the exit. LED-lighting is only in operation when evacuation instructions are given. 11.5, nr. 39, nr. 41 Permanent lighting above the door with to light a pictogram (sign) on the exit door of a running per-son in the right direction (min. 200 lux / max. 400 lux)

EU/2004/54/EC 2.8.3.Evacuation lighting, such as evacuation marker lights, at a height of no more than 1.5 metres, shall be provided to guide tunnel users to evacuate the tunnel on foot in the event of emergency

4.2.4 E4 Signage (permanent/variable) 4.2.4.1 Role of the measure There will be many types of sign in a road tunnel. The signage will partly have a preven-tive purpose (e.g. speed limits, restrictions on overtaking, etc.), partly it will inform the tunnel users about the occurrence of an emergency situation and give information about what to do in response to the situation and assist in its control. In the present study, fo-cus is given to the mitigation measures, i.e. the second function of the signage. Some signs may be of benefit both for prevention and mitigation, e.g. information about the ra-dio channel; these signs will also be included in the comparison.

4.2.4.2 Synthesis - comments Signage is described in all guidelines but with some variation between the national re-quirements.

4.2.4.3 Comparison tables • E41 Traffic signs and signals outside the tunnel Country/Guideline Requirement Comment France/ Circ2000-63A2

See E42

Switzerland/ Design Detailed description of signs and signals, starting from 1000 m outside the tunnel (500 m if tunnel with bidirectional traf-fic)

Separate Guide-line “Signage of Safety Equipment in Tunnels”

Germany/ RABT 2.4.2 The tunnel equipment is classified in 3 classes de-pending on length (<200, 200 - 400, 400 - 2000, >2000m), traffic <16000 vh/day, and speed < 80 km/h. 2.4.3.1 Minimum equipment for all tunnels: Indication of height for all tunnels < 4,50 m; Warning sign traffic lights; Speed limit; Overtake restriction; Lights on/off; Traffic signal red /yellow at portal; Variable traffic sign for explanation of closure; 2.4.3.2. Basic equipment has as supplement to the mini-mum equipment: An additional variable traffic sign; Refer-ence to the traffic radio signal. 2.4.3.3 …extended equipment contains as supplement to basic eqmt: Permanent traffic lights (open lane/closed lane) each 300 - 600 m; Additional variable traffic signs; Variable message sign

More details available and il-lustrated in sec. 2.4.2

Austria/ RVS RVS 9.282 At each portal (cat. II, III, IV)

Detailed comparison



414.2 Due to traffic safety reasons the traffic signs near the tunnel opening shall be reduced to a minimum… The fol-lowing road signs are appropriate in front of tunnels: Warn-ing sign: Tunnel, Information sign: Tunnel name, Restriction sign: Height limit. Overtaking prohibited, Prohibited access for pedestrians and cyclists, information sign: Radio station. SOS telephone and fire extinguisher 401.6 Traffic lights. A duels flashing red warning light is to be used for tunnel closure.

UK/ BD78/99 9.55 Signs and signals used for traffic control shall meet the requirements of the Traffic Signs Regulations… 9.74 … All tunnels shall be equipped with portal/lane con-trols signals to enforce closures. 3 … Tunnel Closure Signs/Signals normally provided in tunnel class AA, A, B, C to be considered in class D

Sign and signals illustrated in Ch. 9

Netherlands/NL-Safe 10.1, nr. 3 For the purpose of lane diminishing inside the tunnel it is necessary place traffic signals outside the tunnel to warn the traffic about the changed situation inside the tunnel.

EU/2004/54/EC Annex III, 1.2 : In tunnels where users can receive informa-tion via their radio,appropriate signs placed before the en-trance shall inform users on how to receive this information. Annex III, 2.1: The following sign shall be put at each en-trance of the tunnel: Sign E11A for Road Tunnels of the Vienna Convention; The length shall be included either in the lower part of the panel or on a additional panel H2. The name of the tunnel may also be indicated. Annex I, 2.15.1 In all tunnels longer than 1000 m, traffic signals shall be installed before the entrances so that the tunnel can be closed in case of an emergency. Additional means, such as variable message signs and barriers, can be provided to ensure appropriate obedience.

• E42 Traffic signs and signals inside the tunnel Country/Guideline Requirement Comment France/ Circ2000-63A2

3.7.1 - Signage for emergency facilities… such as emer-gency telephones, extinguishers, facilities for the evacua-tion and protection of users, and lay-bys, possibly sign for radio frequencies. 3.7.2 - Signage for stopping traffic.. must be provided some 50 metres in front of each entrance…and located in the tunnel at approximately 800 m. In the case of tunnels more than 800 m long… a variable message panel, which will inform users of the reasons for closure. 3.7.3 - Lane allocation signalling in the case of tunnels more than 800 m long, … which have more than one lane in each direction, …with spacing of the order of 200 m in ur-ban tunnels and 400 m in non-urban tunnels,…

Switzerland/ Design 3 coloured signals (red, yellow, green) every 300 m. Placed at cross passages and emergency call stations. Operation through control room or use of emergency tele-phone, alarm pushbutton, fire extinguisher

Detailed comparison


Germany/ RABT (See E41) 2.4.3.1 Minimum equipment: Normally no traffic

signals inside the tunnel 2.4.3.2 Basic equipment: Variable traffic signs (for length > 600m) 2.4.3.3 …extended equipment contains as supplement to basic eqmt: Permanent traffic lights (open lane/closed lane) each 300 - 600 m

More details available and il-lustrated in sec. 2.4.2,

Austria/ RVS RVS 9.282 At lay by and cross passage for vehicles (cat. III, IV). One light signal at each emergency telephone sta-tion


414.3 The number of traffic signs inside the tunnel shall be kept at a minimum. …All signs shall be well visible… this is obtained by internal or external lighting. The following signs are appropriate inside the tunnel Information sign: radio station, SOS telephone, Distance to tunnel openings. 602.7 Red stop signal can be used inside the tunnel at turn-ing bays. 603.1 … variable road signs should be installed in tunnels based on an analysis of necessity at an early phase of the project… 602.209 Lane signals consist of red cross, green arrow, yellow arrow … should only be used for exceptional use of road lane in unidirectional tunnels….

UK/ BD78/99 9.55 Signs and signals used for traffic control shall meet the requirements of the Traffic Signs Regulations… 9.71 Matrix type signals should generally be provided … 9.72 Portal/lane controls signals, capable of displaying lane closed cross (red), lane open arrow (green) and blank (wig-wag), shall be provided where it is necessary to separately control traffic in each running lane … 3… Lane Control normally provided in tunnel class AA, A, B, C to be considered in class D

Sign and signals illustrated in Ch. 9

Netherlands/NL-Safe 10.1, nr. 1 Traffic installations are needed: in tunnels with-out a dedicated escape lane, when the other tube must be used for evacuation in emergency situations, as an out-come based on a risk analyses… nr. 4 Because of the stra-tegic importance of traffic installations/signs, they must be connected to UPS (Uninterruptable Power Supply) to avoid sudden failure of electric power due to accidents or fire.

EU/2004/54/EC Annex I, 2.15.2 Inside all tunnels longer than 3000m, with a control centre and a traffic volume higher than 2000 vehi-cles per lane, equipment to stop vehicles in case of an emergency is recommended at intervals not exceeding 1000 m. This equipment shall consist of traffic signals and possibly additional means, such as loudspeakers, variable message signs and barriers. Annex III, 1.1. Road signs shall be used to designate the following safety facilities in tunnels: Lay-bys; Emergency exits…; Escape routes: the two nearest emergency exits shall be signed …; Emergency stations: signs to indicate the presence of emergency phones and fire extinguishers. Annex III, 2.3, Lane signals, … can be circular or rectangu-lar Annex III, 2.1 …For tunnels over 3 000 m, the remaining length of the tunnel shall be indicated every 1 000 m.

Detailed comparison


• E43 Exit pedestrian signs Country/Guideline Requirement Comment France/ Circ2000-63A2

3.7.1 Signs or permanently illuminated signs shall be pro-vided to draw the attention of users to the safety facilities available … such as… facilities for the evacuation and pro-tection of users…

Switzerland no reference Germany/ RABT 2.5.5 Escape routes are identified by Escape symbol (ori-

ented to the closest emergency exit) and arrow symbols per escape direction with indication of the distance to the near-est exit or portal, permanent light (15W). The escape route is illuminated preferably at the side of the walkway…

Austria/ RVS RVS 9.282 Lighted signs above or beside the doors Norway/ Road Tun-nels

602.203 Emergency exit sign. At cross passages and other escape routes inside the tunnel an internally lighted green and white sign is placed

UK/ BD78/99 9.58 Signing of escape routes for road users in the event of an emergency shall be provided. At each emergency point within the tunnel it is desirable to include the distance to the nearest emergency exit in each direction. 3 …Permanently illuminated emergency exit signs normally provided for tunnel class AA, A, B, to be considered for class C and D.

More details in Ch.9.

Netherlands/NL-Safe 10.1 nr. 38 Emergency exits must be well recognizable by bright colours and the use of symbols, nr. 39 (see E33), nr. 42 (see E33), nr. 44 Every 25 m (in between emergency exit doors) signs on the same wall must indicate the different distances to the emergency exit doors, nr. 45 (see E32), nr. 47 Opposite the emergency exit door a green sign with the text ‘emergency exit door opposite’ must be placed at a height of 100 mm

EU/2004/54/EC Annex III, 2.3 Emergency exits The signs to indicate Emer-gency exits should be G signs according to the Vienna Convention. … It is also necessary to sign the two nearest exits on the sidewalls.

• E44 Rescue pedestrian signs Country/Guideline Requirement Comment France no reference Switzerland no reference Germany no reference Austria/ RVS RVS 9.282 Lighted sign at each emergency telephone sta-

tion, not lighted sign at the opposite, marker signs at a=150m along the escape route, self lighting signs at the entrance to escape routes

Norway no reference UK no reference Netherlands no reference EU/2004/54/EC -

Detailed comparison

Thematic Network Fire in Tunnels

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4.2.5 E5 Communication and alarm systems 4.2.5.1 Role of the measure It is important that any tunnel operations-room and control systems have information about the occurrence of an emergency (including a fire). The information is achieved by surveillance of the tunnel and by various communication systems. The communication can be in terms of automated systems triggered by equipment monitoring air quality or specifically for incident detection. In addition, such triggering can be manual e.g. by alarm push button or by emergency telephone. Redundancy in the detection systems is necessary in order to achieve a high probability of triggering the appropriate response to an emergency situation / fire. Furthermore, communication systems can be used to instruct the affected tunnel users about what to do in the situation. This information may be given via radio or information signage while the users are still in their vehicles, or through the emergency telephone or, in some cases, through loud speakers for users in the tunnel or in emergency shelters.

4.2.5.2 Synthesis - comments Emergency telephones and alarms seems to be required for nearly all tunnels, but the distance between them and detailed arrangements vary. Generally there is an alarm to the control room, indicating when safety equipment is being used, and radio coverage in the tunnel. Otherwise there is no general agreement in the national guidelines.

4.2.5.3 Comparison tables • E51 Emergency telephone Country/Guideline Requirement Comment France/ Circ2000-63A2

3.4 Emergency telephones shall be placed in the emer-gency recesses …and in the facilities for the evacuation and protection of users … 2.4 … Emergency recesses are to be provided at approxi-mately every 200 m within a tunnel, and close to each end.

Switzerland/ Design Emergency telephones in bidirectional traffic tunnels every 150 m, alternating on each side, in one directional traffic tunnels every 300 m on the outer side If possible situated in a recess Indicated by an illuminated sign If emergency telephone is operated, the traffic signals in the appropriate 600-900 m section switch to yellow Connection to the control room or the next police station

Germany/ RABT 2.5.2.1 Emergency call stations (points) shall be placed in tunnels with length ≥ 400 m on one side with regular dis-tances ≤ 150 m as well as at the start and end of the es-cape routes. Due to the noise … the stations shall be sepa-rate from the traffic space divided with doors… Independent of the tunnel length stations shall be placed at the portals. Every emergency bay shall be equipped with an emergency call station…The station shall be indicated with signs and light…

More details available

Detailed comparison

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Austria/ RVS RVS 9.233 Dimension of emergency phone recess

RVS 9.281 Emergency telephone stations are necessary in tunnels over 500m, a=250m. There must by an emergency telephone station at each lay by RVS 9.282 They are equipped with emergency telephone and 2 alarm push buttons.


602.204 Emergency telephones shall give a calling signal when the handle is lifted. Telephones have direct contact with a manned centre preferably the traffic control room… Telephones shall be located in dust-free kiosks. Instruction on how to use the telephone shall be given in different lan-guages. 602.1 Class B every 500m, class C every 375m, D every 250m, class E every 500 m, F every 250m.

UK/ BD78/99 3.23 Emergency roadside telephones within the tunnel al-low road users to communicate directly with the tunnel or police traffic control centre… 9.37 … the maintenance telephones … shall be part of the emergency point installations … 3.12 Emergency Points … shall be large enough to house fire-fighting facilities and emergency roadside telephones... The nominal spacing for emergency points is 50m, with emergency roadside telephones and fire hose reels… at 100m intervals. Normal provision for tunnel class AA, A, B, C.

Details Ch. 9

Netherlands/NL-Safe 13.2, nr. 6 Consider the use of emergency telephones … in or nearby closed tunnel constructions (preferably located close to emergency exits and at least one emergency tele-phone close to the entrance of the tunnel. The … tele-phones must have the same requirements regarding intelli-gibility as the intercom system. 13.2, nr. 4-5 Intercom system: The standards regarding intelligibility of the intercom system are high. applying of ‘’noice-cancelling’ is first requisite. Speech Transmission Index is 0,6 where as the distance of speech is defined: 100 mm for a handset and 250 mm for hands free set. Intercom system must be able: to connect to the operator within a few seconds (with the possibility to process more than one call) 13.2, nr. 15 Cooperate with providers of cell phones to fa-cilitate the use of cell phones inside the tunnel. Though the use of mobile phones is not a primarily device in the safety strategy, it is recommended to support this development.

EU/2004/54/EC 2.10.1 Emergency stations are intended to provide various items of safety equipment, in particular emergency tele-phones and extinguishers, but are not intended to protect road users from the effects of fire.

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• E52 Alarm push button (manual fire alarm) Country/Guideline Requirement Comment France/ Circ2000-63A2

3.9 …alarm pushbuttons with an indication that the call has been received may be provided

Switzerland/ Design Accident and fire alarm pushbuttons are placed beside emergency telephones in tunnels with high traffic frequency Same functions as emergency telephone

Germany/ RABT 2.5.3.1 Manual fire alarm equipment must be provided in tunnels longer than 400 m as alarm push bottom according to DIN 5411 in each emergency call station.

Austria/ RVS RVS 9.282 Two push buttons (SOS, fire) at each emer-gency telephone station (see E51)


no reference

UK/ BD78/99 3.26 Fire Alarm Facilities for raising an alarm, either by manual or automatic means, and responding to a fire shall be provided to safeguard all areas of the tunnel including the tunnel services building. 3.12 … Nominal distance 50m …

Netherlands - EU/2004/54/EC - • E53 Automatic alarm on equipments (exit doors, extinguisher, fire boxes ...) Country/Guideline Requirement Comment France/ Circ2000-63A2

3.9… recess, emergency exit and shelter door opening and extinguisher removal alarms may be provided

Switzerland no reference Germany/ RABT 2.5.2.1 …By opening the door to the emergency call station

a yellow warning light will be turned on. The … location is transmitted to the operation room.

Austria/ RVS RVS 9.282 Automatic alarm on opening door to extin-guisher (E81)


602.205 If an extinguisher is removed, this should be sig-nalled to a manned control room.

UK/ BD78/99 3.25 Tunnel Systems - Emergencies: Systems relating to emergency points and the response to tunnel emergencies shall be linked with the tunnel plant monitoring and control centre.

Netherlands/NL-Safe 11.4, nr. 30 In tunnels with surveillance an automatic alarm sign must be given to the operator when an emergency exit door is opened.

EU/2004/54/EC -

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• E54 Automatic incident detection Country/Guideline Requirement Comment France/ Circ2000-63A2

3.9 …automatic incident detection may be provided

Switzerland no reference Germany no reference Austria/ no reference Norway 603.1 The need … shall be analysed in an early phase of

the project. 603.3 Incident detection can be indirect or direct. 603.32 Direct detection… The incident detection systems can be… inductive loops, video monitoring systems or infra-red detectors. It can be relevant to install incident detection systems… by unusual events such as stopped vehicles or traffic congestion.

UK/ BD78/99 9.52 …The need for CCTV Alert shall be discussed… Netherlands/NL-Safe 13.2, nr. 1 Apply a CCTV system in tunnels with surveil-

lance (= on behalf of the operator). 14.2, nr. 3 Automatic detection of traffic (traffic jams) gives the possibility for a quick response by the operator. Auto-matic detection is needed in tunnels with high traffic inten-sity and in tunnels without additional emergency lanes in-side the tunnel.

EU/2004/54/EC 2.14.1 Video monitoring systems and a system able to automatically detect traffic incidents (such as stopping vehi-cles) and/or fires shall be installed in all tunnels with a con-trol centre.

• E55 Fire/smoke detection (ventilation sensors or specific fire detection) Country/Guideline Requirement Comment France/ Circ2000-63A2

3.6 In tunnels where there is no permanent human supervi-sion … an automatic fire detection system is required, whenever the ventilation system, which is used in the event of a fire, is not that which is automatically brought into use in the event of serious tunnel pollution… in other cases to be considered.

Switzerland/ Design Automatic fire detection system which reacts to the degree of temperature as well as to Temperature progress, able to detect a 100 l fuel fire Connected to the control room and to the traffic signals, switching them on red in driving direction towards the fire


If mechanical ventilation is applied an automatic smoke de-tection system is obligatory. Distance between measure-ment point < 300 m (see separate Guidelines Fire Detec-tion)

Swiss Guideline “Fire Detection” 2004

Germany/ RABT 2.3.6 … Ventilation sensors… 2.5.3.2 Automatic fire alarm equipment must be installed for tunnel length over 400 m and for tunnels with mechanical ventilation. 2.3.6… As guidance for the sensitivity of the fire detection: a fire of 5 MW shall be observed within half a minute at up to 6m/s air velocity. The fire shall be localised with an ac-curacy of 50 m.

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Austria/ RVS RVS 9.282 Automatic fire detectors in operation rooms and

at lay by. Generally in the tunnel if there is a mechanical ventilation system (see E14).

Norway See E14, no other reference UK/ BD78/99 Ventilation sensors, see E14.

Fire detection mentioned for sumps and service buildings only. Smoke detection see E14.

Netherlands/NL-Safe 14.2, nr. 4 Apply a measurement of visibility for smoke de-tection... 14.2, nr. 2 In tunnels with an automatic ventilation system; apply a measurement of visibility to determine the concen-tration of NO2. When the concentration is too high, the sys-tem has to activate the automatic ventilation system. 14.2 nr. 6 Consider the application of measurement of tem-perature to detect fire. 14.2, nr. 7 Consider the application of a detection system to detect high risk explosive gases.

EU/2004/54/EC 2.14.2 Automatic fire detection systems shall be installed in all tunnels, which do not have a control centre, where the operation of mechanical ventilation for smoke control is dif-ferent from the automatic operation of ventilation for the control of pollutants.

• E56 Radio rebroadcast Country/Guideline Requirement Comment France/ Circ2000-63A2

3.8 In order to provide continuity of communications for emergency vehicles, particularly between the site of an in-cident and the outside of the tunnel, underground radio communication relays are to be provided for tunnels more than 500 m long in the case of urban tunnels and 800 m long in the case of non-urban tunnels…. If radio broadcast stations are relayed, and if there is a con-trol unit, it must be possible to interrupt these relays in order to broadcast safety messages to users.

Switzerland no reference Germany/ RABT 2.5.2.3 For police, fire brigade and rescue service perma-

nent coverage of all necessary radio bands shall be pro-vided. 2.5.2.4 Traffic radio. Minimum one FM band radio station with traffic radio service (RDS, in future DAB) shall be broadcasted in the tunnel.

More details available

Austria/ RVS RVS 9.286 Tunnels up to 1km length need no radio com-munication and rebroadcast system, for tunnels from 1km to 2.5 km it is recommended, for tunnels over 2.5 km length special measures are recommended Additional information RVS 9.282 Category IV tunnels must have a radio rebroadcast and wire less communication sys-tem for rescue staff

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602.3 The state road authority has the responsibility to es-tablish radio communication in all new tunnel longer than 500m. … The radio system consists of a communication part and a broadcasting part… 602.31 For the rescue services the necessary systems are established inside and outside of the tunnel. Specifications are agreed with the relevant rescue services. 602.32 Broadcasting system for Norwegian radio station P1 is always established. Cost for other radio channels are covered by each radio station. All radio channels have pos-sibility to interrupt with emergency messages.

Requirements to antenna and ca-bles indicated in 602.3 and 1001.4

UK/ BD78/99 3.2.3. …Radio rebroadcasting equipment will enable emer-gency services and maintenance staff operating within the tunnel to maintain communications. To warn, guide and assist road users during tunnel emergencies use of flashing signals, RDS radio broadcasting, in-car communications, klaxons and public address systems which are effective in high ambient noise conditions should be considered, as an effective means of reducing the risks of loss of life or injury. Normal provision in tunnel class AA, to be considered in A, B, C.

Details in Ch. 9

Netherlands/NL-Safe 13.2, nr. 7 Apply a HF system (high frequency) in the tunnel when standard radio reception inside the tunnel is poor be-cause of the tunnel lenght or geographical conditions. 13.2, nr. 8 The possibility to use the HF system for instruc-tions by the operator must be applied.

EU/2004/54/EC 2.16.1 Radio re-broadcasting equipment for emergency service use shall be installed in all tunnels longer than 1000m with a traffic volume higher than 2000 vehicles per lane.2.16.2 Where there is a control centre, it shall be pos-sible to interrupt radio re-broadcasting of channels intended for tunnel users, if available, in order to give emergency messages.

• E57 Loudspeakers (in tunnel, in shelters) Country/Guideline Requirement Comment France/ Circ2000-63A2

3.4 …Shelters shall have a separate sound system (loud-speaker).

Switzerland no reference Germany/ RABT 2.5.2.5 Load speaker equipment. Tunnels, which are moni-

tored by video, shall be equipped with load speakers in the tunnel and at the portals. The speakers shall be used for messages (direct voice or recorded text)…

Austria/ RVS RVS 9.282 At portal, lay by and turning area (cat. III, IV) Norway no reference UK For tunnels: See E56

In shelters: no reference

Netherlands/NL-Safe 11.5, nr. 53 Make sure there is a speaker system in de exit routes for the operator to instruct the people who are es-caping.

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EU/2004/54/EC 2.15.2 Inside all tunnels longer than 3000m, with a control

centre and a traffic volume higher than 2000 vehicles per lane, equipment to stop vehicles in case of an emergency is recommended at intervals not exceeding 1000 m. This equipment shall consist of traffic signals and possibly addi-tional means, such as loudspeakers, variable message signs and barriers. 2.16.3.Shelters and other facilities where evacuating tunnel users must wait before they can reach the outside shall be equipped with loudspeakers for the provision of information to users.

4.2.6 E6 Traffic regulation - monitoring equipments 4.2.6.1 Role of the measure Traffic regulation and monitoring is mainly a preventive measure. However, monitoring the traffic, its speed and density, as well as monitoring unwanted events, accidents and fires directly, will provide information to the tunnel operator. On the basis of this informa-tion the tunnel operator can take actions to mitigate the consequences of the accident or fire.

4.2.6.2 Synthesis - comments No general synthesis can be concluded.

4.2.6.3 Comparison tables • E61 Monitoring of traffic speed and density Country/Guideline Requirement Comment France no reference Switzerland/ Design Traffic counting devices are necessary in tunnels with non

natural ventilation, connected to the control room

Germany/ RABT 2.4.3.2 For basic and extended equipment (see E41) Traffic data recording shall be carried out in the tunnel with a dis-tance of 300 m. … also measurements to be made after the tunnel …

Austria/ RVS RVS 9.282 Monitoring of number of vehicles, speed, traffic jam at the portals and a=1000m (cat. III, IV)


603.32 Direct detection… The incident detection systems can be… inductive loops, video monitoring systems or infra-red detectors.

UK/ BD78/99 3.24 Traffic Controls: …Appropriate levels of equipment for measurement of traffic speed and density, traffic surveil-lance (e.g. CCTV) … shall be developed in close coopera-tion with the Overseeing Organisation. Tunnel traffic control systems shall be integrated with local networks and neighbouring traffic control systems 9.84 A system shall be provided to detect vehicles stopped … 9.85 Vehicle detection loops may be provided… Spacing of the loops is usually at 50m intervals.

More details in Chapter 9

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Netherlands/NL-Safe 13.2, nr. 1 Apply a CCTV system in tunnels with surveil-

lance (= on behalf of the operator). 14.2, nr. 3 Automatic detection of traffic (traffic jams) gives the possibility for a quick response by the operator. Auto-matic detection is needed in high frequency tunnels and in tunnels with additional emergency lanes inside the tunnel.

EU/2004/54/EC - • E63 Closed circuit television Country/Guideline Requirement Comment France/ Circ2000-63A2

3.9 …television monitoring system may be provided


Separate guide-line “Traffic televi-sion”

Germany/ RABT 2.5.2.2 Video surveillance is necessary in tunnels with length ≥ 400 m, with high HGV traffic (≥ 4000 HGV × km/bore per day) and with underground junctions. Video systems must be planned according to the site conditions. The cameras shall be placed at the side or over the traffic lane at distances 75 - 150 m preferably with ability to pan The video surveillance shall cover the tunnel completely and the signals shall be transmitted to the 24 h manned operation room. … The video surveillance shall be event oriented and computer as well as manually controlled.

Austria/ RVS RVS 9.282 Additional video monitoring at the portals and a=200m-300m (cat. III, IV)


602.210 ITV surveillance. ITV surveillance is only of interest in tunnels with a high utilisation of the capacity during a large part of the day, so that a timely and efficient detection of incidents requiring traffic management can be achieved. Hereby congestions and secondary incidents can be avoided. ITV surveillance is connected to a manned road traffic control centre. Local ITV surveillance is relevant in connection with remote control barriers.

UK/ BD78/99 9.41 Where CCTV is to be provided, cameras shall be in-stalled inside the tunnel, outside of each portal and on the approaches/exits so as to provide as far as is practical total, unobscured coverage. Normal provision in class AA, to be considered in other A, B, C, D.

Details in Ch 9

Netherlands/NL-Safe 3.2, nr. 6 In tunnels with traffic detection by operators, a close circuit television is needed. 13.2, nr. 2 The camera itself and its position must: -have sufficient monitor resolution, - give a clear view of the situa-tion to the operator

EU/2004/54/EC 2.14.1 Video monitoring systems and a system able to automatically detect traffic incidents (such as stopping vehi-cles) and/or fires shall be installed in all tunnels with a con-trol centre.

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• E64 Remote control barriers Country/Guideline Requirement Comment France/ Circ2000-63A2

3.7.2 In the case of tunnels more than 800 m long, …the signage is to be supplemented by a remote-controlled physical closure device (barrier) …

Switzerland no reference Germany/ RABT 2.4.3.2 Basic equipment: (see E41) The barriers shall be

arranged in accordance to the local conditions and recom-mendations of the rescue forces…

Austria no reference Norway/ Road Tun-nels

602.208 … Remote controlled barriers are used to obtain an unambiguous and fast closure of the tunnel tube or to achieve a safe guidance of the road user for instance in case of contra flow in tunnels normally operated in unidirec-tional traffic. … The need of remote controlled barriers shall be investigated … By use of remote controlled barriers it is necessary to have control function ensuring that .. the op-erator has sufficient information about the traffic.

UK no reference Netherlands no reference EU/2004/54/EC 2.15.1 In all tunnels longer than 1000 m, traffic signals shall

be installed before the entrances so that the tunnel can be closed in case of an emergency. Additional means, such as variable message signs and barriers, can be provided to ensure appropriate obedience. 2.15.2 Inside all tunnels longer than 3000m, with a control centre and a traffic volume higher than 2000 vehicles per lane, equipment to stop vehicles in case of an emergency is recommended at intervals not exceeding 1000 m. This equipment shall consist of traffic signals and possibly addi-tional means, such as loudspeakers, variable message signs and barriers.

• E66 Thermographic portal detectors (trucks) Country/Guideline Requirement Comment France no reference Switzerland no reference Germany no reference Austria/ no reference Norway no reference UK no reference Netherlands no reference EU/2004/54/EC -

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4.2.7 E7 Power supply 4.2.7.1 Role of the measure In case of an emergency, especially a fire, it is necessary to have a reliable supply of power to operate the safety systems such as lighting, information and communication systems etc. It is also considered that the ventilation shall be able to operate on demand, which may require power supply from two sides.

4.2.7.2 Synthesis - comments In most guidelines an uninterruptible power supply is required for the key safety systems of the tunnel.

4.2.7.3 Comparison table Country/Guideline Requirement Comment France/ Circ2000-63A2

3.1.1 - Uninterruptible back-up supply. So that users can reach safety and rescuers can act in the event of an inci-dent or accident occurring when there is cut in the external power supply, essential safety equipment shall be powered by an uninterruptible power source (generally a charger - battery - DC/AC converter unit) having an independence time of at least half an hour in the event of failure of the ex-ternal power supply. - emergency lighting and marker lights - lighting of facilities for the evacuation - signage and marking of safety equipment - pollution sensors and anemometers, - information systems - function of monitoring and control rooms. - signalling devices - closed-circuit television, automatic incident or fire detec-tion, - radio-communications relay equipment, - barriers 3.1.2 - In all tunnels equipped with ventilation equipment the power supply system is to be maintained in the event of a mains power cut …

Switzerland/ Design For lighting two independent power supply sources or an emergency power supply is needed. This must guarantee a lighting capacity of 1/10 of normal capacity. If there is a fault in the lighting steering systems, the lights must switch on automatically. The emergency power supply must guarantee the function of signals, monitoring devices, emergency lighting, control room lighting

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Germany/ RABT 2.6.3.3…The UPS (unbreakable power supply) shall be de-

signed for the clearance period of the tunnel. (15 - 60 min). Closed maintenance free batteries shall be used. It shall sufficiently supply: - signage for emergency escape - emergency lighting in case of fire - emergency lights - escape route lighting - Illumination of operational rooms, minimum one lamp per room - traffic control systems in the tunnel and at the approaches as far as it is necessary - fire alarm systems - control systems - monitoring systems

Austria/ RVS RVS 9.282 Normal power supply from both portals (cat. III, IV), Emergency power supply with automatic switches that ensure interruption time of 0.0 seconds (cat. III, IV) Following systems must be connected to the emergency power supply: - Steering and control system of power supply - Ventilation system - Traffic regulation and control system - Emergency call and communication system - Emergency lighting


602.1 Emergency power is required for tunnel class b, D, E, F. 602.201 … the following equipment shall be connected to unbreakable power supply (batteries or generator): monitor-ing, management, red stop signal, priority lighting (see E31), escape lighting, Emergency telephone, service signs, Emergency exit signs, communication and broadcasting systems. In addition for tunnels in class E and F it must be evaluated whether other traffic related technical equipment shall be connected to the unbreakable power supply. The unbreakable power supply must give minimum 1 hour op-eration time at the defined service load…. Cross passages in class E and F must have unbreakable power supply from both sides. 1003.6 Priority lighting is arranged by ensuring that every 4th or 5th luminaire works in approximately 1 hour after the power fails.

UK/ BD78/99 3.27 Emergency Lighting and Power: In the event of failure of the normal power supply an alternative source of power will maintain power to operational and safety systems and permit use of the tunnel to continue. 11.69 Components of the essential load shall include i. Approximately 10% of the Stage 1 lighting… ii. Computer control and fault indication systems iii. Sub-surface communications systems including CCTV iv. Radio Systems v. Tunnel portal signals/signs vi. Fire Brigade power tool sockets… vii. Other relevant components…

more details available

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Netherlands/NL-Safe 5.1 The choice for double (emergency) power supply must

be made on cost-benefit grounds. 5.2 Functions, during normal operational functioning of the tunnel, which are indicated as critical in regard to power supply: tunnel lightning, measurement and detection sys-tems, traffic detection (e.g. SOS), barriers, guarding of buildings, control panel, lightning in emergency escape tun-nels. Functions, during calamities, which are indicated as critical in regard to power supply: tunnel ventilation, ventilation in emergency escape tunnels, system of fire suppression (fire extinguishers, hose-reels etc. 10.1 nr. 4 To avoid sudden failure of traffic signs e.g. in cir-cumstances of incident, accident or maintenance- it is es-sential to connect this traffic sign system to an uninterrupti-ble power supply (UPS).

EU/2004/54/EC 2.17.1 All tunnels shall have an emergency power supply able to ensure the functioning of safety equipment indis-pensable for the evacuation until all users have evacuated the tunnel.2.17.2 Electrical, measurement and control cir-cuits shall be designed in such a way that a local failure, such as that due to a fire, does not affect unimpaired cir-cuits.

4.2.8 E8 Fire suppression (fire fighting equipment) 4.2.8.1 Role of the measure A tunnel fire is more effectively fought in its early stages. Some vehicles using the tunnel may carry fire fighting equipment, but if such equipment is unavailable or insufficient then first aid fire fighting equipment installed in the tunnel can be used. (As with buildings, it is also possible to have sprinklers or a deluge system in the tunnel). It is possible that the installed equipment is also insufficient, so there should be equipment, such as fire hy-drants, for use by the fire brigade or similar.

4.2.8.2 Synthesis - comments Generally, hand held extinguishers are provided in the tunnels, but the required dis-tances between them vary. Pressurised fire hydrants are provided for most tunnels. Sprinklers are generally not mentioned or discouraged.

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4.2.8.3 Comparison tables • E 81 First aid fire fighting (extinguisher, hose-reels, etc ...) Country/Guideline Requirement Comment France/ Circ2000-63A2

3.5.1 Two standard portable extinguishers having a rec-ommended unit capacity of 6 kg … are to be located in the emergency recesses … It is recommended that water-with-additive extinguishers should be used.

Switzerland/ Design Two 6 kg fire extinguishers placed at each emergency tele-phones station, in bidirectional traffic tunnels every 150 m, alternating on each side, in one directional traffic tunnels every 300 m on the outer side Connection to the control room which indicates if a fire ex-tinguisher is taken

Germany/ RABT 2.5.4.1 (For tunnels > 400 m) Two 6 kg (net) handheld ex-tinguishers are placed at each emergency point (distance < 150 m).

Austria/ RVS RVS 9.233 Dimension of fire fighting equipment recess RVS 9.281 Fire fighting equipment recesses are necessary in tunnels over 500m. They have to be positioned just op-posite the emergency telephone stations and half way be-tween the emergency telephone stations. Thus they are on both sides with a=250m. RVS 9.282 At each fire fighting equipment recess and at each emergency telephone station two extinguishers (6l and 9l) must be available.


602.205 Fire extinguishers should be at least 6 kg ABC. and must be located in separate compartments. 602.1 Class B every 250 m, C, D every 125 m, E every 125 m, F every 62.5m.

UK/ BD78/99 3.26 …Facilities for …responding to a fire shall be provided to safeguard all areas of the tunnel including the tunnel ser-vices building. 3.12 Emergency Points … shall be large enough to house fire-fighting facilities and emergency roadside telephones connected to… control centres.... The nominal spacing for emergency points is 50m, with emergency roadside tele-phones and fire hose reels… at 100m intervals. Hand held fire extinguishers are normally provided in tunnel class AA, A, B. To be considered in class c.

more details in Ch.8

Netherlands/NL-Safe 15.1 nr. 2. For a tunnel there is no need for provisions of fire suppression by tunnel users, except if the economic value of the tunnel asks for this. Then fire extinguishers are recommended under the condition that there is monitoring. 15.2 nr. 5 In tunnels of large economic value and with a mechanic ventilation system, hose-reels are recommended. The distance between the hose-reels must be limited to 60 meter. 15.2 nr. 6 In First aid stations with hose-reels a fire extin-guisher shall also be provided

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EU/2004/54/EC 2.10.1 Emergency stations are intended to provide various

items of safety equipment, in particular emergency tele-phones and extinguishers, but are not intended to protect road users from the effects of fire. 2.10.2 Emergency stations can consist of a box on the sidewall or preferably a recess in the sidewall. They shall be equipped with at least an emergency telephone and two fire extinguishers. 2.10.3 Emergency stations shall be provided near the por-tals and inside at intervals which for new tunnels shall not exceed 150m and which in existing tunnels shall not exceed 250m.

• E82 Fire fighting media Country/Guideline Requirement Comment France/ Circ2000-63A2

2.5 Fire-fighting equipment …must preferably be located in recesses, which are separate from emergency recesses. 3.5.2 The provision of a water supply is not compulsory in non-urban tunnels less than 500 m long. In other circum-stances, unless different arrangements are agreed by local authorities, a water pipe is to be installed. Fire-fighting equipment of the riser or hydrant type delivering 120 m3 at a pressure of 0.6 MPa are to be installed approximately every 200 m. In the case of a tunnel in which there is a change in level, a range of 0.4 to 0.8 MPa shall be accepted. The de-livered flow from a hydrant must be 60 m3/h.

Switzerland/ Design Hydrants and pipes are not prescribed, but if they are in-stalled the following parameters must be met: 20 l/sec, hydrants every 150 m, reservoir 250 m3

Germany/ RABT 2.5.4.2 Tunnels with length ≥ 600 m (400 m at high HGV traffic > 4000 HGV × km/tube/Day) must be equipped with fire hydrant… the pipes shall be designed for 1200 l/min at 6 - 10 bar. The connectors are placed opposite the emer-gency points at distances less than 150 m. For tunnels < 400 m fire hydrant shall be available at the portals.

Austria/ RVS RVS 9.281 Water reservoir of 80m3, refilled in 24h RVS 9.282 Hydrants at each fire fighting equipment recess and at the portals fed through water main (dry pipe only for tunnels 500-1000m). Necessary for category III and IV, rec-ommended for all categories. Capacity 20l/sec for 1h,


602.206 Possible solutions are: separate reservoirs (ap-proximately 6m3) in connection with the drainage system, a water tanker vehicle with sufficient capacity (approximately 6m3) firewater reservoir at the low point of the tunnel. In special cases where pressurised water is easily available, e.g. in tunnel in towns) a continuous water main can be an alternative.

UK/ BD78/99 See also E81. Pressurised Fire Hydrants normally provided in tunnel class AA, A, B, C, to be considered in class D Fire Hose Reels normally provided in tunnel class AA, to be considered in class A, B, C.

more details in Ch 8

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Netherlands/NL-Safe 15.3, nr. 12A system of fire fighting consists of a distribution

system (hose-reels), and possibly completed with a system to increase the water pressure and a system of water feed-ing. 15.3, nr. 13 If the tunnel has a large economical value con-sideration has to be made for the construction of a perma-nent installation for the increase of water pressure and a water reservoir. 15.2 nr. 7 A foaming substance shall be added to the extin-guishing medium

EU/2004/54/EC 2.11 Water supply. A water supply shall be provided for all tunnels. Hydrants shall be provided near the portals and inside at intervals which shall not exceed 250m. If a water supply is not available, it is mandatory to verify that suffi-cient water is provided otherwise.

• E84 Fixed fire suppression system (Sprinkler, Deluge) Country/Guideline Requirement Comment France no reference Switzerland no reference Germany no reference Austria/ no reference Norway no reference UK/ BD78/99 8.55 Automatic fire extinguishing systems are not consid-

ered suitable for the traffic space. Total flood gaseous sys-tems and foam systems are not practical where people are present in vehicles. Water sprinkler systems may cool buoyant smoke causing immediate smoke logging of the tunnel and producing potentially explosive air/vapour mixes.

Netherlands/NL-Safe 8.3, nr. 6c Fixed fire suppression mitigation systems as sprinklers can be used for mitigating the heating of the con-crete and the reinforcement In the Netherlands sprinkler system is not yet applied because of disadvantages, though it will be applied in the tunnel of the ‘Betuwelijn’.

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4.3 Structure & equipment, response to fire 4.3.1.1 Role of the measure The tunnel structure and any safety critical equipment within the tunnel should be able to resist the fire and perform safely for a period sufficient to allow the evacuation of the tun-nel users. In addition, the performance of the structure and equipment should not hinder fire fighting. Furthermore, the structure and equipment should be designed with the aim of minimising the economic damage from a fire.

4.3.1.2 Synthesis - comments General formulations of fire resistance of structure and equipment are available in all guidelines.

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4.3.1.3 Comparison tables • R1 Reaction to fire Country/Guideline Requirement Comment France/ Circ2000-63A2

4.1 - Reaction of materials to fire. The construction materi-als used for the main structures and secondary structures in a tunnel, with the exception of roadway components, must have a classification of M0 from the point of view of reaction to fire. This class is also necessary for materials constitut-ing drainage systems, including slotted channels and drains.

Switzerland no reference Germany - Austria/ no reference Norway no reference UK - Netherlands/NL-Safe - EU/2004/54/EC - • R2 Structure resistance to fire Country/Guideline Requirement Comment France/ Circ2000-63A2

4.2.2 - The fire resistance required from structures… is de-signed to achieve the following main objectives: - protection of users who have entered the evacuation facili-ties … for the time required for them to reach the exit, which is set at 60 minutes… - protection of users … in shelters, …for 120 minutes, - no endangering of …the fire service, during…120 min-utes… In all circumstances the maximum duration of a fire is fixed at 240 minutes for the standard graph and 120 minutes for the supplemented hydrocarbons fire graph.

Details available in sec. 4.2.2

Switzerland/ Design In tunnels with high frequency of dangerous goods vehicles the following have to be applied: For wall covers, intermediate ceilings and partition walls in ventilation channels non flammable materials have to be used A temperature curve is defined to calculate thermal reaction

Germany/ZTV 1 10.3 The necessary structural fire protection for an arched or circular tunnel shall be ensured by compliance to struc-tural minimum requirements and by calculated documenta-tion. Normally, with a cover of 6 cm no other fire protection is needed.

The given meas-ures may not pre-vent spalling.

Germany/ZTV 2 9.31 The necessary structural fire protection for rectangular sections shall be ensured by compliance to structural mini-mum requirements and by calculated documentation. 9.32 By structural measures it shall be prevented that the load bearing reinforcement is heated to more than 300C. As protection against spalling a galvanised net shall be ar-ranged in the cover… The minimum cover for load bearing reinforcement is 6 cm.

same as above

Austria/ RVS RVS 9.234 Intermediate ceilings must have a resistance to fire according to fire class F90 (90 minutes resistance)

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605 Fire protection 605.1 General The Department of Transportation and the Department of regions and commu-nities has issued guidelines for treatment of fire protection in road tunnels. Similarly the Directorate of fire and explo-sion protection has prepared a guideline of fire safety in road tunnels. 605.2 Fire load, requirements for structures… Tunnels must be designed for a fire load of 5 MW, when AADT(10 years after opening) is under 10000 and 20 MW, when AADT (10) is over 10000. In tunnels where fire result in risk of collapse of structural elements, the design fire load will have to be evaluated in detail. …Tunnels with two tubes must be separated with fire wall minimum REI-M 120… Doors in fire walls must have fire resistance EI-C 60.

See also Fire risk guideline.

UK/ BD78/99 8.56 The effects of fire on the tunnel structure and associ-ated ducts and shafts shall be carefully assessed… 8.57 Depending on the design fire to be resisted, additional fire protection layers to structures may not be required… 5.68 … Measures to reduce concrete spalling from concrete ceilings at 150+ C shall be applied.

Some misleading comments on fire resistance of cast iron and meas-ures against spalling in 8.57 (ed.)

Netherlands/NL-Safe 8.3 nr. 6a A protective measure can be the use of e.g. re-fractory materials. 8.3 nr. 7 Refractory materials must be tested regarding the procedure of ‘Fire protection for tunnels’, document number GT-98036 (98-CVB-R1161). This is the material has to withstand a temperature up to 1350 oC. 16.3 nr. 12 The surrounding elements are conditional to the quality of the material and the construction chosen for ca-bles and pipelines.

EU/2004/54/EC 2.7 Fire resistance of structures. The main structure of all tunnels where a local collapse of the structure can have catastrophic consequences e.g. immersed tunnels or tun-nels, which can cause the collapse of important neighbour-ing structures, shall ensure a sufficient level of fire resis-tance.

• R3 Equipment resistance to fire, - cables, - fans Country/Guideline Requirement Comment France/ Circ2000-63A2

4.2.2 - The fire resistance required from …equipment is designed to achieve the (same objectives as indicated in R2)

Switzerland/ Design In order to protect telephone and power supply cables in case of fire, they had to be positioned under the tunnel floor


Temperature resistance of jetfans, extraction fans and ex-traction flaps: 250°C 120 min

Germany/ZTV1&2 10.4… longitudinal cables must be placed in concrete or sand.

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Germany/RABT 2.3.3.5 Extraction fans (…) and -dampers must be de-

signed minimum for resistance to a temperature of 400C during 90 min…Jet fans and electrical connections shall withstand a temperature of 250C during 90 minutes and (in some cases) up to 400C in 90 min. The number of fans shall be redundant as the fans near the site of the fire can fall out.

Austria/ RVS RVS 9.27 Cables for emergency lighting must be inflamma-ble and corresponding to F90 (90 minutes functionally) RVS 9.281 In general it is recommended to install cables and pipes outside the driving tunnel (channel under the walkway). Design and fire resistance classes of doors and gates are prescribed. RVS 9.282 Cables for normal lighting, ventilation and door steering must correspond to E30 (30 minutes functionality) and FE180 (180 minutes isolation)


605.2 Fire load, requirements for structures and equip-ment… Tunnels must be designed for a fire load of 5 MW, when AADT(10 years after opening) is under 10000 and 20 MW, when AADT (10) is over 10000. Cable class 3, func-tionally safe cables shall be used by all open placements to equipment, which must work in case of fire. For equipment which must function during a fire (lighting, ventilation signal cables etc.) must be connected so that the power supply is ensured in sections through the tunnel … Doors in firewalls must have fire resistance EI-C 60.

UK/ BD78/99 5.68 … Lights, lighting diffusers, cables and tunnel linings above shall be non-flammable to remove a potential hazard to fire fighters below. Heavy items such as fans, subject to temperatures of 450C, should not fall during the fire fighting period… 5.99 All electrical and structural components essential to the continued operation of ventilation fans (located within the tunnel bore) shall, in the event of a fire, be suitable for operating in smoke-laden air at a temperature of 250oC for 2 hours.

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Netherlands/NL-Safe 16,1 nr. 1 & 9 Cables and pipelines preferably in a central cable track. If possible outside the traffic area. If this is not possible then the cable track must be protected against … fire.

EU/2004/54/EC 2.18.Fire resistance of equipment. The level of fire resis-tance of all tunnel equipment shall take into account the technological possibilities and aim at maintaining the nec-essary safety functions in the event of a fire.

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4.4 Tunnel Classification Some of the above tables refer to classification. The definitions of the classifications are indicated in figure 4.1 (UK) and 4.2. (Norway)

Figure 4.1

Figure 2: Classification in Design manual for roads and bridges, Volume 2 Highway structure design (substructures and special structures) materials, Section 2: Special structures, Part 9,

BD 78/99: Design of road tunnels

Tunnel length [km]

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Figure 3: Classification in Norwegian design guide, Roads Tunnels Public Roads Administration, Di-rectorate of Public Roads

Classification in Austrian RVS 9.282. The classification is determined by the danger class, which follows from the danger po-tential of the tunnel concerned. The danger potential, G is defined: G = MSV * gR * gK * gG - The traffic volume per hour (MSV) given as the 30th hour peak traffic volume. Lorries

have to be considered using the personal car equivalent of 2.5. - Directional split gR - Additional points that may cause conflicts gK (merging lanes and/or crossings in the

tunnel and in the portal areas) - Permission and number of dangerous goods transports gG Danger potential, G Danger class up to 1.000 I 1.001 to 2.500 II 2.501 to 10.000 III more than 10.000 IV

Appendix 1 : tables of contents of national guidelines translated into English


5 APPENDIX 1: TABLES OF CONTENTS OF NATIONAL GUIDELINES TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH

5.1 Italy

5.1.1 Circular 6 Dec. 1999. Safety of Traffic in Road Tunnels with Particular Reference to Vehicles Transporting Dangerous Materials

Total number of pages: 2 Summary The brief circular deals only with transport of dangerous goods through tunnels.

5.1.2 Functional and geometrical standard for construction of roads Contents 5 chapters: 4 Road design 4.1 Road section with structures 4.1.2 Tunnels Total number of pages 96

Summary The standard covers construction of roads in general. Only 4 pages are related to tun-nels and show tunnel cross sections.

5.1.3 Light and lighting Tunnel lighting Contents 1. Scope and area of application 2. Normative reference 3. Terms and definitions 4. Daytime lighting 5. Night time lighting 6. Other lighting requirements 7. Maintenance Total number of pages 25

Summary The Italian UNI standard gives detailed instructions for design of tunnel lighting.

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5.2 France

5.2.1 Inter-ministry circular n°2000-63 of 25.08.2000 concerning safety in the tunnels of national route network

Contents Circular covering letter Appendix No 1: Procedure prior to the commissioning of tunnels in the national highways network and the monitoring of their operation Preamble I. Procedure prior to the commissioning of a tunnel I.1 Prior investigation and preparation of documentation on the structure I.2 Approval of structure designs I.3 Opening of a structure to public traffic II Measures for monitoring tunnel operation II.1 Periodical exercises II.2 Feedback on experiences III Special Measures III.1 Structures at the design stage III.2 Structures which have not yet been commissioned III.3 Structures which are already in operation III.3.1 Safety documentation for a structure which is in operation III.3.2 Inspection of structures III.3.2.1 Structures between 300 metres and one kilometre long III.3.2.2 Structures more than one kilometre long III.3.3 Centralised monitoring of structures Appendix No. 2: Technical instruction relating to safety measures in new road tunnels (design and operation) Preamble 1 - Scope of application 2 - Civil engineering provisions 2.1 - Roadways and walkways 2.1.1 - Emergency vehicle access widths 2.1.2 - Walkways 2.1.3 - Roadway surfacing 2.2 - Arrangements for the evacuation and protection of users and emergency access 2.2.1 - Direct communication with the exterior 2.2.2 - Facilities underground 2.3 - Facilities for use by emergency vehicles 2.3.1 - Facilities within a tunnel 2.3.2 - Arrangements at the ends 2.4 - Emergency recesses 2.5 - Fire-fighting recesses 2.6 - Helipad 2.7 - Arrangements to prevent the passage of smoke from one tube to the other 2.8 - Lay-bys 2.9 - Accessibility for handicapped persons 3 - Emergency equipment

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3.1 - Electricity supply 3.1.1 - Uninterruptible back-up supply 3.1.2 - Uninterruptible power supply 3.2 - Ventilation 3.2.1 - Ventilation to maintain air quality 3.2.2 - Smoke extraction ventilation in the event of a fire 3.2.3 - Ventilation of facilities for the evacuation and protection of users and emergency access-ways 3.3 - Lighting 3.4 - Emergency telephones 3.5 - Fire-fighting facilities 3.5.1 - Extinguishers 3.5.2 - Water supply 3.6 - Fire detection 3.7 - Signage, signalling systems and tunnel closure devices 3.7.1 - Signage for emergency facilities 3.7.2 - Signage and means for stopping traffic 3.7.3 - Lane allocation signalling 3.8 - Relaying of radio communications 3.9 - Other equipment 4 - Fire behaviour 4.1 - Reaction of materials to fire 4.2 - Principles of fire resistance 4.2.1 - Temperature/time graphs 4.2.2 - Objectives and resistance levels 4.2.3 - Evidence of fire resistance 4.3 - Fire resistance of structures 4.3.1 - Main structures 4.3.2 - Secondary structures 4.3.3 - Protection against fall of equipment suspended from the roof 4.4 - Operation of equipment under hot conditions 4.4.1 - Electrical power supply and transmission equipment 4.4.2 - Ventilation equipment 4.4.3 - Relaying of radio communications 5 - Operation 5.1 - Forms of operation 5.1.1 - Degrees of attendance and supervision 5.1.2 - Emergency facilities 5.2 - Compulsory documents 5.2.1 - Control of traffic 5.2.2 - Operating instructions 5.2.3 - Response and safety plan 5.3 - Maintenance of safety levels 5.3.1 - Exercises 5.3.2 - Feedback of experience 5.4 - User information



6 - Special case of urban tunnels having an authorised gauge of 3.50 m or less 6.1 - Smoke extraction ventilation in the event of a fire 6.2 - Fire resistance 7 - Tunnels authorised for vehicles carrying hazardous goods 7.1 - Scope and field of application of this chapter 7.2 - Civil engineering measures 7.2.1 - Facilities for the evacuation and protection of users of emergency access-ways 7.2.2 - Transverse gradients 7.2.3 - Drainage system 7.2.4 - Obstacles 7.3 - Safety equipment 7.3.1 - Smoke extraction ventilation 7.3.2 - Detection and warning facilities 7.3.3 - Signage and means for closing tunnels 7.3.4 - Water supply 7.3.5 - Other equipment 7.3.6 - Flameproof equipment 7.4 - Fire resistance 7.5 - Operation Annex: Appendix 1: Significant incident and accident reports Appendix 2: Summary tables Total number of pages: 47 Summary The circular relates to the tunnels in the national highways network, including conces-sionary motorways, whose length is more than 300 metres. As far as its application is concerned, tunnels are regarded as being all covered roadways. In the case of these structures, the circular establishes a procedure prior to their commissioning and means for monitoring their operation described in Appendix no 1. It therefore amends the previ-ously specified procedures for the investigation and approval of designs. The circular also subjects new tunnels in the national highways network to the rules of technical in-spection appended as Appendix n°2.

5.2.2 Inter-ministerial circular n°2000-82 of 30.11.2000 concerning the regulation of traffic with dangerous goods in road tunnels of the national network.

Contents I - Object of the circular - Area of application, II - Main purpose - Principle of comparative evaluation of risks III - Comparative analysis of risks of "dangerous goods" and decision criteria IV - Integration of the comparative risk analysis of "dangerous goods" in the procedures for the inauguration and follow-up of road tunnels. V - Contents of the different possible regulations VI - Dissemination of the rules and of the circular ANNEX: Presentation of the Quantitative Risk Analysis model (QRA model), developed for OECD and PIARC. Total number of pages: 8 F-

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Summary The circular describes and prescribes the application of the results of the joint OECD/PIARC study of transport of dangerous goods for the evaluation of restrictions to road tunnels owned or conceded by the French State.

5.2.3 Law n° 2002-3 of 3 January 2002 relative to safety of infrastructures and transport systems, …

Full title: Law n° 2002-3 of 3 January 2002 relative to safety of infrastructures and trans-port systems, technical inquiries, after events at sea, accidents or incidents of terrestrial- or air transport and underground storage of natural gas, hydrocarbon and chemical products, J.o. number 3 of 4 January 2002, page 215. (Loi n° 2002-3 du 3 janvier 2002 relative à la sécurité des infrastructures et systèmes de transport, aux enquêtes techni-ques après événement de mer, accident ou incident de transport terrestre ou aérien et au stockage souterrain de gaz naturel, d'hydrocarbures et de produits chimiques.) Con-tents

1st Title: Safety of the infrastructure and the transportation systems (12 Articles without headings) 2nd Title: Safety around the sites for underground stockage of natural hydrocarbon gas and chemical products (2 Articles without headings) 3rd Title: Technical inquiries after events on the sea, accidents or incidents of ground and air transportation. (15 Articles without headings) Total number of pages: 14 Summary Article 2 of this law will make it possible to impose similar procedure to the tunnels owned by local communities as to those owned or conceded by the French State.

5.2.4 Risk studies (ESD) for road tunnels, methodology guideline (preliminary version)

Contents Total number of pages: Summary This document includes the description of typical fires (releases of heat, CO2, CO and consumption of O2) to be used in safety studies.

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5.3.1 Guidelines for the Design of Road Tunnels. 03.05.1995 (Richtlinien für die Projektierung von Strassentunnel) ASTRA (Swiss Federal Roads Office). Contents I. Structural design of road tunnels

1. Design of route 2. Cross passages and lay bys 3. Normal cross section 4. Measures to optimize sight 5. Tests

II. Tunnel equipment 10. Ventilation 11. Lighting 12. Emergency station 13. Traffic signals 14. Traffic counting 15. Power supply 16. Control center 17. Hydrant pipes

III. Additional guidelines for road tunnels with high frequency of dangerous goods trans-ports

20. Structural measures 21. Equipment

Total number of pages: 50 Summary This document gives general guidance to the planning, design and equipment of road tunnels. It specifies safety (not only fire safety) relevant features such as route mapping, cross passages and lay by’s, road surface, drainage, ventilation, lighting, emergency sta-tions, traffic signal and signage system, power supply and control center. For tunnels with high frequency of dangerous goods transport additional measures are prescribed: structural resistance to fire, special drainage system, fire detection system.

5.3.2 Ventilation of Road Tunnels, Selection of System, Design and Operation (Lüftung der Strassentunnel Systemwahl, Dimensionierung und Ausstattung / Ventilation des tunnels routiers, choix du système, dimensionnement et exploitation, Projet,) Edition 2004 ASTRA (Swiss Federal Roads Office).

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Contents 1. Introduction

1.1 Purpose of the guideline 1.2 Validity 1.3 Coming into force

2. Tasks of ventilation 2.1 Aims of protection 2.2 Ventilation during normal traffic 2.3 Ventilation during an occasion 2.4 Reduction of pollution

3. Description of ventilation systems 3.1 Main categories of ventilation systems 3.2 System of natural ventilation 3.3 Mechanical ventilation without extraction in emergency cases 3.4 Mechanical ventilation with extraction in emergency case 3.5 Combined systems

4. Application of the guideline 5. Necessary basic data

5.1 Tunnel data 5.2 Traffic data 5.3 Other data

6. Selection of ventilation system 6.1 Procedure 6.2 Basic traffic types 6.3 Determination of main category of ventilation system 6.4 Determination of ventilation system

7. Calculation 7.1 Calculation for normal operation 7.2 Calculation for emergency operation 7.3 Reduction of pollution at the tunnel portal 7.4 Optimization of system 7.5 Ventilation of operation rooms 7.6 Documentation of calculation

8. Equipment 8.1 General 8.2 Measurement instruments and detection equipment 8.3 Temperature resistance

9. Escape routs 9.1 General 9.2 Tunnels with two parallel tubes 9.3 Tunnels with one tube

10. Special examinations 10.1 Special specifications for system components 10.2 Introduction into operation 10.3 Examination of overall concept

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11. Operation 11.1 Air quality in the tunnel 11.2 Steering 11.3 Documentation of emergency cases 11.4 Traffic regulation 11.5 Emergency power supply

12. Maintenance works 12.1 Air quality in the tunnel 12.2 Scope of work

13. Appendix 1: Communication 13.1 Abbreviations 13.2 Units 13.3 Glossary

14. Appendix 2: Guidance parameters for traffic prognosis 14.1 Traffic development 14.2 Determining hourly traffic 14.3 Frequency of congestion

15. Appendix 3: Emission calculation 15.1 Basics 15.2 Emission of motor cars 15.3 Emission of trucks 15.4 Time dependent development of basic emission

16. Appendix 4: Jet fans 16.1 General 16.2 Data of fans 16.3 Location 16.4 Normal operation 16.5 Emergency operation

17. Appendix 5: Remarks on components (check list) 18. Appendix 6: Remarks on Optimization of the system outline

18.1 General 18.2 Amortization of capital investment 18.3 Average cost 18.4 Average lifetime of components 18.5 Interest rates and cost development 18.6 Energy cost 18.7 Necessary parameters

19. Bibliography Total number of pages: 75 Summary This guideline contains a description of today’s state of the art ventilation systems and gives general guidance for the system selection. Furthermore it defines criteria and input data depending on traffic- and tunnel parameters for the design and calculation of venti-lation systems and components.

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5.4 Germany

5.4.1 RABT 2002 Guidelines for equipment and operation of road tunnels Contents 0. Introduction 0.1 Contents 0.2 Purpose 0.3 Validity 0.4 General Safety Concept 1. Traffic Space in Tunnel 1.1 General 1.2 Tunnel Cross Section, Free Space, Traffic Space 2. Operational Equipment 2.1 General 2.2 Lighting 2.3 Ventilation 2.4 Traffic Control Equipment 2.5 Traffic Safety Equipment 2.6 Central Systems 3. Operation and Maintenance 3.1 Operation 3.2 Maintenance 3.3 Execution of Operation and Maintenance 4. Transport of Dangerous Goods Appendices A. Lighting B. Ventilation C. Traffic Control Equipment D. Operation References Total number of pages 81

Summary: The "Guidelines for Equipment and Operation of Road Tunnels" (RABT) contains basis, guidance and criteria for the planning of the equipment of road tunnels as well as for their operation. The guidelines only consider structural issues when these are directly connected with the equipment and operation. The guidelines contain traffic management issues in tunnel approach areas for the first time.

Regulations for the structural design of road tunnels is included in the "Additional Techni-cal Conditions for the Construction of Road Tunnels" (ZTV).

5.4.2 ZTV Additional Technical Conditions for the Construction of Road Tunnels ZTV-Tunnel gives guidance to the construction of a tunnel, whereas tunnel operation is dealt with in RABT. ZTV-Tunnel is divided into two parts: ZTV-Tunnel Part 1: Closed construction (shotcrete) 1995 edition D

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5.5 Austria

5.5.1 RVS 9.232 Tunnel cross section

5.5.2 RVS 9.233 Structures

5.5.3 RVS 9.234 Interior Constructions

5.5.4 RVS 9.261 Ventilation, Fundamentals Contents 0. Preface 1. Scope 2. Performance Requirements of Ventilation Installations 3. Calculating the Fresh Air Demand 4. Choosing the Ventilation System 5. Technical Specifications 6. Aerodynamic Design 7. Regulation and Operation of the Ventilation System 8. Smoke Tests and Fire Tests 9. References (guidelines, Standards) 10. Appendix Total number of pages: 16 Summary This guideline covers road tunnels, subsurface roads and under bridges in both rural and urban environment. The guideline deals with the fundamentals of tunnel ventilation for use in the design of the ventilation system.

5.5.5 RVS 9.262 Ventilation, Calculation of fresh air demand Contents 0. Preface 1. Scope 2. Symbols, Units and Definitions 3. Calculation Procedure 4. Calculating the Fresh Air Demand 5. References (Guidelines, Publications) 6. Appendix A

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Total number of pages: 14 Summary This guideline contains methods and input to be used for the computation of the fresh air requirements of all tunnels as given in RVS 9.261.

5.5.6 RVS 9.27 Lighting

5.5.7 RVS 9.281 Operation and safety measures, Tunnel structure 0 Preliminary remark 1 Range of application 2 General planning instructions 3 Abbreviations 4 Lay-by niches 4.1 Arrangement 4.2 Construction 5 Turning spots 5.1 Arrangement 5.2 Construction 6 Escape passages, rescue passages and accesses 6.1 Cross passages 6.2 Passages leading into the open 6.3 Accesses 6.4 Moveable barriers (doors and gates) 7 Niches for operating and safety facilities 7.1 Emergency phone niches 7.2 Electric niches 7.3 Fire extinguishing niches 8 Laying of cables 8.1 General remarks 8.2 Raised sidewalks 8.3 Cable ducts and pipes laid in the side walls of the tunnel 8.4 Tubes leading from the niches to the carriageway 8.5 Collectors 8.6 Fire protection 9 Earthing 10 Area before the portal 11 Impact attenuators 12 Fire-extinguishing water supply 12.1 Fire-extinguishing water duct 12.2 Fire-extinguishing water tank 13 Supply of fire-extinguishing agents 14 Legal reference and guidelines

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5.5.8 RVS 9.282 Operation and safety measures, Tunnel equipment 0 Preliminary remark 1 Range of application 2 Definitions 2.1 Operating management rooms 2.2 Operating rooms 2.3 Portal area 3 Project bases 4 Determining the danger class 5 Operating management and facility concept 5.1 Operating management concept 5.2 Facility concept 8 Examining the plausibility 9 Technical requirements to be met by OaSF 9.1 Energy supply plants 9.2 Surveillance of air quality in the tunnel 9.3 Traffic management and monitoring 9.4 Emergency phones 9.5 Information systems 9.6 Alarm system 9.7 Fire extinguishing facilities 9.8 Tunnel lighting 9.9 Data transmission systems 9.10 Data processing 9.11 Cables 9.12 Shaft elevator 9.13 Operating rooms – dimensions and equipment 10 Design of facility and device details 10.1 Symbols 10.3 Specifications of devices 10.4 Marking of rooms and facilities 10.5 Materials 10.6 Corrosion and surface protection 11 Referenced laws, guidelines and norms

5.5.9 RVS 9.286 Operation and safety measures, Radio equipment

5.5.10 RVS 13.74 Maintenance of tunnel equipment



5.6 Norway

5.6.1 Road Tunnels Contents 1. The formal basis for planning of tunnels 101 A short overview over legislative requirements 102 Case treatment after the Law of planning and construction 2. Preliminary geological investigation 201 General 202 Early mapping 203 Mapping 204 Planning of changes 205 Planning of construction and of tender 3. Care of surroundings 301 General 302 Requirements and restrictions 303 Registrations and survey programs 304 Vibrations and inspection of buildings 305 Requirements for limitations of leakage 306 Temporary discharge of water 307 Use of chemicals in tunnel construction 308 Permanent discharge of water 309 Release of gasses and particles 310 Cleaning of tunnel exhaust air 311 Noise near tunnel openings 4. Geometrical design 401 General 402 Choice of tunnel classification 403 Tunnel profiles 404 Side areas 405 Safety against dangerous item next to the tunnel 406 Construction under road level 407 Profile for concrete tunnels 408 Extension for lay-bys 409 Cross passages 410 Tunnels with one lane 411 Pedestrians and bicycle traffic 412 Alignment 413 Road intersections in connection with tunnels 414 Equipment, road-signs and carriageway markings 5 Aesthetics and experience of driving 501 Overall aims 502 Open part 503 Tunnel

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6 Traffic and fire safety 601 General 602 Safety equipment and safety measures 603 Traffic management and incident detection 604 Warning for road works 605 Fire protection 606 Transport of dangerous goods 607 Emergency plans 7 Works concerning stability and water and frost protection 701 Establishment of cut 702 Exploratory drilling and pre-grouting 703 Stability protection 704 Requirements for equipment and emergency planning for sub-sea tunnels 705 Penetration of frost in tunnels 706 Water and frost protection by isolation 707 Frost protection by means of frost portals 708 Portals 8 Drainage 801 General 802 Drainage system 803 Gutters 804 System for collecting flushing water 805 Sumps for fire water 806 Pump stations and pumping pipes 9 Road foundation and road cover 901 General 902 Sub-base 903 Pavement without frost protection 904 Pavement with frost protection 10 Technical systems 1001 Requirements for technical systems 1002 Power supply 1003 Lighting 1004 Ventilation 1005 Fire ventilation 11 Operation and maintenance 1101 General 1102 Methods of maintenance 1103 Maintenance of structures 1104Maintenance of pavement and drainage 1105 Maintenance of technical installations 1106 Cleaning 1107 Winter maintenance 12 Documentation by handover Total number of pages: 139

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Summary The manual applies to all types of road tunnels. The intention has been to publish an independent and complete road tunnel standard. The manual deals with all phases rele-vant to a road project. Planning, construction, operation and maintenance are covered. Design criteria and information on preliminary investigations are primarily aimed at hard rock tunnels. Other types of tunnel are dealt with only briefly.

5.6.2 Risk Analysis of Fire in Tunnels Contents 1. Safety policy 2. Terminology 3. Design 4. Safety Measures 4.1 General 4.2 Follow-up and maintenance 4.3 Emergency Plans 5 Risk Analysis 5.1 Demand for Risk Analysis 5.2 Requirements for the analysis 5.3 Planning 5.4 Safety strategies 6 Execution of the analysis 6.1 The object of the analysis 6.2 Procedure and methods 6.2.1 Qualitative analysis 6.2.2 Quantitative analysis 6.3 Fire Scenarios 6.3.1 General 6.3.2 Initiation of fire. Analysis of cause 6.3.3 Smoke spread 6.3.4 Fire spread 6.3.5 Detection, activation and fire fighting 6.4 Individual risk 6.4.1 Acceptance Criteria 6.4.2 Evacuation 6.5 Risk of loss of other assets 6.5.1 Acceptance Criteria 7 Presentation of results 8 Literature Total number of pages: 24 Summary A Norwegian Standard and a general guideline on requirements for risk analysis for fire in structures exist (NS3901). The present document is a guideline to NS3901 indicating the particular issues relevant for risk analysis of road tunnels. All relevant issues are mention in a brief, practice oriented form.



5.7 Sweden

5.7.1 Tunnel 2004 Contents 1 General 1.1 Contents 1.2 Applicable documents 1.3 Designations and Abbreviations 1.4 Presentation of building documents 1.5 Approval of building documents 1.6 Certification and verification of products 1.7 Documentation 2 Preconditions 2.1 General 2.2 Definitions 2.3 Technical standards for traffic 2.4 Side spaces 2.5 Structural standard 2.6 Operation and maintenance 3 Load-bearing Capacity, Stability and Durability 3.1 General 3.2 Requirements 3.3 Loads 3.4 Rock Tunnels 3.5 Tunnels of concrete or steel 3.6 Fittings and Road Construction 4 Fire protection 4.1 General 4.2 Fire resistance 4.3 Smoke Control 4.4 Evacuation 4.5 Equipment for fire detection and fire protection 4.6 Rescue Service 5 Health and Environment 5.1 Requirement 5.2 Air 5.3 Water 6 Safety in Use 6.1 General 6.2 Safety Appliances 6.3 Road design and -equipment 7 Protection against noise and vibrations 7.1 General 7.2 Noise 7.3 Vibrations 8 Ventilation, water supply, drainage, and other installations 8.1 General 8.2 Definitions 8.3 Control, monitoring and communication S-

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8.4 Lightning 8.5 Power supply 8.6 Ventilation of road tunnels 8.7 Water and Sewage 8.8 Other road equipment 9 List of other Applicable Regulations and Appendices 9.1 Road 9.2 Extenal publications 9.3 Standards and method specification 9.4 Appendices Total number of pages: 178

Summary Tunnel 2004 contains the requirements for all road tunnels with a length of over 100 m and for rock tunnels independent of the length.

5.8 United Kingdom

5.8.1 Design of Road Tunnels Contents 1. Introduction 2. Planning, Safety, General Design Considerations 3. Operational Classification of Safety Facilities for Road User 4. Geometric Design 5. Ventilation 6. Tunnel Lighting 7. Drainage 8. Fire Safety Engineering 9. Traffic Control, Communications and Information Systems 10. Plant Monitoring and Control 11. Electrical Power Supply and Distribution 12. Services Buildings and Plant Rooms 13. Tunnel Commissioning, Handover and Operational Documentation 14. Tunnel Operation and Maintenance 15. References and Glossary 16. Enquiries Appendices: A. Secondary Cladding B. Durability and Materials C. Tunnel Documentation: Typical Contents D. Guidelines for Major Incident Operations and Fire Tests E. Recent Research by the Highways Agency F. Tunnel Design and Safety Consultation Group (TDSCG) Requirements G. Life Expectancy of Tunnel Equipment Total number of pages: 202

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Summary This Standard describes the procedures required for the design of new or refurbished road tunnels located on Motorways and Other Trunk Roads. It gives guidance on the necessary equipment and Operational and Maintenance Systems that need to be con-sidered by the designer to facilitate continued effective and safe operation.

5.9 The Netherlands

5.9.1 Ventilation of Road Tunnels Contents Summary Conversion factors 1. Introduction 2. Design Scenarios 3. Exhaust fume emissions 4. Traffic lane capacities in tunnels 5. Ventilation systems 6. Permissible levels of air pollution 7. Calculation method for longitudinal ventilation systems 8. Probabilistic calculation methodology 9. Standardisation 10. Calculation principle for longitudinal ventilation according to the probabilistic calcula-tion method 11. Calculation principles 12 Guarantee measurements 13 Measurement system and control system 14 Environmental and safety aspects Total number of pages: 139 Summary The objectives of the recommendations are, in key words: documentation of current knowledge, anticipating the current state of affairs, indication of the boundary conditions and basic assumptions, cost reduction, determination of the capacity of ventilation sys-tems and standardisation of methods. Ventilation systems are to be designed for traffic exhaust and fire. The latter, fire aspect is new compared to previous (Dutch) recommen-dations. (Comment: the fire aspect, however, forms only a very limited part of the report. 4 pages in the chapter on design scenarios deal with fire).

5.9.2 Safety Guidelines Part C / Basic measures for Safety in Tunnels Contents 1. Introduction 2. Definitions 3. Coherence between measures 4. Traffic perspective 5. Power supply 6. Lightning 7. Drainage system

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8. Fire protection 9. Operation desk and monitoring 10. Traffic detection and traffic arrangements 11. Escape 12. Ventilation 13. Communication 14. Detection of situations of risk 15. Fire fighting 16. Cables and pipelines 17. First-aid station 18. Assistance 19. Human experience 20. Control and maintenance 21. Compensating measures in case of failure of tunnel installations.

Total number of pages: 77 Summary The objectives of the recommendations are in key words: documentation of the knowl-edge, anticipating the current state of affairs, indication of the boundary conditions and basic assumptions, cost reduction, determination of the capacity of ventilation systems and standardisation of methods. Ventilation systems are to be designed for traffic ex-haust and fire. The latter aspect is new compared to previous (Dutch) recommendations. The fire aspect, however, is only a very limited part of the report.

5.9.3 Fire protection for tunnels (Part 1: fire test procedures for immersed tunnels) Contents 1. Introduction 2. Test specimens 2.1 Fire test specimens 2.1.1 Concrete slabs with thermocouples 2.1.2 The application of protective material 2.2 Test samples for the determination of moisture and density 2.3 Measurement of the thickness of the protective material 3. Specifications and identification of the protective material 4. Conditioning and determination of the density and moisture content 4.1 Moisture content at the date of the fire test 4.2 Conditioning procedure 4.3 Determination of the moisture content 4.4 Determination of the density of the protective material and the concrete 5 Fire test 5.1 Test arrangement 5.2 Furnace temperature 5.2.1 Heating curve 5.2.2 Tolerances 6 Performance criteria 7 Determination of the required thickness of the protective material in practice 7.1 All test speciments satisfy the performance criteria 7.2 One of two test specimens does not meet the temperature crtiteria 7.3 One of three test specimens does not meet the performance criteria

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8 Test report Annex A Conditioning and determination of moisture content Total number of pages: 24 (Part 2: Fire tests on insulation materials for bored tunnel, was not available for this re-view, but it is assumed it has the same structure as part 1.) Summary The report describes the necessary test specimens, test procedure and performance cri-teria specified by RWS for fire tests of tunnel structures to give tunnels resistant to hy-drocarbon fires. The purpose of the report is to achieve uniform performance criteria and test procedures for insulation materials in tunnels.

5.10 USA

5.10.1 NFPA 502 Standards for Road Tunnels, Bridges and Other Limited Access Highways

Contents 1. General 2. Limited Access Highways 3. Bridges and Elevated Highways 4. Road Tunnels 4-1 General 4-2 Road Tunnel Length 4-3 Fire Detection 4-4 Communications Systems 4-5 Traffic Control 4-6 Fire Apparatus 4-7 Standpipe and Water Supply 4-8 Portable Fire Extinguishers 4-9 Ventilation During Fire Emergencies 4-10 Tunnel Drainage Systems 4-11 Ancillary Facilities 4-12 Alternative Fuels 4-13 Control of Hazardous Materials 4-14 Emergency Response Plan 5. Roadways Beneath Air-Right Structures 6. Standpipe and Water Supply 7. Tunnel Ventilation During Fire Emergencies 7-1 General 7-2 Normal Ventilation 7-3 Smoke Control 7-4 Memorial Tunnel Fire Ventilation Test Program 7-5 Design Objectives 7-6 Criteria 7-7 Fans 7-8 Dampers 7-9 Sound Attenuators

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7-10 Controls 8. Electrical Systems 9. Emergency Response 10. Control of Hazardous Materials 11. Referenced Publications Appendices A. Explanatory Material B. Temperature and Velocity Criteria C. Critical Velocity Calculations D. Fire Sprinkler Protection in Road tunnels E. Emergency Response Plan Outline F. Alternative Fuels G. The Memorial Tunnel Fire Ventilation Test Programme H. Tunnel Ventilation System Concepts I. Fire Apparatus J. Referenced Publications K. Bibliography Index Total number of pages: 26 Summary This standard provides fire protection and fire life safety requirements for limited access highways, road tunnels, bridges, elevated highways, and roadways that are beneath air-tight structures. This standard establishes minimum requirements for each of the facilities identified. The purpose of this standard is to establish minimum criteria that provide a reasonable degree of protection from fire and its related hazards. The requirements in this standard reflect the practices and the state of the art prevalent at the time this standard was is-sued.

Appendix 2 : tables of contents of other reference documents translated into English


6 APPENDIX 2: TABLES OF CONTENTS OF OTHER REFERENCE DOCUMENTS

TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH

6.1 EU, Commission of the European Communities

6.1.1 Directive 2004/54/EC Directive 2004/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on minimum safety requirements for tunnels in the trans-European road network Contents Article 1 Subject matter and scope Article 2 Definitions Article 3 Safety measures Article 4 Administrative authority Article 5 Tunnel manager Article 6 Safety Officer Article 7 Inspection entity Article 8 Notification of the administrative authority Article 9Tunnels whose design has not yet been approved Article 10 Tunnels whose design has been approved but which are not yet open Article 11 Tunnels already in operation Article 12 Periodic inspections Article 13 Risk analysis Article 14 Derogation for innovative techniques Article 15 Reporting Article 16 Adaptation to technical progress Article 17 Committee procedure Article 18 Transposition Article 19 Entry into force

Annex 1 Safety measures as referred to in Article 3 1.Basis for deciding on safety measures 1.1.Safety parameters 1.2.Minimum requirements 1.3.Traffic volume 2.Infrastructure measures 2.1.Number of tubes and lanes 2.2.Tunnel geometry 2.3.Escape routes and emergency exits 2.4.Access for emergency services 2.5.Lay-bys 2.6.Drainage 2.7.Fire resistance of structures 2.8.Lighting 2.9.Ventilation 2.10.Emergency stations 2.11.Water supply 2.12.Road signs 2.13.Control centre



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2.14.Monitoring systems 2.15.Tunnel-closing equipment 2.16.Communication systems 2.17.Power supply and electrical circuits 2.18.Fire resistance of equipment 2.19.Table displaying informative summary of minimum requirements 3.Measures concerning operations 3.1.Operating means 3.2.Emergency planning 3.3.Works in tunnels 3.4.Management of accidents and incidents 3.5.Activity of the control centre 3.6.Tunnel closure 3.7.Transport of dangerous goods 3.8.Overtaking in tunnels 3.9.Distances between vehicles and speed 4.Information campaigns

ANNEX II Approval of the design, safety documentation, commissioning of a tunnel, modifications and periodic exercises 1.Approval of the design 2.Safety documentation 3.Commissioning 4.Modifications 5.Periodic exercises

ANNEX III Signing for tunnels 1.General requirements 2.Description of signs and panels

Total number of pages 21

6.2 PIARC

6.2.1 Classification of Tunnels Contents I Introduction I.1 General I.2 Classification of tunnels I.3 Classification of tunnels and recommendations I.4 Safety equipment II 1994 State of the art: Existing guidelines and experiences Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzer-land and USA. Total number of pages 42



6.2.2 Road Safety in Tunnels Contents I Introduction II Table of results III Break downs III.1 General comments III.2Evolution in breakdowns III.3 Effect of gradients III.4 LV-HV distinction III.5 Cause of breakdowns III.6 Duration of brakdowns III.7 Breakdown detection means III.8 Use of lay-bys III.9 Repair on site or not III.10 Advantage of the emergency lanes III.11 Special cases of very long tunnels III.12 Consequences of breakdowns IV Accidents IV.1 General Comments IV.2 Effect of geometry IV.3 Damage only accidents - injury accidents distinction IV.4 Light vehicles - Heavy vehicles distinction IV.5 Number of involved vehicles IV.6 Standard injury accidents IV.7 Time distribution of accidents IV.8 Various causes of accidentology IV.9 Accidents involving dangerous materials V Fires V.1 General comments V.2 Light vehicles - heavy vehicles distinction V.3 Use of the extinguishers V.4 Causes of fires V.5 Effect of fires VI Literature Total number of pages 63

6.2.3 Fire and Smoke Control of Tunnels Contents I Objectives of fire and smoke control I.1 Introduction I.2 Previous work by PIARC I.3 Existing guidelines I.4 Physical background and principles I.5 Recommendations I.6 Needs for research II Fire risk and design fires II.1 Introduction



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II.2 Previous work by PIARC II.3 Frequencies of fire II.4 Choice of design fires II.5 Design fire scenarios II.6 Recommendations for further work III Smoke behaviour III.1 Introduction III.2 Previous work by PIARC III.3 Smoke development and dispersal of smoke, general statement III.4 Smoke development and dispersal of smoke in fire tests III.5 Influence of the tunnel slope III.6 Conclusion IV Study methods IV.1 Introduction IV.2 Previous work by PIARC IV.3 Full scale tests IV.4 Small scale experiments IV.5 Computer simulations IV.6 Needs for further research work IV.7 Conclusion V Ventilation for fire and smoke control V.1 Introduction to ventilation V.2 Previous work by PIARC V.3 Existing guidelines and experience V.4 New research results and physics V.5 Objectives of ventilation for fire and smoke control V.6 Recommendation on natural ventilation V.7 Recommendation on longitudinal ventilation V.8 Recommendation on transverse and semi-transverse ventilation VI Exits and other safety facilities VI.1 Introduction VI.2 Exits and evacuation routes VI.3 Other safety facilities VI.4 Need for research work VII Tunnel reaction and resistance to fire VII.1 Introduction VII.2 Previous work by PIARC VII.3 Fire reaction of materials VII.4 Fire resistance of structures VII.5 Fire resistance of equipment VIII Fire response management VIII.1 Introduction VIII.2 Previous work by PIARC VIII.3 Existing experience VIII.4 Recommendations VIII.5 Needs for research work IX References Total number of pages 284



6.2.4 OECD/PIARC Safety in Tunnels. Transport of Dangerous Goods through Road Tunnels

Contents Executive Summary and Recommendations 1. Introduction 1.1 Objectives 1.2 Organisation and funding of the project 1.3 Structure of the report 2 Information from previous large tunnel fires 2.1 Findings 2.2 Conclusions 3 Review of Current National and International Regulations 4 Harmonised Groupings of Dangerous Goods Loadings 4.1 Objectives of harmonised regulations 4.2 General principle of the groupings 4.3 Proposed grouping system 4.4 Conclusions concerning the grouping system for dangerous goods loadings 5 The Quantitative Risk Assessment Model (QRAM) 5.1 Problem description 5.2 Purpose 5.3 Indicators 5.4 Accident scenarios 5.5 Evaluation of accident probability 5.6 Determination of physiological consequences, structural and environmental damage 5.7 Evaluation of consequences in open sections and tunnel sections 5.8 Escape/sheltering possibilities 5.9 Validation process 6 The Decision Support Model 6.1 Definition of the decision problem 6.2 DSM inputs 6.3 Survey and choice of decision support methodologies/tools 6.4 The DSM computer program 6.5 Recommendations 7 Risk Reduction Measures 7.1 Objectives and contents 7.2 Identification of the risk reducing measures 7.3 The effectiveness of native risk reduction meaures 7.4 Effectiveness of non-native risk reduction measures related to accident probabilities 7.5 Assessment of the non-native risk reduction measures related to response times 7.6 Concluding remarks 8 references 9 Glossary Total number of pages 88



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6.3 NVF

6.3.1 Ventilation of Road Tunnels Contents 1. Preface 2. Conclusion and recommendations 3. Introduction 3.0 Background - why ventilate? 3.1 Emissions from vehicle 3.2 Choice of limiting values 3.3 Ventilation System 4. Levels - Limit Values 4.0 General 4.1 Examples of International Guidelines 4.2 Examples on Nordic Requirements and Guidelines 5. Emissions 5.0 General 5.1 Traffic 5.2 Emission from Vehicles 6. Fire 6.1 General 6.2 Necessary supply air flow and air velocities in tunnel 6.3 Ventilation principle during fire 6.4 Ventilation system design 6.5 Dimensioning of the ventilation system 6.6 Controls and manuals 7. Ventilation Systems 7.0 Different ventilation systems 7.1 Mechanical ventilation 7.2 Ventilation system safety 7.3 Control of the ventilation system 7.4 System for operational time measurement 7.5 Noise 7.6 Costs 8. Air Flows 8.0 General 8.1 Calculation of necessary air flow 8.2 Emission data for CO and NO 8.3 Calculation of necessary impulse for longitudinal ventilation 9. Control Systems 10. Pollution from the tunnel 11. Cleaning Total number of pages 72



6.4 UN/ECE

6.4.1 Recommendations of the Group of Experts on Safety in Road Tunnels. Final Report.

Contents Foreword Abstract A Introduction And Mandate A.1 Introduction A.2 Mandate of The Ad Hoc Multidisciplinary Group of Experts on Safety in Tunnels B Principles B.1 Development of Road Traffic B.2 Road Accidents B.3 Extent of Damage B.4 Safety in Road Tunnels C Measures To Improve Safety in Road Tunnels C.1 Road Users as Factor No 1 Influencing Safety in Road Tunnels C.2 Operation as Factor Influencing Safety in Road Tunnels C.3 Infrastructure as Factor Influencing Safety in Road Tunnels C.4 Vehicles as Factor Influencing Safety in Road Tunnels D Conclusion D.1 Safety in Road Tunnels D.2 Outlook D.3 Costs D.4 Next Steps E Annexes Annex 1 – Road Signing for Tunnels Appendix Annex 2 – List of Abbreviations Annex 3 – Number of Tunnels over 1000 m in Europe

6.5 FHWA

6.5.1 Prevention and Control of Highway Tunnel Fires Contents 1. Introduction 2. Tunnel Fire Survey 2.1 Fire Summaries Wallace Caldecott Baltimore Harbor Holland Squirrel Hill Blue Mountain Chesapeake Bay Nihonzaka Moorfleet 2.2 Discussion 2.3 Findings of Other Studies 2.4 Synopsis of Existing Systems



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3 Risk Analysis 3.1 Summary 3.2 Reference Tunnel 3.3 Fire Frequency Prediction 3.4 Fire/Smoke Spread Potential 3.5 Fire/Smoke Spread Potential Reduction 3.6 Fire Intensity 3.7 Fire Duration 3.8 Fire Scenarios 3.9 Explosion Potential 4 Evaluation: Prevention 4.1 Sources of Ignition 4.2 Sources of Fuel 4.3 Sources of Oxygen 4.4 Restrictions on Hazardous Materials 4.5 Controls on Drivers' Actions 4.6 Enforcement of Regulations 4.7 Designing with Safe Configurations 5 Evaluation: Detection/Alarm/Notification 5.1 Detection 5.2 Alarm 5.3 Notification 6 Evaluation: Response 6.1 Fire/Emergency Plan 6.2 Fire Department Liaison 6.3 Tunnel Personnel and Vehicles 7 Evaluation: Control/Extinguishment/Suppression 7.1 Fire Extinguishers 7.2 Stand Pipes 7.3 Sprinklers 7.4 Water Supply 7.5 Drainage 8 Evaluation: Survival 8.1 Communication 8.2 Ventilation 8.3 Lighting 8.4 Escape 8.5 Estimated Fatalities with Unrestricted Hazardous Materials 9 Future Testing 10 Conclusions 11 Recommendations Appendix A, Tunnels in Study Appendix B, Interview Tape Log Appendix C, Notes from Tunnel Fire Study Interviews Appendix D, Observations of European Tunnels Bibliography Views of Fire Damage in Highway Tunnels Total number of pages 130



6.6 ASTRA

6.6.1 Tunnel Task Force, Final Report Contents A Extract A1 Introduction A2 The Final Report A3 Switzerlands Road Tunnels A4 Safety in Road Tunnels - what can be done? A5 Measures A6 Concluding Remarks B. Principles B1 Introduction B2 Development of Road Traffic B3 Switzerland's Road Tunnels B4 Safety in Road Tunnels B5 Road Users B6 Operation B7 Infrastructure B8 Vehicles B9 Evaluation of Inspections Carried out in the Cantons C Measures C1 Measures for Road Users C2 Measures for Operation C3 Measures for the Infrastructure C4 Measures for Vehicles D Next Steps D1 Introduction D2 Outlook D3 Costs D4 Concluding Remarks E Appendices E1 Abbreviations E2 Traffic Volumes on European Roads E3 List of Highway Tunnels E4 Documents of the Information Campaign of April 2000

6.7 Germany BASt/STUVA

6.7.1 Fire protection in traffic tunnels final report Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen (BASt) (Federal German Highway Research Institute) / STUVA. FE 82.166/1999/B3 Nov. 2000 Contents 1. Introduction 2. Scope of the investigation 3. Description of selected fire events 3.1 Fire events in urban railway tunnels 3.2. Fire events in long distance railway tunnels



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3.3 Fire events in road tunnels 3.3.1 Event S1: Holland tunnel, New York, USA 3.3.2 Event S2: Moorfleet tunnel, Hamburg 3.3.3 Event S3: Nihonzaka tunnel, Japan 3.3.4 Event S4: Caldecott tunnel, Oakland, California, USA 3.3.5 Event S5: Gotthard tunnel, Switzerland (1994) 3.3.6 Event S6: Pfänder tunnel, Austria 3.3.7 Event S7: Ekebergtunnel, Norway 3.3.8 Event S8: Gotthard tunnel, Switzerland (1997) 3.3.9 Event S9: Mont-Blanc tunnel, France/Italy 3.3.10 Event S10: Tauern tunnel, Austria 3.3.11 Further fire events in road tunnels 4. Evaluation of the fire events studied 5. Results of the Workshops „Safety in Tunnels“ 5.1 General 5.2 Urban rail traffic tunnels 5.3. Long distance railway tunnels 5.4 Road tunnels 5.4.1 Hazard and fire loads of vehicles 5.4.2 Hazard and fire load at occurrence in tunnels 5.4.3 Fire alarms and extinguishers in vehicles 5.4.4 Fire alarms and extinguishers in tunnels 5.4.5 Fire ventilation in tunnels 5.4.6 Escape routes and emergency exits 5.4.7 Traffic control and communication facilities 5.4.8 Summary of results of discussion and comparison with requirements of RABT 6 Proposals for increased protection of persons in case of fire in traffic tunnels 6.1 Preface 6.2 Fire protection in railway tunnels and in trains 6.3 Fire protection in road tunnels and in road vehicles 6.3.1 Risk considerations for road tunnels 6.3.2 Design of fire protection of tunnels 6.3.3 Structural measures in road tunnels for increased protection of persons in case of fire 6.3.4 Operational measures in road tunnels for increased protection of persons in case of fire 6.4 Fire protection in road tunnels 7. Recommendations for revision of regulations 7.1 Preface 7.2 Recommendations for revision of regulations for rail tunnels 7.3 Recommendations for revision of regulations for road tunnels for increased protec-tion of persons in case of fire 8. Summary 9. Literature Total number of pages: 310



Summary The report is the result of a German research study of fire safety in traffic tunnels. It cov-ers both metro- railway and road tunnels. The study comprises, inter alia, actual fire events, present regulation and evaluation and recommendations of improvements in the present regulation. The discussions and recommendations are results of a workshop en-titled "Safety in Tunnels" held Nov. 1999 in Bergisch Gladbach,Germany (In the list of contents above only sub-items concerning road tunnels has be included)

6.7.2 Procedures for selection of cross section of roads in tunnels (Verfahren fürdie Auswahl von Straßenquerschnitten in Tunneln) BASt, Edition 2000 Contents 1. Scope 2. Constructions 3. Costs 4. Benefits 5. Design of a tunnel cross section 6. Special case tunnel boring machine 7. Case histories Annex 1: General cross sections in tunnels Annex 2: Constructions Annex 3: Diagram for two-lane unidirectional traffic Annex 4: Diagram for three-lane unidirectional traffic

Technical Report Part 2 Fire Safe Design Road Tunnels

Documents

Transcript of Technical Report Part 2 Fire Safe Design Road Tunnels