Technical overview of biodiesel
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Transcript of Technical overview of biodiesel
Biodiesel 101 &
Technical Overview
National Biodiesel Board Technician Outreach Program
February 2010
After today’s session, you will be able to do the following:
Understand why your customers want biodiesel Answer general questions about biodiesel that
your customers may ask you Understand the importance of quality and the
BQ-9000 program Be able to discern issues between normal
diesel problems and poor quality biodiesel imposters or out-of-spec biodiesel when they hit your shop
Biodiesel Driving Forces Reduce dependence on imported crude oil and
petrodiesel from unstable parts of the world Reduce global warming by using a renewable fuel Reduce harmful emissions from diesel engines Can be used in any diesel engine without modifications,
existing fueling stations can be used Easy to use--drop in substitute for petroleum diesel fuel Produces over 3 times more energy than it takes to
grow and process the fuel Engine and vehicle companies approve the fuel for use Over 100 million miles of on-road trouble-free use both
here and abroad
National Biodiesel Board 4
Why People Want Biodiesel Energy Security
amount imported from Iraq U.S. Industry Goal:
5% on-road displacement by 2015 ≈ 1.85 BGY (met in various blend levels)
5% ≈ ¼ of diesel equivalent refined from Persian Gulf Crude or about the
Environmental benefits Biodegradable and Non-Toxic -
safer than diesel and biodegrades as fast as dextrose, a test sugar.
Greenhouse Gases – A 78% life cycle decrease in CO2 according to a USDA and DOE study.
Green Jobs 2007: 21,803 jobs 2007: $4.1 billion to GDP $26 billion to U.S. economy
by 2012 Create 38,856 new jobs in
all sectors of the economy
Renewable Fuel Standard: Requires 1 billion gallons
B100 by 2012 B5 in 2/3 of all on road
diesel! Low cost option to meet RFS
Why make biodiesel?
Diesel fuel injectors are not designed for viscous fuels like vegetable oil
Glycerin (thick)
Biodiesel
Biodiesel Defined Biodiesel, n. -- a fuel comprised of mono-
alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats, meeting ASTM D 6751, designated B100.
Biodiesel Blend, n. -- a blend of biodiesel fuel with petroleum-based diesel fuel designated BXX, where XX is the volume percent of biodiesel.• This tight definition was needed in order to secure
vehicle, engine and fuel injection equipment company support for biodiesel, as well as to secure ASTM specs
Beware of Biodiesel Imposters!
ASTM D6751 Definition Eliminates: Coal Slurries Raw Vegetable Oils and Fats Non-Esterified Oils Hydro-treated Oils and Fats Proprietary Veg Oil / Ethanol blends Blends With Diesel
Auto, engine, and fuel injection equipment makers only support D6751 biodiesel
What is Biodiesel??
Ethanol—NO!
Raw Veg Oil—NO!
“Bio-Willie”
Yes, but not from marijuana oil!
Ethanol is not Biodiesel!!!Ethanol is made from fermenting the
whole corn kernel to ethanolEthanol is intended only for spark
ignited (i.e. gasoline) applications since it has good octane but poor cetane, zero lubricity “Drink the best and burn the rest”!
Raw ethanol in diesel fuel can severely damage diesel engines!
Biodiesel Raw MaterialsOil or Fat Alcohol
Soybean MethanolCorn EthanolCanolaCottonseed CatalystSunflower Sodium hydroxideBeef tallow Potassium hydroxidePork lardUsed cooking oils
National Biodiesel Board 11
Potential New Sources
Brassica Juncea
Low Ricin Castor
AlgaeSeashore Mallow
Jatropha
Brown GreaseEtc.
Transesterification (the biodiesel reaction)
Fatty Acid Chain
Glycerol
Methanol (or Ethanol)
One triglyceride molecule is converted into three mono alkyl ester (biodiesel) molecules
Biodiesel
Triglyceride
Biodiesel Reaction
Vegetable Oil or
Animal Fat (100 lbs.)
+Methanol or
Ethanol(10 lbs.)
Biodiesel(100 lbs.)
+Glycerin(10 lbs.)
In the presence of a catalyst
Combining Yield
s
Important Biodiesel Parameters Complete Reaction/Removal of Glycerin
Insured through total/free glycerin spec Removal of Catalyst
Insured through sulfated ash spec Removal of Alcohol
Insured through flash point spec Absence of Free Fatty Acids
Insured through acid value specAll these insured through ASTM D 6751– Represents over $50 million and 15 years of testing
Biodiesel Infrastructure Biodiesel and biodiesel blends
are now available nationwide from more than: 1,600 Distributors and 1,300 Retailers
Visit the NBB website at: www.biodiesel.org/buyingbiodiesel/ or www.biotrucker.com to view biodiesel retailers near you, by state, or along a route
Biodiesel Pump LabelingNo Label Required: Fuel blends containing no more than five percent
biodiesel and no more than 5 percent biomass-based diesel and that meet ASTM D975.
Labels Required: Fuel blends containing more than five but no more
than 20 percent biodiesel or biomass-based diesel. Fuel blends containing more than 20 percent
biodiesel or biomass-based diesel. Separate Labels for Biodiesel (Blue Labels) and
Biomass-Based Diesel (Orange Labels)
Biodiesel Production Locations
Represent ~ 80% of biodiesel production volume in U.S.
B100--Properties ASTM D 6751 No Sulfur (1-2 ppm) No Aromatics High Cetane (over 50) Superior Lubricity in Low Blends Biodegradable, Non-Toxic 3.2 to 1 Positive Energy Balance BTU same or higher than No. 1 78% Life Cycle CO2 Reduction All Proven: $70MM Scientific Study over 18
years
Biodiesel Performance Properties
B20 Similar Performance to Petrodiesel: Torque Horsepower Mileage Range 1-2% fewer BTUs per
gallon than #2 diesel
Enhanced Lubricity
Ultra-low Sulfur Diesel
0100200300400500600700800
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
Biodiesel Blend (%)
HFRR WSD (micron)
Equipment benefits Superior lubricity B2 has up to 66% more
lubricity than #2 Diesel EPA required sulfur
reduction in diesel No overdosing concerns
Cleaner emissions
Emission Type B100 B20 B2
Total Unburned Hydrocarbons -67% -20% -2.2%
Carbon Monoxide -48% -12% -1.3%
Particulate Matter -47% -12% -1.3%
Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX) +10% +/-2%* +.2%
* http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/npbf/pdfs/38296.pdf
B100 Blending Component Specification
Recent changes: Cold Soak
Filtration or Control of Minor Components added
Major steps forward for passage of biodiesel blend specifications
Critical for obtaining OEM approval
Critical for ensuring that biodiesel performs as advertised so market can grow
D6751-08 Requirements
McCormick, R.L, Westbrook, S.R. “Biodiesel and Biodiesel Blends” Standardization News, page 28, April 2007
Property Test Method Limits UnitsCalcium & Magnesium EN 14538 5 max ppm(ug/g)Alcohol control
either Flash Point D 93 130 min. Degrees C or GC methanol EN 14110 0.2 % Volume
Flash Point D 93 93min. Degrees CKin. Viscosity, 40C D 445 1.9 - 6.0 mm?/sec.Sulfated Ash D 874 0.02 max. % massSulfur S500 D 5453 0.05 max (500) % mass (ppm)
S15 D 5453 0.0015 max (15) % mass (ppm)Copper Corrosion D 130 No. 3 max.Cetane number D 613 47 min.Cloud Point D 2500 Report degrees CCarbon Residue D 4530 0.05 max. % massAcid Number D 664 0.50 max. mg KOH/gFree Glycerin D 6854 0.020 % massTotal Glycerin D 6854 0.240 % massPhosphorous content D 4951 0.001 max % massDistillation, T90 AET D 1160 360 max degrees CNa/K, combined EN 14538 5 max ppm(ug/g)Oxidation Stability EN 14112 3 min hours
(Visual Appearance)D 4176 Free of un-dissolved water, sediment and suspended matterBOLD = BQ-9000 Critical Specification TestingOnce Production Process Under Control
ASTM Biodiesel Specs Now Approved
Started ASTM process in 1993 After 15 years, biodiesel blends were
approved by ASTM in 2008
D6751: Pure biodiesel blend stock D975: On/off road diesel with up to 5%
Biodiesel D7467: On/off road diesel with
biodiesel between 6% and 20%
BQ 9000 Quality Program
•Biodiesel Industry’s “Good Housekeeping” TM seal of approval for biodiesel production & distribution companies•Quality Control System covers biodiesel manufacturing, sampling, testing, blending, storage, shipping, distribution•ASTM Grade Fuel, BQ-9000 Companies
ASTM D 6751 is CRITICALBQ 9000 is becoming a given
Spec Grade B20 and Lower Made with ASTM grade B100 Drop in replacement for petrodiesel
Millions of miles of trouble free use B20 holds similar levels of water as petrodiesel Take cold weather precautions like diesel Good detergent—may clean out systems upon first
use (filter change in 2% cases) Use within 6 months See NBB Toolkit document “Use of Biodiesel Blends Up to B20” for
more information
Going over B20 requires caution But it can be done with proper pre-cautions NBB recommends average user stay at B20 Cold flow issues are greater Materials compatibility (hoses, gaskets) Cleaning effect is more immediate Engine oil may become diluted with fuel
Cold Flow Properties Biodiesel (B100) freezes faster than most petrodiesel Untreated B20 freezes about 3-10º F faster than petrodiesel, depending on:
the cold flow properties of the biodiesel the cold flow properties of the petrodiesel
B2 properties are similar to diesel fuel B20 has been used successfully in climates below -20ºF Traditional cold weather options for diesel work well with biodiesel and blends
Blend with kerosene, use of additives Block and filter heaters Indoor vehicle storage
In specification B100
Out of spec B100: High raw oil
Biodiesel Handling and Storage Some older fuel lines
(Buna, natural rubbers) are not compatible with biodiesel and will degrade.
Viton and Teflon hoses and seals are widely used today and are compatible with biodiesel.
No copper, brass, bronze, zinc, or other galvanized surfaces
Engine to Fuel System Biodiesel only contacts the fuel system so
use should not affect bearings, turbo, oil/water pumps, and other wear-related parts.
Biodiesel improves fuel lubricity and thus can be used as a lubricity additive for poor quality diesel fuels.
In Europe, there have been some claims of crankcase oil dilution and oil thickening. This has not been observed in the U.S.
Operational issues Low energy content
Not harmful, but may cause power loss and increased fuel consumption
Cold flow – fuel filter plugging Microbial growth – fuel filter plugging Incomplete reaction – fuel filter plugging Fuel oxidation – fuel filter plugging
Fuel filter plugging is the most common
operational issue
Biodiesel and Exhaust After-Treatment
Biodiesel Enhances Diesel Particulate Filter and NOx After treatment performance compared to petrodiesel (or hydrocarbons) alone
Some models (mostly light duty) may experience high fuel in the engine oil if in-cylinder post-injection used for PM trap light off, especially with blends over B20 No reported issues with B20 with medium/heavy duty VW 2009 light duty: No more than B5 due to this
New Diesel Technology
-2010
DPF: Balance Point Temp - Regeneration Rate Results
BPTULSD
360ºCB20
320ºCB100
250ºC
• BPT is 40ºC lower for B20• Soot is more easily burned off of filter• B20: lower temperature duty cycle OK
• Regeneration rate increases with increasing biodiesel content
• Even at 5%, biodiesel PM measurably oxidizes more quickly
B20 vs. Diesel: In the shop With in spec B20 and lower, the issues you
can expect to see in your shop are the same as you will see with petrodiesel
Except: Expect to see less lubricity related issues Expect to see less problems with after-treatment Filter related issues likely normal diesel issues or
out of spec or imposter biodiesel Less black smoke from exhaust!
What could I see in a Diesel Fuel Filter?
Diesel Oxidation or Aphaltenes Diesel Fuel Paraffin wax
What could I see in a Diesel Fuel Filter?
Water saturated filter paper
Other contaminants like water and sediment or microbial contamination
What could I see that’s different than normal Diesel Fuel Filters?
Partial reaction products from off specification biodiesel or imposter biodiesel
Filter
Biodiesel plant
Filter
Filter
Oil
Filter Filter
Filtration
OEM Support for Biodiesel Blends
OEM Warranty Statements and Biodiesel All major U.S. OEMs support at least B5 and
lower blends, provided they are made with biodiesel meeting ASTM D 6751
More than 55% of U.S. manufacturers support B20 or higher blends in at least some of their equipment
Several more are completing testing and progressing toward support for B20 now that new ASTM standards for B6-B20 blends have been published (ASTM D7467)
Most are also recommending use of a BQ-9000 supplier
OEMs Supporting B20
Other OEM Biodiesel Positions Expected to enter the U.S. diesel
market (2010+), blend TBA: Acura, Honda, Hyundai, Mahindra, Mini
Cooper, Nissan, Smart Car, Subaru, Toyota
Approve B5: Audi, BMW, Detroit Diesel,
Freightliner, Isuzu, Kubota, Mack, Mercedes, Volkswagen, Volvo
OEM Biodiesel Blend Approvals Approve B20 or higher on at least some
models: Arctic Cat, Buhler, Case Construction
Equipment, Case IH, Caterpillar, Cummins, Chrysler (Dodge Ram & Sprinter - Fleets Only), Ford (for 2011+ F-Series trucks), General Motors (for 2011+ models), Hayes Diversified Technologies, John Deere, Navistar/International, Perkins, Toro, Yanmar
Approve B100: Case IH (approx. 50% of models), Fairbanks
Morse, New Holland, Tomcar
Truck Market American Trucking Association Endorses B5
Use “ATA is proud to endorse the use of
biodiesel in blends of up to 5%.” -Rich Moskowitz, ATA Regulatory
Affairs Counsel BioTrucker.com
Availability Testimonials FAQ’s & News
Legislative Incentives for Biodiesel: RFS-2
New Renewable Fuels Standard (RFS-2) will be the single largest factor in biodiesel production and use to date
Final rule accounts for 2009 and 2010 Biomass-based Diesel use requirements.
Consistent with EISA’s requirements, 1.150 billion gallons of biodiesel must be used domestically bythe end of 2010. Biodiesel used domestically in 2009 and 2010 will count towards this total.
State Biodiesel Legislation: 42 states have now legislatively
adopted the ASTM D6751 specifications for biodiesel
7 states have passed biodiesel usage requirements: Two are currently in effect (MN & WA) Five will be in effect as of July 1, 2010
(LA, MA, NM, OR, PA).
NBB Resourceswww.biodiesel.org
Biodiesel Training Toolkit News Releases & Information ResourcesTechnical Library, Spec Sheets & VideosOEM Warranty Positions on Biodiesel U.S. Diesel Vehicle List
www.BQ-9000.org Listing of BQ-9000 Certified Companies
www.biotrucker.comListing of BioTrucker retail sites
www.allthingsbiodiesel.comBiodiesel merchandise, literature, pump labels and more!