Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report · T.A 4848-CAM Draft Inception Report i Table of...

Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report

This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents. All the views expressed herein may not be incorporated into the proposed project’s design.

Project Number: TA 4848 March 2007

Cambodia: Preparing the Water Resources Management (Sector) Project (Cofinanced by the Government of France)

Prepared by

TEAM Consulting Engineering and Management Co., Ltd.

S.D.C. Consulting Co., Ltd.

For Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology, Royal Government of Cambodia

TA No. 4848-CAM WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT (SECTOR) PROJECT

INCEPTION REPORT

Submitted to

Asian Development Bank

Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology, Royal Government of Cambodia

March 2007

.

TEAM Consulting Engineering and Management Co., Ltd.

S.D.C Consulting Co., Ltd.

T.A 4848-CAM Draft Inception Report

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Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION ________________________________________________ 1

2. THE PLANNING PREMISES ______________________________________ 3 2.1. Introduction ______________________________________________________ 3 2.2. The Planning Area _________________________________________________ 3

2.2.1. Background Information ________________________________________________ 8 2.2.2. Physical Characteristics _________________________________________________ 8 2.2.3. Socio-Economic and Environmental Characteristics __________________________ 11

2.3. Government’s Policies and Plans ____________________________________ 12 2.3.1. National Strategic Development Plan and Government Policy__________________ 12 2.3.2. Rectangular Strategy __________________________________________________ 12 2.3.3. Agriculture and Water Strategy (2006-2010) ________________________________ 13 2.3.4. The Tonle Sap Basin Initiative & Strategy__________________________________ 14 2.3.5. Deconcentration and Decentralization _____________________________________ 14 2.3.6. Regulatory Framework for Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) and River

Basin Management (RBM)______________________________________________ 15 2.3.7. Price, Marketing and Credit Policy _______________________________________ 18 2.3.8. Land Tenure Security __________________________________________________ 19

2.4. Existing and Future Assistance in the Irrigation Sub-Sector______________ 20 2.4.1. Range of Assistance __________________________________________________ 20 2.4.2. Lessons Learned from Other Projects and Studies ____________________________ 26 3. ISSUES ARISING in the IMPLEMENTATION of T.A. _________________ 33

3.1. Counterpart Staff _________________________________________________ 33 3.2. Commune Council Election and Khmer New Year _____________________ 33 3.3. National Level Workshop for Selection of 4 Sub-basins _________________ 33 3.4. Topographic Survey, Geotechnical Investigation and Socio-economic Survey 34 3.5. Inclusion of 35 Eligible Subprojects from NWISP ______________________ 34

4. STUDY IMPLEMENTATION and PERSONNEL SCHEDULE __________ 35 4.1. Introduction _____________________________________________________ 35 4.2. Logistic Arrangements_____________________________________________ 35 4.3. Counterpart Staff _________________________________________________ 35 4.4. Field Operations __________________________________________________ 36 4.5. Milestone Events__________________________________________________ 36 4.6. Work Plan _______________________________________________________ 36

4.6.1. Overall Work Plan ____________________________________________________ 36 4.6.2. Personnel Schedule____________________________________________________ 36 4.6.3. Project Identification Process ____________________________________________ 41 5. CONCLUSIONS and RECOMMENDATIONS ________________________ 46

APPENDICES Appendix 1: Meetings and People Met During Inception Phase

1.1 Key Meetings / Discussions 1.2 Summary of Pre-Inception Report Meeting

Appendix 2: Lessons Learned from TWGAW’s C2 Team’s Review of 21 Schemes Appendix 3: List of 35 schemes on NWISP Long list Appendix 4: List of References


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Tables Table 2.1 : Characteristics of the Sub-Basins (hydrology, soil, population) Table 2.2 : Land Use Suitability Characteristics of the Sub-basins by

Province Table 2.3 : External Assistance in the Water and Agriculture Sector Table 4.1 : Milestone events Table 4.2 Preminary information on interventions conceived in various

Tonle Sap Sub-basin Figures Figure 2.1: Commune Level Poverty Rates Figure 4.1 Overall Work Plan showing schedule of major tasks, activities

and outputs Figure 4.2 Detailed Work Plan for First Two Months Figure 4.3 Personnel Schedule


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List of Abbreviations

ADB Asian Development Bank ADF Agence Development Francaise AEA Agro-Ecosystem s Analysis CAAEP Cambodia Australia Agriculture CSES Cambodia Social and Economic Survey D & D Deconcentration and Decentralisation FWUC Farmer Water User Committee IA Implementin g Agency IEE Initial Environmental Examination IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development ISAEA Agro-Ecosystems Analysis for Irrigation Systems IWRM Integrated Water Resource management JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency LMAP MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries MFI Micro Finance Institution MLUPC Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction MOE Ministry of Environment MOI Ministry of Interior MOWRAM Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology MRC Mekong River Commission MTR Mid Term Review NGO Non-Go vernmental Organization NPRS National Poverty Reduction Strategy NRDP Northwestern Rural Development Project NSDP National Strategic Development Plan NTFP Non-Timber Forest Product NWISP Northwest Irrigation Sector Project O&M Operation and Maintenance PDA Provincial Department of Agriculture PDI Provincial Department of Interior PDRD Provincial Department of Rural Development PDWRAM Provincial Department of Water Resources and Meteorology PIMD Participatory Irrigation Management Development PLA Participatory Learning and Action PPTA Project Preparatory Technical Assistance PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal PRDC Provincial Rural Development Committee PRU Provincial Resettlement Unit PSC Project Steering Committee PSP Production Startup Program PSU Project Support Unit PTST Provincial Technical Support Team RBM River basin Management RDB Rural Development Bank RGC Royal Government of Cambodia RRA Rapid Rural Appraisal SDP-WS Strategy Development Plan for the Water Sector (SDP-WS) SEDP Social and Economic Development Plan SL Sustainable Livelihoods TA Technical Assistance


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TL Team Leader TSBR Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve TSEMP Tonle Sap Environmental Management Project TSLSP Tonle Sap Lowland Stabilization Project TSSLP Tonle Sap Sustainable Livelihoods Project TGAWG Technical Working Group on Agriculture and Water WFP World Food Program WUC Water User Committee WUG Water User Group

T.A 4848-CAM Draft Inception Report Page 1 of 71

______________________________________________________________________________ TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM SDC Consulting Ltd Management Co. Ltd Asian Development Bank

1. INTRODUCTION A consortium consisting of TEAM Consulting Engineering and Management Co.Lt d. of Thailand (TEAM) a s Internatio nal Consultant and Lead Firm, and S.D.C. Consulting Co. Ltd. of Cambodia (SDC) as Lo cal Consultant (herein af ter referred to as the Consultant) was engaged by the Asian Deve lopment Ba nk (ADB) t o implement TA 4848-CAM: Water Resources Management (Sector)-Part A. Th e objective of the tech nical assist ance (TA) is to formu late a wat er resource s management sector project (the Project) suitable for financing by the Asian Development Bank ( ADB) and Agence F rance de Development (AFD). The consulting service contract was signed with ADB on 21 February 2007. The Team Leader (TL) 1 arrived in Phnom Penh on 8 March 2007 to work with the Local Partner (SDC) re garding logistic arrangements. The assignment was formally commenced on 12 Marc h 2007 as scheduled in the contract. Other members of the TA team ha ve been fielded according to the personnel schedule presented in the technical proposal. Over the first two week s of the assignment, the Consultant carried out the following activities:

(i) Meeting with key officia ls of some international developme nt agencies, including ADB, AFD, AusAID of Australia and Japan Internation al Cooperation Agency (JICA) with the objectives to: • Update information on ongoing and planned assistance projects in

the TSB; and • Solicit the donors’ vie ws on the development of TSB a nd the

contribution of this TA a nd the ensuing project to the development of TSB focusing on poverty reduction.

Name of persons met and su mmaries of the discu ssions ar e presented in Appendix 1.1.

(ii) Meeting with key officials of the Ministry of Water Resources and

Meteorology (MOW RAM) and the Provincial Department of Wate r Resources and Meteorology (PDWRAM) with the objectives to: • solicit their views on a nd expectations of the TA, especia lly the

project to be formulated under the TA for the consideration of ADB and AFD for financing;

• update info rmation on the Gove rnment’s policie s rele vant to poverty red uction and irrigated agriculture d evelopment in the Tonle Sap Basin (TSB), water resource sector issues, and ongoing and planned development projects in the TSB; and

• consult with the key officials on the workshops and meetings to be held as part of the TA.

Names of person met and summaries of the discussions are given for the record in Appendix 1.2..

(iii) Initial revie w of docu ments relevant to the TA, includin g the water resources sector, Seila program, vulnerability and poverty mapping, and documents of some o ngoing and completed project s in TSB. The documents reviewed to date are listed for the record in Appendix IV.

1

Mr.Peerawat Premchuen of TEAM



(iv) Reviewing and updating the work process and work plan presented in the techni cal proposa l to ensure their suitability based on the init ial findings and further analysis of the activities prescribed in the TOR.

(v) Making necessary logistic arrange ments for the TA implementation, including field works.

(vi) Preparation of the inception report and pre-in ception pre sentation (2 2 March) to key officials of MOWRAM and PDWRAM.

This Incept ion Report (IR) was submitted in compliance with para. 37 of the T OR that require s the Consultant to su bmit “an in ception rep ort within t wo weeks of mobilization outlin ing t he study i mplementation and personnel schedule”.The IR succinctly presents the Consultant’ achievemen ts and majo r findings over the first two weeks of the assignment. Su pporting det ails are pro vided in appendixes as appropriate. The IR after this introductory chapter is structured as follows: Chapter II : presents major findings of the initial document reviews and discu ssions with the key officials, focusing on implications on the project formulation under the TA. Chapter III : identifies issues which may affect the TA implementation. Chapter IV : present s a revised work plan and person nel schedu le in line with findings over the inception period. It also summarizes logistic arrangements that have been made to ensure efficient conduct of the assignment. Chapter V : presents major conclusions a nd recommen dations to t he Executing Agency and ADB on th e course of actions to b e taken to ensure smooth operations of the Consultant.



2. THE PLANNING PREMISES

2.1. Introduction

This Chapter presents the planning premises establish ed from th e results o f meetings with the key of ficials of various agencies concerned and from the review of relevant documents. The Consultant w ill continue to update the planni ng premises as appropriate, as more information is obtained until th e project f ormulation is completed. The Planning Area, Tonle Sap Basin (TSB), has been the subject of several studies supported by external assistan ce. Document s which provide key i nformation on strategies and physical characteristics of the T SB and its 11 sub-basins of the T SB include the Tonle Sap Initiative (ADB, 2003), Tonle Sap Basin Strategy (ADB), Tonle Sap Lowland Stabilization Project ( ADB, TA 4756 CAM) and North West Irrigat ion Sector Project (ADB). The Tonle SAP Initiative project has produced a series of thematic maps covering amongst other th ings administrative boundaries, flooding hazard, irrigation sche me develop ment and soils. The Royal Government o f Cambodia’s (RGC) Se ila Project also covers socio-econ omic characteristics, in particular p overty distribution. In addition, the Technical Workin g Group f or Agriculture and Water (TWGAW) h as made a comprehensive surve y of problems, approaches and solut ions in the la nd and wat er sector, including a review of 21 existing irrigation schemes from different historic periods, some of which lie in the 11 sub-basins of Tonle Sa p, and a summary of previous and future planned aid in the irrigated agriculture sector. Another recent article written by Chann Sinath2 provided a good overview of irrigated agriculture in Cambodia . In addition to providing a general profile of th e country on this top ic, t he article p resented a comprehensive and insightful revie w of various subjects in cluding: a) p ast and pre sent stat us of developments in w ater and la nd resources in Cambodia b) recent reforms toward participatory water management c) key constraints in water manageme nt d) institutional arrangements for management of the water resources sector e) roles of external aid agencies and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). The article presente d related government policie s a nd strategies f or the devel opment of water and related reso urces of Cambodia. Mo st data and information presented therein are still valid to dat e, and directly relevant to the TA.

2.2. The Planning Area

Review of t he collected information during the f irst two wee ks of the TA establishe s that second ary informa tion on various aspect s of TSB should be a dequate for determining the development priority of the r iver basins (RBs) in TSB. Ho wever, field surveys will need to be carried out to a) confirm the findings on the four selected RBs based on secondary literature and interviews with national level staff/agencies b) identify priority subprojects within the se SB’s a nd c) to conduct the feasibility studies of the sele cted four core subprojects. Table s 2.1 and 2.2 summarize sa lient information of the TLB and its RBs, and Figure 2.1 provides a map.

2 Deputy General Director of Technical Affairs, MOWRAM.



Figure 2-1



Table 2.1 Characteristics of 11 Subbasins Subbasin names/ Characteristics

River Length (km)

1.Catchment area (km2)

2. Highest (m) 3. Lowest (m) 4. %area<30m

Hydrology 1. avg. annual r’off,

m3/s) 2. % in wet 3. % in dry 4. annual avg.

precipit. (mm)

Irrigation in dry season (ha) 1. existing 2. planned

Major soil type in % of distribution

Major land use in % of total area

Population

St Boribor Two river branches: Boribo: 57 Ponley:89

1. 7153 km2 2. 1753 m 3. 4 m 4. 42%

1. Q avg.:13 m3/s 2. 87.5 % 3. 12.6% 4. P: 1200 mm

1. 10,187 ha ARI/ARh: 31% LPd/CMd: 21%ACg/ACp: 17%ACg: 13% FLd:6%

91: 37% 20: 25% 64: 12% 61% 7% 12: 4%

14 districts 1,149 villages 690,523 people

St Chikreng 1. 2,713 km2

2. 494 m 3. 4 m 4. 34%

1. Q avg.: 9.93 m3/s 2. 81.1% 3. 18.8 4. 1340 mm

1. 1,145 ha 2. 1,504 ha

AGg: 59% GLd: 17% ACh.LPd:7%

91: 15.97% 20: 37% 18: 13% 61: 6% 56: 5% 12: 4%

2 districts 131 villages 92,445 people

St Chinit 373 km 1. 8,237 km2 2. 653 m 3. 1 m 4. 40%

1. Qavg.: 68.6 m3/s 2. 85.9: 3. 14.1% 4. 1638 mm

1. 8,913 ha 2. 5,277 ha

ACh: 36% ACpg: 13% GLd: 10% ACg: 9% CMd: 5%

91: 21% 12: 29% 11: 7% 40: 8% 61: 6%


St Dauntri 5 rivers branches: 199.27 km

1. 3,696 km2 2. 1271m 3. 4 m 4: 68%

1. Qavg.: 17.81m3/s 2. 77% 3. 23% 4. 1411 mm

1. 1,626 ha 2. 191 ha

ACg/ACp:19% LPd/CMd: 18%GLd: 18% LVg: 13% ACGa: 12%

91: 36% 64: 11% 62: 8% 18: 7% 65: 5%


St Mongkol Borei 5 river branches: 587 km

1.10,856 km2 2. 1,146 m 3. 4 m 4. 55%

1. Qavg.: 40.1 m3/s 2. 88.1% 3: 11.9 % 4. 1,191 mm

1. 4,738 ha 2. 773 ha

AGc: 27% Lvg: 20% CMe 17% CMc: 10% ACp: 8 %

91: 38% 20: 13% 64: 10% 12: 10% 18: 7%

19 districts 957 villages 1,437,100 people



Subbasin names/ Characteristics

River Length (km)





precipit. (mm)




Population

St Sangker 5 river branches: 386 km

1. 6,052.8 km2 2. 1,362 m 3. 4 m 4. 48.8%

1. Q avg.: 64.08 m3/s 2. wet: 90.9% 3. dry:9.1 % 4. 1,245 mm

1,092 ha GLd: 26% LVg: 20% ACg: 11% LPd: 10%

91: 18% 18: 13% 20: 13% 12: 10% 64: 8% 61: 6% 62: 6%


St Pursat 4 river branches: 418.4 km

1. 5,965 km2 2. 1,648 m 3. 4 m 4. 23%

1. Qavg.: 24.34 m3/s 2. wet: 83.3% 3. dry: 16.7% 4. 1,436 mm

910 ha LPd/CMd: 50.9% ACg/ACp: 28.2% LPd: 11.4% GLd: 6.9% FLd: 2.5%

91: 13% 12: 24% 20: 21% 11: 7% 64% 6%


St Siem Reap 94.06 km 1. 3,619 km2 2. 482 m 3. 1 m 4. 60%

1. Qavg.:3.43 m3/s 2. wet: 72.2% 3: dry: 27.8% 4: 1,292 mm

1. 9,766 ha 2. 920 ha

AGc: 47% ACh: 16% GLd: 10% ACp: 9% FLd: 8% CMd/LPd:9%

91: 40% 12: 10% 40: 6% 62: 7% 81: 8% 82: 6%


St Sreng 6 river branches: 560 km

1. 9,933 km2 2. 672 m 3. 4 m 4. 23%

1. Qavg: 38.55 m3/s 2. wet:89.8% 3. dry: 10.2 % 4: 1,260 mm

1. 7,580 ha 2. 4,977 ha

ACg: 22% CMd/LPd: 14%ACf/ACp:12% CMo/ACf:12% GLd: 6% GLe: 6%

91: 18% 20: 24% 12: 12% 18: 9% 64: 8% 81: 5%




Subbasin names/ Characteristics

River Length (km)





precipit. (mm)




Population

St Staung 200.65 km 1. 4,357 km2 2. 570 m 3. 4 m 4. 47%

1. Qavg: 28.52 m3/s 2. wet: 88.2 % 3. dry: 11.8% 4. 1,464 mm

1. 149 ha 2. 3,554 ha

ACg: 33%

ACh/LPd: 10%

GLd: 12%

ACF/ACp: 9%

91: 18% 20: 21%

12: 13%

64: 8%


St Sen 508 km 1. 16,344 km2 2. 796 m 3. 4 m 4. 19.6%

1. Qavg: 27 2.6 m 3/s 2. wet: 90% 3. dry: 10% 4: 1,542 mm

1. 4,193 ha 2. 1,617 ha

ACh/LPd: 18% ACg/PLd: 16% ACf/ACp:14% ACh: 10% ACg: 8% CMo/ACf:

91: 10% 20: 38% 12: 15% 18: 11% 12: 15% 91: 10%


SOIL Codes: Codes Soil Name CMd Dystric Cambisol ACf/ACp Ferric Acrisol CMd/LPd Dystric Cambisol/Dystric Leptosol ACg Gleyic Acrisol CMo/ACf Ferratic Cambisol/Ferric Acrisol ACg/PLd Gleyic Acrisol/Dystric Planosol FRr Rhodic Ferrasol ACga Areni-gley ic Acrisol GLd Gy stric Gleysol ACh-C Haplic Acrisol-skeletic GLe Eutric Gleyysol ACh Haplic Acrisol LPd Dystric Leptosol ACh/LPd Haplic Acrisol/Dystric Leptosol LPe Eutric Leptosol ACp Plinthic Acrisol PLd/ACg Dystric Planosol/Gleyic Acrisol ACpg Gleyic-plinthic Acrisol PTd Dystric Plintosol ARg GLEYIC Aeronosol



2.2.1. Background Information

The TSB co nsists of 11 river basin s (RBs); na mely, St.3 Baribor, St. Chikreng, St. Chinit, St. Dauntri, St. Mongkol Borei, St. Pu rsat, St. Sa ngker, St. Sen, St. Siem Reap, St. Sreng and St. Staung. Figure 2.2 sh ows Commune Level Poverty Rates within the TSB from the 1998 CSES survey. Figure 2.2: Commune Level Poverty Rates in TSB

2.2.2. Physical Characteristics

2.2.2.1. Water A. Hydrological Resosurces An extraordinary 55% of Cambodia's land area is covered by the Tonl e Sap Grea t lake, showing that the Tonle Sap Basin is an asset of major national significance. The Tonle Sap Initiative has produced useful thematic ma ps showing the following key water management characteristics of each sub-basin in t he TSB: a) f lood depth and duration b) extent of irrigation scheme. Table 2.2 below summarizes some water related characteristics: 3

St. stands for “Stung”, a Khmer term means “river”.



Table 2.2 : Summary of Sub-basin Characteristics Related to Water Resources Sub-Basin Province Characteristics &

Resources Net

Catchment Storage Potential

(Mm3)

Dry Season Irrigation (ha)

existing planned St Baribo Kmp

Chnang / Pursat

Wide floodplain agric. area; TLS river transport; MUPA (1)

101 87

St Pursat Pursat Mountainous w hydropower and forestry potential; MUPA

580 910

St Dauntri Pursat / Battamb.

As above and below 1626 191

St Sanker Battamb. Lowlands suitable for agriculture with irrig. potential; core biodiversity area

109 2

St Battambang

Battamb. As above 1150

St Mongkal Borey

Battamb / B. Meanch

Lowlands suitable for agriculture

115 473 8 773

Stung Sreng S. Reap / B. Mean / O. Mean

Lowlands suitable for agriculture

610 758 0 4977

St Siem Reap

Siem Reap

Cultural and tourism (Angkor Watt); wildlife sanct; MUPA

976 6 920

St Chikreng Siem Reap

As above 160 1145 1504

St Staung Siem Reap

As above 550 149 3554

St Sen K Thom / Preah Vihear

Agriculture & irrig.; wildife sanct.; MUPA & core biodiversity area

2900 419 3 1617

St Chinit K Thom / K Chnang

Irrigated agriculture ; wildlife sanct; MUPA

390 891 3 5277

Source: UNDP & ADP quoted in Tonle Sap Initiative & Basin Strategy documents Notes: 1) Multiple Use Protected Area

The Tonle Sap Great L ake takes o ver 50 % of its annual volume fro m the Mekong flood flow. Flood condit ions in the lower part of each of t he tributaries are directly influenced by the Me kong flood flow. Since the past ten years hydrologica l knowledge of the lake which previous ly depe nded exclusively on the early 60's studies of J.P. Carbonel and Giscafe, has been significantly improved. However data and information on flows from all the Great Lak e tributaries are limited to some less than 10 years fragmented records at the exit of each su b-catchment to the lake . Long time s eries of rainfall data of over 20 years are available only at some major provincial stations, with additional stations available only since the year 2000. Only a few sub-b asins with in TLS ap pear to r equire co mprehesive basin-ba sed management, including St Pursat, St Battamb ang, St Mongkol Borei and St Pre k Thnot. The intern ational Wa ter Resources Planne r for the TLSLSP assembled a considerable amount of hydro-meteorological information re lating to the TLSB as a whole, and assisted M OWRAM st aff to produce two documents entitled 1) "River flow monitoring stations, Tonle Sap basin" (MOWRAM Department of Hydrology and River Work s, August 2 006) and 2) "Rainfall monitoring st ations, Tonle Sap basin" (MOWRAM Department of Meteorology, August 2006). These documents presen t previously known but scattered infor mation in a standard an d readily usable form of use to subsequent projects involved in the Tonle Sap basin such as this T.A. Further



useful outp uts included an analysis of water availability and design flows in the project area in general t erms entitled : "Report on water availability (ADB TA 4756-CAM, Sept ember 200 6)" and "Note on run off estimation (ADB T A 4756-CAM, September 2006)". These anal yses of hydro-meteorological data and water availability emphasize th e extreme unreliability of water resources in the Tonle Sap basin, whether from ne t rainfall (the variability of which is increased by variability in evapotranspiration losses), stream and river flow, or the annual flood cycle in the Tonle Sap Great Lake. The unreliability is particularly significant at critical times in the farming calendar, that is, when nu rseries are being estab lished, when seedling s are being tr ansplanted, and when t he main cro p is being “finished off” just prior to ripening and harvesting . This indicates that supplementary irrigation reliant on “run of river” is of limited value in most places, and that off-stream storage is n eeded to provide sufficient water at critical times. A recent appraisal of water management infrastructure built under the Seila program has confirmed that the design of structures –even small ones – must be based o n adequate data and analysis (S ocio-Economic Impact Evaluation of Commune/Sangkat Fund Irrigation Projects, Aruna Technology Ltd., May 2006). Unfortunately, the a vailable hydrometeorological data are rarely a dequate for confident project design, without ad ditional data collection and on-site investigation. Records are generally short or frag mented, except at about ten rainfa ll stations at main centres. Fragmented record is a particu lar problem with rainfall stations, because often it is not possible to determine whether a gap is only apparent (that is, there was rainfall but it was not re corded) or r eal (there r eally was no rain). River flow records present some severe problems, because of the unreliability of the “rating curves” used to convert ob servations of water level to the more useful estimate of water discharge. This is particularly the case for estimates o f high flows (greater tha n about th e average annual maximum flow), which are needed fo r confident design of stru ctures that will not be wa shed out by greater tha n expected flows. The estimating proced ures that have been used in Cambodia (re gional flood estimation, unit hydrographs, rainf all-runoff modeling, et c.) are in g eneral “dat a hungry” (and therefore time-consu ming and expensive to apply) a nd/or make assumptions that are not appropriate to local conditions. Model studies are required to fill data gaps to at least for a period of 20 years. In addition, further data collection will be requ ired later a t the detai l sub-project identification and desig n for those projects located in the branches of the tributaries. A particular problem that may be of relevance to this T.A is t he difficulty of actually defining sub-basins and catchment areas in many places on the Tonle Sap lowlands, because of the near-planar topography or th e disruption of flow-lines by road s, drainage channels, field boundaries etc. B. Flood and Drought Vulnerability The Tonle Sap thematic maps show flood depth and duration in the 11 sub-basins. Almost all t he SB’s except Baribor have a floo ding duration of 61 -18 0 days in th e lowland areas near to the Great Lake.



C. Extent of Irrigation It can be seen from Table 2.1 that the RB’s of Boribor (10,187 ha), Chinit (14,000 ha) Mongkol Borei (5,400 ha), Siem Reap (10,600) and Sreng (12,500 ha) have significantly more existing or planned capacity for dry season irrigation than the other RB’s. With the exception of St Sreng, this confirms that the shortlisting of the 4 sub -basins of (Sreng, Sen, Staung and Chikreng) as candidates for sub-project location is justified on grounds of equitable development.

2.2.2.2. Land and Soil Table 2.1 shows the distribution of the main di fferent soil types in the TSB. Due to their water holding cap acity, the most suitable soils for wetland rice are the Gle y group (Acg or Gleyic Acrisol; ACg/ PLd or Gleyic Acriso l/Dystric Planosol; Acga or Areni-gleyic Acrisol; Acpg Gleyic-plinthic Ac risol; Arg or Gleyic Aeronosol; Gle or Eutric Gleyysol) while the Cambisols (CMo/Acf or Ferratic Cambisol/Ferric Acrisol; CMd or Dystric Cambisol; CMd/LPd Dystric Cambisol/Dystric Lepto sol; CMo/Acf or Ferratic Cambisol/Ferric Acrisol) are more suit able for upland crops and perennials. Most soil ty pes are rep resented in every sub-b asin to some degree d epending on altitude, phase and flooding regime, whether volcanic, alluvial, sandy etc, so that soil suitability will come more into play at the sub-p roject stage . It has bee n observed that irrigation development projects frequently failed to address soil suitability issues when prioritizing irrigation rehab and construction sub-projects for investment. Given equal ranki ng on other non-soil factors, soil suitabi lity will be an important distinguishing factor in cost-benefit ranking. Researchers have indicated that in areas with active rill erosion, crop yield is reduced by 20-25% in the se cond year of cultivation and by 40-50% in the 4th year of cultivation.

2.2.3. Socio-Economic and Environmental Characteristics The MTR for the Tonle Sap Lowland Stabilization Project states the following ” In the lakeside provinces of Bantey Menchey, Battambang, Kompong Chhnang, Kompong Thom, Pursat, and Sie m Reap about 38% of the population falls und er the off icial poverty line, the highe st proportion i n the countr y. 50% of villages have 40–60% of households living below the poverty l ine, with a peak of 80% in parts of Siem Reap and Kompong Chhnang. Besides the ir having re ceived relatively less assistance co mpared with the other 7 SB’s, overlaying of the WFP’s poverty maps on the sub-basin maps from the Tonle Sap Initiative shows that the 4 sub-basins alr eady identified as candidates for the short list (see below Section 4.6.3 1 Sub-Bais in Identification) also contain some of the highest poverty rates in the TLSB (orange and dark red colours). A common characteristic of the most vulnerable household s is that disproportionat e number are headed by women. In t he PRA studies of the TLSLSP, women headed households on average made up 14 .5% of households in th e villages surveyed. Fo r Kampong Chhnang, Pursat and Kompong Thom the average was closer to 20%. One of the rationale for the Tonle Sap Basin Strategy and Initiative is that population and development pressures are ta king their toll on the Tonle Sap Basin and those who live from it. Threats include overexploitation of fisherie s and wildlif e resources,



encroachment during th e dry season, and cutting of the flooded forest, leading to severe and rising levels of poverty and a pending environmental disaster. Surrounding the buffer zone (TLSLSP project area) at higher elevation are important national parks and forest reserves. The project area is in constant exchange with the Tonle Sap Lake through its rivers, biota and human movements.

2.3. Government’s Policies and Plans Government’s policies and plans relevant to the TA are briefly discussed below.

2.3.1. National Strategic Development Plan and Government Policy The Government accords priority to poverty reduction and sustained development to be achieved in raising the economic level of th e country. T hese development goals are clearly reflected in the National Strategic Development Plan (NSDP) covering the period 2006-2010. The NSDP covers, among others, Rectangular Strategy, the National Water Resources Policy and, in particular, the Strat egic Development Plan of MOW RAM which reflects MOWRAM’s e mphasis on feasible investment in irrigation. Therefore, MOWRAM’s f ocus in the sphere of irrigation investment is on improvement of existing irrigation-system performance, rehabilitation and promotion of beneficiary participation in operation and maintenance (O&M).

2.3.2. Rectangular Strategy The Rectan gular Strate gy is con sidered as a tool for su pporting the program for implementing the policy. It in cludes the fo llowing angles t hat represe nt a key t o economic development and progress of the country:

• Angle 1: Promoting the development of agricultural sector • Angle 2: Continuation of rehabilitation and building of infrastructure • Angle 3: Development of private sector and job opportunities • Angle 4: Capacity building and human resources development.

In promoting the devel opment of t he agricultu ral sector, Cambodia aims

basically at national foo d security a nd in particular, poverty reduction. To achieve these, the development efforts are to be made in the following areas:

• Raising of productivity and diversification; • Land reform and de-mining; • Reforming the fisheries sector and fish productivity; and • Reforming the forestry sector.

The poverty reduction strategies include: (i) sustainable and long-ter m economi c growth (with annual growth rate of 6-7%) (ii) equitable share of the economic growth and (iii) sustainable use and management of natural resources and environment. A comprehensive approach is a dopted to enhance the agricultural se ctor development. In this context, the Government has been implementin g the followin g policies:

• Promotion of the use of domestic resources fo r crop diversificat ion an d



crop intensification; • Giving high priority for directing public investment and incentive for private

investment in agriculture sector; • Strengthening the framework for equitable land distribution and use; • Giving high priority for land title pro vision to th e population in needs for

living place and earning their living at family scale; • Transferring the right and power to the rural communities; • Transforming some fishing grounds to fish san ctuaries for fish specie s

conservation; • Promotion of aquaculture; and • Sustainable management of forestry resources.

MOWRAM, MAFF an d other key ministries, with support from ADB and ot her agencies, have been fo cusing their efforts and support on the development of TSB and its key RBs on the western side, includin g St. Baribor, St. Sangker and St . Mongkol Borei. These RBs are known as the rice bowl of the country.

2.3.3. Agriculture and Water Strategy (2006-2010) As the current NSDP (2006-2010) places importance on “sector approach” , development of agriculture and agri-busin ess, land and wat er resources management, including irrigation, are considered crucia l for the su ccess of NSDP. In response to this ne ed, the Agr iculture an d Water Resources (AW R) Strategy covering the period 2006-2010 was prepared in 2006. The AWR Strateg y was jointly formulated by MOWRAM and MAFF, and includes a large set of proposed activitie s and project s (AWR Program) to be implemented between 2006-201 0. The stat ed overall development goal of the AWR program (2006–2010) is: “Su stainable a nd pro-poor management of water resources, water man agement faciliti es, wat er related hazards and la nd resources that is integrated, efficient, and car ried out in a river basin context” This goal will b e realized t hrough the following 5 development programs :

(i) Institutional capacity b uilding and management support program for agriculture and water sector

(ii) Food security support program (iii) Agriculture and agri-business (value chain) support program (iv) Water resources, irrigation and land management program (v) Agricultural and water resources research, e ducation an d extension

program In order to assist the R GC to identify and formulate these programs as part of a Middle Term Strategy on Agriculture and Water, and to facilitate sector coordination in a broad sense, a joint Govern ment-Donors technical gr oup called t he Technica l Working Group on Agriculture and Water (TWGAW) has been established by the RGC. The TWGAW ai ms include: 1) identifying sector p riorities 2) harmonizing activities 3) improving the utilization and mobilization of resources and 4) supporting efforts to st rengthen the agricultur e and water sectors' capacity to contribute t o economic growth. The TWGAW ha s so far lau nched several activities to enhance dialogue a mong stakeholders involved and to review national experiences o n several key issues rela ted to rural developme nt (See below under External Aid). During this inception sta ge, the Consultant had at least two meetings with members of the TWGAW, in order to obtain t heir advice and relevant information for the WRM



Project. Continued communications with this important Group are foresee n throughout the Project’s duration.

2.3.4. The Tonle Sap Basin Initiative & Strategy

The Tonle Sap Initiative (TSI), launched by ADB in October 2002, is a partnership of organisations and people working to meet the poverty and environme nt challenges of the Tonle Sap region . The first milestone was reached in Nove mber 2002 with approval by ADB of a US$10.9 million loan for the Tonle Sap Environmental Management Project. T he Global Environmental Facility and the Un ited Nations Development Program also co-fin anced US$3.93 millio n and US$0.61 million , respectively.

In July 200 3, ADB formulated the Tonle Sap Basin Strat egy to form the basis f or setting prior ities and pla nning assistance over the next 5-10 years. This strategy is based on t hree underpinning prin ciples: sustainable livelihood, socia l justice an d basin-wide approach. I t aims to reduce poverty by fostering, pro moting an d facilitating p ro-poor and susta inable economic growth, access to asse ts and g ood management of natural resources and the environment. It focuses on two core areas: rural developme nt and the envir onment and human de velopment It is consistent with ADB's water policy and a worldwide trend towards managing lan d, water, and biotic resources within a framework of basin units

2.3.5. Deconcentration and Decentralization

The Project to be formulated unde r the TA will adopt a p articipatory approach in subproject formulation and implementation in line with RGC’s policy on participatory irrigation m anagement and development. This appro ach also r eflects RGC’s ongoing endeavors on the deconcentration and decentralization of decision-making power and authority from the central government agencies to the local level. A legal instrument to implement RGC’s policies on deconcentration, decentralization and local governance is the Law on the Administration and Ma nagement of Commune/Sangkat (LA MC) (Ro yal Kram No. 0301/05). The LAMC provides a comprehensive framework for the decentra lization progr am of RGC. The LAMC provides for the creation of communes/sangkat s as legal entities; the a dministrative structure o f the commune; the legal basis for the establish ment of the Commune/Sangkat Fund-the intergovernmental fiscal tran sfer system; and the creation of the inter- ministerial policy formulation and coordination body for decentralization, among others. The SEILA program was launched in early 2001 as aid mobilization an d deconcentration reforms. The development goal is to contribute to poverty alleviation through goo d governance. It s im mediate objec tive is “to institu tionalized systems and strategi es to manage sustaina ble local de velopment “. The objective will b e realized through three program outputs:

• Related institutions at all levels strengthened and effectively implementi ng the decentralized and deconcentrated system

• Efficient an d effective services and investments provided for lo cal development



• Contribute to the impro vement of p olicy and regulations for decentralization and deconcentration and poverty alleviation.

Under RGC’s overall reform program, a t hree-tiered system of planning and budgeting was created to link the Commune/Sa ngkat, the Province/Municipality and the National levels. In line with this emerging system, the SEI LA framewor k supported the programming of financial and technical resources at all three levels to implement, strengthen and further develop RGC’s reform agenda and contribute to the alleviation poverty. The SEILA grogram is the collective responsib ility of the SEILA Task Force (STF) comprising representative from the Ministries of Interior, Economics and Finance, Planning, Rural Devel opment, W omen and Veteran Affairs, Agriculture Fisheries and Forestr y, and Water Resources and Met eorology. Implementati on of the plan was entrusted to the in dividual line ministries. SEILA’s contribution will thus be felt at the natio nal as well as sub-nat ional (Province and co mmune) le vels. At t he national level through policies and regulations, and at the sub-national levels through more capable and accou ntable institutions, and through promoting partnerships an d dialogue. The Seila Program is supported by various donor agencies (listed below), and implemented in collaboration with several partners:

• Partnership for Local Governance [DfID, SIDA, UNDP] • International Fund for Agricultural Development [IFAD] • World Bank • Government of Germany / GTZ • Government of Denmark / Danida • Government of Australia / AusAID • UNICEF • World Food Program • Asian Development Bank

4

With the external supp orts, the Seila Program was able to extend technical and financial re sources to all 24 provinces as o f April 2003, in support to all 1,62 1 communes, before its closure in De cember 2006. The act ivities carried out by the Seila Program are now under the mand ate of the National Committee for Management of the Decentralization and Deconcentration Reform (NCDD).

2.3.6. Regulatory Framework for Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) and River Basin Management (RBM)

A draft national law on Water Resource Management for the whole of Cambodia is in process of formulation, and is hoped to be pas sed around September 2007. The process of f ormulation and agreement has bee n a long and difficult o ne, since s o many agencies and stakeholders have conflictin g interests and since three already existing strategies/policies must be integrated and reflected in this Law:

4 TAR:35274: Technical Assistance to the Kingd om of Cambodia for Preparing the Decentralization Suppor t

Program, February 2002



1. The National Water Resources P olicy (NWRP) approve d by the Prime Minister 2004

2. The Strategy Development Plan for the Water Sector (SDP-WS) 3. The RGC’s Strategy Framework for Decentra lization and Deconcent ration

Reform (SFDDR). Meanwhile responsibilit y for most co mponents of ba sin management is a lready invested in various RGC line ministries and provincial authorities, while several foreign donor projects are providing support in some aspects of water resource a nd basin planning. Part C o f this PPTA will assist MOWRAM with planning of the Tonle Sap Basin (MRC will open office in MOWRAM), while JICA (Japan) and KoI CA (Korea) and involved in masterplans for 4 ("Basin-wide Basic Irrigation and Drainage Masterplan Study" covering St. Boribo, St. Pursat, St. Dauntry and St. Sangker) and 1 sub-basin in the Tonle Sap Basin respectively (yet to b e identified, but probably one of the 4 sub-basin s already identified by this PPTA as probable candidates for selection). The NWISP is lookin g at a pla n for the 4 sub-basins of Pursat, Battambang, Mongkol Borei and Prek Thnot t o be completed during the 2005 – 8 period. For river basin management, a National Irrigation and Drainage Strategy (NIDS) is in place, which supports the joint for mulation of multi-stake holder river basin plan s between MAFF, MRD, and MoE. The SDP-WS (item 2 above) includes the aim of adopting IWRM/RBM as a standard RGC government approach/policy. This includes the policy of Participatory Irrigation Management and Development and Irrigation Management Transfer ( IMT) as a focal part of this policy. This is evidenced in several documents such as the National Water Policy (2004), section 4.5.3 which stat es that t he Royal Government of Cambodia will: “.. progressively transfer small and medium scale irrigation systems to FWUCs, to manage, operate and maintain themselves”. The RGoC’s commitment to IMT is also detailed in the Partic ipatory Irrigation Management and Development training modules. Module 2, in explainin g the PIMD strategy, states tha t the RGoC intends t o implement the PIMD strategy throughout the country, and in section 2. 2 states tha t “.. all donor assisted irrigation development programs will follow the same strategy of organizing FWUCs, building their managerial, technica l and financial capa city, adopting Irrigation Service Plans an d Audits and transferring irrigation management authority to the FWUCs”. Further clear references to IMT are made in Modules 4 and 5, with the latter detailing how to prepare and adopt th e management transfer agreement. The irrigation management model appropriate f or any particular schem e will depend upon man y different factors, and the actual blend of state and communit y responsibility and roles will be det ermined by those factors. These factors woul d include:

i) the primary purpose of the investment in irrigation – poverty reduction or commercial development,

ii) the socio-economic condition and situation of the user community iii) agricultural development and market potential iv) the degree of potential capacity, will and commitment of the user

community to manage the facilities v) identified performance gaps in existing management



vi) availability of technical support and access to services to maintain facilities

vii) Government budget assistance and availability.

2.3.6.1. Agro-Ecosystems Analysis (AEA) Agro-Ecosystems Analysis (AEA) is a method ology for th e analysis of agricultur al livelihood systems and for planning and prioritizing research and developmen t activities. Developed at Chiang Mai University in the late 70’s, it has since been used for many ag ricultural research and devel opment purposes in development projects, protected areas, buffer-zones, irriga tion systems, land reform areas, et c. throughout the world. Irrigation Systems Agro-Ecosy stems Analysis (ISAEA) is a participatory methodology based on AEA, specifically for use in the design and development of irrigation schemes. Since 2002, MAFF’s Department of Agricultura l Extension (DAE) has been using AEA at the commune level as a participatory needs assessment methodology for planning a gricultural extension and dev elopment programs. AEA has be en conducted in over 350 communes across 17 provinces, and its use is now endorsed by official MAFF policy. Commune AEA implementation is currently funded by Seila, MAFF and a number of multi-lateral, bilateral a nd NGO do nors. At th e request of the MOWRAM-MAFF inter-ministerial working group, CAAEP agreed to modify an d test AEA a s a tool for planning agricultural extension and development support programs for irrigation projects in Cambodi a. This collaborative initiative was conducted jointly by the AusAID CAAEP and the ADB-fund ed North West Irrigatio n Sector Project (NWISP), using the Phonley irrigation sche me, one of the NWISP systems, as a case-stu dy for ISA EA method ology devel opment. The work was conducted over a period of 6 months by a multi-discip linary team comp rising local PDA and PDWRAM officials, su pported by national experts from all releva nt disciplines associated with irrigation system design and agricultural development. The overall goal of ISAEA is to promote participatory, inter-disciplinary analysis in the design and deve lopment of irrigation systems in order to ensure that engineering, agricultural, environmental and so cial considerations are optimized for the benefit of irrigation stakeholder communities. In order to address t he trade-offs between different wate r uses and users, ISAEA follows an Integrated Water Resource Managemen t (IWRM) a pproach IW RM is defined as “a pr ocess which promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land, and related resources in order to maximise the resultant economic a nd social w elfare in an equitable manner, without compromising the su stainability of vital ecosystems”. For the purposes of ISAEA, the IWRM approach involves:

• Taking into account the needs of all water uses for irrigatio n, fishing, cattle, conservation, recreation, transport, drinking and domestic use.

• Considering the impact of irrig ation development on the stability, sustainability and equit ability of local livelihood systems ra ther than ju st the impact on yield or productivity.

• Assessing the trade-offs between ir rigation development and impacts o n the natural resource base (forest, water, fisheries, wildlife, etc.).

• Ensuring that the benefits of irriga tion development accrue to the entir e community rather than merely to irrigated farmers.

• Ensuring that the concerns and needs of those negatively impacted by irrigation are properly dealt with in a transparent and equitable manner.



A Water So urce/Use Matrix is used to assist in assessing t he wide ran ge of water uses and to help identify key water needs. In carrying out screening and detail ed design o f sub-project, this PPTA will aim to use an analysis framework which is compatible and consistent wit h ISAEA a nd IWRM principles, and will ensure tha t the lessons learned from the its application in the Phonley irrigation scheme are taken on board.

2.3.7. Price, Marketing and Credit Policy

2.3.7.1. Marketing In considering which fa ctors and constraints to address in ensuring the sustainable development of an irrigation scheme growing primarily wetland rice, the quality, price and marketing channels for rice are clearly of significance. Farmers will not be ab le to sutainably maintain their share of O & M if returns from rice are insufficient. In this regard, the following two facts may be considered relevant as a planning premise:

1) there is no govern ment price su pport or Intervention Board for rice in Cambodia, as exists in some other Asian countries, not does this app ear to be in the pipeline, desp ite strong requests from rice farmers. Having a higher quality and price than imported ri ce from Vie tnam and L aos, very li mited amounts of Cambodian rice are exported over n eighbouring borders, while a much greater quantity of the chea per competition is import ed. Since t he rice market is f ree from government i ntervention, irrigated rice farmers need considerable assistance in the are as of marketing information, organisation, strategy and infrastru cture in agr icultural pr oduction a nd processing in general , and for rice in particular.

2) Over the la st 20 years, the top down efforts of many d eveloping country

governments to promote the growth of farmer Cooperatives have met not only met with little success, but has o ften created a strong neg ative reactio n or antipathy to the very word “Cooperative”. This has also happen ed in Cambodia, and the RGC has chan ged the word Cooperative in khmer, and the term u sed can b e lightly translated a s “Agricultu ral Commu nity”. Assuming that the new word will be better accepted, t he basic i dea of a strong farmer organizat ion to bu lk buy inputs, reduce the role of middlemen, and market outputs is still highly valid. Although food securit y /self-sufficiency is recognize d as the first basic tar get, sustain able O &M and ehab require cash, thus capacity building tow ards the establishme nt of strong and commercially viable farmer organisations is considered an important target for any irrigation scheme.

2.3.7.2. Credit While credit delivery h as made great progress, and co ntinues to mature, rura l Cambodia is not well served by micro-finance institutions (MFIs). Credit is accessible to only the lowest risk b orrowers, while the majority of potential borrow ers must look elsewhere for credit. However, Cambodia at large is well served with MFIs, many of which evolved from international NGOs active in the 1990s. C urrently one commercial bank ACLEDA, 16 regi stered MFIs, and several registere d NGOs an d informal credit providers offer credit services in Cambodia. Basically, t here are two broad systems of rural credit delivery: (a) group revolving fund (GRF) schemes



requiring no collateral where members of the groups guarantee repayment of loa ns; and (b) individual credit requiring some form of collateral. Informal sources of credit from mone y lenders, merchants, re latives and neighbors a re still very important. Because of their flexibility, accessibility and lower transaction costs, they are likely to continue to play an important role, despite the relatively high interest rates. The MT R for Tonle S ap Lowland Stabilizat ion Scheme states that “There are enough MFIs operating in the Tonle Sap area and it is n ot necessar y to setup a new MFI organization to provide micro-credit and financial service s to the project area” ii. However, participating MFIs be req uired to adopt GRF lending modalities to ensure loans are made available to the TSSL Project target groups of poor farmers. Such GRFs should required to: (i) includ e a savings component to their activities; and (ii) add additional poor village households to the group as group funds grows as a result of re-investment.

2.3.8. Land Tenure Security A major co mponent of sustainability of an irrigation scheme is the level of incentiv e for the farmers to invest time and money in their land and irrigation scheme, which in turn is influenced by security o f tenure. It is well kn own fact o f agricultur al development project s th at sharecro ppers or te nant farmers have less incentive t o make long term invest ments in th e land they farm than owners. T his TA mus t therefore take into account the existing and planned reg ulatory framework and activities to improve the security of tenure. Due to long years of civl war and unrest, epecially between 1970 - 992, landlessness and land scarcity is a major cont ributing fact or to poverty, lack of opportunity, unemloyment and conflict in rural Cambodia. During Pol Pot regime, land was held collectively, in accordance with communist princoles, and most documents of private ownerhsip were destroyed., as were land regist ration instituions. As more and more diverse interests compete for land re sources, land grabbing has recently become a major issue. Land claim disputes usually involve power in terests from outside the community, such as military, politici ans or businessmen and occurs most frequently in either of two scenarios : 1) where swidden agriculture has been practised, ie. land appears to be lying fallow, but is locally recognized as being under the usufruct of subsistence farmers and their communities and 2) land is actually occupied an d used by local people, but they cannot show formal title 3) unclear administrative or demarcation boundaries, even with formal ti tles 4) between neighbours/villagers in a single commmune wh ere one ha s the connections at higher levels to bypass t he registration process at lower levels (village - commune - district). In the context of an emerging land market and increasing land values couple d with rapid ly changin g authority pathways cau sed by dec entralization, people are beginning to recognize that local traditional cu stoms and conflict reso lution proce sses are not enough t o protect their claims, so that titled land has considerably higher value than untitled. The Land Law of 2001 updated the Land Law of 1992 and constitute s the regulatory framework for land registration, land titling and all things cadastral. The Law aims at greater security, transparency and accountability in the allocation and documentation of property rights, clarifies the adminstrative process for managing land and resource conflicts, and reduces the chain of bureacracy between lo cal and national levels. The management of ca dastral administration ov er "immovable property" (land) is a State contr olled act ivity entrusted to the Cad astral Administration ( CA) within the Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction (MLMPUC) . There is no comp etence outside the CA that has t he right to determine the owner of parcels, the nature or measurement of land. Duties include maintaining the nationa l cadastral d atabase an d maps (lan d Register), issue owne rship tit les, register lan d



transactions, and make cadastral information public to all enquirers, and provide mediation/conflict resolution in cadstral disputes. Under the 2001 Land Law, a farmer is eligible to be granted a land title if he/she can demonstrate 5 years of continuous use of up to 5 ha of land for agriculture or dwelling. Land unused and unclaimed o ver a specified period reverts to stat e ownership. The followin g kinds of ownership a re recognized: 1) Public ownership (property of the state and public leg al entities) 2) Collective ownership (e.g religious and ethinic groups) 3) land concession (the rig ht to use commercially for a give n period of y ears 4) pr ivate ownership eviden ced by title (by contra ct of sale, succession, inheritance or bequest). The Ministr y of Land Management, Urban Pl anning and Construction (MLMPUC) implements a program of land registr ation in 2 ways : 1) systematic and 2) sporadic. Between 1992 and 200 4, 4.5 millio n land own ers applied for registration, of which around 20% have been i ssued with titles. The speed of the registration p rogram has been significantly increased by the LMAP project in 11 provinces.

2.4. Existing and Future Assistance in the Irrigation Sub-Sector

2.4.1. Range of Assistance

A major cri teria in the screening of 11 sub-basins down to 4 is the equitable distribution of development aid, i.e how much a ssistance has already been received by or is in the pipeline for the 11 sub-basins. From a review of the literature and brief discussions with MOWRAM, the Consultant has endeavoured to su mmarize the extent of previous and future plann ed assistan ce in the irr igated agriculture sub-sector, both domestic and foreign. Reviews of previous assistance have been done by TWGAW (Progress Report on Land and Water Sector Review, Mr Hoeng Hun, Dec. 2006, Section 2.3.3,) and Tonle Sap Sustainable Livelihoods Project (TLSSLP)

2.4.1.1. Domestic assistance

A significant proportion of the joint ministeries “ Water Irriga tion Management and Land Program” 2006 – 2 010 estimated at US $ 144.7 million will be funded in large part from the RGC national budget.

2.4.1.2. External assistance

Several bilateral and multilateral development agencie s provide assistance to Cambodia in the water resources and related sectors, but the major do nors in this sector are the ADB, ADF and JICA. Table 2.3 summarizes the main ones:



Table 2.3 : External Assistance in Sectors Related to Water Resources

Management (Sector) Project Project Title Duration Source Objective Amount

($million) Area of

operation Environment and natural resources Land management and administration project (LMAP)

WB Nation-wide

Natural resource and environment program

2001-6 Danida To sustain enviro nmental resource management bas ed on environment-friendly, technologically and soci o-economically sound use o f natural resources b y communities , the private s ector a nd Government; mitigate th e detrime ntal effects of urban an d ind ustrial development; and support environmental education, par ticularly among the younger generation

Nation-wide

Master plan of water resources development in Cambodia

2006-8 KOICA To establish a master pl an and action p lan for water resources dev elopment, conduct feas ibility studi es, and improve human resources capacity for water resourc es development.

1.5 Nation-wide

Mekong River basin wetland conservation and sustainable use program

Ongoing to 2008

UNDP, GEF, the Netherlands

To establish a multi-sectoral planning process at n ational and regional levels, strengthen the policy frame work an d macroeconomic environm ent to support wetland biodiversity conservation a nd sustainable use, a nd s trengthen th e information b ase to improv e management of wetlands, including co mmunity-based natural resource management

31.5 Mekong region

Technical Services Centre for Irrigation Systems, phase I and II

2001-5 2006-9

JICA Build capacity of MOWRAM to design, b uild an d o perate irrigation systems

5.0 Nation-wide with pilot areas in Pursat etc.

Tonle Sap L ow Land Stabilization

2006-7 ADB To improve th e liv elihoods of households i nhabiting th e lo w land area, support community mobilization, rese arch alternative liv elihood activiti es and develop capacit y f or community-based n atural resources management

3.1 (anticipate follow-up grant ~20.0)

Tonle Sap basin



Irrigation system construction and rehabilitation Komping Pouy Irrigation rehabilitation and Rural development

1998-2006 JICA, APS (Italy), WFP

Rehabilitate and extend the Komping P uoy irr igation system and strengthen mana gement capacity and systems

5.6 Battambang

Multi-purpose water resources development, Krang Ponley

2004-9 KOICA Design a nd construction o f irrigation system

Kampong Chhnang

Multi-purpose dam development, Battambang

2006-7 KOICA Feasibility stu dy of storag e options for Stung Sangke River.

Battambang

Northwest Irrigation Sector (NWISP)

2005-10 ADB, AFD

To reduce pov erty in s elected rural areas in the northwest through rehabilitation and sustainable operation of small a nd mediumscale irrigation systems and other water-control infrastruct ure within priority riv er basins, t o enhance agricultural production

22.6 Battambang Banteay Meanchey, Pursat, Siem Reap, Kandal

Stung Chinit irrigation and rural infrastructure

2001-6 ADB, AFD

To i ncrease i ncome and improve the quality of life by providing sustainable irrigation infrastructure and management, agricultural extension an d F WUCs, an d rural infrastructure such as r oads and markets

23.8 Kampong Thom

Stung Staung Water resources development

2005-8 China Irrigation s ystem constructio n and capacity building

Kampong Thom

Rural Development Agricultural development support to Seila (ADESS)

2000-6 IF AD, UNDP, AusAID

To increase food and income security for about 64,500 poor households through a more diversified pattern of crop and livestock pr oduction a nd better access to c redit s ervices, leading to capital form ation at th e household and local levels

10.4 Battambang Banteay Meanchey, Pursat, Siem Reap

Agricultural Productivity Improvement Program (APIP)

1997-2004 WB To build in stitutional an d community capacity, provide data and information (including water resources data), and assist in managing I&D s ystems a nd related infrastructure

8.3 nation-wide

Cambodia land management and

2002-7 WB To improve land te nure security and

33.4 nation-wide



administration promote the development of efficient land markets

Cambodia- Australia Agricultural Extension Project (CAAEP) Phase II

2001-6 AusAID To improve access to agricultural knowledge th rough a sustainable district-oriented e xtension system as a foc al po int for coordinating and facilitating extension services

15.2 all T onle Sa p basin provinces and 7 others

Community based rural development

2001-5 IF AD GTZ AusAID

To increase f ood production and farm incomes through intensified and diversified cro p an d livestock production, and increase the capacity of th e po or to us e services from the Go vernment an d other sources for their social and economic development

22.8 Kampong Thom, Kampot

Communitybased rural development in Kam pong Thom and Kampot

2005-8 IF AD WB

To increase f ood production and farm income for 40,000 poor households through intensified and diversified crop and livestock production


Economic and social relaunch of the Northwest Provinces (ECOSORN)

2006-10 EU To reduce povert y by intensifying and diversifying agricultural, livestock a nd fish eries production, creating ec onomic an d employment opportunities, empo wering local communities, improvi ng access to social amenities, markets, potable water and credit facilities, and providing safer and permanent access to arable l and an d social infrastructures

Euros 26 Million

Battambang Banteay Meanchey Siem Reap

Emergency Flood Rehabilitation Project, rural infrastructure and irrigation and flood control components

2001-3 ADB Rehabilitate selected irrigation infrastructure and rural roads damaged d uring ma jor fl oods and establish/upgrade flo od protection works

10.8 (irrigation and flood), 6.4 (rural infrastructure)

T0mle Sap basin provinces (except Banteay Meanchey) and 6 others

Flood emergency rehabilitation project, irrigation and flood control component

2001-4 WB Rehabilitate rural roads, and selected irrigati on infrastructure damaged d uring ma jor fl oods and establish/upgrade flo od protection works; establish FWUC

8.1 (rural infrastr), 11.6 (irrigation and flood control)

T0mle Sap basin provinces (except Banteay Meanchey)

Improving the 2003-8 ADB/ To reduce rural p overty 1.8 Kampong



livelihood of poor farmers in Southern Cambodia

JFPR through sustainable live lihood opportunities for poor a nd vul nerable groups of farmers, par ticularly rural women; small-scale village infrastructure, village revolving funds, vi llage based agro-enterprises; social mobilization program and agricultural, horticultural and livestock trai ning, inc luding intensive supp ort for disadvantaged and la ndless farm w orkers; capacity building of l ocal commu nity-based or ganizations and NGOs

Chhnang, Kampong Thom and 3 others

Integrated pest management farmer training project, phase II

2003-5 Danida To empower farmers to apply sustainable agric ultural production systems thr ough better integrated crop management

1.65 Battambang Banteay Meanchey, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Thom and 3 others

Northeast village development

2002 WB To promote rural development through dir ectly pr oductive activities, traini ng in agriculture, fisheri es and vegetable cult ivation, micro-enterprise development, small scale rural infrastructure, and harbor improvement

6.0 Kampong Thom and 2 others

Northwestern rural development (NRDP)

2002-7 ADB To reduce poverty through accelerated rural development

35.3 Battambang Banteay Meanchey, Siem Reap and O Meanchey

Provincial and Rural Infrastructure Project

2004-7 (suspended)

IFAD To provide access to markets, through rehabilitation and maintenance of rural roa ds, and associated capacity building

23.0 Kampong Thom, Siem Reap and 2 others

Reducing chronic undernourishment

2002-7 World Food Program

To increase agric ultural production by building, maintaining and rehabilitating existing irrigation systems, building the ca pacity of farmers to maintain thes e systems, a nd strength ening the ca pacity of RG C counterpart staff

17.5 all T onle Sa p basin provinces and 4 others

Rural Development Program

2002-7 GTZ To improve the econo mic activities of village org anizations an d their institutions th rough i ncome generating activities, natural resource management and agricultural production


Rural 200 1-8 IFAD To provide water 4.0 Kampong



infrastructure development

management infrastructure and promote establishment of th e institutional and c ommunity cap acity to manage I&D s ystems a nd infrastructure

Thom

Rural Water Supply and Sanitation

2005-15 ADB To increase percentage of rural population with access to safe water su pplies (target 5 0%) and sa nitation (target 30%) , through infrastructure, community m obilization, a nd assistance w ith implementation

10.0 Tonle Sap basin provinces (except Banteay Meanchey)

Seila program 1996-2007 IFAD/ WB, PLG, UNDP, bilateral donors, NGOs

To achieve econ omic development through demand-driven investments, includ ing institutional capacity building and decentralization, effective delivery of services and infrastructure for local development, enhanced policy regulatory e nvironment for R&D

45.6 in 2006

nationwide

Support program for the agricultural sector in Cambodia (PRASAC)

1995-8, 1999-2003

EU To increase t he i ncome of farming communities a nd to pr omote growth and pr osperity in rural villages

39.0 Kampong Chhnang and 5 other provinces

Tertiary rural infrastructure program (TRIP) phases III and IV

1992-2005 2005-7

KfW WFP

To rehabilitate 650 km of rural roads (4 00 plus 2 50) an d maintain rural roads

15.6 Kampong Thom, Kampong Cham

Tonle Sap environmental management (TSEMP)

2005-8 ADB, GEF, UNDP

To develo p t he c apacity for natural resource mana gement coordination and planning, community-based n atural resource ma nagement, a nd biodiversity c onservation i n the TSBR

18.7 Tonley Sap basin provinces

Tonle Sap sustainable livelihoods (TSSLP)

2007-10 (Phase II)

ADB Finland

To support community-driven development and delivery of demand-driven services , safeguard c ore are as of th e TSBR, build skills an d awareness for sustai nable livelihoods, a nd strengthen institutions an d proc esses at all levels

20.3 Battambang Pursat, Siem Reap, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Thom

Tonle Sap rural water supply and sanitation sector

2006-11 ADB To provide s ustained acc ess to safe water and s anitation and better hygiene to al l communities and th eir members, i ncluding th e poorest

18.0 Battamban g Pursat, Siem Reap, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Thom

Source: GFA Consulting Group in co operation with Fraser Thomas (Jan 07): TA No. 4756-CAM T onle Sap Lowland Stabilization Project, Cambodia, Mid Term Report prepared for ADB



Taking the above into account, the Consultant will ensure that duplication of effort is minimized and synergy ma ximized between t he proposed subprojects and other completed and ongoing projects.

2.4.2. Lessons Learned from Other Projects and Studies As already mentioned, the TSB and its RB’s have been the subject of severa l studies and development efforts. This reflects the high priority accorded by the RGC to the TSB as stipulated in various Government’s de velopment policie s an d strategies. MOWRAM and MAFF are two key govern ment agencies responsible f or the execution or implementation of the development initiatives in the TSB. In addition to MOWRAM and MAF F, other ministries/ag encies, a id a gencies, an d NGOs also participate in the development efforts as cooperating ag encies or d evelopment partners.

2.4.2.1. The Northwest Irrigation Sector Project (NWSIP) A. Area Coverage The NWISP financed by ADB loan 2035-CAM commenced i mplementation in 2005, and will be completed in 2010. Project for mulation (RRP: CAM 34379) was completed in November 2003. The NWISP covers the developme nt of sma ll to medium irrigation schemes and other water control infrastructure in the provin ces of Pursat, Battanba ng, Banteay Meachey and Siem Reap. In terms of the river basins of th e Tonle Sap watershed, the NWISP covers 3 RBs, namel y: Stung Mongkol Borei (in Battambang an d Banteay Meanchey provinces), Stung Sangk er (Battambang) and Stung Svay Chek (Banteay Meanchey). Apart from these RBs, a number of lower level or smaller su b-basins are also included in the project. It appears that the project was conceived on the basis of provincial or local ad ministrative boundaries rather than river basins. The project has identified 35 eligible subprojects, out of which 17 subprojects ar e stand-alone schemes (See Appendix III). A st and-alone subproject is defined as a one with no up- or downstream effects on other water users. B. Feasibility Studies Five core subprojects were selected from the list of 35 eligible subprojects for further investigation at the feasibility study level. These are:

1) Thlea Maom Scheme, 2,950 ha (rehabilitation of a river diversion sche me) in Pursat;

2) Link Canal Scheme, 2,850 ha (construction of a transfer canal to increase the water supply to an existing reservoir) in Battambang;

3) Po Pi Deu m Sche me, 1,400 ha (redesigning an irrigation scheme and rehabilitating key water control infrastructure) in Banteay Meanchey;

4) Ponley Scheme, 675 ha (rehabilitating/u pgrading a reservoir and its command area) in Banteay Meanchey;

5) Stung Chikraeng Scheme, 1,240 h a (rehabilitating/upgrading a reservoi r and its command area) in Siam Reap.



C.. Development Unit Costs NWISP has establishe d its project development unit co st at less t han $800/ha. Another criterion for the project implementation is that the beneficial area should receive irrigation water within 1 year after the subproject construction.

D. Compensation and Resettlement The cost s o f compensa tion and re settlement are quite substantial because of the level of poverty of the affected an d beneficiary population. The compensation an d resettlement process has to follow three majo r elements in the current nation al resettlement policy and practice: 1) The development of a Cambodian national policy and regulatory structure; 2) Policy on In voluntary Res ettlement (1995) and Handbook on Resettle ment: a Guide to Go od Practice (1998) of the Asian Development Bank (ADB); 3) La nd Law 30 August 2001 and its su bdecrees. The Executing Agency work s in consult ation with the affected persons, commune chief s and district and provincial resettlement officials.

E. Environmen tal Impacts

Project covenants and policies include the following:

• no subprojects will be located within a forest, wildlife reserve, or sanctuary or within multiple-use zone of Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve;

• each subproject will be limited to a maximum size of 3,000 ha; • all subproje cts will be subjected to an IEE (including a n environmental

management plan) to be reviewed a nd approved by Ministry of Environment, ADB and Agence Francaise de De’vel oppement (AFD). The environmental assessment and revie w procedures were prepared in accordance with Guidelines for Environ mental Assessment and have been approved by Government.

F. Stakeholder Consultation Methodology

During project preparation, a participatory approach was adopted in carrying out the social investigations using focused- group discussions and rural appraisals within the rural communities, women and disadvantaged groups. The participatory rural appraisal a pproach was also used in ident ifying potential subproject s involving a wider group of stakeholders including provincial and district administrations.

2.4.2.2. Tonle Sap Projects Among other projects, the present Study will take into account relevant experiences of the following projects established in the Tonle Sap Basin, especially with regard to the particip atory irrigation and irrigation sche me rehabilitation. The Tonle Sa p Sustainable Livelihoods Project (TSSLP) an d Tonle Sap Lowland Stabilizatio n Project (TSLSP) are 2 projects ar ising out of the Tonle Sap Initiative and Basin Strategy. Al though the similarity of title and aims betwee n the projects can be a source of confusion, a clear d istinguishing feature b etween the projects is geographic focus, so that TSSLP focuses on the core and buffer zones of the TSBR, where fishe ry and environmental issues of major sign ificance, whereas TSLSP addresses t he transitio n zone and area beyo nd Highways 5 and 6, where rural development and agricultural water management assume greater importance .



A. Tonle Sap Sustainable Livelihoods Project (TSSLP)

PPTA for t he TSSLP was completed in 2001, and Phase I implementation was completed in 2004. Phase II commenced in March 2007. T he TSSLP includes three output areas, the first of which is of particular r elevance to TSLSP (ADB, November 2005). 1. Output 1 : “Communit y-driven develo pment is supported” including a). establishment of a Co mmunity Livelihood Fund, through wh ich Commune Councils will access grant funds via individual commune funds/bank accounts (one for each of 37 commun es covered by the project). Plan ning of fun ded activitie s will fo llow established procedures for Commune Development Plans; activitie s may relate t o provision of social infr astructure, income-generating activities and support for community fisheries b) design and implementation of “livelihood investment packages”, with assista nce in particular to village-level planning and inclusion o f women and ethnic mi norities. Support is provided by Communit y Livelihood Facilitation Teams (CLFT), one in the off ice of the Governor of each proje ct Province. The MOI is the Executing Agency, recognizing its key role in the D&D strategy. Much of the work is at local le vel, where village-based proposals f or activities are passed to commun e councils via the Commune Planning and Budgeting Committees; technical support for activities is co ntracted to RGC agencies, NGOs or the private sector, as appropriate. The CLFTs oversee implementation of livelihood support at commune and village level, and report to MOI thereon. Each CLFT is h eaded by the chief of the provincial local administration unit of MOI, with representatives from the provincial departments of Rural De velopment, Environment, and Women’s Affairs, and the provincial fisheries office. The implementation arr angements for TSSLP are “demand-driven” rather than “provider-driven”, i.e the primacy of beneficiary communities themselves is strong ly encouraged, while line ministries that provide services in particular areas (agriculture, water supply, etc) are include d a t project st eering com mittee level, through t he CLFTs, or as possible contractors.

B. Tonle Sap Lowland Stabilization Project (TSLSP) 1. Definition of Low Land The TSLSP is a TA pro ject (TA 475 6) supported by ADB. The draft fin al report ha s just recently been completed. The study defines a “low land” area as “an area surrounding the Tonle Sap bounded, in the lower limit, by the boundary of the buffer zone and in the upper edge by a 60 +/- 5 meters contour. 2. The Project Area The project area covers 6 provin ces, namely Banteay Meanchey, Battambang , Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Tho m, Pursat and Siem Reap. Less than 20% of the cropped area in the project area is irrigated and yields are low by regional standards.



3. Key Findings from PRA Lowland households ar e unanimous in wishin g to have new and rehabilitate d irrigation a nd water management schemes to exten d their rice cropping opportunities. Results from the PRA suggested strongly that Kg Chhnan g, Kg Thom and Pursat should receive greatest emphasis. An interesting outcome from the PRA was that se veral communities requ ested that t he project f ocus on me dium or larg e scale size schemes, since they f elt that they could manage the smaller ones themselves. The overh eads involved in the design and management of sma ll schemes sometimes produce a lower rate of return than medium scale schemes. 4. Project Objective The project objective is largely focussed on improving the livelihoods of households inhabiting the lowland area stretching from the outer limit of the Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve (TSBR) Buffer Zone to the foothills of the upper watershed area. 5. Project Components The study team conducted a st akeholder workshop a t MOW RAM in order to produced a "long list" of 81 communes which would be candidates for receivi ng interventions. Of these, 22 commu nes are in Kg Chhnang, 19 in Kg Thom, 14 in Battambang, 10 each in Banteay Meanchey and Siem Reap, and 6 in Pursat. The next step was to prep are a shortlist of an appropriate number of communes to be finally selected for including in the project for an anticip ated fund of about $20 million. The draft final report selected 30 communes. 6. Selection Criteria Listed below are key selection criteria obtain from the TSLSP.

(i) Poverty index is one of the crucial criteria. In general, a poverty index higher than 4 0% was r equired for the sele ction. Preference was given to commun es with higher values of poverty index.

(ii) Significant presence of an ethnic minority increased t he likelihood of being selected.

(iii) Communes with higher existence of female household hea ds also had higher likelihood of being selected.

7. Feasibility Studies Five core communes were selected for the feasibility study. These core communes are located in the 3 priority provinces. Kg. Thom: Pralay and San Kor communes;

• Kg. Chhnang: Ampil Teuk commune; • Pursat: Srea Sdok and Rumlech communes;

The TLSLSP TA has produced a signficant amount of information on the availibility of water resource information for sub-project planning pu rposes. Th e hydrological appraisal of possible sub-projects indicates several types, that should be considered in different ways:



(i) Projects to capture and store Tonle Sap floodwaters – “storage bund” or “tank”. These explo it Tonle Sap floodwaters, which are essentially unlimited in quantity but reach d ifferent elevations from year to ye ar. The main design issues are structural and hydraulic, rather than hydrological, in nature.

(ii) Projects to construct or upgrade off-stream water storage structures – ponds and

tanks. In general, projects to store “surplus” water from the wet season for use during the d ry season are attractive. The volumes of water withdrawn from the natural hydrological system are co mparatively small, so that there are minor issues rega rding competition for water, modification of the hydrological system, and environmental effects. In considering the utility/viability of such a project proposal, the following matters need to be considered: (i) the specific n eed that is to be met, and the volume of water that must b e stored to meet it; (ii) t he water source that is available – including net rainfall, a nearby watercourse, or the need for deliberate water harvesting from a catchme nt area (using constru cted guide banks, diversion channels etc.); (iii) infiltration rates of sub-soil, and availability of material to seal the bottom of the structure, if necessary; (iv) any necessary outlet structures (including spillway, if an embankment is involved) – stability, avoidance of wash-out, ongoing operation and maintenance of gates, etc. (v) arrangements for managing the facility to avoid contamination or conflicting uses.

(iii) Construction or rehabilitation of off-take structures from operational main canals.

Such a project is likely to have a limited direct impact on th e natural hydrological system, if it takes water from a ca nal t hat a lready exists and already is ta king water. The issues of gr eatest concern include: (i) is the quantity of water being conveyed by the canal sufficient to meet the proposed additional demand, when it is required, without adversely affecti ng existing users? (ii) are t he canal headworks reliable for t he foreseeable future? The design of the diversion and distribution system (including drainage from the downstream end) will be subject to standard engineerin g considera tions, as w ell as the need for a FWUC or similar management arrangement t o manage the system and take responsibility for its O&M.

(iv) Construction or rehabilitation of diversion structures and distribution canals from

major rivers. Such proposals nee d careful examination, and thus should be regarded with caution. Particular h ydrological issues include: (i) the q uantity of water reliably available in the river when the villagers most need it. Data ar e available for the stations in the MOWRAM 2006 report, although records are very short for some ri vers. These can be used directly for any projects proposed for the particula r rivers; (ii) current demand by exis ting users, and the potential fo r overexploitation and adverse impac t on in stream values downstream. Relevant data on wa ter use should soon b e available for the river basins cov ered by NWISP basin studie s, b ut speci fic surveys will be needed for other ba sins – a major exercise. (iii) th e risk of e xtreme e vents that might damage in-river diversion structures. The available data on extre me events are very unsatisfactory. The high risk of structural loss/damage, and the need for significant on-site investigation to estimate design flows, suggests that diversion structures o n major ri vers are beyond the scope of PPT A, and e ven during implementation of a W RD project would req uire a special engineer ing sub-contract.

(v) Construction or rehabilitation of diversion structures and distribution canals from

minor rivers. The issue s are esse ntially the same as for (d) above, with the additional complication that there a re no flow data for the se waterco urses. A



number of t hese proposals suggest reinstatement of diversion structur es (weirs, embankments) that ha ve been washed out, which ind icates that reliable estimation of extreme events is of considerable importance, if loss of structures is to be avoided. Estimation of flows in the ungauged basins around the Tonle Sap is difficult and subject to large uncertainties, as noted earlier.

(vi) Construction of bridges and culverts. For this type of subproject, the issues relate

principally to estimatin g extreme events, as for (d) and (e) above. In many locations, culverts are required through road embankment s that act as bunds, to relieve flooding on the upslope side. Hydraulic rather than hydrological analysis is required in such cases.

8. Agricultural Support/Intervention

Of the indicative fund o f $20 million, about 22% were allocated for agricultura l support subprojects.

2.4.2.3. TWGAW

A. Discussions The followin g very useful experience/lesson s le arned were recorded a t a meetin g between the WRS TA and representatives of the TWGAW on 15/03/07:

1) Some kind of water balance study has to be done for the selected sub-basins.

2) In order to he lp i ncrease the income of the rural poor, selection criteri a should be based on

agricultural as pects, water, and soci o-economic conditions; this will in crease jo b cr eation,

thereby reducing the migration of labour to neighbouring countries.

3) The Consultant shou ld v isit the St. C hinit Irrigation Project in order to learn th e lessons that

have occured.

4) The Agro-Ecos ystems A nalysis approach should be studied (AEA M anual provided) the

NWISP’s Ponl ey Irrig ation Project visite d b y the Cons ultant for use in the W RM (Sector)

Project.

5) TWGAW is prepared to give a presentation to the WRM Sector Project on the current situation

on agricultural and water resources development in Cambodia.

6) The Joint Strategy between MOWRAM and MAFF has been waiting the approval from the two

ministers. From this strategy there would be 5 National Programs for the country. Two of these

program are a) capacity building of the MOWRAM and MAFF and b) land, irrigation and water

resources d evelopment; Mr. BOUVARD will give to T EAM the T OR for the ca pacity building

program (WRM - part B).

7) A JICA expert (Mr. Kodama) is preparing the inv estment plan for 4 river basins in C ambodia

and K oICA experts are no w prep aring th e master p lan for water reso urces dev elopment in

Cambodia (thi s has now been mo difed to one s ub-basin in th e T SB, yet to be sel ected) ; i t

would be useful for the W RM TA to get fu rther information, especially on the sel ection criteria

used by Mr. Kodama to select the four river basins.

8) The following apects are critical to successful irrigation development : a) farmer acce ptance b)

institutional absoprtion capacity c) cooperation among government agancies and farmers



B. Studies The Technical Working Group on Agriculture and Water (see Section ? above) have produced 2 useful documents covering the land and water resource sectors. The first one entitled “Progress Report for Development of Design Documen t for Water Irrigation Management and Land Program Dec . 31 2006“ and 2) Tas kforce C2 : Irrigation S ector Review Ma y 2006: Review of 21 Sche mes” (draft). The first document describes the premise/rationale, content and budget for the 8 components proposed to become the joint MOWRAM and MAFF “ Wat er Irrigation Management and Land Program” 2006 – 2010, namely :

1. Assessment of the wa ter and land manage ment sub-sector, inclu ding development potentials of water and land resources in the country

2. River basin-wide plans for agriculture, irrig ation and drainage, land management and development in the major river basins.

3. Rehabilitation and development o f water res ources infr astructure river basin-wide

4. Flood and drought management 5. Farmers participatory ir rigatin and water management (including on-fa rm

water management) 6. Improvement of agricultural water and land productivity by introducing water

harvesting and savings systems, and integrated upland fa rming systems (based on agro-ecosystem analysis)

7. Improvement of social and economic land concession management 8. Reinforcement of land possession right for small farmers in agricu ltural

cooperatives The general objective of the second report (Irrigation Sector Review) was to produce reliable info rmation on the conditi ons of viability and sustainabil ity of ongoing irrigation experiences in Cambodia, and is focussed around three main components:

a) the study of institutional and water management b) the study of farmers/water users perspectives on issues related to irrigated

agriculture, through the implementation of SWOT exercises, c) the study of socio-economic results of irrigated agriculture

Although only 6 of these schemes lie within the provinces of this study, they provide very useful information on the relative success a nd sustainability of assistance given. Main findings of relevance to the Consultants’s WRD project PPTA are given in Appendix II.



3. ISSUES ARISING in the IMPLEMENTATION of T.A.

The work plan for the Project has b een prepared based on the condition that ther e would be no unforeseens which may affect the works of the Project. Listed below are situations in which if some of them occur it may cause delays to the Project works.

3.1. Counterpart Staff MOWRAM has agreed to provide 3-4 counterpart staff to assist the Consultant in coordination with the G overnment agencies co ncerned. T he counterp art staff are expected to join the TA in April 2007. The Consultant is mindful that MOWRAM is very short staffed in relation to the coverage of its responsi bilities and projects, but would emphasize that the need to have one or more specific counterpa rts as liaison on this T.A is critical to the timely implementation of tasks.

3.2. Commune Council Election and Khmer New Year The Commune Council Election of Ca mbodia will be held on 1 April, 2007. The Consultant was informed that during the period of 2-3 days before and after the election day it would be very difficult to meet or communi cate with th e provincial officials of MOWRAM(PDWRAM). The previous plan that has been prepared prior to the commencement of the Project for the field reconnaissance is during the period around the Commune Council Election. Furthermore, the Khmer New Year event, from 13 – 16 April, 2007 which is normally lasted longer on to 19 April would make the field reconnaissance during that period ineffective. The field reconnaissa nce is needed by the Con sultant to communicate and arrange meetings with the PDWRAM officials in relevance provinces to get dat a and information, particularly the list of priority subprojects that would be candidate for the core subprojects. In view of this the be st that the Consultant can do is to sub divide the f ield reconnaissance into a separated shorter period excursions, e.g for 2 to 3 days each for one province. This w ould result in ineffect ive field work in terms of r esource and time used. The time th at is neede d to screen the four su bbasins and the eligible subprojects within each subbasin would be shorter than previously planned. This may result in a delay in the submission of the first progress report.

3.3. National Level Workshop for Selection of 4 Sub-basins

Bearing in mind that 4 sub-basins have to b e sele cted by the Consultant an d endorsed by MOWRAM within 2 months of TA mobilization, i.e before submitting the first Progress Report, the Consultant proposes that the Nati onal Level Workshop for MOWRAM and other re levant agencies be arranged before the end of April, with a tentative date of 30 April, 2007. In this way, the Consultant will have sufficient time to prepare the first Progress Report and submit it to ADB as scheduled on 11 Ma y, 2007.



At this early stage, it appears that the selection of 4 sub-basins may proceed quicker than anticip ated for rea sons explained below (Section 4.5 .3 Project I dentification Process), giving more time to identification of viable sub-projects. The TOR suggests that the purpose of this workshop is mainly to confirm and approve selection of sub-basins, but this is not e ntirely clear. Since by the 30 th April, the Consultant’s own screening process must already have advanced well beyond sub-basin identification, i.e to a list of potential core projects, the con tent and purpose of this workshop should be clarified as soon as possible. The Co nsultant proposes that the content of this worksh op also include inputs and proposals regardin g potential locations an d components for sub-projects.

3.4. Topographic Survey, Geotechnical Investigation and Socio-economic Survey

Unfortunately the plann ed period for the field data collectio n for the fea sibility study of the 4 co re subproje cts (i.e top ographic su rvey, geote chnical investigation an d socio-economic survey), in ca se these are need ed, will coin cide with th e beginning of the rainy season, wh en heavy ra ins may cause delays in carrying out these fie ld activities. Therefore accessibility of the core subproject areas will be a key factor in speeding up implementation of the field activities..

3.5. Inclusion of 35 Eligible Subprojects from NWISP The possibility of including one or more of the 35 short list o f projects assembled by NWISP in the feasibilit y analysis exercises of this TA wa s raised d uring the pre -Inception Coordination meeting with MOWRAM officials on 22 March, 2007. (A list of these 35 projects is given in App endix 3). Af ter preliminary discussions with th e NWISP Team Leader, it appears that none of these sub-projects are located in the 4 sub-basins which are e arly candidates for our short list, but this still remains to be checked in detail. Therefore, the Consultant requests that the issue be resolved and a decision taken between MOWRAM and ADB as soon as possible, in order to give the Consultant time for necessary adjustment in their work plan.



4. STUDY IMPLEMENTATION and PERSONNEL SCHEDULE

4.1. Introduction

The Consultants reviewed the planning approach and methodology presented in th e simplified technical proposal and co nfirmed that they still remain appro priate. The Consultants also reviewed again th e tasks and activities prescribed in the TOR and confirmed their relevance to the study under t he TA. Thi s Chapter presents an updated work plan and personnel schedule at the activity level. It also reports on the progress made to date in terms of logistic arr angements for impleme nting the T A during the remaining course of the assignment.

4.2. Logistic Arrangements MOWRAM has provided the Consultants with a two-room office previously occupied by the consultants impl ementing the Tonle Sap Low Land Stabilization Project. The office is air-conditione d, has telephones and has adequate working space . MOWRAM has also made arrangements for the Consu ltants to use the office beyond the normal office hours and also on holidays. In addition to a fixed telephone line the Consultant ha s also take n over the internet access from the previous consultants. In conclusion, th e Consultants are satisfied wit h the office arrangements made by MOWRAM and are thankful f or the assistance that MOWRAM has been able to provide. The Consultants can be contacted through:

Telephone: 023 222 181

e-mail: [email protected] The Consultants have rented two cars for office use and h ave already procured and are in the process of installing the following office equipment:

• 5 desk top computers • one HP LaserJet printer • one HP DeskJet printer • one LCD projector • one facsimile machine

At present, t he Consultant is using the copying machine left behind by t he previous consultants. Since mac hine will shortly be transferred to MOWRAM, the Consultant is still evaluating whether to buy or rent a copying machine.

4.3. Counterpart Staff The Consultant has req uested MOWRAM in writing to pr ovide counterpart staff to assist the Consultant in coordination with the govern ment agencies concerne d. MOWRAM has agreed to provide 3 to 4 counterpart staff. The Consultant ha s learned that MOWRAM is in the process of appointing the counterpart staff. Due to



the present lack of counterpart staff, the Consultant’s communications with MOWRAM is constrained to some extent. .

4.4. Field Operations The Consul tants will d iscuss with MOWRAM in due cour se the arra ngements for offices in the provinces of the four selected RBs.

4.5. Milestone Events Based on th e scheduled submission of the vario us outputs of the Study during th e duration of the TA, the Consultants have identified the various milesto ne events as shown in Table 3.1. The sele cted four core subproje cts will have to be propo sed already in the first Progress Report after two months of the assig nment. This means that the selecte d four RBs and their pro vinces will need to be endorsed by MOWRAM and ADB preferably within one month of the assignment, to allow adequate time for field surveys for the subproject identification. In line with the above schedule, the national consultative workshop will have to be held a s soon as possible (S ee Section 3 above). On 22 March 2007, the Consultant attended a pre-incept ion coordina tion meetin g with MOW RAM and PDOWRAM officials. MOWRAM clearly indicated the ir preference f or four sub basins, namely Stung Staung, Stun g Chikreng, Stung Sen and Stung Sreng. MOWRAM al so agreed that the selection of four priority sub -basins should be made as early as possible to allow ample time for the subproject identification and selection of the fo ur core subprojects. MOWRAM e mphasized the need for th e Consultan t to give due consider ation to le ssons learn ed from the implementation of previous projects in the sub-project identification under this TA.

4.6. Work Plan

4.6.1. Overall Work Plan The Consultant has updated the bar chart presented in the technical pro posal. Only slight adjustments have been made to the schedule of the workshop for sub-basin selection at the end of April, 2007. Figure 4.1 shows the revi sed overall work plan of the project study and Figure 4.2 shows a more d etailed task breakdown for the next 6 weeks of the assignment.

4.6.2. Personnel Schedule The Consultant has up dated the p ersonnel schedule presented in th e technica l proposal to reflect personnel changes agreed during contract negotiations with ADB. The updated personnel schedule i s given in Figure 4.3. It will con tinue to b e monitored and revised if necessary during the course of the assignment.



Table 4.1 : Milestone Events

Milestone Events No. of Days in

the Target Date Outcomes Assignment

Assignment commenced on 12 March 2007

1. Submission of the inception report 14 26-Mar-07 Criteria for selecting four subbasins (SBs) for consi

deration by MOWRAM and ADB/AFD

2. Submission of a paper proposing four SBs for discussion 30 11-Apr-07 Four proposed SBs for consideration by MOWRAM

in the national workshop and ADB/AFD 3. National consultative workshop conducted by MOWRAM 49 30-Apr-07 Four proposed SBs endorsed 4. Submission of the first progress report proposing four 60 11-May-07 Four proposed core subprojects for consideration core subprojects by ADB/MOWRAM 5. First tripartite meeting 31-May-07 Four proposed core subprojects endorsed 6. Submission of a PRA report for each core subproject 90 20-Jun-07 Effectiveness of the core subprojects confirmed.

7. Second progress report including results of the core 150 09-Aug-07 Feasibility studies of the four subprojects for consi-

subproject feasibility studies deration by MOWRAM, ADB/AFD 8. Second tripartite meeting 168 27-Aug-07 The designs of the four subprojects endorsed. 9. Submission of a draft final TA report proposing the WRMSP 240 07-Nov-07

Proposed WRMSP for consideration by MOWRAM

and ADB/AFD 10. Final tripartite meeting and loan fact-finding mission 255 22-Nov-07 Proposed WRMSP endorsed 11. Submission of a final TA report within 1 month 24-Dec-07 Assignment completed. after the tripartite meeting



Figure 4.1 Overall work plan of Project showing schedule of major tasks, activities and outputs

12 19 26 2 9 16 23 7 14 21 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 6 13 20 3 10 17 24 1 8 15 22 5 12 19 26 3 10 17 24 1 7 14 21A. Project Scoping

Task A1. Background Information Assessment (Sector Review)Task A2. Priority Ranking of River BasinsTask A3. National Consultative WorkshopTask A4. Evaluation of the Identified subbasinsTask A5. Identification of Potential and Core Subprojects

B. Feasibility Study of Selected Core SubprojectsTask B1. Participatory Rural AppraisalTask B2. Assess the Effectiveness of the Conceived SubprojectsTask B3. Data Collection and AnalysisTask B4. Preliminary Subproject DesignTask B5. Evaluation of Subproject FeasibilityTask B6. Sustainability Factors

C. Investment Project Preparation

ReportingInception ReportProgress Report #1Progress Report #2Draft Final ReportFinal ReportStatement of Eligible Costs

Seminar and WorkshopsInception Coordination MeetingSubbasins SelectionCore Sub-projects Selection WorkshopCommunity Level Workshops in Core Sub-projectsNational Level Project Briefing Workshop

Tripartite meeting 1st 2nd 3rd

Part time Full Time Date of Submission/implementation

JanMonth

JulJunApr May DecNovOctAugTasks per Work Component, Outputs and Activities Mar Sep

26 Mar 07

11 May 0713 Aug 07

12 Nov 07

17 Dec 07



Figure 4.2 Detailed Bar Chart after Commencing the Assignment

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60

12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

Task A1: Background Information Assessment (Sector Review)(i) review current status and future potential of irrigated agriculture in Cambodia(ii) review of information and implementation experience arising from the ongoing and recently

completed TA and loan projects of ADB and AFD (iii) comprehensive assessment of agriculture, irrigation and water resources programs of other

donors/international financiers and NGOsTask A2: Priority Ranking of the Subbasins (TOR: Basin Identification and Evaluation)(i) identification of at least four subbasins for initial consideration;ongoing/planned L 2035-CAM

(NWISP)& PPTA 4756-CAMTask A3: National Consultative Workshop (TOR: Basin Identification and Evaluation)

Consult with MOWRAM on the workshop date and venueMake arrangements for venue and support servicesPrepare a detailed workshop agenda and presentationsInform ADB/AFDPresent the selected subbasins at a national consultative workshop to be organized by MOWRAM)Prepare a workshop conclusion report for MOWRAM/ADB/AFD

Task A4: Evaluation of the Identified Sbs (TOR: Basin Identification and Evaluation)(ii) examination of the natural resources, hydrology, and climates of the major subbasins(iii) identification of riparian water rights issues arising from current activities and new

developments or inter-basin transfers, particularly for dry season flows(iv) identification issues of watershed degradation might impact on selected developments(v) review of other activities in the area to ensure scope for ADB and AFD investment is

adequate(vi) carrying out of field reconnaissance to determine the plans and priorities of local

authorities and to assess the overall potential for irrigation development(vii) listing of potential subprojects for each subbasin based on past and ongoing irrigation and

water resources studies consultation with related agenciesIdentification of suitable NGO for carrying out PRA

Task A5: Identification of Potential and Core Subprojects(i) review and assess existing subproject identification guidelines and criteria, including those

already established under NWISP and CAAEP (ii) recommend any improvements or modifications(iii) identify four potential core subprojects within two subbasins for fesibilities studies

Work Component A: Project Scoping (TOR: Phase 1: Project Scoping)

Task/Activities Number of Days after Commencing the Assignment

March 07 April 07



FIELD HOME TOTAL12 19 26 2 9 16 23 7 14 21 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 6 13 20 3 10 17 24 1 8 15 22 5 12 19 26 3 10 17 24 1 7 14 21

INTERNATIONALMr.Peerawat Premchun TEAM 8.00 1.00 9.00 Team Leader and Water Resources Management SpecialistMr.Luqman Leckie * 3.75 0.25 4.00 Agricultural & Natural Resource Economist Dr.Samran Chooduangngern TEAM 1.75 0.25 2.00 Sociologist/Irrigation Organizations Specialist Mr.Plian Maneeya TEAM 1.75 0.25 2.00 Poverty Reduction & Resettlement Specialist Dr.Sirinimit Wungsoontorn TEAM 1.75 0.25 2.00 Environmental Specialist SUBTOTAL 17.00 2.00 19.00 NATIONALMr.Sok Saing Im * 4.75 0.25 5.00 Deputy Team Leader Mr.Bak Banna SDC 3.75 0.25 4.00 Irrigation Engineer Mr.Chea Saintdona SDC 3.75 0.25 4.00 Agricultural Specialist Ms.Hor Sophea SDC 3.75 0.25 4.00 Social Specialist Mr.Yim Chamnan SDC 2.75 0.25 3.00 Environment Specialist Mr.Srey Heang SDC 1.75 0.25 2.00 Irrigation Management Transfer Specialist Mr.Suon Mean SDC 1.00 1.00 2.00 GIS/Data Management Specialist SUBTOTAL 21.50 2.50 24.00 TOTAL 38.50 4.50 43.00

LEGEND:

FIELD - FULL TIME (INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL EXPERTS)

HOME OFFICE - FULL TIME (INTERNATIONAL EXPERTS)

* International and national experts being engaged by TEAM as an independent consultant particularly for this Assignment Note: Field work means works done at a place other than the consultant's permanent office or duty station

Oct Nov Dec JanJun JulMay SepAug

Figure 4.3 Personnel ScheduleTA NO.4848-CAM Water Resources Management (Sector) Project

NAME FIRM MONTHS INPUTApr



4.6.3. Project Identification Process

4.6.3.1. Sub-Basin Identification As prescribed in the TOR, the Project to be formulated under the TA will cover only four priority RBs out of the eleven RBs comprising the TSB. To expedite the Project formulation, the four priority RBs need to be selected a s soon as po ssible, allow ing more time for the more detaialed sub-project identif ication. At this inceptio n stage of the TA, the Consultants would like to propose the following 2 step selection approach: Step 1 : 6 or 7 RBs are eliminat ed based o n qui ckly available macro conside rations, especially : 1) Equitable distribution of aid (i.e existing levels of assistance, past, present and in the pipeline) 2) pote ntial for irrigated agricult ure and 3) poverty distribution acco rding to WFP poverty 1997 survey 4) recommendations/guidance from government agencies. Step 2 : the remaining 4 or 5 RBs will be screened using a multi-criteri a scoring system with indicators, and a priority ranking will be established based on the total score. A. Step 1 Screening The screeni ng will be based on the current level of development efforts each RB has received or is receiving, and on the likely magnitude of development interventions each R B will require. Characteristics of the 1 1 RBs including rivers, provinces, population, soils lan d suitability, existing and planned dry season irrigation coverage were given in Tables 2.1 and 2.2, poverty distribution in Figure 2.1 and extent of ongoing development efforts in Table 2.3 Based on the Consultant’s discussions with MOWRAM, it is the clear t hat MOWRAM gives high priority to the RBs on the nort hern side of the Tonle Sap, i.e., St ung Staung, Stung Chikreng, Stung Sen and Stung Sreng. In addition, Stung Sen has also received comparatively low attention, primarily because it is a large r iver. Consequ ently, there have been plans of large sca le project development in this subbasin in the past, which have never bee n realized. At present the river is also used for navigation between Kampong Thom and the upstrea m destinations. The n eeds for intervention on this river ma y include flood dikes along the Stung Sen to prot ect th e communities who settle d along the river in the Kampong T hom town. However, that would be a sign ificantly large r scheme t han the sm all or medium scale t he Water Resources Management (Sector) Project is aiming at. In view of local administrative boundaries, Ba ttambang, Pursat and Banteay Meanchey provinces would be targets for NWISP implementation up to 2010 Table 2.1 a bove shows that the RB’s of Boribor (10,187 ha), Chinit (14,000 ha) Mongkol Borei (5,400 ha), Siem Reap (10,600) and Sreng (12,500 ha) have significantly more existing or planned capacity for dry season irrigation tha n the other RB’s. It was also obser ved that the Stung C hinit Proje ct located in t he St. Chinit SB, with the init ial d evelopment area of about 3,000 ha, is be ing rehabilitated for the f ull development of irrigated agricult ure. In a reconnaissance field visit made earl ier, the Con sultant gain ed the impression that several SBs in the north easter n side o f th e Tonle Sa p also have a high p otential for developing irrigated agriculture, such as St. Chikreng and St. Staung. Table 2.2 sho ws that St Sen and St Sreng have lowlands suitable for agriculture.



Table 4.2: Preminary information on interventions in various Tonle Sap Sub-basin Subbasin Name Province

Covered Funding Source

NWISP TSLSP1 TWGAW2 JICA5 Others

Stung Boribo Pursat

Kampong Chhnang

Stung Pursat Pursat

Stung Dauntry Battambang

Stung Sangker Battambang 4

Stung Mongkol Borei

Battambang

Banteay Meanchey

Stung Chinit Kampong Thom 3

Stung Sen Kampong Thom

Stung Staung Kampong Thom

Stung Chikreng Siem Reap

Stung Siem Reap Siem Reap

Stung Sreng Banteay Meanchey

1 TSLSP has mainly focused on other interventions to selected communes, less on irrigation schemes 2 Surveyed irrigation schemes by the TWGAW, the exact subbasin to which the irrigation scheme is belong is

to be checked. 3 Stung Chinit Irrigation Project

From our p reliminary review of lit erature, discussion s with MOWRAM and field visits, therefore, the 4 sub-ba sins of St. S en, St Stau ng, St. Chikreng and St Steng appe ar to be good candidates at this early stage for our short list of 4 su b-basins based on the followin g criteria : 1) Equitable distribution of aid (previous and planned future assistance) 2) potential for irrigated agriculture and 3) poverty distribution (colle ctively the largest areas of >50% poverty incidence on the WFP poverty map, Figure 2.2 ). This early hypothesis will have to be confirmed in the field over the next month, but the fact that such clarity has a lready emerged at th is early stag e provides a great ch ance o f shortening the sub-basin identification stage an d giving more time and attention to the sub-project identification stage, as will be needed.



B. Step 2: Prioritization of the Remaining RB’s The Consultant has elaborated a tentative list of criteria and key indicators (KI) for determining the development priority of each RB. Table 4.3 shows an exa mple of a criteria/scoring matrix a nd the kind of key indicators and tentative we ights that might be assigned to each KI. U sing this kin d of matrix, each criter ion would be scored from 1 to 5 and the weighted average score determined.

4.6.3.2. Identification of Sub-Projects Elements of sub-project identificatio n are shown in Table 4.3. The process will be as participatory and consultative as possible. Besides assembling d ata on the listed parameters, rough in itial cost estimates must alr eady be made before a sub-project will get on the long l ist from which the 4 cor e sub-projects will be chosen for feasibility study. At the pre-feasibility identificat ion stage, much expe rience and standards have already been developed by Mowram and other projects. The NIWSP applies a maximum construction cost of US$ 800/ha, while Mowram has e stablished standard criteria for irrig con struction o r rehab as follows: 1 Sandy soil : cost should not exceed us$ 2500/ha 2 Sandy clay: cost should not exceed US4 1000'ha 3. Clay soil: cost should not exceed US$ 150/ha Average we tland rice yields are still low in Ca mbodia compared to neighbourin g Asean countries, so there sho uld be clear agro-economic potential for raising average rice yield by at least 50 % due to improved availability/contr ol of water, agricultural practices and farmer organisation.In areas no t prone to heavy and lo ng flooding, the possib ility of one or more organized groundwater irrigation schemes should not be overlooked due to its higher average cost-benefit co mpared with surface irrigation. TWGAW cite th e example (Progress Report of the PDT for WRILM Program, page 27) of a farmer in Prey Kabas distr ict Takeo who drilled a 25 m tubewell to enab le supplementary irrigation of 3 crop s/yr. By 200 1 1400 pumps were in use by surrounding f armers drawing on over 3000 shallow (hand dug) and 300 tube wells. In Prey Veng pro vince, introduction of groundwater based irrig ation has enabled farmers to change their cropping practices signiicantly. In areas where there is potential fo r irrigation from groundwater, farm ers will typically sta rt digging t heir own individual shallow dug wells, so th ere is no systematic development or cohesive farmer organization. An organised collective groundwater scheme typically has a command area of 15 – 20 ha supplied by a single tub ewell and submersible pump using organised rotation s Such schemes use bu ried PVC pipes with risers and flex ible hoses or sprinklers to apply water to crops in basin or furrow, so they permi t more economic application of water to high value horticultural crops in the dry season.



Table 4.3: Example of Criteria/scoring matrix for River Basin and Sub-Project Screening

Criteria Key Indicators KI Polarity n Required for Determining Value WeightA.Policies and plans-nati Qualitative assessment if the RBs Qualitative KI No score, only local governments, ADare accorded priority in the dev. for screening

policies and plans.B. Social AspectPotential beneficiaries B1. Population size High receives higher score Population statistics, if possible, 8

available population dataPoverty level B2. Poverty index as defined by GHigh receives higher score Poverty mapping, rural census re 8Land ownership and distribB3. Land distribution index?? ? Data on land holding and owners 8Population pressure B4. Population density based on High receives higher score Data on land use and arable land 8

arable landC. Resource AspectWater resource availability C1. Available water per head High receives lower score. Water balance data, ground wate 8Arable land availability C2. Average arable land per headHigh receives lower score. Land use data 8Soil suitability C3. Soil suitability index?? Low receives higher score. Soil map 8

D. Flood and Drought ProblemsSeverity of flood or droughtD1. Frequencies of floods or drouHigh receives higher score. Floods and droughts frequency a 9

E. Conditions of existing E1. Age of the existing structure No or old structure receives high Records of past projects 5 flood protection struct E2. Size of irrigation command ar Low receives higher score. Irrigation data 5

F. Level of development F1.Amount of development budgeHigh receives lower score. Gov budget, loans and grants, la 10 including loans per head.

G. Availability of complementary development infrastructure or servicesFarmer institutions G1. Number of farmer institutions High receives higher score Information on farmer institutions 5Coverage of extension servG2. Number of extension workersHigh receives higher score Information on agricultural exten 5

per ha of farm landRural road network G3. Rural road density per sq.km High receives higher score Road record 5



4.6.3.3. Identification of Interventions /Components for Feasibility Study

The Consultant was informed by MOWRAM t hat 2 sub-projects alre ady taken t o Feasibility under PPTA were finally rejected by ADB because the final actual cost would have signficantly exceeded that projected in the FS. and extended the time to construction/commencement. This was due to lack of anticipation and thus inclu sion in the costs of the need for a major component such a s resettlement/compensation or detailed engineering design. Th e Consulta nt is thus mindful of the need to comprehensively anticipate the cost, time and risks involved in a shortlisted sub-project before finalizing the FS. A corollary of the above cost factor is the time f actor. A further prioity b rought to the Consultant’s attention is the need/desirability of ensuring as short as possible a time lapse between commen cement of initial proje ct components, for example capacity building an d/or design/ construction and the delivery of water or improved wat er control, so that beneficiary expectations and support for the project are maintained. MOWRAM’s focus in t he sphere of irrigation investment is on improvement of existing irrigation-syste m performa nce, rehabilitation and promotion o f beneficiar y participation in operat ion and maint enance (O&M). While n ot denying t he justified national and regional demand to get as much ph ysical infrastructure rehabilitated as quickly as possible, th ese project s must in s ome wa y al so serve as models for sustainable participatory irrigation management, PIMD and IWRM in Cambodia, i.e point the way to sectoral development as a whole, not just an ad hoc response t o economic need. There is already a wealth of methodological best pr actice, exp erience an d comparative data availa ble from livelihood and irrigation d evelopment projects in Cambodia s tarted during the last 5 years. Usin g the latest RRA/PRA methodology including Irrigation Systems Agro-Ecosystems Analysis, th e general p olicy of th e PPTA towa rd identifica tion and se lection of components will be as wholistic a s possible, i.e will include one or more of the bel ow components, either directly within the project or by establishing links with service suppliers external to the project.

• Irrigation Management Planning and Budgetting (5 yr, Asset management) • Commune/District level Irrigation Management Plan and Fund • Rehab and upgrading, SRR and O & M • Capacity building of government staff in IWRM, PIMD, technical design • Capacity building of FWUC’s in PIMD and technical skils • Agricultural demonstration, extension and marketing • Credit / Community Livelihood Fund / Revolving Funds • Land Titling • Gender mainstreaming



5. CONCLUSIONS and RECOMMENDATIONS Salient recommendatio ns and conclusion s from this Inception Report a re summarised as follows: Logistical / Administrative

• No major problems or obstacles are foreseen to the smooth implementa tion and timely completion of this PPTA. Minor issu es that nee d flagging a re as follows:

• Small changes have been proposed to the original Manning Schedule.

• Counterparts need to be allocated by MOWRAM as soon as possible.

• Possible delays to field work are anticipated du e to the advent of commune,

district and provincial elections during April and the rainy season in June.

• Balancing t his, the pro cess of id entifying sub -basins is likely to be shorter than envisaged in the Consultant ’s proposal, due to inf ormation already obtained (see below), providing more time for the longer process of sub-project identification.

• In view of the above, the content of the Su b-Baisin Se lection Wor kshop

schedued f or 30th Apr il shou ld expanded to include sub-project se lection, thus bringing forward the Core Sub-project Selection Workshop scheduled for early Ma y; the latter workshop ma y eithe r be cancelled, repeat ed, or reassigned to another topic.

Technical

• For reason s of poverty incidence , past and planned aid and agricultural potential an d recomme ndations of the Client, the following 4 sub-baisin s already me rit shortlist ing at the t ime of writi ng: St. Se n, St Stau ng, St. Chikreng and St Steng. Nevertheless, further f ieldwork will be done over the next month to confirm and validate this conclusion.

• There is already a wealth of methodological best practice, experience and

comparative data avail able from livelihood and irrigatio n develop ment projects in Cambodia s tarted during the last 5 years. To ensure as high a possibility of success a s possible, project desi gn will take into account all factors nee ded to imp rove farmer yields and income a nd demons trate sustainable PIMD, not j ust ad hoc physical co nstruction a nd rehabilit ation. Good communication must be ma intained wit h Parts B (Capacity Building ) and C (River Basin Planning) of this PPTA.

• To ensure a minimu m lapse of time between project commencement,

construction and deliver y of water, the full cost, time and risk implicatio ns of projects proposed must be foreseen at the feasibility study stage, rather than later. Unless an unusually high rate of return is projected, projects with strong



negative environmental impacts, e specially major conflict s of land t enure, riparian rights or the need for resettlement, are unlikely to be approved by the ADB.

T.A 4848-CAM Draft Inception Report Appendix I


APPENDIX I Key Meetings During Inception Phase



Appendix 1.1 : Key Meetings / Discussions

13 March, 2007

Meeting at AFD

Presented at the meeting:

Mr. Herve CONAN ................. Chief AFD Mission, Phnom Penh

Mr. Alain Goffeau .................. Project Implementation Specialist,

Cambodia Resident Mission, ADB

Mr. Sebastian BALMISSE .............................. Advisor to MOWRAM

Mr. Hieu LUC ......................................Project Team Leader, AFD

AFD has requested that the Consultant present a brief TA No.4848-CAM Water Resources

Management (Sector) Project to the Donors meeting on 14 March, 2007 at 10:00 am at ADB office

Phnom Penh. It was an opportunity for the Cansultant to meet relevant people for the benefits of further

contacts. The Consultant was briefed that at the present there are many donors who are helping the

Cambodia government, e.g., JICA, KOiCA, Pakistan, Argentina, IMF, EU, IFAD, GTZ, China, hence

the situation of project study will be dealing with the multiplicity of the donors. The Consultant should

be awared of at the start.

13 March, 2007

15:15

Met Mr. Gerard Pontier, Team Leader of NWISP

Mr. Pontier gave a brief that he is now doing the implementation phase of the NWISP, from 2005 to

2010. He is expecting that some 10 to 12 subprojects would be selected for implementation. The

implementation would be based on the guidelines formulated by the previous study TA study. Now the

Ponley irrigation project in Banteay Meanchey has been implemented under the design phase. Mr.

Pontier will give us the document for further study at the later stage.

16:30

Met Mr. Ulf G. Hagglund, Team Leader of the Tonle Sap Lowland Stabilization Project

Mr. Hagglund briefed the Consultant on the TSLSP and gave one set of the draft Final Report for the

Consultant to further study. This TSLSP wil be finished by the 16 March, 2007.



14 March, 2007

10:00 am @ADB PHN

Presenting the project to the donors meeting. The following donor representatives were present.

1. Mr. Hervé CONAN, from AFD ................................................ who chaired the meeting,

2. Ms Jolanda JONKHART, Program Officer for EU Economic Affairs and Cooperation,

3. Mr. Nobuhiro MORIYAMA, .................................................. JICA Advisor for MOWRAM,

4. Mr.Jens Lauring Knudsen, Agriculture and Rural Development Advisor from AusAID,

5. Mr. Paul Van IM, ............................................................................... Program Officer, ADB,

6. Mr. Jean-Marc Bouvard, Advisor for the Ministry of Finance? (did not have a name card).

7. Mr. ....... (no namecard given), ………............................. Assistant to AusAID Advisor.

8. Sebastian BALMISSE .................................................. Advisor to MOWRAM

The Chairman briefed the meeting that the preparation of the National Agriculture-Water Strategy was

finally completed and is waiting for the approval by the two ministers. There will be five main

programs coming out of the Agriculture-Water Strategy that participants to this meeting should monitor

closely. The Consultant was requested to briefly present the TA No.4848-CAM Water Resources

Management (Sector) Project to the meeting.

14 March, 2007

15:00

Met with H.E. Veng Sakhon @ MOWRAM, requesting to use existing equipment and facility in the

TSLSP office after they have left the office, which is expected to e on Monday 19 March, 2007. H.E.

agreed to allow us to use those facilities.

15 March, 2007

2:00 pm @Project Office, MOWRAM

Technical Working Group- Agriculture/Water (TWGAW) Meeting

Presented at the meeting:

1. Sebastian BALMISSE ...............................................................................Advisor to MOWRAM

2. Jean-Marc BOUVARD, .....Advisor for the Ministry of Agiculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF)

3. Peerawat Premchun .............................................................WRM (Sector) Project Team Leader

4. Dr. Samran C.

The Consultant gave a brief project presentation to the meeting together with the review of the

Northwest Irrigation Sector Project (NWISP) and the Tonle Sap Lowland Stabilization Project

(TSLSP). Following the brief presentations were the discussion on relevant technical points.



Points from the discussion:

9) Some kind of water balance study has to be done for the selected sub-basins.

10) In order to help increase the income of the rural poor , selection criteria should be based on

agricultural aspects, water, socio-economic conditions. This will increase job creation, thereby

reducing the migration of labour to neighbouring countries.

11) The Consultant should visit the St. Chinit Irrigation Project in order to learn the lessons that

have occured.

12) Mr. BOUVARD has suggested and Mr. BALMISSE provide copies of the Agro-Ecosystems

Analysis manual and the survey done for the Ponley Irrigation Porject for the Consultant to

study for use in the WRM (Sector) Project.

13) Mr. BALMISSE said that the TWGAW is prepared to present to the WRM Sector Project the

current situations on agricultural and water resources development in Cambodia.

14) The Joint Strategy between MOWRAM and MAFF has been waiting the approval from the

two ministers. From this strategy there would be 5 National Programs for the country. Two of

these program are a) capacity building of the MOWRAM and MAFF, and b) land, irrigation

and water resources development.

15) Mr. BOUVARD will give to TEAM the TOR for the capacity building program (WRM - part

B).

16) Mr. BALMISSE gave the name of the JICA expert (Mr. Kodama) who is preparing the

investment plan for 4 riverbasins in Cambodia. Also the information that KoICA experts are

now preparing the master plan for water resources development in Cambodia. It would be

beneficial to the Consultant to contact these people to get further information, particularly, the

selection criteria (factors influencing the selection) for Mr. Kodama selection of the four river

basins.

17) The TWGAW taskforce C2 Report (Draft version for comments) has been given to the

Consultant by Mr. BALMISSE for use as relevant information.

18) Mr. BOUVARD gave the idea that a) acceptance of farmers, b) capacity of the institution to

absorb, c) cooperation among government agancies and farmers are also very important to

irrigation development.

19 March, 2007

Meeting with H.E. Veng Sakhon

09:00 am

Met H.E. Veng Sakhon to discuss 2 topics: 1) the counterpart staff whose names MOWRAM has not

yet given to the Consultant. H.E. Veng Sakhon said he would try to speed up the organizing of the

counterpart staff. Meanwhile, he asked the Consultant to coordinate with either Mr. Boonheang or Mr.

Veasna. 2) The agenda for the Pre-Inception coordination meeting. The Consultant agreed with him the

agenda for 22 March, 2007 meeting. The time would be in the morning, say half a day.



Meeting with JICA

Dr. Samran visited the JICA's office and met Mr. Kodama, the Team Leader of the "Basin-wide Basic

Irrigation and Drainage Masterplan Study". This is supposed to be in one of the five National Programs

that are resulted from the Cambodia's Agriculture-Water Strategy. This project covers 4 subbasins, i.e.,

Stung Boribo, Stung Pursat, Stung Dauntry and Stung Sangker. The last two are in Battambang

province. Mr. Kodama planned to finish the masterplan study within October, 2007. The work would

be mostly done in Japan. The study team will come back again on May, 2007 and will locate upto 6-8

priority sites for the pre-feasibility study level during Jan.- Dec. , 2008.

19 March, 2007

13:30

First staff meeting at the office. All staff were present except the International Environmental Specialist

and the Poverty and Resettlement Specialist. The work plan and staffing schedule were discussed.



Appendix 1.2

Summary of Pre-Inception Report Meeting 1. MOWRAM Brief of the Inception Report Coordination Meeting at MOWRAM 22 March, 2007 09:00 - 11:30 am List of the Participants: 1. H.E. Veng Sakhon, Secretary of State, MOWRAM Chairman 2. Mr. Boonheang . . Session 1: Objectives of the Meeting The Chairman apologized to have call a meeting in such a short period. The

meeting was a pre-Inception Report activity that the Consultant requested in order to

brief to the meeting about their act ivities during the 2 week inception ph ase starting

12 March, 2007. The Consultant n eeded feedback from the meeting in time to be

incorporated into the wo rk plan to be presented in the In ception Report, due on 26

March, 2007.

Session 2: Presentation of ADB's Ta No.4848-CAM Water Resources Management (Sector) Project by the Team Leader (Mr. Peerawat Premchun). The presentation covered the topics listed below.

- objectives of presentation,

- coverage of the presentation,

- introduction of TA No. 4848-CAM WRM (Sec tor) Project and the

timeframe,

- objectives of the sector project,

- outputs,

- approach,

- planning methodology,

- work plan,

- review of existing works,

- Northwes Irrigation Sector Project (NWISP),

- Tonle Sap Lowland Stabilization Project (TSLSP),

- some initial thoughts on subbasin selection and select ion

criteria. The Project co vers eleven subbasin s namely Stu ng



Boribo, Stung Pursat, Stung Dauntry, Stung Sangker, Stung

Mongkol Borei, Stung Sreng, Stung Siem Reap, Stung

Chikreng, Stung Staung, Stung Sen, and Stung Chinit.

Session 3: Comments and Suggestions from the Meeting 3.1 NWISP has covered Stung Mongkol Borei, Stung Sangker, Stung Dauntry

and Stung Boribo. There is an on-going irrigation project in Stung Chinit. JICA study

will cover Stung Boribo, Stung Pursat, Stun g Dauntry and Stung Sangker. Th e

irrigation scheme in Stung Chinit i s under co nstruction and will be fin ished by th e

end of 2007. In Siemrea p, the Baray project implementation has been hampered b y

the opposition from the APSARA authority (archeological site conservation) and has

caused more than half year dela y. China is considering provision of technical

assistance t o water resources development in Stung Sangker to the value of $10

million. Based on previous assiatn ce already provided to the 11 eleven sub-basi ns,

the Chairman suggested that the Consultant focus on the St ung Staung, Stung Sen,

Stung Chikreng and Stung Sreng.

3.2 While t he Chairma n proposed the above 4 subbasins without much

further ado, he requested the Consultant to be very careful in selection of the 4 core

sub-projects. He cited lessons lea rned from the NWISP that two of the core

subprojects selected were later o n rejected on the gro unds that o ne project is

located with in the TSBR zone of t he Tonle S ap (Thlea Moam in Pursat), and one

project has very high compensation and resettlement costs (Mkak reservoir in Stung

Chikreng). He therefore strongly advised that the Consultant have thorough

discussion not only with MOWRAM but also the ADB for th e selection of the 4 core

subprojects before feasibility studies are started.

T.A 4848-CAM Draft Inception Report Appendix II


APPENDIX II Lessons Learned from TWGAW’s C2 Team’s Review of 21 Schemes



Lessons Learned from TWGAW’s C2 Team’s Review of 21 Schemes

• Although the canal network ranges from 0 to a full set of canals (from primary to tertia ry

and drains), 75% of the surveyed i rrigation systems are characterized by a very limite d set of water distribution canals, ranging from 0 to primary and secondary canals only. This is a specificity of Cambodian irrigation schemes.

• All the su rveyed schem es except o ne are m ore th an 30 yea rs old, have go ne throu gh

several historical periods, and present alternative collapse and revitalization sequences, sometimes v ery clo sed to each other (every 3 to 5 years). 5 ou t of 19 sch emes were supported from the RGC n ational budget (f rom political pa rty, commu ne, privat e entrepreneurs etc), but the majority of schemes benefited from foreign project support.

• The objectives of the provided support differ from a scheme to an other. Only 6 sch emes

received sin gle component support, while a majo rity (8 ca ses) combi ne infrastructure rehabilitation and capacity building components. Five schemes present more than these 2 components, with an additional agricultural extension component (3 ca ses), and a rural credit component (1 case), and a land titling component (1 case).

• There is a la ck of information regarding the size of the command area. The comparison

between the theoreti cal or de signed command area, and the effective irrig ated area, showed differences in almost every scheme with available data. In 3 recorded cases, the actual irrigated area does not reach half of the designed area.

• Cropping system & intensity: a majority of schemes present a double cropping agricultural

system (12 cases), mainly combining a wet season rice with a fol lowing dry season rice. Eight schemes secure a singl e irrigated crop, for a wet season rice (6 cases), a f loating rice ( 1 case) or a receding rice ( 1 case). O ne scheme all ows a turnover of 3 to 4 vegetable crops a year.

• Soil quality ranges from medium (12 cases) to good soil types (8 cases). Soil suitability for

irrigation does not seem to be addressed in a systematic way by the supporting projects. • Estimated average yields of rice range from 1 - 2 t/h a (4 cases), 2 -3.5 t/ha (1 0 cases), 3

– 4 t/ha (3 case s), 3- 5 t/ha (3 cases) are mostly higher than the national average yield (1.8 t/ha ). In majo rity of ca ses (16), i ntensive ag ricultural practices are com bined wit h irrigation, showing that, if combined with intensive inputs, irrigation decreases the impact of natural calamities such as floods and droughts, and enables higher yields.

• Rice market price seems to depend on quality. In a majority of cases, cultivated rice has

an average price of 450 to 500 Riels /kg paddy, while in a few cases (4 cases) there was production of quality fragrant varieties, with prices ranging from 700 to 800 Riels /kg.

• Intensification increases land economic value. In 13 ca ses, the average p rice of o ne hectare of irri gated rice field is above US $1000. However, 6 schemes did not present a good return, with land prices around US$ 500/ha. Urbanization can al so impact on la nd value, with land prices reaching peaks of 70,000 USD /ha (2 recorded cases).

• Management: of 21 schemes, 15 were managed by FWUC, of which 11 legally registered

and 2 sh ortly to be regist ered (following 1999 Ci rcular N° 1 and PIMD guideli nes); the remaining 6 schem es were m anaged by th e commune a uthorities (3 ca ses), a cooperative, a private entrepreneur and PDOWRAM.

• Registered FWUC’s have official st atutes with rul es an d regul ation, mana gement an d

maintenance plans and a bank account. The t wo oldest FWUC were registered in year 2000, but the majority of them a re only 2 year s old, meaning they are still in a learning process, activity is not stabilized, organization not very clear or even poor for a majority of



them. Two key factors which im pact the ov erall ca pacity of the FWUC a re : 1) links between FWUC and the local authorities and 2) the personality of the FWUC chairman.

• As a re sult o f capa city building suppo rt, 4 schem es had a stro ng orga nization, with a

board of representatives able to d escribe in details their activity and responsibilities. In those systems that had n o FW UC, the organi zation tends to be is wea k, except for 2 pumping systems, which require a rather effective organization to fulfil their task.

• Key indicators to assess quality of the water manag ement organization are: i) the

institutional l ink b etween the ma nagement body, use rs, an d local auth orities ii ) presence/absence of an operation plan (12 schemes had none) iii) presence/absence of a maintenance plan iv) g ap between the oretical o peration a nd/or maintenance plan s and reality v) presence/absence of rules and regulations and the capacity of the management body to enforce them. Wea k F WUC links with local auth orities (p oint (i )) result i n competition between upstream and downstream, problems with fee collection and conflict resolution; against this, local authorities sometimes interfere in a way that does not allow a young FWUC to buil d its own management capacity. Most re servoir schemes have no operation plan or activity due to limited development of the canal network (primary and secondary canals only) and few distribution structures (gates, stoplogs, culverts).

• Two major challenges for irrig ation m anagement bodies a re a) maintenance and b) internal rules and regulations. Some maintenance work is do ne in most of the systems, but it is often limited to canal cleaning and small repairs mobilizing users' participation. Nothing is do ne in term of heavy maintenan ce works, whi ch are often con sidered to b e the responsi bility of the Stat e, except on one scheme wher e provisions are kept on a bank account. In other cases, heavy work is said to be the responsibility of the MOWRAM of PDO WRAM by users and m anagers. In term s o f rule s an d regulatio n, written rul es often exist but enfo rcement remain s the oretical, the mai n difficulties being water distribution (upstream/d ownstream), irrigati on service fee paym ent, and infrastru ctures protection.

• An irrigation service fee is sup posed to be paid by users o n 1 5 of the 21 surveyed

schemes. However, the amount asked to user s differs a l ot from a scheme to another. Pumping systems are the more expensive systems with high ISF amounts a sked (up to 220,000 Riels/ha/season). Since water availability depends on capacity to purchase petrol for the pumps, these systems show a good capacity to collect money. In gravity systems, the fee can be limited to a symbolic payment (2400 Riels per household per year), b ut some syste ms coll ect e nough funds to cover their ope ration and small maintena nce costs. Th ere is only o ne scheme wh ere IS F p ayment incl udes p rovisions for hea vy maintenance works.

• Although ISF amo unts are often l ow, seve ral sch emes show real difficulties in ISF

collection, due to insufficient quality of the irri gation service. Four schemes do not collect any fee at all , although they are supposed to do so , while only eight scheme s show a good colle ction rate. It seems that payment conditions and a mounts a re negotiated individually in most cases (yields, personal situation). In many sch emes, available funds cover priority operation costs, then running costs, small repairs and manager allowances.

• Many of the su rveyed sch emes maintain financial records with some detail o n

maintenance expenditures which can come from ISF, but also from subsidies (MOWRAM, external projects), communal budgets and private donations. However, the transparen cy in record kee ping is not al ways the rul e and only five sch emes pre sent an a cceptable standard in this matter. Finally, only two schemes have a detailed provisional budget.

• PIMD, through FWUC dev elopment, constitutes a good way to b uild local management

capacities of the num erous i rrigation schemes existing in Cam bodia. T he f easibility of PMID depends on time, reso urces and type of support devoted to FWUC establishment. Keys of success are not li nked to th e size of the scheme command area, as good and poor management can be observed in large, medium and small schemes.



• FWUC capacity building requires time, so that leade rs a nd use rs ca pacity can b e

increased. Statutes should not be considered as the end of the capacity building process but as the beginning of it. Legal registration brings FWUC the permit to operate but does not provide the know-how. Therefore, long te rm, continuous capacity building is needed. Skills th at n eed to be d eveloped by FWUC le aders relate s t o: 1) irrigatio n sch eme operation ca pacity (how to co ntrol water, to sh are it am ongst us ers with equity), 2) maintenance capacity (what job sh ould be don e and when, h ow to make a co ntract with an entre preneur, ho w to control the q uality of the maintenan ce work) 3) a ccounting capacity (how to kee p cl ear acco unts of fee colle ction and expenditu res) 4 ) financing capacity (ho w to build t he fee amount, how to col lect a go od rate) 5) e nforcement capacity (what and how to enforce)

• While infrastructure rehabilitation will remain the key core component of outside support,

in orde r to e nsure users' capacity to bear ope ration and maintenance co sts, addition al inputs of agricultural extension and rural credit are required.

• While short term surveys such as this can provide a good understanding of t he issues,

better understanding of loc al dynamics, progress and constraints would be obtained through a longer term monitoring process.

LIST OF IRRIGATION PROJECTS FROM TWGAW STUDY RELATED TO WRMP AREA5

Irrigated Area (ha) Province Name Type Theoretical Command Area (ha) Wet Season Dry Season

Battambang Norea Pumping Small 108 70 Kamping Pouy Reservoir Large (9,000) 2,850 1,000 Kampong Thom O Snor Reservoir Medium 455 - Roluos Reservoir Medium (1,200) 1,200 - Pursat Kampang Reservoir Medium 945 50 Siem Reap 78 Dam Reservoir Medium 300 - Baray Reservoir Large (10,000) 6,000 4,000

5

TWGAW (Dec 06): Agro-Ecos ystem Analysis for I rrigation Systems, ISAEA User Manual, Task Force C1

T.A 4848-CAM Draft Inception Report Appendix III


APPENDIX III NWISP List of 35 Eligible Sub-Projects

T.A 4848-CAM Draft Inception Report Appendix III


LIST OF ELIGIBLE SUBPROJECTS FROM NWISP6

Indicative Area (ha)a

Province

River Basin

Scheme

Identification Code

(Halcrow Report)

Wet Season Supplementary

Irrigation

Dry Season Irrigation

Pursat Boribo-Thleamaom-Srang Bomnork KK3 1,750 50

Tram Mneash KK51 1,200 60

Dang Toekleach N/A 500 30

Stand-Alone Schemes Kouch Noup Cluster KK8 to KK11 2,000 60

Angkonh KK6 505 40

Damnak Kranh KK13 450 30

Naktaror KK14 400 30

KanSen KK7 600 30

Voat Rung N/A 500 30

Anglong Svay BK2 220 0

Raneam Prayal BK3 300 0

Kroch Seuch BK5 300 0

Battambang Stung Mongkol Borei O Don Pov Link Canal b BV51 4,450 2,850

Presh Khposh BV50 1,200 100

Canal No.1 (Bovel) BV1 3,000 400

Don Aov (Bovel) BV50 1,800 300

Stung Sangker O Kroch Reservoir N/A 200 20

Boeung Ampil Reservoir RM5 250 50

Daun Try-Svey Don Keo Prek Chik M51 3,000 200

Stand-Alone Schemes Koas Kralor KK50 & KK51 800 50

Chork Reservoir M53 1,500 100

Preks on Stung Sanker DP53 3,000 500

Banteay Stung Mongkol Borei Po Pi Deum b MBR1 1,400 350

Meanchey Prolay Cha MBR51 820 50

Stung SvayChek Pol Sena SCH50 1,530 10

Sre Lo Or TP52 1,200 20

Kork Prich TP51 1,200 20

Anlong Rot SCH1 1,200 70

Thmar Kdep TP50 2,100 50

Baray SCH54 1,800 50

Stand-Alone Schemes KanSen OC54 2,450 150

Ta Meng TP53 2,400 30

Prasat Pram SCH3 550 20

Ponley b PS51 675 75

Siem Reap

Stand-Alone Schemes Chikraeng b (phase 1 & phase 2)

1,240

1,240

ha = hectare. a These figures refer only to the estimated potential command areas for fully controlled irrigation practices (supplemental irrigation during wet season and full irrigation during dry season). The estimated potential command areas for flood spreading and/or recession practices is not shown as an accurate detailed breakdown by scheme will only be known after the feasibility study of the non core subprojects. b Core subproject studied to feasibility level during project preparation. 6

ADB (Nov 0 3): Report an d recomme ndation of the pr esident to the Board of D irectors on a pr oposed l oan to the Kingdom of Cambodia for the Northwest Irrigation Sector Project

T.A 4848-CAM Draft Inception Report Appendix IV


APPENDIX IV

References During Inception Report Preparation



References Used During Inception Report Preparation

ADB (1998): Handbook on Resettlement, A Guide to Good Practice (EL7) ADB (2003), Water and Poverty, A collection of Thematic Papers, various Authors (EL) ADB (Apr 05): The Tonle Sap Basin Strategy, Olivier Serrat (EL) ADB (Aug 03): Fighting poverty in Cambodia. The Tonle Sap Basin Strategy. Prepared by O. Serrat, D.

Moffatt, and T.Gallego-Lizon (EL) ADB (Aug 0 4): Technical A ssistant (F inanced b y the Po verty R eduction Coo peration F und) to the

Kingdom of Cambodia for the Tonle Sap Poverty Reduction Initiative (EL) ADB (D ec 0 3), T echnical Assistant (F inanced by th e P overty Reduction C ooperation F und) to th e

Kingdom of Cambodia for the Participatory Poverty Assessment of the Tonle Sap (EL) ADB (Dec 05): Project No. 3 7287, Technical Assistance Report, Kingdom of Cambod ia: Preparing the

Tonle Sap Lowland Stabilization Project (Cofinanced by the Japan Special Fund) (EL) ADB (Dec 06): Country Operations Business Plan, Cambodia, 2007 – 2009 (EL) ADB (Feb 03): Gender Checklist Resettlement (EL) ADB (Jan 05): Country Strategy and Program 2005 – 2009, Kingdom of Cambodia (EL)

ADB (Jul 05): Financial Management and Analysis of Projects (EL)

ADB (Jun 03): Water for All, the Water Policy of Asian Development Bank (EL) ADB (Mar 06): Guidel ines for Mana gement S ystem and M onitoring F ramework, Proj ect Performanc e

Preparing a Design (EL) ADB (May 06): D esigning In stitutional S ystems for Basin Ma nagement Orga nizations, Olivi er

SerratSenior Project Ec onomist Agricu lture, Envir onment, and Natur al R esources Divis ion, Southeast Asia Department (EL)

ADB (May 06): Kingdom of Cambodia, Preparing the W ater Resources Management (Sector) Project

(Cofinanced by the Government of France), Olivier Serrat (EL) ADB (Nov 03) T4212–CAM: Establishment of the Tonle Sap Basin Management Organization (EL) ADB (Nov 03): Key Areas of Economic Analysis of Projects, An Overview (EL) ADB (Nov 0 3): Report a nd recommendation of the pr esident to the Boar d of Directors on a pr oposed

loan to the Kingdom of Cambodia for the Northwest Irrigation Sector Project (EL) ADB (Nov 04): Technical Ass istant to the Kingdom of Cambodia for E stablishment of the T onle Sap

Basin Management Organization II (EL) ADB (Oct 02): Report and Recommendation of the Pr esident to the B oard of Dir ectors on a Proposed

Loan an d T echnical Assist ance Gra nt to the Kin gdom of Cambo dia for the T onle Sap Environmental Management Project (EL)

ADB (Oct 06): Project No.3 8558, T echnical Assi stant Re port, King dom of Cambo dia: Prepari ng th e

Water Resources Management (Sector) Project (Cofinanced by the Government of France) (EL) ADB (Sep 06): Methodological and Operational Issues (EL) ADB : Mainstreaming Participatory Development Processes (EL)

7

EL : Electronic File



ADB : Tonle Sap Environmental Management, Olivier Serrat (EL) ADB: Agriculture Gender Checklist (EL) Australian Government AusAID (Nov 06), Cambodia Agriculture Value Chain Program (EL) CNMC (Oct 04): Basin Development Plan Programme, sub-area analysis. The Tonle Sap Sub-area (9C) Council for S ocial D evelopment (CSD), Kin gdom of Cambodia (D ec 02 ), Nation al Po verty R eduction

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Lowland Stabilization Project, Cambodia, Draft Final Report prepared for ADB (EL) GFA Consultin g Group in co operation with F raser Thomas (Jan 07): T A No. 4756- CAM Tonle Sap

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2005" Why, What and How? by Torkil Jønch-Clausen (EL) GWP Technical Committe e (Apr 04), Guid ance i n Prep aring a N ational Integrated W ater Reso urces

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Forestry and Fisheries and Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology, Kingdom of Cambodia World Bank (2004), Water Resources Sector Strategy, Strategic Directions for World Bank Engagement (EL)



References to be collected

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Basin. Prepared for the Basin Development Plan of Mekong River Commission CTI and DHI ( Aug 0 3): Co nsolidation of hydro-meteorological dat a a nd multi-functi onal h ydrological

roles of T onle Sap Lak e and its vicinities, Phas e II. Final reports. CTI Engineering Inte rnational Co., Ltd. and DHI . Water & Environment. Client: Mekong River Commission

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Tonle Sap Lak e and its vicinities, Phase III. Final report. CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd. And DHI . Water & Environment. Client: Mekong River Commission

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Mekong Secre tariat b y S ir William H alcrow and Partners Ltd. in ass ociation with Mandala Agricultural D evelopment Cor poration. Co ntract CAM.IRS 238.9 3, UNDP Grant 3.3.37/92/UNP, B/L 21

Halcrow (Apr 04): Inventory & analysis of existing systems. Volume 1: Ma in report; Volume 2: Ba nteay

Meanchey, Battambang, Kampot, Kandal; and Volume 6: Pursat, Siem Reap, Svay Rieng, Takeo. Irrigation Re habilitation Stu dy in Camb odia, pr epared for the Meko ng Se cretariat b y Sir W illiam Halcrow and Partners Ltd. i n assoc iation with Mandala Agricult ural De velopment Corporation. Contract CAM.IRS 238.93, UNDP Grant 3.3.37/92/UNP, B/L 21

Halcrow (Jun 04): Fi nal re port: Ma in re port; An nex A: Hydrology; A nnex B: A gronomy; A nnex C:

Lowland ric e soils of C ambodia; An nex D: Socio-economics; a nd A nnex F : Envir onmental assessment. Irrigation Rehabilitation Study in Cambodia, prepared for the Mekong Secretariat by Sir William Ha lcrow an d Par tners Ltd. in associ ation with Mand ala Ag ricultural Dev elopment Corporation. Contract CAM.IRS 238.93, UNDP Grant 3.3.37/92/UNP, B/L 21

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Production S ystem in the Sl akou Riv er B asin, progress r eport 3. Pre pared by N ippon Koe i C o. Ltd, Docon Co., Ltd. and Pasco International Inc. for Japan Internati onal Cooperation Agency and MOWRAM

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