Technical Bible

7/23/2019 Technical Bible

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How to redirect stderr of a command to null device? > /dev/null

What does #!/bin/sh in first line of a shell script do? Tells the kernel to run the script with /bin/sh

Whats wrong with this netmask 255.255.253.0? 253 is not contiguous. That is it has a hole in it.

What type of address is the following: 224.0.0.9 multicast

What signal does kill send by default? SIGTERM, TERM, 15, or -15

How do you discover the current run-level? To discover the current runlevel use who r.

Which scsi id has the highest priority? Highest 7

Which has the lowest? Lowest 0 on old, narrow scsi, 8 on wide scsiWhat is the result of init 0? init 0 will bring the server down from the current runlevel to the eepr

What is the result of init 5? init 5 will bring the server down from the current runlevel to eeprom

What is fastbooting? A fastboot is a shutdown/reboot without running the shutdown/startup

How to prevent a server from booting automatically? {ok} setenv auto-boot? false

What is a LOM? What is the key sequence to switch

between console and LOM?

Lights Out Management console enables the control of a system that i

sequence is #. and "~." for RSC.

What is the shutdown command in Solaris? #shutdown i0 g5 y (-g grace period seconds, -i init level d

What are the reboot commands in Solaris? #reboot -d (force a crash dump)#reboot -q (quick and ungraceful - without shutting down running processe

#reboot --dl -- --rv (Passing the -r and -v arguments to boot)

#reboot "disk1 kernel.test/unix" (reboot using a specific disk and kerne

ar umentWhat is the difference between UltraSparc III and

UltraSparc IV chips?

UltraSparc III are single core, UltraSparc IV are dual core (2 CPUs on

same as Hyper-Threading or Symmetric Multi-Threading.What byte ordering do SPARC use? big-endian

What is the location of scadm and prtdiag? /usr/plaform/`uname i`/sbin

What does /etc/hosts.equiv do? Determines which set of hosts will not need to provide passwords when using(eg rlogin, rsh, rexec)

What does /etc/inetd.conf (etc/inet/inetd.conf) do? Identifies the services that are started by inetd as well as the manner in whic

What does /etc/magic do? Database of magic numbers that identify file types for file.

What does /etc/name_to_major do? List of currently configured major device numbers

What does /bin contain? It contains symbolic link to binaries in /usr/bin

What does /dev contain? It contains logical device names which are symb links to device files in /devic

What does /kernel and /platform contain? /kernel contains platform-independent kernel modules whereas /platform conmodules

Where are pseudo terminal and serial devices kept? /dev/pts - psuedo terminal devices and /dev/term - serial devices

Where are current file descriptors kept? /dev/fd

Where are lock and special files for processes kept? /var/run

Where do you configure syslog daemon? /etc/syslog.conf

What is the concept of .bash_logout? elonxapdcsu1-508 # cat .bash_logout# ~/.bash_logoutclear

Whatever commands are mentioned in this file, will be executed when exiting

/etc/system is corrupted, how do you get the sys

back?

#boot as. Use previous /etc/system or specify /dev/null.

What is shared memory segment? It is used for IPC (interprocess communication). It allows different promemory segment reducing paging/swaping activity. It needs 2 kernel

and shmsys (/kernel/sys). These modules are not loaded automaticall

etc s stem to forceload them.How do you manage IPC? using ipcs utility to manage IPC resources (message queues, shared m

What are programs and files for sudo? /usr/local/bin/sudo & /usr/local/sbin/visudo, config file is /etc/sudoers

How do you check type of file system? elonsapactd7# fstyp /dev/vx/rdsk/dg01/mqmswufs

/etc/path_to_install is corrupted, cant boot. Remove the file and boot with a. It should ask to rebuild the file. It i

the server even after that. Controller numbers might have got change

numbers and update vfstab.

What is the concept of /dev/console? /etc/default/login

CONSOLE=/dev/console - Root can login only from console

#CONSOLE=/dev/console - Root can login from anywhereCONSOLE=/dev/ttya - Root can login only from ttyaCONSOLE=- - Direct root login disallowed everywhere


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How does /etc/services and /etc/inet/inetd.conf files

look?

/etc/servicesauto_remote_inf 5281/tcp # AutoSys INF Instance

/etc/inet/inetd.conf

auto_remote_app stream tcp nowait root /opt/autotree/autosys/bin/auto_remote a

I get /dev/ptmx: No such device when attemptingssh/telnet/rlogin.

Increase the number of pseudo ttys. Edit /etc/system and add set pt_cnt r. From Soalris 8 onwards, this number increases dynamically.

How do you boot single user from CD? ok boot cdrom -s

How do you reset the NVRAM to factory defaults? During the boot, press Stop + N.

What is /proc? /proc is a memory image of each process; its a virtual file system that ocis used for programs such as ps and top and all the tools in /usr/proc/bin examine process state.

How do you restrict number of processes per user? Set following in /etc/system: set maxuprc =

What will you do when /var is full. Df k shows 100%but du k shows a very low value.

This happens when a process has its file opened with a link count of zero (descriptor unlinked) and that file has been deleted. The ways to troublesh

1. Run lsof -a +L1 /var to find out the culprit2. find /proc/* /fd -links 0 -type f -ls

3. find /proc/* /fd -links 0 -type f -size +2000 -ls4. find /var -type f | xargs -h | sort -n | tail -n 5 > topfive.txt

Permissions on /tmp are wrong after a reboot? Tmpfs takes on the permissions from underlying mount point. In order to single user and change the permissions as below:

#chmod 1777 /tmp#chown root:sys /tmp

How do you get more than 16 groups per user? Set ngroups_mx=32 (Max can be 32. Can cause problem with NFS bcoz itWhat is e-cache? External-cache is a secondary cache designed as staging between the CPU

small, but lightening fast) and the main RAM.How would you power cycle a V1280? Using Solaris shutdown command

Sending shutdown/poweroff command from LOMSending shutdown/poweroff command from On/Standby switch

How do you change the terminal type for

/dev/console?

Change -T in /etc/inittab to required . T sun or T xterm

How do you enable/disable dtlogin? It is set using /usr/dt/bin/dtconfig [-pde]

How do you configure dtlogin? The standard CDE configuration files live in /usr/dt/config. DONT EDIT THyou want to edit to /etc/dt/config (create this dir if it doesnt exist).

How to change X Server options? The X server is started through /usr/dt/config/Xservers file.

How do you restrict remote access through dtlogin? Copy /usr/dt/config/Xaccess to /etc/dt/config. Comment following lines to* CHOOSER BROADCAST #any indirect host can get a chooser

Where is umask value set? /etc/default/init (CMASK=value). Default is 022. This prevents daemons from

How do you change host name? Either by modifying /etc/nodename, /etc/hosts and related filesOR

by running /usr/sbin/sys-unconfig

Sometimes when running find under /, it gets stuck in

/proc. Why?

/proc contains lots of files. This may cause the problem with some binarie

without proc as below:#find `ls / | egrep v (proc|any_nfs_mount)` -name core

How do you boot a 32bit kernel when 64 bit kernel isalso installed?

Sun hardware released after Solaris 8 no longer supports 32 bit booting. Ykernels on those. This applies to all Ultra-III systems as well as the Sun B

UltraSPARC-IIe systems.

How do you find the number of open files? #ulimit -a

How do you do patch management? 1. Freeware named Patch Check Advanced (pca)2. Traffic Light Patch management (TLP) - Run explorer on the client whic

Send the output file to TLP server where a script is run to check for new ppatches are identified, the script creates the script. Move that file back to using script.

3. Solaris patch manager4. If you have a software service agreement with Sun, you can use Suns

to obtain patches.5. Sun recommended patches can be obtained from sun via anonymous ft

How do you add and remove patch? patchadd and patchrm

How do you see which patches are installed? showrev -p

How do you reconfigure the hardware/device tree? #reboot -- -r. Also check /etc/driver_aliases if entries are missing.

Which package includes sccli (to manage storEdge)? 2.3_sw_solaris-sparc.zip under Storedge 300 related software 2.

How do you check the patches/packages installed? /var/sadm/pkg and /var/sadm/patch

devfsadm c disk, drvconfig doesnt detect new LUN. #cfgadm c configure c3 c4

A new LUN is presented on lpfc HBA. Devfsadm c Edit /kernel/drv/lpfc.conf, /kernel/drv/sd.conf.# d t d f l f


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How to enable/disable tagged queueing? Tagged command queueing (TCQ) is an option part of SCSI-2.

I/O requests for execution later. Solaris 2.x can be told not to u

/etc/system:

Set scsi_option & ~0x80

The scsi_options kernel variable contains a number of bit flags

/usr/include/sys/scsi/conf/autoconf.h. 0x80 corresponds to tag

TQ for entire machine, not just the problematic drive. TQ is des

performance enhancement for busy drives. It can be activated

using esp and isp.A third-party CD-ROMs doesnt work with Sun. why? Sun bootprom expects 512 block first sector. When 3rd party C

it causes the SCSI driver to see a data overrun. This could be a

trace, or using a software command.

How do you start/stop floppy/CD daemon? #/etc/init.d/volmgt stop/start

When would you see df and du showing different size? If a process is holding open a file, and that file is removed, the

freed until the process either exits or closes the file. This space

happens in /var/log or /var/adm where syslog holds open a file

How to increase number of file descriptors per

process?

By adding the soft limit and hard limit entries in /etc/system

Tell something about system crash. Solaris 2 to 2.6 - /var/crash/hostname#adb k unix.0 vmcore.

Solaris 7, 8 crash utility

Solaris 9 onwards mdb module debuggerHow do you translate inode to file name and vice

versa?

#ls i filename and #find /etc inum inodenumber print

What is the structure of rc scripts in Solaris? /etc/rc3 is link to /sbin/rc3./etc/rc3.d is a directory containing all the scripts./sbin/rc3 (/etc/rc3) is a shell script that runs all the scstop/start option./etc/init.d contains the script for deamon. These are hard /etc/rc3.d.For run level 5 and 6, there are only script /sbin/rc5 and and /etc/rc6.d).

elonsapcore2# ls -ld /etc/rc*lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Nov 4 2005 /etc/drwxr-xr-x 2 root sys 1536 Feb 24 15:45 /etc/

elonsapcore2# ls -l /etc/rc3.dtotal 86-rwxr--r-- 6 root sys 2124 Apr 6 2002 S13kd-rwxr--r-- 6 root sys 2769 Apr 6 2002 S15nf-rwxr--r-- 6 root sys 621 Apr 6 2002 S34dh

elonsapcore2# ls -l /etc/init.d | moretotal 640-rwxr- 5 root sys 364 Apr 6 2002 autofs

How would you manage an E10K? Using System Service Processor (SSP)/ Network Virtual Console (netcon)SSP is a package installed on workstation that enables you to control and moni

be logically grouped together into separately bootable systems called Dynamic

exist simultaneously on a single E10K. SSP enables you to control and monitor

Domains can communicate with each other at high speeds using the Inter-Domnormal network interface to the domains that make up the network, but no cab

enables the system administrator to perform the following tasks:

Boot domains.

Perform emergency shutdown in an orderly fashion. For example, SSP softwa

temperature of a processor within that domain rises above a pre-set level.

Dynamically reconfigure a domain so that currently installed system boards c

operating system while the domain continues running in multiuser mode. This f

system board can easily be physically swapped in and out when it is not attach

to a domain, even while the system continues running in multiuser mode.)

Create domains by logically grouping system boards together. Domains are a

operating system & handle their own workload.

Assign paths to different controllers for I/O devices, which enable the system

in the event of certain types of failures. This feature is known as Alternate Path

Monitor and display the temperatures, currents, and voltage levels of one or m

Control fan operations, control power to the components within a platform

Netcon is opened from the SSP and can read and write to the host console. Mu

What is EEPROM level/OK Prompt? The firmware FORTH programming language used to control ha


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How do you list all device aliases?How do you set a device alias and ensure it persiststhrough reboots?

{ok} devalias

Confirm NVRAMRC is enabled:{ok} printenv use-nvramrc?

Edit the contents of nvramrc:{ok} nvedit

Add the devalias alias:0: devalias mlboot /sbus/whatever/8000,0f@blah:0,0^C

Save the contents:

{ok} nvstore{ok} reset

How to turn off DHCP at OBP level? sc>setsc netsc_dhcp false

What does the sifting command do? The sifting command acts in a similar fashion to man k. It

commands for the string you enter; very useful if you cant reok> sifting watch-net gives all variations of a cmd and cook> sifting probesbus-probe-list probe-all probe-sbus probe-slots probprobe-scsi probe probe-virtual probe-fpu lprobe wprob

Describe the Solaris boot-up sequence. Boot is divided into 4 phases:1. Boot PROM

2. Boot Program

3. Kernel Initialization

4. Init1. Boot PROM

a. PROM displays banner (system identification information) and runs self-tes

extent of test is decided by diag-level.

b. Probes all scsi devices and prepares device tree

c. OBP loads primary boot program bootblk from boot-device.

2. Boot Program

a. The bootblk program finds and executes secondary boot program, ufsboot,

memory.

b. ufsboot has drivers to read the UFS file system. It loads the kernel.

3. Kernel Initialization

a. Kernel initializes itself and loads the modules. The kernel files are:

For 32 bit kernel

/platform/àrch -k /kernel/unix

/kernel/geunix

For 64 bit kernel

/platform/àrch -k /kernel/sparcV9/unixb. Kernel unmaps ufsboot program after it has loaded enough modules to mo

c. Kernel mounts / root file system read-only and starts /sbin/init process.

4. Init

a. /sbin/init reads /etc/inittab and starts services. /sbin/rcS from inittab calls

/etc/rc#.d directory

b. In solaris 10, /sbin/init process starts /lib/svc/bin/svc.startd, which starts s

the following:

- Check and mount file systems

- Configure network devices

- Start various processes and perform system maintenance tasks

Where does ufsboot reside? /platform/àrch -k`/ufsboot

Tell something about etc/system file. The following types of customization are available in the /etc/systemo moddir: Changes path of kernel modules.

o forceload: Forces loading of a kernel module.o exclude: Excludes a particular kernel module.

o rootfs: Specify the system type for the root file system. (ufs is the

o rootdev: Specify the physical device path for root.

What is rsync? What is it used for? Rsync is an open source utility that provides fast incremental under the GNU and is currently being maintained by Wayne D

A r 22nd, 2006.What is top ? What is it used for? Top is a program that will give continual reports about the sta

Now it is a sourceforge project and the author is William LeFeWhat is the difference between prtdiag and prtconf? prtdiag shows easily readable information regarding system p

of a device treeHow do you monitor the performance of memory? #swap -s & prstat & top

#vmstat 5sr - scan rate (pages scanned by clock algorithm per secon

Red Light:sr -s higher than 200.


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How do you monitor the performance of CPU? Total number of CPUs

#psrinfo

Activity per CPU

#mpstat

Important columns areusr - percent user timesys - percent system timewt - percent wait time

idl - percent idle time

To report processes waiting to be executed (to figure out shortage of p

#vmstat 5 5

Important fields under Procs and CPU are:r - in run queueb - blocked for resourcesw - swappedus - percent user timesy - percent system timeid - percent idle time

Red Light:

r is higher than the total number of processors on the system andsy is double us

What is the difference between /usr/ucb/ps -auxwww

and /sbin/ps -elf output?

auxwww shows %cpu and %memory used whereas elf shows tty and P

How do you monitor the performance of disks? #iostat xnmpz (shows activities for disks)

Important columns are

r/s - read per secw/s - write per secKr/s - KB read per secKw/s - KB write per secwait - avg number of transactions waiting in the queue to write%w - percent of time there are transactions waiting for service (qu%b - percent of time the disk is busy (transactions in progress)

svc_t - average service time

Red Light

r/w/s are consistently higher AND%b is higher than 5 ANDsvc_t is higher than 30 milliseconds

How do you restore the corrupted superblock? Find out backup superblocks

elonsapactd7# newfs -N /dev/vx/rdsk/dg01/ems/dev/vx/rdsk/dg01/ems: 1433600 sectors in 700 cylinders of 32 trac

700.0MB in 44 cyl groups (16 c/g, 16.00MB/g, 7680 i/g)super-block backups (for fsck -F ufs -o b=#) at:32, 32864, 65696, 98528, 131360, 164192, 197024, 229856, 262688, 2

1179936, 1212768, 1245600, 1278432, 1311264, 1344096, 1376928, 1409

Restore the superblock

mkfs -f ufs -o b=32864 /dev/vx/rdsk/dg01/ems

How do you install boot block on a system disk? # installboot /usr/platform/uname -i/lib/fs/ufs/bootblk /dev/rdsk

/usr/platform/uname -i/lib/fs/ufs/bootblk - Is the boot block cod/dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0 - is the raw device of the root (/) file system

What are different run levels in Solaris? S : Single user state (useful for recovery few FS are mounted)

0 : Access Sun Firmware ( ok> prompt)

1 : System administrator mode (all file systems are mounted, users

2 : Multi-user w/o NFS

3 : Multi-user with NFS

4 : Unused 5 : Completely shutdown the host (like performing a power-off @ OB

6: Reboot but depend upon initdefault entry in /etc/inittab

Wh t i h? Wh t i it d f ? O SSH i FREE i f th SSH ti it t l It t


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Which port NTP uses? 123

What is NPT strata? Each NTP node has a stratum. Stratum is an integer between 0 and 16, incla physical clock, never a computer. Examples of physical clocks include:

Cesium oscillator: Definition of time (subject to relativistic effects)

Rubidium oscillator: found in cell towers, very stable

GPS receiver: accuracy circa 10 ns CDMA receiver: accuracy circa 10 s

Stratum 16 is reserved for devices that are not synchronized. The stratum odevice is the stratum of the device it is synchronized to, plus 1. Thus:

GPS receiver: stratum 0

Computer connected to it by a serial line: stratum 1

Client that ets the time from that com uter: stratum 2How would you add and configure new NTP clients? 1. Create the file /etc/inet/ntp.conf with the following entries:

server driftfile /etc/ntp.drift

2. Create the file /etc/ntp.drift with the following entry:0.0

3. Bounce NTP service.#> /etc/rc2.d/S74xntd stop#> /etc/rc2.d/S74xntd start

4. Check Status#> ntpqntpq> peers

The files would look as below:[root@elonxapdcsu1 .ssh]# more /etc/ntp.confdriftfile /etc/ntp/driftserver ntp1.uk.ml.comserver ntp2.uk.ml.comserver ntp3.uk.ml.com[root@elonxapdcsu1 .ssh]# more /etc/ntp/drift24.305

/etc/inet/ntp.client or ntp.server can be copied over to ntp.conf to make th

server. NTP runs reading ntp.conf file only. This is similar to various nsswitetc)

How to find servers you are synchronising time from? ntpq p

What is drift file in NTP? A driftfile /etc/ntp.driftfile will be used to store the clock drift. It contains thfrequency error. This will enable faster synchronization on restart of the xnt

clocks do drift along on their own, a check every hour or day is generally a

something like

0.0

OR24.305

Why does hosts drift in time? Because of latency in traffic between master and clients on network, becausdelay, and other variables

What is a potential problem between hardware clock

and ntp clock management

One may try to bring the time forward whereas other wants to bring it back

brain. Let NTP do it. Stop hardware time management by adding following dosynctodr=0

Which port is SWAT? 901

How do you configure samba to start by inetd? Edit /etc/inet/services file andInsertnetbios-ns 137/udp #samba nmbdnetbios-ssn 139/tcp #samba smbd

After

sunrpc 111/tcp #rpcbind

------------

Insert

swat 901/tcp #swat

After

ldaps 636/udp #LDAP

Edit /etc/inetd.conf and add

netbios-ssn stream tcp nowait root /usr/local/samba/bin/smbd snetbios-ns stream udp wait root /usr/local/samba/bin/nmbd nmbdswat stream tcp nowait.400 root /usr/local/samba/bin/swat swat

What are different samba daemons? nmbd - name registration and resolution requests Used for network brows


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How would you test if samba mounts are

working/authenticating correctly?

Check the share using smbclient. Also, check the log file /var/log/smb/sam

How would you configure samba clients? There is no configuration required on windows client from unix server. Just

There is no configuration on unix client from nt/2k/2k3 servers. However,

differently.

CLI: smbmount /// / /etc/samba/smbpassw

If the system uses NIS, type the following command:#ypcat passwd | /usr/bin/mksmbpasswd.sh > /etc/samba/smbpasswd

#chmod 600 /etc/samba/smbpasswd

The script does not copy user passwords to the new file. To set each Samb

command smbpasswd username. A Samba user account will not be active

set for it.

Enable encrypted passwords in smb.conf. Verify that the following lines are

encrypt password = yes

smb passwd file = /etc/samba/smbpasswd

Start smb service: # service smb restart

To start smb automatically, use ntsysv, chkconfig, or serviceconf.

The pam_smbpass PAM module can be used to sync users' Samba passwo

passwords when it is changed by passwd command. To enable this feature

/etc/pam.d/system-auth below the pam_cracklib.so invocation:

What is CIFS and SMB? Common Internet File system is enhancement of SMB protocol for sharing

What's difference between gunzip and uncompress? gunzip can uncompress both .z and .gz whereas uncompress can only unc

How do you set the IP, hostname & netmask of an

interface during bootup?

On boot the OS checks for the existence of the file /etc/hostname.interface

hostname. This hostname is compared with /etc/hosts to lookup the IP add

against /etc/netmasks to work out the netmask. The interface card is plum

the netmask set. The interface is brought up onto the network.

What is the command for assigning the IP

192.10.10.10, netmask 255.255.255.0 against

interface hme1 and connect it to the network?

One way of achieving this is:# ifconfig hme1 plumb (if not currently plumbed in)# ifconfig hme1 [inet] 192.10.10.10 netmask 255.255.255.0 up

What is a virtual network interface ? How would you

assign a new IP 192.10.10.2, netmask 255.255.255.0

against it?

Solaris allows up to 256 IP addresses to be assigned against one physical n

This is achieved using virtual (software) NICs. A virtual NIC is denoted by

hme0:0.

One way of achieving this is:# ifconfig hme1:1 [inet] 192.10.10.20 netmask {255.255.255.0|0x

What does the terms state , speedand duplexmean

with regards to a network interface?

State indicates whether the interface has made a connection with the swit

whether the interface has made a connection with the switch to which it is

Speed indicates bit rate at which the interface communicates, usually 10 o

Duplex indicates whether the interface is synchronous (full duplex) or asyn

i.e. whether the interface can send and receive packets at the same time.

How would you verify speed and mode of BGE and

IPRB interfaces?

kstat bge:interface number | grep parameters (eg kstat bge:1 | grep i

link_duplex1 (half)2 (full)

ifspeed10000000 - 10 mbps100000000 100 b


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How can you set the speed/duplex of hme1 without

rebooting?

ndd -set /dev/hme instance 1ndd -set /dev/hme adv_100T4_cap 0ndd -set /dev/hme adv_100fdx_cap 1ndd -set /dev/hme adv_100hdx_cap 0ndd -set /dev/hme adv_10fdx_cap 0ndd -set /dev/hme adv_10hdx_cap 0ndd -set /dev/hme adv_autoneg_cap 0

Run above commands exactly in the same sequence. Interface will negotiate the s

last command.

To force the interfaces to a certain speed/duplex at

boot time?

To force the above settings at boot time, you could either make an rc.d scr

commands for each interface individually, or can all types of interface en-m

How do you add default route in Solaris? #route add default 10.10.10.1

How do you test IPMP setttings? root@host# if_mpadm -d bge0

What are different jumpstart servers and services? 4 services: boot services, identification services, configure services, install

on the same server or different servers. Boot server must present in each

cross subnets.Tell something about boot server. To boot the JumpStart client using the network, clients require support fro

respond to their Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP), Trivial File T

and BOOTPARAMS requests. A system that provides these services is calle

which should be configured are:

/etc/ethers - MAC to hostname

/etc/hosts - hostname to IP

/tftpboot - contains boot image to tftp

/etc/bootparams - provides location of boot image and other dirs required

/etc/dfs/dfstab - used by boot server to share directories for other services

You can configure boot services using the add_install_client script. The add

allows you to specify all of the information required in the files that suppor

also creates the required files in the /tftpboot directory and appropriately m

Tell something about identification server. JumpStart clients require support from a server to automatically get the an

identification questions that the client systems issue. The identification ser

boot server, but the service can be provided by any network server configu

identification.

The information can be provided either by NIS/LDAP or sysidcfg file or com

Tell about configuration server. JumpStart clients require support from a server to obtain answers for syste

that they issue. A system that provides this service is called a configuratio

A configuration server provides information that specifies how the Solaris O

installation proceeds on the JumpStart client. Configuration information ca

- Installation type

- System type

- Disk partitioning and file system specifications

- Configuration cluster selection

- Software package additions or deletions

On the configuration server, files known as profile files store the configurat

called rules.ok on the configuration server allows JumpStart clients to selec

Which are the files residing on configuration server? rules file - it associates a group of clients with specific installation profiles.

using predefined keywords that include hostname, arch, domainname, me

selects a profile by matching their own characteristics with an entry in rule

profiles file - it specifies how the installation is to proceed and what softwa

separate profile file may exist for each group of clients.

check script - this script is to run after creating rules and profile file. it veri

creates rules.ok file.

rules.ok file - jumpstart program reads this file during automatic installatio

begin and finish scripts - to carry out post and preinstallationTell about installation server. JumpStart clients require support from a server to find an image of the So

system that provides this service is called an install server. An install serve

image from a CD-ROM, DVD, or local disk. JumpStart clients use the NFS s

installation image during the installation process.

The image could be served from a CD/DVD or a spooled image or flash arc

be the one which is spooled on the server from the CD using setup_install_

add_to_install_server script. setup_install_server -b will spool only the boo

Boot server will then direct the client to separate install server for the insta

Flash archive is an archive/image created from master server which is then
mailto:root@host#%20if_mpadm%20-d%20bge0mailto:root@host#%20if_mpadm%20-d%20bge0


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Which are the important files in jumpstart? /etc/ethers Contains MAC and hostname

/etc/hosts contains hostname and IP

/tftpboot (dir) - contains IP address (hexadecimal) and bootimage

/etc/bootparams hostname, location of kernel, install software dir (clas

begin_script, finish_script, rules file

host_class file (also known as profile) Tells client whether it is an init

which software packages or software cluster it should get, partition table

Sysidcfg information such as locale, timezone, name service, terminal,

root password etc

Begin_script it is run before host_class is run. Contains instructions.Finish_script it is run after host_class is run. Contains instructions suc

Rules file for a keyword (eg hostname) with a specific value, it specifies

host_class, finish_script needs to be executed.

Say something about sysidcfg. This file can not have other names. A generic sysidcfg for many clients can

dir. But a client specific sysidcfg should reside in /export/config/hostname

passed on to client via bootparams file.

How do you work with jumpstart for x86 and SPARC? Use DHCP for both or use DHCP for x86 and /etc/ethers for SPARC

What are few of jumpstart installation commands? /cdrom/0/s0/Solaris_2.8/Tools/setup_install_server (copy cdrom contents /cdrom/0/s0/Solaris_2.8/Tools/setup_install_server b (installs software f

/export/install/Solaris_2.8/Tools/add_install_client (to add the client an

as MAC, jumpstart dir path, sysidcfg path etc)

/usr/sbin/flarcreate - to create flare archive

usr sbin flar - archive command to extract information from archieve

When jumpstarting, troubleshoot following message:Timeout waiting for ARP/RARP

ARP/RARP cant cross the subnet. Check boot server is in the same subnet/etc/ethers and /etc/hosts on boot server.

What is a naming/information service and why should

we use one? Give examples of naming/information

services?

Naming services provides a managed hostname/IP lookup service, e.g. DN

Information service provides the above and other items, such as username

locations, phone directories, e.g. NIS, NIS+, LDAP, DCE.

What is a NIS master? slave? client? A NIS master manages and distributes the maps for a given domain. The p

maps are held on the master.

How would you configure a NIS client? Enter NIS server information in /etc/hosts

Set domain name # domainname nisdomain

Start yp client # ypinit c OR /usr/lib/netsvc/yp/ypbind -broadcast

OR

Enter NIS server information in /etc/hosts.

Set the domainname

Edit /var/yp/binding/`domainname`/ypservers file

Reboot or /etc/init.d/r c startWhat processes would you expect to be running on the

YP master?

ypbind (to itself, usually)ypservypxfrdrpc.yppasswd, rpc.ypupdated

Which script starts NIS startup? /etc/rc2.d/S71rpc

How do you determine it is NIS master? ps -ef | grep ypserv

What processes run on the YP slave? ypserv, ypbind

How does logging on NIS master work? While starting ypserv, create # cat /dev/null > /var/yp/ypserv.log

How do you force ypbind to use particular NIS server

on SunOS?

#/usr/lib/netsvc/yp/ypbind -ypsetme#ypset NIS_server

NIS and broadcast? NIS usually works on broadcast way hence NIS server ought to be in the s

is in different subnet, then initialize the client with -c flag (ypinit -c) or set"passwd (NIS): Couldnt change passwd for user" -

how do fix this issue?

rpc.yppasswd daemon is probably running, but not pointing to the director

default it looks in /var/yp. If maps are in /var/yp/maps, start rpc.yppassw

/usr/lib/netsvc/yp/rpc.yppasswd -D /var/yp/maps

How does NIS master know which slaves should have

access to transfer?

Master looks at ypservers map.

Whats the difference between passwd: files compat

and passwd: compat?

The addition of files before compat is accepted in nsswitch.conf but should

"neat" server. "compat" makes /etc/passwd to be read but the entries in /

role in resolving the name. the lines are checked in the order in which they

the DB token (eg @) that refers to NIS-netgroup-style ent

line containing the local "files" configuration, they will be checked before t

Adding "files" before "compat" forces the /etc/passwd file to be read first a

style) before compat reads it again in teh nis-compatible manner.

What does ypset do? It is used in place of ypbind. It makes ypbind talk to ypserv. Use ypset if t

support broadcasting, supports broadcasting but does not have an NIS ser


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With NIS+, how do you find out which server a clientis bound to?

NIS+ clients do not hard bind to NIS+ servers (as in NIS). Clients have a lithe cold-start file. When they need to do a lookup, they do a type of broadc

and talk to the first server that responds.

Special about NIS+ and netgroup. You cant ypcat on netgroup. You can only ypmatch.

What is the nscd process? Potential issues? Name Service Caching Daemon. Can contain misinformation which hinders

Say something about DNS? DNS daemon is named. Package name contains bind. Main file is /etc/namezone directories - /var/named, name servers, zone names, IP addresses of

specifies masetr, slave and stub, allow-update, allow-transfer etc.

Zone files contain forward/reverse look up, different kind of records such as

NS, MX, CNAMEWhat does [NOTFOUND=return] in nsswitch.conf

mean?

It means that the name service should bt authoritative. If its up and it says

exist, believe it and return instead of continuing to hunt for an answer.

What is a NFS? What is an NFS server? Client? Network File System a methodology allowed machine to manipulate files he

if they were local. NFS2/3 were designed by Sun. NFS4 was drafted by Sun

on to make it industry standard. There is no NFS1.An NFS server exports/shares directories to a subset of hosts on the netwo

An NFS client mounts these shares onto a mountpoint, and offers the filesy

(assuming correct authentication, permissioning, etc.)

Difference between NFS4 and NFS2/3 While NFS3 was an upgrade to NFS2, NFS4 is a complete rewrite of protoco

NFS4 is stateful.NFS version 3 (NFSv3) has more features, including variable size file handli

reporting, but is not fully compatible with NFSv2 clients.

NFS version 4 (NFSv4) includes Kerberos security, works through firewalls a

longer requires portmapper, supports ACLs, and utilizes stateful operationsSome key features of NFS4? Mount mechanism is incorporated into protocol itself so no need of separate

COMPOND RPC Procedure is introduced that allows the client to group tradia single request to send to the server.

It uses TCP to transmit the data.

It is less dependent upon RPC procedures, instead the work is accomplished

operations are grouped into COMPOUND procedure. Combining them reducex ensive WAN LAN.

Which are the NFS daemons? nfsd - handles client requests from remote systems. Default instances are 4demand more CPU.

biod - handles block i/o requests for NFS client processes. Default number o

mountd - rpc.mountd handles mount requests from remote systems

lockd - manages file lockingstatd - manges lock crash and recovery services for both client and server s

rpcbind - it is not NFS daemon but it is essential to NFS.-How do you configure NFS logs? /etc/nfs/nfslog.conf and /etc/default/nfslogd. Logs are different fo

Where do you see all the shares shared out? /etc/dfs/sharetab

What are different NFS commands? share, shareall, unshare, unshareall, dfshares (run on client - show

server), dfmounts (run on server - shows resources mounted by clients), s

server - shows resources mounted by clients), nfsstat

How does rpc, rpcbind work? rpcbind runs on port 111.

hostA send query to rpcbind hostB on port 111 by providing program numb

rpcbind on hostB checks /etc/rpc to find out service name vs program numrpcbind on hostB checks /etc/inet/services to find out port number for serv

rpcbind sends the port number of hostA

All services on a hostB usually should have registered themselves with portFrom hostB, How do you find out which rpc programs

are registered on hostA?

#rpcinfo -p hostname

#rpcinfo -t/u hostname programname (t for tcp and u for udp)How would you setup and NFS server service without

rebooting?

share a filesystem in /etc/dfs/dfstab

start /etc/init.d/nfs.server

How would you mount this /export/files share on host? # mount [-F nfs] h1:/export/files /mnt

Solaris 2+ supports file system sizes upto 16TB.

Problem with NFS?

No. NFS doesnt transmit size of underlying file systems. There might be tro

normal filesystem size is just fine.

What is the major and minor number? Major number which device driver should be used to access a particular d

Minor number a number serving as a flag to device driver

For example, there would be a different major number for hard drives and

will have same major number (indicating same device driver). Each partitiodifferent minor number.

What are NFS file handles? Since NFS is cross-platform protocol, it needs a way to uniquely identify file

using NFS file handles. It is made by combining the following: Major number of the block device holding the file system

Minor number of the block device holding the file system

Inode number of the file on the file system


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What is the automounter? How does this helpadministration? Where is the master automounter map

held?

The automounter is a daemon process able to mount/unmount NFS shares Once properly configured, it greatly reduces administrative overhead by rem

root user to run the commands. It also reduces the risk of NFS issues (e.g.

filesystems are only mount when necessary and are unmounted shortly afte

used for a little while (default is 5 minutes).

The auto_master map is looked-up in /etc/nsswitch.conf, usually files nis

/etc/auto_master first.

What is a direct and indirectautomount map?

Advantages of each?

A direct map explicitly states the directory on which the NFS filesystem is to

indicates the NFS share to be mounted. Think of it as mounting a known dirdirectory. An advantage is that direct maps are uncomplicated and quick.

An indirect map can only imply the mountpoint and the NFS sharename. Th

unknown directory into a directory, e.g. mount server1:/export/home/impl

client1:/home/implicit-username. An advantage is not having to explicitly lmount points (useful for homedirs) and not necessary to restart (or signal)

implied share is created on the NFS server.

Whats the use of an executable automount map? Allows the target directory to be determined based on possibly changing inf

What are default values for serverroot, config and logfor httpd daemon?

serverroot (/usr/local/apache2), config (serverroot/conf/httpd.conf), log (/v

What is the structure of httpd.conf? It is divided into 3 sections: global, main, and virtual servers. Some of the

PidFile, TimeOut, MaxClients, KeepAlive (all Global), DocumentRoot, Server

ErrorLog (all main), NameVirtualHost, VirtualHost, DocumentRoot (all VirtuWhat are virtual servers in http? Multiple websites from single server. 2 types of Vritual Servers:

IP Based (each site has different IP), Name based (each IP has multiple nam

What are IP based Virtual servers? It can run in 2 modes: multiple daemons and single daemon. MD has separ

sites. This is used when each site's pages/files are to be kept separate from

enough resources. Separate https installation for each virtual host. SD has sites. This is used in rest of the conditions. Single https installtion.

What are Name based Virtual servers? DNS directs all names to single IP and apache identifies name in HTTP requ

Write the structure of for loop, test statement and

while loop.

for VAR in value1 value2 value3 do

# statements heredone

if [ $VAR -eq 0 ]; then# statements here

fi

while [ $VAR -neq 10]do

# statements heredone

What do the following Kourne-shell variables return?

$4 The fourth argument passed to the command/script.$? The return code of the command last executed.$# The number of parameters passed to the command/script.

$* All parameters passed to the script, delimited by $IFS and ignoring quotes.

$0 The commmand/scriptname itself (with path if typed).$@ All parameters passed to the script, not delimited by $IFS and heeding quoA=this.is.a.string; echo ${A%%.*} A=this.is.a.string; echo ${A%%.*} == this

A user cant login to a Solaris server. Talk through the

troubleshooting steps.

Check network connectivity, check user account in NIS, check ssh is runnin

if something weird is going on, make sure the default login shell is defined password is not expired, account is not locked

A user complains that the server is slow. Talk

through the troubleshooting steps.

Mentions of vmstat / iostat / top / prstat / netstat

What is swap space? A temporary space where process related pages are held while moving betw

memory. It is used when systems memory requirements exceed the size o

page size is 8KB.

Solaris defines swap space as the sum of total physical memory not otherw

swap slice/file. This means swap is not just the physical swap space.

swap s shows size of virtual swap (physical swap slice + part of physical m

It is usually larger than physical memory because when the system crashes

t t t th If i i ll th h i l th


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Can you dynamically add swap space online? By adding a swap slice:

# swap -a /dev/dsk/c1t0d0s3

By adding a file:

# mkfile 1000m /export/data/swapfile

# swap -a /export/data/swapfile

How much swap space is available? swap s, top, sar r

Why do swap l, swap s and /tmp disagree about the

amount of swap?

Tmpfs file system is a FS that takes the memory from virtual m

swap is the sum of the space currently taken by the FS and ava

limited with the size=xxxx option. In other words, size of a tmpthe size of swap; at most with the available swap.

Solaris defines swap as the sum total of phys memory not other

confusing to some who believe that swap is just the physical sw

The swap l command will list the swap devices and files config

already in use.

The swap s command will list the size of virtual swap (Phys sw

with plenty of memory, swap l will typically show little or no sw

How do you change the 'uname -a' output? Before:

# uname -aSunOS homer 5.10 SunOS_Development sun4u sparc SUNW,Ul

Run the script:#!/usr/sbin/dtrace -s

#pragma D option destructive

syscall::uname:entry{

self->addr = arg0;}syscall::uname:return{

copyoutstr("SunOS", self->addr, 257);copyoutstr("PowerPC", self->addr+257, 257);

copyoutstr("5.5.1", self->addr+(257*2), 257);copyoutstr("gate:1996-12-01", self->addr+(257*copyoutstr("PPC", self->addr+(257*4), 257);

}

After:# uname -aSunOS PowerPC 5.5.1 gate:1996-12-01 PPC sparc SUNW,Ult

How do you differentiate whether the card is an

Emulex or Sun Branded Emulex?

First way:

Do a "prtdiag -v". If you get something like :

PCI 8 A 0 66 66 1,0 ok SUNW,emlxs-pci10df,fc00/f

Then the "S" at the end of the card model tells you that you hav

Second way:

Install EMLXemlxu package and run /opt/EMLXemlxu/bin/emlxd

or lpfc driver.

1. Verify which disk drive corresponds with which logical device below is the table for the v440 disk devices:Disk Slot Number Logical Device Name[1] Physical Device Nam-----------------------------------------------------------------Slot 0 c1t0d0 /devices/pci@1f,700000/sSlot 1 c1t1d0 /devices/pci@1f,700000/sSlot 2 c1t2d0 /devices/pci@1f,700000/sSlot 3 c1t3d0 /devices/pci@1f,700000/s

2. Verify that a hardware disk mirror does not exist. If it does, see infodoc 7304#raidctlNo RAID volumes found.

3. View status of SCSI devices#cfgadm -alAp Id Type Receptacle Occupant Condit

How do you replace internal hard disk in V440?


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5. Verify that the device has been removed from the device tree#cfgadm -alAp_Id Type Receptacle Occupant Conditic0 scsi-bus connected configured unknownc0::dsk/c0t0d0 CD-ROM connected configured unknownc1 scsi-bus connected configured unknownc1::dsk/c1t0d0 disk connected configured unknownc1::dsk/c1t3d0 unavailable connected unconfigured unknownc2 scsi-bus connected configured unknownc2::dsk/c2t2d0 disk connected configured unknownusb0/1 unknown empty unconfigured ok

*NOTE that c1t3d0 is now unavailable and unconfigured. The disks blue OK-to-Re

6. Remove the disk drive

7. Install a new disk drive

8. Configure the new disk drive#cfgadm -c configure

example->#cfgadm -c configure c1::dsk/c1t3d0

*NOTE that the green activity LED flashes as the new disk at c1t3d0 is added to th

9. Verify that the new disk drive is in the device tree#cfgadm -alAp_Id Type Receptacle Occupant Conditic0 scsi-bus connected configured unknownc0::dsk/c0t0d0 CD-ROM connected configured unknownc1 scsi-bus connected configured unknownc1::dsk/c1t0d0 disk connected configured unknownc1::dsk/c1t3d0 disk connected configured unknown

c2 scsi-bus connected configured unknownc2::dsk/c2t2d0 disk connected configured unknownusb0/1 unknown empty unconfigured ok

How do you check process running on a particular

port?

Listing all the pids:/usr/bin/ps -ef | sed qd | awk '{print $2}'

Mapping the files to ports using PIDs:/usr/prod/bin/pfiles 2>/dev/null | /usr/xpg4/bin/g

OR /usr/bin/ps -o pid -o args -p | sed d1

Mapping the socket name to port using port number:for i in `ps -e|awk '{print $1}'`; do echo $i; pfiles $'port:8080'; doneOR pfiles -F /proc/* | nawk '/^[0-9]+/{proc=$2};/[s]ocknproc"\n"$0}'

What is the bug with lsof and solaris 10? Using lsof -i shows incorrect mapping of TCP ports to processes t

65535. eg:sshd 8005 root 8u IPv4 0x60007ebdac00t0 TCP *:65535 sendmail 1116 root 5u IPv4 0x60007ecce000t0 TCP *:65535

When rebooting the system gives error INIT: failed

write of utmpx entry. What does it mean?

If you have a separate /var, this operation will happen after /var INIT: failed write of utmpx entry:"s6"

INIT: failed write of utmpx entry:"rb"

You can safely ignore these messages

What is psio? It is solaris ps with additional column I/O per process. It is a tool

http://www.brendangregg.com/psio.html.

If you can't change the date on E420, what could be

the other reason?

TOD clock or battery might have gone bad. You have to replace t

welded directly into the motherboard.How do you check WWN name of target drives? /usr/sbin/lpfc/dfc> nodeinfo - displays the target number an

How do you check WWN number of the HBA? bash-3.00# more get_lpfc_wwn#!/bin/sh# Script to get WWNs from Emulex lpfc cardsHBAS=ècho "exit" | /usr/sbin/lpfc/dfc | grep "Âdapter" | afor a in $HBASdoBRD=ècho $a | cut -d: -f1`LPFC=ècho $a | cut -d: -f2`WWN=ècho "set board $a\nportattr\nexit" | /usr/sbin/lpfc/d

$1}' | cut -d: -f2-9ècho "Card $BRD = $LPFC = $WWN"

donebash-3.00#

How to prevent snooping of high-traffic interface from

filli th titi ?

Use tcpdump which has rotation of the output built in with the swroot@box# tcpdump I w something pcap C


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How do you disable SNMP? Either edit /etc/snmp/conf/snmpd.conf and comment the private and public/etc/rc3.d/S99ucd-snmp and /etc/rc3.d/S76snmpdx

Can Daylight Saving Time (DST) patch be applied

without reboot?

Reboot is required. Else only new processes will see the new timezone files

launced before the patches will have the old data in memory.

After you remove a patch, you still see directory under/var/sadm/pkg/SUNWxxxx/save/*.

You can remove that directory without the problem.

How do you see which modules are being loaded while

booting?

Adding set moddebug=0x80000000 into /etc/system. This may help reboot

stuck at loading a particular driver: exclude: drv/qus

How do you use luxadm? luxadm probe - shows the logical/multipathd disksluxadm display - shows real disk names an

How do you check the paths for emc? /etc/powermt display dev=all

How do you check whether the OS is 32 or 64bits? isainfo -b

Where do you find details of Solaris 10 on OS? /etc/release

How do you get OS, kernel, domain etc information? #showrev

Diff between prtconf -b and uname -i? same but prtconf -b shows product, banner, family, model etc

whats specific about /var/adm/lastlog? ls -l shows large size but ls -s shows very little because ls -s shows actual b

how do you find sizes larger than 400 blocks? find . -size +400 -print

How to create a forceful dump? halt -d

Why are halt, poweroff commands bad? It doesnt shutdown all processes and unmount any remaining FS

Diff between SunOS andd Solaris? SunOS (Berkley), Solaris (Sys V)Unix History? Bill Joy prepared 1BSD, 2 BSD, vi, c shell in 1977/78 at UCB. He was cofou

What is Sun history? OS Based onSunOS 1.0 4.1BSD (1982)

SunOS2.0 4.2BSD (1985)

SunOS3.0 4.3BSD (1986)

SunOS4.0 4.3BSD (1989) + a bit of Sys V (Renamed as Solaris 1)Solaris 2 No BSD - alll Sys V Rel 4 - 1992

SunOS 4.14 (Solaris 1.1.2) - 1994

Core of Solaris OS is identified as SunOS 5. SunOS 5 (SVR4) is different th

(BSD).

Solaris 2.4 Incorporated SunOS5.4Solaris 2.6 Incorporated SunOS5.6

Solaris 2.7 Incorporated SunOS5.7History of BSD? 1BSD came in 1977, 4.4BSD came in 1994. CSRG (Computer Systems Rese

developed it all the way. After 4.4 it was dissolved. Now FreeBSD and Open

security) are available.History of development of SVR4 and Standards AT&T and Sun formed a company Unix International to develop SVR4 (sola

after release of SVR4. USL (Unix Sys Lab) at AT&T continued dev of SVR4.

Novell. HP, IBM and others formed OSF (Open Software Foundation) to opp

failure. Many vendors formed a consortium called X/Open Company Ltd to

flavors and device the standards. UI merged with OSF in 1996. OSF then mCompan to form The Open Group. TOG worked with IEEE to set a single sta

Unix standards and releases Single Unix Specifications. POSIX are IEEE sta

What are the enhancements in Solaris in diff versions? Solaris 2.6 (SunOS 5.6) - Included Kerberos, PAM, TrueType, Fonts, WebNF

Solaris 7 (SunOS 5.7) - First 64-bit UltraSpARC release, UFS logging

Solaris 8 - Multipath I/O, IPv6, IPSec, RBAC, Last update was Solaris 8 2/0

Solaris 9 - iPlanet Directory Server, Resource Manager, Solaris Volume Man

added, Open Windoes droppedSolaris 10 - includes x64 bits support, DTrace, Solaris Containers, Service M

iSCSI, GNOME based Java Desktop System as default desktop, ZFS, GRUB

SPARC and big endian? SPARC is big endian. 4A3B2C1D is stored at memory location with lowest a

101 (3B), 102 (2C), 103 (1D). 4A is most significant byte and is stored at lo

In IPMP, can you group virtual IPs? no

Which is ipmp daemon? in.mpathd

Can IPMP can have interfaces with different speeds? Yes but it can't have different types such ethernet and ATM

Deprecated in IMP means wat? Do not use the underlying NIC for communication as source address

How do you run a command in vi? :! Command

Which problems can be fixed in UFS using fsck? Discard the log and continue? (Uncommitted transactions are gone)FREE BLK COUNT WRONG IN SUPERBLK (salvage)

IMPOSSIBLE MIN FREE=percent IN SUPERBLOCK


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What does superblock contain? Size and status of FS, Label which includes file system name and volume naSize of FS logical block

Date and time of last update

CG size

Number of data blocks in a CG

Summary data blocks (number of inoders, directories, fragments, storage bPathname of last mount point

What does Inode contain? 128 bytes in size: It mentions

Type of file

Mode of filenumber of hard links to file

User ID of owner, group

number of bytes in fileArray of 15 disc-block addresses

What does data block contain for file and directory? The data block contains the data in files and contains entries that give inod

in the directoryWhat is logical block size? It is the size used by kernel. It is either 4096 bytes or 8192 bytes. 8K is pre

What is physical block size? Thats the size disk controller can use to read/write. The smallest size if 512

How are logical blocks divided? They can be divided into 1, 2, 4, or 8 fragments. Fragment size can be 1KB

smaller files fragments are allocated instead of entire block. Small fragmenrequires more time to allocate.

How do you change minimum free space in filesystem?

1-10% - change using tunefs

How are the number of inods related to file systemsize?

number of inodes = FS size (B, KB, TB)/Number of bytes per inode (B, KBFS Size # of inodes


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Where would you see controller/device mapping? ls -l /dev/cfg

How does crash dump work? When system panics, system write out the contents of physical memory to

devices. On reboot, a start up script (etc/init.d/savecore) calls savecore uti

make sure the crash dump correpsonds to running OS and then copy the crdevice in 2 files unix.n and vmcore.n (n increasing sequentially). dumpadm

/etc/dumpadm.conf file. Crash dumps are usually 35% of physical RAM but

What causes the crash? faulty hardware or software bug or drivers or modules

When is core dump created? It is created when application crashes. It is a snapshot of RAM allocated to

saved in /etc/coreadm.conf.How do you know what was the previous run level? who -r -> . Run-level 3 Dec 13 10:10 3 0 S (here previous run level was S)

0 times since last reboot on Dec 13 10:10

Whats the difference between Single user mode and1st run level?

In single user only few file systems are mounted whereas in run level 1, allaccessible but user logins are disabled.

How do you set scsi options? /etc/systems - scsi_options

What is a defunct process? Defunct processes are processes that have become corrupted where they cor child process.

Where does SUNWexplo generate the output and what

is the output?

It collects many /etc files, details of storage, disk firmware level, showrev -

op can be then fed into patchdiag tool for patch analysis. It generates outp

ssh ,rlogin and telnet SSH is a recently designed, high-security protocol. It uses strong cryptography to prot

eavesdropping, hijacking and other attacks. Telnet and Rlogin are both older protocols

* SSH and Rlogin both allow you to log in to the server without having to type a passwthis is insecure, and can allow an attacker to access your account on the server. SSH's

secure, and typically requires the attacker to have gained access to your actual client m

* SSH allows you to connect to the server and automatically send a command, so that

command and then disconnect. So you can use it in automated processing

signals in solaris A signal is a message which can be sent to a running process. Signals can be initiated

administrators.For example, to the proper method of tel ling the Internet Daemon (inetd

file is to send it a SIGHUP signal. Total 45 signal are there in solaris.


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Where do you get Disksuite for Solaris 9? You already installed it. It is now an integral part of OS and installed as

Define metadatabase, metadevice and submirror. Metadevice: A virtual device composed of several physical devices (sliceMetadb (meta database): Keeps information of the metadevices. Metadno partition available, then take from swap.Sub mirror: A submirror is made of one or more striped or concatenated

What happens if you have metadb on 2 disks only? Disksuite looks for database replica number > 50% of total replicas andthe replica falls at 50%. On next reboot, system will go to single user madditional replicas.

Explain #metainit d11 2 2 c2t0d0s1 c3t0d0s1 2c2t1d0s1 c2t1d0s1

Metainit d11 create a metadevice named d11

2 2 individual stripes2 Each stripe is made of 2 slices

Talk through the steps of Disksuite installation for arootdisk and rootmirror.

1. Copy the partition table from one disk to another.#prtvtoc /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s2 | fmthard s - /dev/rdsk/c1t0d0s22. Initialize metadb#metadb a f c2 c0t0d0s3 c1t0d0s3(a add, f force for first replica, c2 number of replicas)3. Create metadevices for one side of the mirror with the OSRoot#metainit f d10 1 1 c0t0d0s0#metainit f d20 1 1 c1t0d0s0#metainit d0 m d10#metaroot d0Swap#metainit f d11 1 1 c0t0d0s1

#metainit f d21 1 1 c1t0d0s1#metainit d1 m d11

/usr#metainit f d12 1 1 c0t0d0s4#metainit f d22 1 1 c1t0d0s4#metainit d2 m d124. Lock the file system and reboot#lockfs fashutdown g0 i65. After reboot, attach the second disk and make it bootable#metattach d0 d20#metattach d1 d21#metattach d2 d22#intallboot /usr/platform/ uname i`/lib/fs/ufs/bootblk /dev/rdsk/c1t0

6. Edit /etc/vfstabEquivalent of vxprint metastat

How do you clear metadevice configurations? #metaclear

Why will you use SVM instead of VxVM for boot disk? 1. No advantage in using VxVM except mirroring. SVM also provides mirthis advantage of VxVM is overcome.2. Free as compared to expensive VxVM license3. Upgrades are simple as compared to VxVM

Create a 100 MB metadevice on c2t0d0s1 and mirrorto c3t0d0s1. Create a UFS filesystem on this.

Use format to create a 100MB slice on c2t0d0s1 and c3t0d0s1.# metainit d11 1 1 c2t0d0s1# metainit d10 m d11# metainit d12 1 1 c3t0d0s1# metattach d10 d12# newfs /dev/md/rdsk/d10

How do you grow a UFS filesystem? You can grow but not shrink a UFS. You can grow its UFS size only if yopartition it lives using following command:/usr/lib/fs/ufs/mkfs G M /current/mount /dev/rdsk/cXtYdZsA newsiz

This could be done online when filesystem is mounted and in use.

How do you grow a UFS filesystem in a SDSmetadevice?

1. Add the new slice to a volume (d10)2. Expand as below:#growfs M /app /dev/md/rdsk/d10

How do you shrink a UFS FS in a SDS metadevice? SVM Volumes can be expanded, but cant be reduced in size.

Differentiate encapsulation & initialization. Encapsulation preserves the data whereas initialization doesnt.

What command to display all disks known to VxVM? # vxdisk list

What command would you use to display all volumes(with detailed information) in the datadg diskgroup?

# vxprint g datadg [a]th

What are disadvantages of default configurations

offered for rootability?

VxVM steals several cylinders from swap (in case there are no free cylin

region. This causes following probs:1. No protection for private region because it is in the middle of the diskthe whole disk. [VxVM finds a way around by creating rootdiskPriv subd2 R d d fl ibilit f fi ti b b i di id d i t


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If vxdisk list and format shows different disks (samedisks appearing under different names) how will you

rectify?

For VM in non-clusterRemove /etc/vx/disk.info file#rm /etc/vx/disk.infoRestart vxconfigd#/sbin/vxconfigd k

For VM in cluster environment

Freeze service groups that have VM resources#hagrp freeze Remove /etc/vx/disk.info file#rm /etc/vx/disk.infoRestart vxconfigd

#/sbin/vxconfigd kUnfreeze the service group#hagrp unfreeze

For systems running Cluster Volume ManagerStop the cluster on local node#hastop local

Remove /etc/vx/disk.info file#rm /etc/vx/disk.infoRestart vxconfid#/sbin/vxconfigd k

Start the cluster on local node#hastart

Talk through the steps of creating a simple Sybaseraw volume in VxVM.

# vxedit set user=sybase [owner=dba] data01Note that ownership on the raw volume must be changethat a chown sybase:dba /dev/vx/rdsk/datadg/data

persist reboots.

Procedure to replace failed primary root disk 1. Mount the root mirror file system on /a.2. Restore /etc/system and /etc/vfstab.

3. Comment out all other /dev/vx volumes from /a/etc/v

4. Touch /a/etc/vx/reconfig/state.d/install-db.

5.Boot system6. Remove /a/etc/vx/reconfig/state.d/install-db

7.Run these:#vxiod set 10#vxconfig

8. Dissociate and remove all the OS plexes on the mirror de#vxprint ht | grep rootmirror#vxplex g rootdg o rm dis home-02 opt-02 rootvol-02

9. Remove the disk from Veritas control#vxdg g rootdg rmdisk rootmirror#vxdisk rm c1t1d0s2

10. Replace the disk and issue this#vxdctl enable#vxdisksetup i c2t8d0 (initialize the new disk)#vxdg g rootdf adddisk rootmirror=c2t8d0#vxrootmir rootmirror#vxassist mirror home rootmirror#vxassist mirror opt rootmirror#vxassist mirror swapvol rootmirror#vxassist mirror var rootmirror

11. Uncomment other /dev/vx/ from vfstab

12. Reboot the system.

13. Run vxdctl enable

14. Encapsulate and re-mirror root disk

How would you move DG between systems? Deport the disk group from first system with h option (Import the disk group on new system

How do you rename a disk? #vxedit g datadg rename olddiskname newdiskname

Are you aware of any bugs within any of the Veritas

products?

1.Using vxdiskadm to replace a failed disk:vxdiskadm command requires two attempts to replace a failed disk. Th

/usr/lib/vxvm/voladm.d/bin/disk.repl: test: argument expectedThe command is not completed and the disk is not replaced. If you rersuccessfully completes.

2.Diff disk group versions:

When a disk is initialized through vxdisksetup and added through vxdggroup version. In such cases, uninitialize the disk using vxdiskunsetup


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VxVM DRL VxVM logging DRL verifies that the plexes are in sync but doesnt videntify which regions of data mirrors were recently used, such that onneeded, avoiding a lengthy resynch of mirrored volumes. It really doesput limits on synch issues. In case of a crash, only one plex which was the second plex not-updated. Unlike a FS, the volume cant be checkedconsistency. It can contain any data whatsoever. Upon recovery, a norblocks from one submirror over to the other. On large volumes, this taa long time.The DRL keeps track of sections of the volume that may have pending sections need to be resynchronized. If you want the recovery to be fast

you can use FastResync. You can add a log withlogtype=dco and fastresync=onvxasssit addlog vol logtype=dco

vxedit set vol fastresync=on

The DCO bitmap will be emplty and unused until a snapshot is taken orplex is detached, theDCO bitmap is updated to keep track of all the writes to the good plex. onl the re ions marked in the bitma are co ied thus s eedin u the

What does cant stat /dev/vx/rdsk/datdg/vol1indicate?

It says that the volume is not online.

How do you move volume from one dg to another? 1. save volume config in a file#vxprint g sourcedg mhqQ vol1 > /data.file#vxdisk list > /vxdisk.file2. Unmount, stop and remove vol1 (this doesnt destroy the data, it jus3. Remove the disks from sourcedg and add to targetdg

4. Rebuild the volume mapping from saved file#vxmake g targetdg d /data.file5. Start the volume

How do you get VRTSExplorer and upload yourexplorer output?

Download it from ftp://ftp.veritas.com/pub/support/vxexplore.tar.Z or as below

ftp ftp.veritas.com

login: anonymous

passwd: your email address

cd pub/support

( Note: this is a blind directory, you will not be able to see any files here )

bin

get vxexplore.tar.Z

bye

Once you get this, uncompress & untar the file and follow the instructions in the

output. IMPORTANT: When asked to Restart VxVM Configuration Daemon? [y,n

Once this is generated, ftp the file back to Veritas as follows :

ftp ftp.veritas.com

login: anonymous

passwd: your email address

cd /incoming

bin

put . 290-174-344

What is major difference betn VxFS & UFS? VxFS is an extent-based file system. UFS is block based

What does the mount option delaylog mean? Some metadata updates are not committed to the log synchronously

How to increase the number of inodes in a VxFS? You dont. Inodes are created dynamically.

How to create 10GB volume striped across 4 discs? #vxassist make volname 10g layout=stripe disc1 disc2 disc3

How do you display all the volumes in a disk group #vxprint g groupname -v

Using vxassist how do you mirror a volume? #vxassist mirror volname disc1 disc2 disc3 OR #vxmirror

How do you set the user of a volume? #vxedit set user=username volname

How do you change the permissions of a volume? #vxedit -g dgname set user=username group=groupname mode=06

How do you remove a disk from diskgroup? #xdisk rm diskname OR #vxdg rmdisk

How do you remove a volume and its objects? #vxedit rf rm volname (removes vol, plex, subdisk)

How do you mirror the root vol? #vxrootmir

How do you join 2 subdisks to create a biggersubdisk?

#vxsd join subdisk1 subdisk2 newsubdisk

How do you change read policy? #vxvol rdpol

How do you offline/online plex? #vxmend off|on plexname

How do you change the plex state to clean? #vxmend fix clean plexname

How do you stop or start a controller? #ssaadm t 1|2|3 stop|start controller

How do you start and recover single/all volumes? #vxrecover s or #vxrecover s volname


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How would you configure SAN storage using VxVM onSolaris?

Run format, inq, vxdisk to verify the disks are not present

Run devfsadm to detect the disks. Run disks to recreate disk links

Run inq, format to find out the disk added

Label the disk if it is not labelled already

Run vxdctl enable to detect the disks for VxVM and verify with vxdisk

Initialize disks using /usr/lib/vxvm/bin/vxdisksetup -i c3t0d4

Add disk to dg using either vxdg adddisk (existing dg) or vxdg init (fo

If this gives error regarding version difference, then uninitialize the dis

#vxedit set nconfig=all dgname (to enable statedb on all disks in a dg

Run "vxdg free" to see the space available. Divide the number of block

Verify that the volume you are creating doesn't exist

Create the volume by "vxassist -g dgname make volname NUMBER_O

Verify the volume is created, by vxprint -ht | grep volumename

Check its permissions.

Create new FS if required using newfs /dev/vx/rdsk/datadg/vol1

How would you configure SAN storage using VxVM onLinux?

Verify link is up

[root@elonxvcdbmsd1 /]# cat /proc/scsi/lpfc/0Emulex LightPulse FC SCSI 7.1.14Emulex LightPulse LP10000 2 Gigabit PCI Fibre Channel AdaptSerialNum: VM51733449Firmware Version: 1.90A4 (T2D1.90A4)Hdw: 1001206dVendorId: 0xfa0010dfPortname: 10:00:00:00:c9:46:83:1f Nodename: 20:00:00:00:cLink Up - Ready:

PortID 0xf0c00

FabricCurrent speed 2G

lpfc0t00 DID 063c00 WWPN 50:06:04:84:4a:37:2d:12 WWNN 50:0

Link is up and card zoned in correctly.

Verify the disk doesnt exist using fdisk, inq, vxdisk list

Run lun_scan to locate the luns on the system

Get LUN number of new disk using vxinq, inq.linux, fdisk

cat /proc/scsi/scsi to see the LUNs available on the system

Write the labels on newly detected disks as follow

Make VxVM detect new disks using vxdctl enable. If you get foll error,[root@elonxvcdbmsd1 /]# vxdctl enable

If you get thie message...VxVM vxdctl ERROR V-5-1-307 vxcon[root@elonxvcdbmsd1 /]# vxconfigd -m disable[root@elonxvcdbmsd1 /]# vxdctl init[root@elonxvcdbmsd1 /]# rm -f /etc/vx/reconfig.d/state.d/in[root@elonxvcdbmsd1 /]# vxdctl enable

[root@elonxvcdbmsd1 /]# vxdisk -o alldgs list

Initialize the disk, add it to diskgroup and it is ready for use

What does the serial # tell you? Serial number of Symmetrix/DMX from where the LUN is coming

storage team).How would you check for dual path? vxdisk list diskname, format, inq should show two paths.

How would you bring disks online? vxdctl enable, devfsadm

How would you recover from losing one path to SAN? lputil

Where do you get Disksuite for Solaris 8? You already have it on Solaris 2of2 CD.

Installed VxVM but nothing appears in VEA. What todo?

This occurs when there is a mismatch between VxVM and the VMMake sure the versions of VRTSvxvm and VRTSvmpro come from

the running version of vmprovide may be checked in file /var/vxVRTSvmpro.

After encapsulation, when the system reboots, itdoesnt mount /var. Manual mount of /var is ok. Why?

/etc/rcS/S35vxvm-startup1 script starts /var. Stick 'set -x' earlyprinted to see what its doing. It should fire off a vxrecover -n -s fails.

How do you recover the SVM configuration? 1. Attach the disk or disks that contain the SVM configuration to a systediscover it using devfsadm

2. Determine major/minor number for a slice containing the database re

# ls -Ll /dev/dsk/c1t9d0s7

brw-r----- 1 root sys 32, 71 Dec 5 10:05 /dev/dsk/c1t9d0s7 (3

3. Determine the major name corresponding to major name

#grep "32" /etc/name_to_major

sd 32

4. Update /kernel/drv/md.conf file with 2 commands: one command to

replica on the new disks, and one to tell it to trust the new replicaname="md" parent="pseudo" nmd=128 md_nsets=4;# Begin MDD database info (do not edit)ddb b tli t1 " d 71 16 id0"


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What is ASL and APM? ASL - Array support library - they allow DMP to properly claim a device, isits in and basically tell DMP which sets of procedures to use to manage tAPL - Array Policy Module - These are dynamically loaded kernel modulesprocedures and commands that DMP must issue to an array to manage tcode comes with a set of default APMs for Active/Active arrays or Active/"generic" in nature. For arrays that are require specific handling (and theof that), DMP relies on array specific APMs that implement procedures anto that array.

How do you see which arrays have been identified by

VM?

vxdmpadm listenclosure all' because that will show which enclosures DMP

claimed them (from the array_type column).

How do you identify how Clariion was claimed usingvxdmpadm listenclosure command?

CLR-A/PF tells you that Clariion was claimed with 'explicit failover mode' A Clariion configured to Failovermode 2 would get claimed with array_typ

Can ASL be updated while it is online? When is itaccessed?

ASL really gets used at device discovery, so anytime vxdisk scandisk or vgets called. One the device is claimed, the ASL doesn't do anything. The

Can APM be updated while online? updating an APM online should also work. The commands that are specifto path state management (i.e. how to trigger a LUN trespass, what to dto interpret this array specific sense data) and typically are not related to

Blogs and forums on Symantec products? http://www.symantec.com/enterprise/stn/index.jsphttps://forums.symantec.com/syment/blog/article?blog.id=Ameyablog&m

what is NDU? Non Disruptive Upgrade - NDU is EMC way of upgrading the firmware wh

How are APM and NDU related? The APM, analogous to user land counterpart ASL, was tailored to handleas initiating failover and supporting array specific technologies such as Nfrom EMC.

How do you make a particular mirrored plex readonly?

#vxvol -g dgname rdpol prefer volname plexname

What does "gen" usage type indicates for a volume? It indicates no need to create a file system on a volume and FS will not s

What does "fsgen" usage type indicates for a volume? It indicates a file system will be created andn it will synch up

How do you prevent synchronization of mirroreddata?

Offline the second plex using vxmend

What volume size diff VM versions support? VM 3.0 to VM3.2 - 1TB, VM 32TB

Whats the diff betweeen dissociate and detach a plex? Det: Detaching a plex leaves plex associated with its volume, but prevenDis: Dissociating a plex breaks the link between the plex and its volume. attached to another volume.

Can subdisk be detached? SD can only be dissociated, it can't be detached.

How many daemons VM has? vxconfigd, vxiod, vxrecoldHow many plexes a volume can have? 32

What is default stripe unit size for RAID0, RAID5 64KB for RAID 0, 16KB for RAID5

Default private region size? 2048 blocks (1024KB)

How much is 1 Block? 512 bytes

What are different disk types? Sliced: Priv and Pub partition region exist on different disk partitionsSimple: Priv/Pub region are on same disk areanopriv: No private region exists. Used specially in RAMdisks where priv rebetween boots

Where are default attributes for disk initialization andencapsulation kept?

/etc/default/vxdisk and /etc/default/vxencap

Compare terminology of ODS and VxVM? Diskset (Diskgroup), metadevice (volume), transdevice (log), (subdisks),

Since when SDS was renamed as SVM? Solaris 9

What are main difference of SDS/SVM and VxVM? Number of volumes: SDS limited depends upon disk partition layout, VxVVol Size modification: SDS difficult involves modifying disk partition, VM s

vxresize/vxassistRelayout volume: SDS Requires dump/restore, VM onlineDatabase Conf: SDS located on separate partition (not in SVM). Difficult another host without risking volume. VM conf data in private region. EasyhostRoot disk: SDS dealing is easy, VM encapsulation makes it difficult.

How do you create mirrored root disk using SVM? - Copy partition table of disk1 to disk2 using prtvtoc|fmthard- Create atleast 2 state database replicas on each disk using metadb -a -- Create root/swap/var/usr/home slice mirrors and its first submirror- Edit /etc/vfstab- Run metarot for root file system only- Lock the file system and reboot- Attach second submirror to all mirrors- change crash dump device

- Make the mirror disk bootable-What is configd device? vxconfigd refers to /dev//vx/config file. All VM changes occur through thi

Minim m n mbe of database config ation in DG? 5
http://www.symantec.com/enterprise/stn/index.jsphttps:/forums.symantec.com/syment/blog/article?blog.id=Ameyablog&message.id=2http://www.symantec.com/enterprise/stn/index.jsphttps:/forums.symantec.com/syment/blog/article?blog.id=Ameyablog&message.id=2http://www.symantec.com/enterprise/stn/index.jsphttps:/forums.symantec.com/syment/blog/article?blog.id=Ameyablog&message.id=2http://www.symantec.com/enterprise/stn/index.jsphttps:/forums.symantec.com/syment/blog/article?blog.id=Ameyablog&message.id=2


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How fo you start vxconfigd in different modes? #vxconfigd -m disable - starts vxconfigd in disabled mode#vxconfigd -m boot - handles boot time start up of vm. Start#vxconfigd -m enable - starts vxconfigd in enabled mode. It lknown disks for disk groups and imports those DG. sets up en/dev/vx/rdsk

What is ROOTDISKPRIV subdisk? Default installation of vm rootability places privatge region somewhere incylinders. Because of this, private region can't be represented by SUN sliand length). Vm maps entire disk to public region and creates privatge reprivate region is now in address space of both - pub and priv region. To p

being created out of the space occupied by the private region, vm createprivate region section, called as 'rootdiskPriv'. It exists solely to mask off

What is rootdisk-B0 subdisk? Every disk has VTOC at first addressable sector of the disk, block zero. Sand not overwritten, vm creates special subdisk rootdisk-B0 on the top oif rootvol is removed.

DRL on root disk? The volumes on the root disk can't use dirty region logging.

What must be the state of plex for I/O to happen tovlume?

CLEAN

What does different plex state mean? EMPTY state of plex is achieved only by creating a new volume using CLEAN state of plex means plex is good, volume is not started (no I/O STALE state indicates that plex is not synchronized with data in the Ctaking plex offline, disk failure etc). OFFLINE state indicates that plex is not participating in any I/O.

NODEVICE indicates that disk drive below the plex has failed. REMOVED means sys admin has requested the device to appear as if IOFAIL indicates that IO has failed but VxVM is unsure whether the di(NODEVICE). SYNC state of volume indicates that the plexes are involved in read-wsynchronization. NEEDSYNC state of volume is same as SYNC but internal read thread

"vxassist remove mirror testvol" had removed thewrong side of mirror - how do you recover?

- Recreate the subdiskvxmake sd disk1-01 disk1.20221805.8390008 (sizes from saved vxprint - Recreate the plexvxmake plex testvol-02 sd=disk1-01- Recreate the volumevxmake -Ufsgen vol testvol2 plex=testvol-02 (after this, vxprint shows S-Initiate the volumevxvol init clean testvol2 testvol-02 (sets KSTATE=DISABLED, STATE=CLE

- Start the volumevxrecover -s testvol2 (sets STATE=ACTIVE)

What different formats disk type Auto has? cdsdisk, sliced, simple, none

What happens when vxdctl disable is run? It prevents config changes from occurring, but to allow administrative co

What dies vxdctl enable do? It scans newly added devices and makes vxvm update device list.

What happens if you dont disable DMP onunsupported array?

VM commands liks vxdisk list shows duplicate set of disks as ONLINE for only using one path for I/O.Disk failures can be represented or displayed incorrectly by VM if DMP is unsu ressed arra .

Whats the diff betn suppress DMP and prevent DMP? Suppress continues to allow the I/O to use both paths internally. After a the suppressed disks.Prevent does not allow the I/O to use internal multipathing. The vxdisk liONLINE. This option has no effect on arrays that are not performing DMM

DMP.For redundant volume, what effect does "Priv regioncan/can't be read" have?

If VM can still access the priv region on the disk, it marks the disks as FASD is set to IOFAIL. Hot relocation relocates the affected subdisk. If VM cmarks the disk as FAILED. All plexes using the disk are changed to NODEoccurs.

How do you start the volume without recover? #vxrecover -sn

What precaution to be used while enabling adisabled/detached volume?

Use command vxvol -g dgname -f start volname to force start only

used on redundant volumes, data can be corrupted unless all mirrors hav

When will you use vxmend command? To manually reset or change the state of a plex or volume. Volume must

How should you start the layered volume? Start using vxrecover -s instead of vxvol start because it starts both the subvolumes. Vxvol start starts only top level volume.

What does "Recover" state of plex indicate? IT was in ACTIVE state prior to failure.

How would you know which plex has better data? mount and access a volume (using one plex at a time). Offline/online ple

How do you recover the data when both the plexesare in STALE state?

Offline all but one plex and set the plex to CLEAN. Run vxrecover -s. Verithe file system as read-only so you do not have to run a FS check. Run vuntil you identify the plex with the good data.


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What are the conditions of encapsulation of datadisks?

If you have only one partition free, then select CDS disk layout. If you hacan use sliced. The disk must contain an S2 slice that represents the full a FS), 2048 sectors of unpartitioned free space either at the beginning oprivate region.

What are the conditions of encapsulation of rootdisks?

Same as data disks. In addition, it requires 2 free paritions for public andregion is created at the beginning of the swap area and the swap partitiooriginal location.

What are the restrictions on size of boot volumes? Never expand or change the layout of boot volumes. No volume in bootdshrunk because they map to a physical underlyinig partition on the disk a

What are layout restrictions on root/usr/var/opt vols? These volumes must be located in a contiguous area on a disk as require

volumes can't use striped, RAID-5, concatenated mirrored or stripped miWhat are layout restrictions on swap vols? first swap vol must be continuous and same conditions as rest of the OS

can be non-contiguous and can use any layout.

Disk layout and BOOT disk restriction? Boot disk can't be a CDS disk.

Boot disk and its mirrors disk - what is the feature ofdata on both the disks?

Though both the disk contains same data, it is not necessarily placed at t

How do you remove boot disk from vxvm? vxunroot

What are the conditions for vxunroot to work? All but one plex of rootvol, swapvol, usr, var, opt and home must be remOne disk in addition to the boot disk must exist in the boot disk group.

When would you need to use vxunroot? To boot from physical system partition.

When should you not use vxunroot? if u r upgrading only VM packages including VEA package.

What is specific about VMSA? VMSA doesnt run with VM 3.5 and above

Which are the scripts under rcS.d and what do theydo?

S25vxvm-sysboot - determines whether root/usr are volumes, starts vmvxconfigd in boot mode, creates disk access records for all devices, startsS30rootusr - Mount /usr as RO and checks it for any problemsS35vxvm-startup1 - starts special volumes such as swap and /var, sets uS40standardmounts - mounts /proc, adds a physical swap devices, remoS50devfsadm - configures /dev/ and /devices treesS70buildmnttab - Mounts FS such as /var/, /var/adm and /var/runS85vxvm-startup2 - starts vxiod, changes vxconfigd to enable, imports dreattaches drives that were inaccessible when vxconfigd first started usin

volumes using vxrecover -n -s without recovering themS86vxvm-reconfig - Performs operations defined by vxinstall and vxunro

How do you start vm restore daemon? vxdmpadm start restore

What are the VM scripts under rc2.d? S94vxnm-host_infod - Spawns the RPC server (for VVR)S94vxnm-vxnetd - Starts vxnetd process for VVRS95vxvm-recover - Starts volume recovery and resynchronization, starts

Which files are used by VM during boot? /etc/system - contains vxvm entries/etc/vfstab/etc/vx/volboot/etc/vx/licenses/lic, /etc/vx/elm/var/vxvm/tempdb - stores data about disk groups/etc/vx/reconfig.d/state.d/install-db - indicates vxvm is not initialized/VXVM#.#.#-UPDATE/.start_runed - Indicates that the VM upgrade is no

What might mean "Boot Device can not be opened?" Boot disk is not powered on, boot disk has failed, SCSI bus is not terminaoccurred, Disk is failing and locking the bus.

what might mean "VxVM startup scripts exit withoutinitialization?

Either install-db or .start_runed file is present. Install-db indicates that vxbeen added, but vxvm has not been initialized with vxinstall. Therefore, vStart_runed indicates that a vxvm has been started but not completed. Tstarted.

What might mean "/var/vxvm/tempdb directory ismissing, misnamed, or corrupted?

If it is corrupted, vxconfigd will not start. To remove and recreate this dir#vxconfigd -k -x cleartempdir

How do you run vxconfigd in debug mode? # vxconfigd -k -m enable -x debug_level (0 - no debugging default, 9 - h-x log - log all console output to /var/vxvm/vxconfigd.log file-x logfile=name - Use the specified log file instead-x syslog - direct all console output through syslog interface-x timestamp - attach timestamp to all messages-x tracefile=name - lo all ossible tracin information in the iven file

Where are DMP parameters kept? /kernel/drv/vxdmp.conf (Solaris), /etc/vx/vxdmp_tunables (Linux)

What are 3 DMP parameters and what are theirdefault values?

DMP_failed_io_threshold - represents the amount of time beyond which Dfailure to represent a storage device failure. Default is 10 minutes. It is oredundant vol, it should be set to a few tens of seconds.DMP_retry_count - When DMP I/O request fails within dmp_failed_io_thrdaemon begins recovery by issuing as many as DMP_retry_count inquiryDefault value is 5. For mutipathed array, it should be brought down to 2.DMP_PATHSWITCH_BLKS_SHIFT - It is used by I/O policy to divide the I/

Its default value is 1MB (2048 blocks).

Which 2 HBA parameters should be tuned? link_down timeouts - time for which HBA waits before reporting lin

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