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Technical Options to HFCs for Mobile Air Conditioning (MAC)Indo-US Workshop on Hydrofluorocarbons18 February 2011David S. Godwin, P.E.U.S. EPA1CFC-12 in MAC: A Long History1928: Synthesized by Midgley, Henne & McNary1931: First fluorocarbon to be commercialized1940s: Wide use in many applicationsNon-flammable, low toxicity, good refrigeration properties1974: CFC-12 can deplete the ozone layer1987: Montreal Protocol1996/2010: Phased out globallyToday: Some CFC-12 MACs still operating

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HFC-134a in MAC: A Success StoryProposed as the logical alternativeNon-flammable, low toxicity, good refrigeration propertiesSimilar performance to CFC-12Adopted for MACs by 1992; quick transitionby 1995 in U.S.; now globalMuch lower GWP (1430 v. 10900)Engineering improvements increase global benefitsSmaller charge sizes, lower leak rates, less maintenance3Opportunities beyond HFC-134aEmissions continue to riseMandatory phase-out in the EU (GWP