Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report€¦ · exploitation. International trade in specimens...
Transcript of Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report€¦ · exploitation. International trade in specimens...
Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report
This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents. (For project preparatory technical assistance: All the views expressed herein may not be incorporated into the proposed project’s design.
Project Number: 50159-001 July 2019
Technical Assistance Number: 9461
Regional: Protecting and Investing in Natural Capital in Asia and the Pacific (Cofinanced by the Climate Change Fund and the Global Environment Facility)
Prepared by: Lorenzo V. Cordova, Jr. M.A., Prof. Pastor L. Malabrigo, Jr. Prof. Cristino L. Tiburan, Jr., Prof. Anna Pauline O. de Guia, Bonifacio V. Labatos, Jr., Prof. Juancho B. Balatibat, Prof. Arthur Glenn A. Umali, Khryss V. Pantua, Gerald T. Eduarte, Adriane B. Tobias, Joresa Marie J. Evasco, and Angelica N. Divina.
PRO-SEEDS DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION, INC. Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
Asian Development Bank is the executing and implementing agency.
Biodiversity Assessment Study for
New Clark CityNew scientific information on the flora, fauna, and ecosystems in New Clark City
Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc.
Final Report
Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City
Project
Contract No.: 149285-S53389
Final Report July 2019
Prepared for: ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City 1550, Metro Manila, Philippines T +63 2 632 4444
Prepared by: PRO-SEEDS DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION, INC
C2A Sandrose Place, Ruby St., Umali Subdivision Brgy. Batong Malake, Los Banos, Laguna T (049) 525-1609
© Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. 2019 The information contained in this document produced by Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc. is solely for the use of the Client identified on the cover sheet for the purpose for which it has been prepared and Pro-Seeds undertakes no duty to or accepts any responsibility to any third party who may rely upon this document. All rights reserved. No section or element of this document may be removed from this document, reproduced, electronically stored or transmitted in any form without the written permission of Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc..
Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc.
Final Report
Full Biodiversity Assessment Study for New Clark City Project Pro-Seeds Development Association, Inc.
Final Report
BIODIVERSITY ASESSMENT STUDY CORE TEAM
Lorenzo V. Cordova, Jr., MA, EnP
Urban Biodiversity Specialist / Project Leader
Pastor L. Malabrigo, Jr.
Senior Botanist
Prof. Cristino L. Tiburan, Jr. PhD
Remote Sensing and GIS Specialist
Prof. Anna Pauline O. de Guia, PhD
Senior Fauna Specialist
Bonifacio V. Labatos, Jr., MSc, EnP
Freshwater Ecologist
Prof. Juancho B. Balatibat, MSc
Entomologist
Prof. Arthur Glenn A. Umali, MSc
Junior Botanist
Khryss V. Pantua, BSc
Junior Fauna Specialist
For. Gerald T. Eduarte, BSc
Project Coordinator
For. Adriane B. Tobias, BSc
Junior Science Research Specialist
For. Joresa Marie J. Evasco, Bsc
For. Angelica N. Divina, Bsc
Project Research Associates
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................... 2
1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 4
1.1. Background of the Study ................................................................................................... 4
1.2. Objectives ............................................................................................................................ 5
1.3. Significance of the Study ................................................................................................... 5
1.4. Scope and Limitations of the Study .................................................................................. 6
2. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA .................................................... 8
2.1. Geographic Location of New Clark City ........................................................................... 8
2.2. Overview and Condition of Watershed ............................................................................ 8
2.3. Physical Characteristics of New Clark City .................................................................... 11 2.3.1. Elevation................................................................................................................................. 11 2.3.2. Slope ....................................................................................................................................... 13 2.3.3. Land Cover ............................................................................................................................. 14
2.4. Overview of Socio-economic Activities of Barangays within NCCC ................................. 16
2.5. Climate and Climate Change ............................................................................................... 17
2.6. Brief Overview of the Proposed Development of NCC ................................................. 20
3. BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK AND DESIGN .......................... 22
3.1. Framework for the Study ................................................................................................ 22
3.2. Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 23 3.2.1. Terrestrial Flora ..................................................................................................................... 23
3.2.1.1. Vegetation Survey ............................................................................................................. 23 3.2.1.2. Species Identification ....................................................................................................... 27 3.2.1.3. Data Analysis ..................................................................................................................... 28
3.2.2. Vertebrate Fauna .................................................................................................................. 28 3.2.2.1. Area Description ............................................................................................................... 28 3.2.2.2. Faunal Survey .................................................................................................................... 29
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3.2.2.2.1. Herpetofauna ............................................................................................................... 30 3.2.2.2.2. Avifauna ......................................................................................................................... 30
3.2.2.2.2.1. Transect Walk ........................................................................................................ 30 3.2.2.2.2.2. Netting .................................................................................................................... 31 3.2.2.2.2.3. Data Analysis for Transect Walk Data ................................................................ 34
3.2.2.2.3. Mammals ....................................................................................................................... 34 3.2.2.2.3.1. Bats ......................................................................................................................... 34 3.2.2.2.3.2. Non-volant Mammals ........................................................................................... 34
3.2.2.3. Identification of Species .................................................................................................. 35 3.2.2.4. Conservation Status ......................................................................................................... 35
3.2.3. Invertebrate Fauna ............................................................................................................... 36 3.2.3.1. Sampling Sites ................................................................................................................... 36 3.2.3.2. Sampling Method ............................................................................................................. 36 3.2.3.3. Data Analysis ..................................................................................................................... 38
3.2.4. Freshwater Ecology .............................................................................................................. 38 3.2.4.1. Sampling Station ............................................................................................................... 38 3.2.4.2. Sampling Protocol ............................................................................................................ 39
3.2.4.2.1. Periphyton ..................................................................................................................... 39 3.2.4.2.2. Macrobenthos .............................................................................................................. 40 3.2.4.2.3. Fish ................................................................................................................................. 41
3.2.4.3. Conservation Status ......................................................................................................... 42
4. RESULTS OF THE STUDY ............................................................................... 43
4.1. Terrestrial Flora ................................................................................................................ 43 4.1.1. Vegetation Structure ............................................................................................................ 43 4.1.2. Floristic Composition............................................................................................................ 52
4.1.2.1. Tree Flora ........................................................................................................................... 55 4.1.2.2. Intermediate and Understorey ....................................................................................... 56 4.1.2.3. Ground Cover .................................................................................................................... 57
4.1.3. Diversity Indices .................................................................................................................... 58 4.1.4. Noteworthy Species ............................................................................................................. 62
4.1.4.1. Endemic Species ............................................................................................................... 62 4.1.4.2. Threatened Species ......................................................................................................... 66 4.1.4.3. New Province Records .................................................................................................... 69 4.1.4.4. Economically Important Species ................................................................................... 70
4.2. Vertebrate Fauna ............................................................................................................. 72 4.2.1. Amphibians ............................................................................................................................ 72 4.2.2. Reptiles ................................................................................................................................... 73 4.2.3. Avifauna ................................................................................................................................. 75
4.2.3.1. Species Composition ........................................................................................................ 75 4.2.3.2. Biodiversity Parameters: Species Richness, Abundance and Diversity Indices ....... 77
4.2.4. Mammals ............................................................................................................................... 81
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4.2.5. Noteworthy Species ............................................................................................................. 84
4.3. Invertebrate Fauna .......................................................................................................... 89 4.3.1. Arthropod Composition and Abundance .......................................................................... 89 4.3.2. Arthropod Diversity Indices ................................................................................................. 98
4.4. Freshwater Ecology ........................................................................................................ 103 4.4.1. Site Description ................................................................................................................... 103 4.4.2. Periphyton ........................................................................................................................... 106 4.4.3. Macrobenthos ........................................................................................................................... 108 4.4.4. Fish ........................................................................................................................................ 111 4.4.5. Reptile .................................................................................................................................. 117 4.4.6. Noteworthy Species ........................................................................................................... 118
5. LAND COVER CHANGE ANALYSIS AND PREDICTIVE MODELING OF URBAN
AREAS IN NCC AND ITS SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT .............................. 121
5.1. Land Cover Change ......................................................................................................... 121
5.2. Predictive Modeling of Future Urban Scenarios ......................................................... 125
6. SUMMARY OF PRESSURES AND IMPACTS TO BIODIVERSITY IN NEW
CLARK CITY ....................................................................................................... 132
6.1. Forest Land Degradation ............................................................................................... 132
6.2. Habitat Loss and Fragmentation .................................................................................. 132
6.3. Greenhouse Gas Emission ............................................................................................. 133
6.4. Pollution and Local Disturbance ................................................................................... 133
7. LEVERAGING BIODIVERSITY: INITIAL IDEAS FOR NATURE-BASED
SOLUTIONS ....................................................................................................... 134
7.1. Establishment of Priority Conservation Sites ............................................................. 136 7.1.1. Important Plant Areas ........................................................................................................ 137 7.1.2. Important Wildlife Areas .................................................................................................... 138 7.1.3. Important Riverine Ecosystem .......................................................................................... 138
7.2. Mitigating measures to address the pressures to biodiversity ................................. 139
7.3. Promoting the use of indigenous, native, and endemic species in NCC .................. 141
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7.4. Engaging Communities as Contract Growers of Native, Indigenous, and Endemic
Seedlings ”or even instant trees ) .......................................................................................... 163
7.5. Establish Payment for Ecosystem Services .................................................................. 164
7.6. Working with LGUs to achieve synergy in development plans ................................. 167
7.7. Promote Biodiversity-friendly Technology .................................................................. 167
7.8. Science-Based Biodiversity Assessment & Monitoring ............................................... 168
8. RECOMMENDATIONS AND WAYS FORWARD ........................................... 169
9. REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 172
10. APPENDICES ............................................................................................ 175
Appendix 1. Summary of plants recorded within the NCC project site ............................... 175
Appendix 2. List of amphibians and reptiles recorded in NCC .............................................. 213
Appendix 4. Bird transect results and biodiversity indices in Site 1 of NCC ........................ 237
Appendix 5. Bird transect results and biodiversity indices in Site 2 of NCC ........................ 239
Appendix 6. Bird transect results and biodiversity indices in Site 3 of NCC ........................ 240
Appendix 7. List of mammals recorded in NCC ...................................................................... 243
Appendix 8. Indicative cost and timeline of activities for NCC ............................................. 246
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ACRONYMS and ABBREVIATIONS
ADB Asian Development Bank
BAMS Biodiversity Assessment and Monitoring System
BCDA Bases for Conversion and Development Authority
BMB Biodiversity Management Bureau
CDP Comprehensive Development Plan
CITES
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and
Flora
CLUP Comprehensive Land Use Plan
CR Critically Endangered
DAO DENR Administrative Order
DAO 2004-15 DENR Administrative Order No. 2004-15 – Establishing the List of Terrestrial
Threatened Species and their Categories, and the List of Other Wildlife
Species Pursuant to Republic Act No. 9147, Otherwise Known as the Wildlife
Resources Conservation and Protection Act of 2001
DAO 2017-11 DENR Administrative Order No. 2017-11 – Updated National List of
Threatened Philippine Plants and their Categories
DBH Diameter at Breast-Height
DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources
EN Endangered
EO 247 Executive Order 247 – Prescribing Guidelines and Establishing a Regulatory
Framework for the Prospecting of Biological and Genetic Resources, Their By
Product and Derivatives, for Scientific and Commercial Purposes; and for Other
Purposes
EPT Orders Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera
ETG Environmental Thematic Group
EX Exotic
GIS Geographic Information System
ha hectares
HBW Handbook of the Birds of the World
IAS Invasive Alien Species
IPA Important Plant Area
IRE Important Riverine Ecosystem
IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature
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IV Importance Value
IWA Important Wildlife Areas
KBA Key Biodiversity Area
LC Least Concern
LGU Local Government Unit
masl meters above sea level
MH Merchantable Height
MLP Multi-Layer Perception
NA Not Assessed
NbS Nature-based Solutions
NCC New Clark City
NE Non-Endemic
NOx Nitrogen oxide
OPPP Office of Public-Private Partnership
OTS Other Threatened Species
PE Philippine Endemic
PES Payment for Ecosystem Services
PPCC Philippine Plants Conservation Committee
RS Remote Sensing
SDA Spoil Disposal Areas
SPADE Spatial Data Analysis Explorer
SOx Sulfur Oxide
TH Total Height
TSS Total Suspended Solid
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UPLB University of the Philippines Los Banos
VU Vulnerable
WBCP Wild Bird Club of the Philippines
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
A
Amphibians a cold-blooded vertebrate animal of a class that comprises the frogs, toads, newts, and salamanders.
B Biodiversity variability among living organisms from all sources, including
terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems.
C CITES Appendix I species threatened with extinction, which are or may be
affected by trade. International (commercial) trade in wild-taken specimens is generally prohibited.
CITES Appendix II species not necessarily threatened with extinction, but for which trade must be controlled to avoid their becoming so, and species that resemble species already included in Appendix II. International trade is permitted but regulated through appropriate permits/certificates.
CITES Appendix III species included at the request of a Party that already regulates trade in the species and that needs the cooperation of other countries to prevent unsustainable or illegal exploitation. International trade in specimens of species listed in this Appendix is allowed only upon presentation of the appropriate permits or certificates.
D Diversity number of different items and their relative frequency
E Endemic plants and animals that exist only in one geographic region. Evenness (J) represents the degree to which individuals are split among
species with low values indicating that one or a few species dominate, and high values indicating that relatively equal numbers of individuals belong to each species.
Exotic also known as alien species, invasive species, non-indigenous species, and bioinvaders, are species of plants or animals that are growing in a non-native environment.
I Indigenous species and communities that occur naturally, not as
accidental or deliberate introductions, in an area Introduced (also known as an exotic species) is an organism that is not
native to the place or area where it is considered introduced and instead has been accidentally or deliberately transported to the new location by human activity.
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M
Mammals warm-blooded higher vertebrates (such as placentals, marsupials, or monotremes) that nourish their young with milk secreted by mammary glands, have the skin usually more or less covered with hair, and include humans
Margalef simple measure of species richness (for fauna)
N Native species that normally or naturally lives and thrives in an
ecosystem without the influence of humans R
Reptiles any of a class (Reptilia) of cold-blooded, air-breathing, usually egg-laying vertebrates that include the alligators and crocodiles, lizards, snakes, turtles, and extinct related forms (such as dinosaurs and pterosaurs) and that have a body typically covered with scales or bony plates and a bony skeleton with a single occipital condyle, a distinct quadrate bone usually immovably articulated with the skull, and ribs attached to the sternum
S Secondary
Succession
Begins in areas previously covered by vegetation
Shannon-Weiner
Index ”H’) characterize species diversity in a community, provides estimate of species richness and distribution
Simpson Index (D) a measure of diversity which takes into account the number of species present, as well as the relative abundance of each species; gives the probability of getting different species when two individuals were drawn (without replacement) inside a plot
Species of
Conservation
Concern
species, usually listed as threatened, that requires attention and immediate action for conservation
Species Richness total number of species present in a given area or sample whereas diversity considers how individuals are distributed amongst those species
T Threatened considered as critically endangered, endangered, vulnerable or
other accepted categories of wildlife whose populations are at risk of extinction.
X Xerosere succession that initiates on a dry, bare land
LIST OF TABLES
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Table 1. Land Classification of O’Donnell Watershed .................................................................................... 10 Table 2. Elevation classes of O’Donnell and Cutcut Watersheds .................................................................. 10 Table 3. Slope of O’Donnell and Cutcut Watersheds ...................................................................................... 10 Table 4. Land cover categories of O’Donnell and Cutcut Watersheds ......................................................... 11 Table 5. List of barangays and corresponding socio-economic activities covering NCC ........................... 16 Table 6. Projected seasonal change in total rainfall (mm) in the mid-21st century for Pampanga and
Tarlac in Region III .............................................................................................................................................. 19 Table 7. Projected seasonal change in mean temperature (0C) in the mid-21st century for Pampanga
and Tarlac in Region III ...................................................................................................................................... 19 Table 8. General description of transect established for vegetation survey ............................................... 25 Table 9. Coordinates with corresponding elevation of selected sites for herpetofauna survey ............... 30 Table 10. Coordinates with corresponding elevation of selected sites for avifauna survey ..................... 30 Table 11. Coordinates with corresponding elevation of netting areas for avifauna survey ..................... 32 Table 12. Coordinates of the traplines ............................................................................................................ 34 Table 13. Number of individuals per endemism and growth habit ............................................................. 55 Table 14. Top ten trees with highest Importance Value (IV) .......................................................................... 56 Table 15. Ten most abundant understorey species ....................................................................................... 57 Table 16. Ten ground cover species with highest relative cover ................................................................... 58 Table 17. Diversity indices of each transect with number of species and individuals ............................... 59 Table 18. Computed diversity indices of each transect excluding exotic species recorded ...................... 59 Table 19. Percentage abundance of Philippine endemic, native and exotic species per transect ........... 60 Table 20. Summary of species with highest relative density per transect ................................................... 60 Table 21. Summary of species listed as endemic to the Philippines ............................................................ 63 Table 22. Summary of species listed as threatened ....................................................................................... 67 Table 23. Summary of species that are most probably new records in province of Pampanga-Tarlac . 69 Table 24. List of noteworthy vertebrate fauna recorded within the study sites ......................................... 85 Table 25. Summary of arthropod composition and abundance in NCC ..................................................... 89 Table 26. Summary of arthropod composition with information on abundance and feeding guild ...... 90 Table 27. Computed index of similarities (Whittaker’s index) of species composition between and
among the various plots .................................................................................................................................... 93 Table 28. Computed diversity parameters and indices for insects in New Clark City using PAST ver. 3.23
.............................................................................................................................................................................. 98 Table 29. Computed diversity parameters and indices for spiders in New Clark City using PAST ver. 3.23
............................................................................................................................................................................ 100 Table 30. Site description of freshwater ecology sampling stations .......................................................... 103 Table 31. Number of individuals of fish fauna recorded from the nine sampling stations .................... 112 Table 32. Status of fish species documented in the study area .................................................................. 115 Table 33. Feeding habit and habitat of species recorded in the study area ............................................. 115 Table 34. Relative change between 2010 and 2015 land cover maps ....................................................... 121 Table 35. Land cover change analysis between 2010 and 2015 for Cutcut Watershed .......................... 123 Table 36. Land cover change analysis between 2010 and 2015 for O’Donnell Watershed .................... 123 Table 37. Sensitivity of the model to forcing a single independent variable to be constant ................... 125 Table 38. Sensitivity of the model to forcing all independent variables except one to be constant ...... 126
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Table 39. Urban areas under different time periods ................................................................................... 129 Table 40. Matrix on quantifying the true biodiversity value of each transect .......................................... 138 Table 41. Recommended activities to mitigate impacts .............................................................................. 139 Table 42. Suggested alternative species to be used for landscaping ........................................................ 143 Table 43. native plants recorded in the NCC area that can be used as hedge ornaments ..................... 160
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Location map of New Clark City ......................................................................................................... 8 Figure 2. The O’Donnell and Cutcut Watersheds in New Clark City ................................................................ 9 Figure 3. Elevation map of NCC and the two watersheds ............................................................................ 12 Figure 4. Elevation classes in NCC and in the two watersheds .................................................................... 12 Figure 5. Slope map of NCC and the two watersheds .................................................................................... 13 Figure 6. Slope classes in NCC and in the two watersheds ........................................................................... 14 Figure 7. Land cover map of NCC and the two watersheds .......................................................................... 15 Figure 8. Areas covered by different land cover types in NCC and in the two watersheds ....................... 15 Figure 9. Different land use zones in NCC ....................................................................................................... 20 Figure 10. Map showing the locators with contracts in NCC ........................................................................ 21 Figure 11. Framework for the full biodiversity assessment in NCC .............................................................. 22 Figure 12. Location map of established transects for vegetation surveyed ................................................ 25 Figure 13. Modified belt transect method with 1-km transect line established in vegetation surveyed .. 26 Figure 14. Trees, regenerants and percent (%) cover within the sampling quadrat .................................. 27 Figure 15. Location map of selected sites for faunal survey ......................................................................... 29 Figure 16. Location map of selected sites for arthropod collection survey ................................................. 36 Figure 17. Sampling locations for freshwater ecology ................................................................................... 39 Figure 18. Stages of plant succession .............................................................................................................. 44 Figure 19. Total number and percentage of different plant groups ............................................................ 44 Figure 20. Floral diversity per growth habit of recorded plants ................................................................... 52 Figure 21. Abundance of recorded plants based on endemism ................................................................... 53 Figure 22. Dendrogram of 15 transects generated through UPGMA using Bray-Curtis Similarity index.
Bootstrapping was done at n = 1000; correlation = 0.93.............................................................................. 54 Figure 23. Linear relationship of the relative abundance of exotic and native species to diversity indices
.............................................................................................................................................................................. 62 Figure 24. Percent endemism of recorded plant species in NCC. ................................................................. 66 Figure 25. Residency status of bird species in the project site ...................................................................... 76 Figure 26. Habitat association of bird species in the project site ................................................................. 77 Figure 27. Residency status of mammals in NCC ........................................................................................... 81 Figure 28. Comparative arthropod composition in terms of families and species per order and their
abundance .......................................................................................................................................................... 92 Figure 29. Comparative proportions of the arthropods based on their general feeding guilds .............. 97 Figure 30. Comparative proportions of the arthropods based on the feeding guilds of the various
species sampled from New Clark City, Tarlac ................................................................................................. 97 Figure 31. Graphical comparison of the computed Shannon-Wiener diversity index for insects in the
different sampling transects in New Clark City, Tarlac .................................................................................. 99
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Figure 32. Graphical comparison of the computed Simpson’s index of diversity (1-D) and species
evenness index (H/S) for insects in the different sampling transects in New Clark City, Tarlac ............... 99 Figure 33. Graphical comparison of the computed Shannon-Wiener diversity index for spiders in the
different sampling transects in New Clark City, Tarlac. ............................................................................... 101 Figure 34. Graphical comparison of the computed Simpson’s index of diversity (1-D) and species
evenness index (H/S) for spiders in the different sampling transects in New Clark City, Tarlac ............. 101 Figure 35. Relative composition of periphyton Divisions recorded from the sampling stations ............ 106 Figure 36. Total number of taxa and relative density of periphyton recorded from the sampling
stations .............................................................................................................................................................. 107 Figure 37. Species richness and abundance of macrobenthos recorded from the sampling stations .. 109 Figure 38. Abundance of macrobenthps documented from the sampling stations ................................ 110 Figure 39. Species richness and abundance of fish recorded from the sampling stations ..................... 113 Figure 40. Land cover map of 2010 ............................................................................................................... 122 Figure 41. Land cover map of 2015 ............................................................................................................... 122 Figure 42. Positive and negative trends in the land cover of the two watersheds ................................... 124 Figure 43. Soft prediction models for the different land cover types that will transition into built-up
areas in the future............................................................................................................................................ 127 Figure 44. Built-up areas in 2015 ................................................................................................................... 127 Figure 45. Built-up areas in 2040 ................................................................................................................... 128 Figure 46. Built-up areas in 2060 .................................................................................................................. 128 Figure 47. Trend in urban areas in NCC and in the two watersheds across different periods. ............. 129 Figure 48. A 100-yr flood event over the predicted built-up areas in NCC in 2040 .................................. 130 Figure 49. Pressures and Nature-based solutions vis-avis levels of planting and governance .............. 135 Figure 50. Initial ideas of doable nature-based solutions for NCC ............................................................ 136 Figure 51. Location of transects for the proposed Important Plant Areas, Important Wildlife Areas, and
Important Riverine Ecosystem ........................................................................................................................ 137 Figure 52. Types of ecosystem services or benefits from nature. Adapted from WWF in Roe et al. (2018)
............................................................................................................................................................................ 164 Figure 53. Examples of benefits from biodiversity. Adapted from Biodiversity Management Bureau
(2015) ................................................................................................................................................................. 165 Figure 54. IUCN model flow of PES ................................................................................................................. 166 Figure 55. Sample of geodatabase for flora and fauna of NCC ................................................................. 169
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LIST OF PLATES
Plate 1. Photos during the vegetation survey ................................................................................................. 24 Plate 2. Selected sampling sites for avifauna. ................................................................................................ 31 Plate 3. Selected sampling sites for netting. .................................................................................................... 33 Plate 4. Cage trap used to capture small non-volant mammals .................................................................. 35 Plate 5. Left: insect net for collecting arthropod specimens; right – glass jar for killing and preserving
arthropod specimens ......................................................................................................................................... 37 Plate 6. Net sweeping technique used to collect arthropod fauna from the sampling plots .................... 37 Plate 7. Sorted arthropod specimens prior to identification ........................................................................ 38 Plate 8. Scraping of periphyton on rock surface ............................................................................................ 40 Plate 9. Protocol on collection of microbenthic organisms .......................................................................... 41 Plate 10. Beach seine netting employed to catch freshwater fish ................................................................ 42 Plate 11. General vegetation within the NCC project development site ...................................................... 45 Plate 12. Photos of some tree species recorded within the sampling sites ................................................. 46 Plate 13. Photos of some flora species recorded within the sampling sites ............................................... 47 Plate 14. Photos of some tree species recorded within the sampling sites ................................................. 48 Plate 15. Photos of some tree species recorded within the sampling sites. ................................................ 49 Plate 16.Photos of some shrub (A-E) and herb (G-H) species recorded within the sampling sites .......... 50 Plate 17. Photos of some herb, corm and vine species recorded within the sampling sites…………………51 Plate 18. Selected photos of economically important species. ..................................................................... 71 Plate 19.Selected photos of amphibians documented within the sampling sites ...................................... 73 Plate 20.Selected photos of reptiles documented within the sampling sites. ............................................. 74 Plate 21. Selected photos of avifauna documented within the sampling sites........................................... 78 Plate 22. Selected photos of avifauna documented within the sampling sites........................................... 79 Plate 23. Selected photos of avifauna documented within the sampling sites........................................... 80 Plate 24. Selected photos of mammals documented within the sampling sites. ....................................... 83 Plate 25. Selected photos of dragonflies documented in NCC. ..................................................................... 94 Plate 26. Selected photos of lepidopterous insects documented in NCC. ................................................... 95 Plate 27. Other insects documented in NCC. .................................................................................................. 96 Plate 28. Photos of freshwater ecology stations.… ....................................................................................... 105 Plate 29. Dominant periphyton recorded from the sampling stations...................................................... 108 Plate 30. Photographs of dominant macroinvertebrates recorded from the sampling stations. .......... 111 Plate 31. The Chinese softshell turtle documented in Station FW-05......................................................... 117 Plate 32. Riverine crab, Sundathelphusa grapsoides .................................................................................. 118 Plate 33. Photos of recorded noteworthy species within the sampling sites. ........................................... 119 Plate 34. Photos of recorded noteworthy species within the sampling sites. ........................................... 120 Plate 35. Photos of suggested alternative species ........................................................................................ 161 Plate 36. Photos of suggested alternative species. ....................................................................................... 162
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The New Clark City ”NCC) is envisioned to be the country s premier development that will promote a model of sustainable development. Design features of a smart, green,
and disaster resilient city were incorporated in its master plan. To help realize the vision
of NCC, the Asian Development Bank (through its Environment Thematic Group) provided technical assistance including the conduct of full biodiversity assessment. The study
aimed to generate new scientific information to enable NCC build its foundation in
developing nature-based solutions.
The Pro-Seeds Development Association Inc. was commissioned by ADB to
undertake the full biodiversity study with the following specific tasks: 1) Select sampling
sites using GIS data and maps, reconnaissance survey, and information from locals; 2) Generate primary data of flora, fauna, and aquatic riverine ecosystem; 3) Analyze
biodiversity and phase of urban development; 4) Provide recommendation on nature-
based solutions; and 5) Provide recommendation on biodiversity monitoring system
suited for NCC.
In terms of plant diversity, the survey accounted a total of 156 native species and
71 exotic species. The latter is mostly common weeds with high abundance in disturbed
areas. Guided by DAO 2017-11 and the IUCN Red List to determine the conservation
status of plant species, it was reported that there are 29 threatened species. Most
noteworthy among the list is the endemic white lauan (Shorea contorta S.Vidal), which is
categorized as critically endangered by IUCN (2019-1). Other notable species include the
endangered molave (Vitex parviflora A. Juss.), kalantas (Toona calantas Merr. & Rolfe) and
o-oi (Diospyros philippinensis A.DC) which can be used as banner species for conservation.
There are also new recorded species in the province that are not previously reported in
botanical literature. The inventory of species was further categorized according to its
potential economic uses such as medicinal, landscaping, construction, furniture, source
of extractive products, fuelwood or firewood, source of essential oil, paper making, and
insecticidal properties.
A total of 106 terrestrial wildlife species were recorded consisting of six (6) species
of frogs and a toad, five (5) species of lizards, five (5) species of snakes, seventy seven (77)
species of birds, six (6) species of bats, three (3) species of small non-volant mammals
and four (4) species of medium to large mammals. From these recorded data, it was
concluded that the species richness was generally low. Further, most species recorded
within the sampling sites were common species associated with open (shrublands,
agricultural and human-modified areas) to forested areas of varying degrees of
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disturbances. Sixty two percent (62%) of species are native while 25% are endemic
species, and a few (17%) are introduced. Examples of endemic species are marbled
crested lizard (Bronchocela marmorata), Philippine cobra (Naja philippinensis), and
Philippine warty pig (Sus philippensis).
The arthropod sampling data revealed that most of the sampling areas had high
similarities on their species composition. There are very few species of butterflies were noted in the sampling areas. Considering the feeding guilds of the arthropods, 40% of the
species are phytophagous as wood borers, leaf feeders and sapsuckers, 12% are
scavenger and 1% blood feeder. On the other hand, the number of natural enemies in
the area totaled 47%, that is, 35% predators and 12% parasitoid. These predators and parasitoids contribute to the natural control of the populations of other arthropods to a
certain level. The study also found that areas that are relatively disturbed and with
patches of grasslands, mango plantation and yemane plantation had low to moderate species diversity level.
For the aquatic/riverine ecosystem, macroinvertebrates were also examined. Nine
stations were designated representing areas with no active development, areas within the active development, areas nearby the active development and those impacted by
various human-related activities outside the project development area. The presence of
macrobenthos in the sampling sites ensures the normal functioning of an aquatic ecosystem as they are very important component of a food web. The pollution-tolerant
dipterans (Order Diptera) were also present but of limited number but generally it
indicates that the streams are in good condition.
There are twelve species of fish comprising 934 individuals from 11 families were
documented the nine sampling stations. These include three Philippine endemic species,
the priapium fish, Gulaphallus mirabilis from the family Phallostethidae; and two viviparous halfbeaks, Nomorhamphus pectoralis and Zenarchopterus philippinus from the family
Hemiramphidae and Zenarchopteridae, respectively. The survey also noted three (3) native
species were also collected – walking catfish, Clarias batrachus from the family Clariidae;
and rock goby, Glossogobius illimis from family Gobiidae.
There are also seven introduced species such as wild goldfish, Carassius auratus
(Linnaeus 1758) from the family Cyprinidae; snakehead murrel, Channa striata from the family Channidae; Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus from the family Cichlidae; wild guppy,
Poecilia reticulata and wild molly, Poecilia sphenops both from the family Poeciliidae;
armoured catfish, Pterygoplichthys pardalis from the family Loricariidae and three-spot
gourami, Trichopodus trichopterus from the family Osphronemidae.
The land cover analysis of Cutcut and O Donnell Watersheds have been in tremendous decline from 2010-2015 for brush/shrubs areas (16,105 ha) and annual crop
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(4,394 ha). On the other hand, the grassland rapidly expanded to 123% (or 13,833 ha)
during the same period. The built-up areas also increased by 15% or 2,909 ha. In NCC, it
was found that most of its negative trends are situated in the northern and central portions of the area where development is also currently undertaken.
The predictive modelling revealed that there will be increasing trend of built-up areas from 2015 to 2060. Considering the entire area of coverage, it can be observed that
about 24,006 ha and 30,455 ha of built-up areas will increase in 2040 and 2060,
respectively from the 2015 state. In NCC alone, there will be estimated increase of about
3,348 ha of built-up areas in 2040 from the 282 ha in 2015.
The present and future scenarios of New Clark City present complex challenges.
This presents potential risks to current inhabitants of Capas and Bamban, and future residents and locators of NCC. An example of a complex challenge is ensuring water
security. Considered to be one of the scarce resources that will affect all stakeholders,
the management requires looking at the factors and nature-based solutions beyond
boundaries of NCC.
Therefore, the protection of headwaters and remaining biodiversity of the Cutcut
and O Donnell Watersheds require innovative partnership model. Addressing the
pressures should be anchored in biodiversity principles from design, planning and governance framework across different levels – project-level, inter-LGU, and watershed.
BCDA and New Clark City should develop appropriate strategies to avoid future risks and
sustain its natural capital. The findings from the biodiversity assessment of NCC were used to provide some initial ideas of nature-based solutions and initiatives including (but
not limited to) the following: establishment of priority conservation sites (important plant
areas, important wildlife areas, important riverine ecosystem); develop and implement
mitigating measures to address the pressures to biodiversity; promoting the use of indigenous, native, and endemic species in NCC; engaging communities as supplier (or
contract growers) of native and endemic species; Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES);
and working with LGUS to achieve synergy in particular to their Comprehensive Land Use Plans and Comprehensive Development Plans. The nature-based solutions can be
further categorized according to Environment, People and Community, and Governance
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1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background of the Study
The New Clark City ”NCC) is envisioned to be the country s premier development that will promote a model of sustainable development. Its Master Plan, it incorporated in
its design the features of a smart, green and disaster resilient city. In order to realize this
vision, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) through its various units, viz. Urban Climate
Resilience Trust Fund (UCCRTF), Office of Public-Private Partnership (OPPP), and
Environmental Thematic Group (ETG) extended technical assistance and advisory services
to Bases Conversion and Development Authority (BCDA).
Several studies have been supported by ADB including review of NCC s Master Plan, River Study and Plan, Resilience Framework and High-level Guidelines. One of the
key recommendations is to identify and develop nature-based solutions. Knowing the
state of ecosystem, watershed and biodiversity covering NCC are key to enhance the
master plan and determine appropriate solutions.
ADB s ETG supported the initial biodiversity scoping study in December 2018. The
study concluded the need for full biodiversity assessment by conducting detailed flora
and fauna survey to provide scientific basis for NCC s development features and
management interventions (e.g. climate resiliency, watershed and biodiversity
management). The data and information from Municipalities of Capas and Bamban, and
Province of Tarlac were also examined vis-à-vis challenges, potential synergy, and
opportunities with NCC. The study also recommended further application of Geographic
Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) technology to derive land change
cover analysis in the focus watershed, negative and positive trend analysis, landscape
pattern analysis and predictive modelling to generate future scenarios of development
(Cordova & Tiburan, 2018).
The Pro-Seeds Development Association Inc. (Pro-Seeds) was commissioned by
ADB to conduct full biodiversity assessment. Based on the findings of the initial scoping
study, the need for assessment of various components such as flora, fauna (including
arthropods), and aquatic ecosystems was emphasized. Combining the results of the
assessment with GIS/RS technology will enable the analysis on land cover and land use
change, identification of pressures, and modeling future scenarios of urban development.
The firm was also expected to recommend approaches in line with biodiversity-related,
nature-based solutions including appropriate Biodiversity Assessment and Monitoring
System (BAMS) for NCC.
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The full biodiversity assessment was envisaged to be beneficial for BCDA in the
development and implementation of NCC s integrated sustainability plan, and
biodiversity management programs. Moreover, it can serve as reference for locators in
their site development plan, and management of landscapes for the parcels, among
others.
1.2. Objectives
The full biodiversity assessment intended to generate new scientific information
to enable NCC build its foundation in developing science-based and nature-inspired
solutions to allow coexistence of sustainable urban development and environmental
preservation. In order to achieve this, the study specifically aims the following:
a) Select sampling sites using GIS data and maps, reconnaissance survey, and information from locals;
b) Generate primary data of flora, fauna, and aquatic riverine ecosystem; c) Analyze biodiversity and phase of urban development; d) Provide recommendation on nature-based solutions; and e) Provide recommendation on biodiversity monitoring system suited for NCC.
1.3. Significance of the Study
The Central Luzon is one of the country s biggest contributors to economic growth.
This growth and urbanization, however, were accompanied with continuous degradation
of the region s remaining forestlands and watersheds. To counter these challenges, the Regional Development Plan (RDP) outlined the following set strategies: a) intensify
sustainable management of natural resources through adoption of ridge-to-reef
approach; b) expand development of resource-based enterprises/industries; c)
mainstream ecosystem valuation into national and local development planning; d)
strengthen enforcement of environmental laws; e) promote sustainable consumption
and production; f) implement risk and climate-sensitive land use; g) strengthen
implementation of prevention, mitigation, and preparedness, particularly at the local
levels across sectors; and h) strengthen implementation of response, recovery, and
rehabilitation efforts (NEDA, 2017).
As the new growth area in the region and a premier development, the NCC s Master Plan embodied most climate and disaster resiliency aspect. However, capitalizing
biodiversity to enable these strategies through nature-based solutions for planning,
management, economic and industry development, and sustainable consumption and
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production have yet to be realized. It should be noted that this is the first scientific study
on flora, fauna, and ecosystems in the premises of NCC. The full biodiversity assessment
can provide the necessary baseline information to guide BCDA and NCC management
craft innovative policies that conform to at least six strategies set by the Local
Government Unit (LGU).
1.4. Scope and Limitations of the Study
The full biodiversity assessment of NCC was conducted from April to June 2019. The study was founded based on the findings and recommendations of the scoping study
supported by ADB in 2018. The biodiversity assessment has the following components:
a) terrestrial flora; b) fauna; c) aquatic ecology/riverine ecosystem; (d) application of
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS); and e) analysis of biodiversity vis-à-vis phases of urban development.
The assessment was implemented in different sites within NCC that met the minimum prerequisite for conducting field surveys and assessment of various
ecosystems. Specifically, each component gathered primary data that include the
following: a) species of trees, shrubs, palms, climbers, lianas, hemi-epiphytes, vascular
epiphytes, agricultural ecosystems and invasive species for Flora; b) species of amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals, arthropods and invasive species for Fauna; and
c) species of phytoplankton, zooplanktons, periphytons, water insects, nektons, and
reptiles for Freshwater Ecology. The study also utilized the application of GIS to analyze the interface of biodiversity vis-à-vis phases of urban development including pressures,
and potential environmental challenges.
The findings from the biodiversity assessment enabled the team to recommend possible nature-based solutions, strategies, and measures to conserve and enhance state
of ecosystem, and habitats. Critical areas were also identified and recommended for
exclusion in development. Abundance of threatened and economically valuable species, and species richness within the area of study serve as the main factor for identifying
critical areas. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) provides a Red
List of species of conservation concern globally to provide policy makers a basis for
conservation planning. The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) through Philippine Plant Conservation Committee (PPCC) and Biodiversity Management
Bureau (BMB) also provides a local list of threatened species (i.e DAO 2017-11, DAO 2004-
15). Both institutions similarly provide information on threatened species but differ with
the scope, procedure and criteria for the assessment. It is important to note that species listed as threatened by DENR-BMB is not automatically included in the IUCN Red List.
Furthermore, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna
and Flora (CITES) provide three Appendices that list down threatened species according to the degree of protection against international trade. CITES is an international
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agreement between governments that aims to halt overexploitation of wild animals and
plants.
The IUCN Red List and CITES are recognized globally. Hence, international
institutions that handle funds for conservation projects (i.e. Global Environment Facility,
Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund, Rufford Small Grants Foundation, Whitley Fund for Nature, The Mohamed bin Zayen Species Conservation Fund etc) use these lists as one of
the criteria in approving grants. On the other hand, the list of threatened species under
DAO 2017-11 or DAO 2004-15 has implications on but not limited to utilization of natural
resources following the related national laws and policies in the country such as RA 9147 and EO 247.
The study is envisioned to provide an almost complete checklist of biodiversity in
the area to enhance the masterplan, management and development interventions in NCC.
However, since the timeframe of the study is limited (2.5 months), this assessment will
only cover the biodiversity thriving within NCC during the dry months of April and May
(dry season). For instance, it is likely that different assemblages of periphyton and
macrobenthos are present in the river systems during wet season when different
environmental conditions (e.g., fast flow, deep water, submerged substrates, etc.) exist.
For the terrestrial wildlife species, this period covers the non-migratory season of birds.
In the case of flora, the study provides a preliminary list of plants that are
flowering/fruiting during this season. This phenological event can affect the data on the
species richness of arthropods particularly those that are insect pollinators. Aside from
being constrained by the timeframe of the study, access to sampling areas was also
identified as one of the challenges. This caused undue delay in the conduct of sampling.
Lastly, a predictive modeling was undertaken. This shows the impact of phases
of development to biodiversity based on assumptions using the present available data.
This model may change thru time depending of the level (severity) of development to be
implemented.
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2. Brief Description of the Study Area 2.1. Geographic Location of New Clark City
The NCC is mainly situated in the municipalities of Capas, and Bamban in the
province of Tarlac (Figure 1). It has a total area of approximately 9,780 hectares (ha)
where its centroid is located at 15.299470 N Latitude and 120.487770 E Longitude. The
area is generally bounded on the north by San Jose, Tarlac and Tarlac City; on the east by
Concepcion, Tarlac; on the south by Porac and Mabalacat City of Pampanga; and on the
west bounded by the municipality of Botolan in Zambales.
Figure 1. Location map of New Clark City
2.2. Overview and Condition of Watershed
There are two major watersheds encompassing the NCC area, namely – O Donnell Watershed and Cutcut Watershed (Figure 2). The former has an estimated area of 30,336
ha while the latter covers 17,120 ha. It is estimated that majority of the covered area of
NCC is part of the Cutcut Watershed (around 6,602 ha or 67.5%) while the rest lies in
O Donnell Watershed (3,081 ha or 31.5%).
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The O Donnell Watershed drains into the Agno River Basin where the main outlet
is located along the Lingayen Gulf in Pangasinan. This watershed has two main river
systems, viz. O Donnell River and the Bangut River. Between the two, the Bangut River is
directly impacted by the development in the area. While Cutcut Watershed (whose main
river is Cutcut Watershed) is a sub-watershed of the Pampanga River Basin that drains all
the way to Manila Bay.
Figure 2. The O Donnell and Cutcut Watersheds in New Clark City
The initial biodiversity scoping study (Cordova & Tiburan, 2018) provided a
comprehensive characteristic of O Donnell and Cutcut Watersheds. The DENR has
watershed characterization for O Donnell Watershed produced in 2007. Using GIS/RS,
more comprehensive data were produced (including that of Cutcut) in terms of elevation,
slope, land cover, vegetation index, and percent tree cover.
Around eighty three percent (83%) of the O Donnell Watershed was classified as
Forest Land and approximately sixteen percent was classified Alienable and Disposable
(Table 1). Vast vegetation cover of the watershed is characterized as wooded land and
wooded grassland.
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Table 1. Land Classification of O Donnell Watershed
Land Classification Area (Ha) Percentage
Forest Land 24,565.12 83.38 A&D 4,893.53 16.62 Total 29,458.65 100
The O Donnell Watershed has elevation between 0-200 masl and 1,400-1,600 masl
that straddles along the rugged terrain of Mount Pinatubo (Table 2). Almost 40% or
around 12,124 ha belongs to the 0-200 masl class. The Cutcut Watershed has lower
elevation range compared to the O Donnell watershed. It only falls between 0-200 masl
and 400-600 masl. Around 87% or about 14,805 ha has elevation between 0 and 200 masl.
Table 2. Elevation classes of O Donnell and Cutcut Watersheds
Elevation (masl) O'donnell Cutcut
Area (Ha) Percent Area (Ha) Percent
0-200 12,123.74 39.97 14,805.00 86.48
200-400 8,842.16 29.15 2,053.60 12.00
400-600 5,235.15 17.26 261.24 1.53
600-800 1,981.03 6.53 - -
800-1000 1,740.19 5.74 - -
1000-1200 303.26 1.00 - -
1200-1400 95.98 0.32 - -
1400-1600 14.10 0.05 - -
In terms of slope (Table 3), Cutcut Watershed (where NCC majority lies) exhibits a
relatively flat terrain (0-8%) covering an area of 10,534 ha or 62% of the watershed.
However, there s only a minimal area (203 ha or 1%) with steep slope (>50%) in this watershed. A large portion of the flat areas in Cutcut Watershed are also within the CGC
area.
The O Donnell Watershed, on the other hand, has the larger area with steep slopes
(>50%) among the two with an estimated coverage of 3,037 ha or 10% of the watershed.
Moderate slopes (30-50%) in the watershed is also estimated around 5,620 ha or 19% of
the area. Most of the steep slopes are situated mostly at the foothills of Mount Pinatubo.
Table 3. Slope of O Donnell and Cutcut Watersheds
Slope (%) O'donnell Cutcut
Area (Ha) Percent Area (Ha) Percent
0-8 10,150.88 33.46 10,545.60 61.60
8-18 5,673.68 18.70 3,236.17 18.90
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Slope (%) O'donnell Cutcut
Area (Ha) Percent Area (Ha) Percent
18-30 5,737.88 18.91 1,745.18 10.19
30-50 5,617.00 18.52 1,269.33 7.41
>50 3,037.26 10.01 205.77 1.20
With regards to land cover, most vegetation in O Donnell Watershed is classified as brush or shrub areas (12,850 ha or 42%). This is succeeded by annual crop (6,843 ha
or 23%) and grassland areas (3,926 ha or 13%) which are situated mostly in low lying areas
of Capas. About 2,414 ha covering around 8% of the entire watershed is also considered
as open forest and is mostly located in the headwaters of the catchment area. The majority of land cover in Cutcut Watershed is classified as annual crop (48% or 8,216 ha).
This is followed by brush/shrubs with 3,243 ha or about 19% of the total watershed area.
However, only less than 1% (42 ha) is considered as open forest in Cutcut Watershed (Table 4).
Table 4. Land cover categories of O Donnell and Cutcut Watersheds
Land Cover O'donnell Cutcut
Area (ha) Percent Area (Ha) Percent
Annual Crop 6,842.79 22.56 8,216.01 47.99
Brush/Shrubs 12,850.30 42.36 3,243.08 18.94
Built-up 253.48 0.84 1,949.84 11.39
Closed Forest - - - -
Fishpond 1.36 0.00 1.34 0.01
Grassland 3,926.27 12.94 1,684.04 9.84
Inland Water 1,793.58 5.91 79.90 0.47
Open Forest 2,414.31 7.96 41.63 0.24
Open/Barren 1,684.61 5.55 - -
Perennial Crop 568.92 1.88 1,903.99 11.12
2.3. Physical Characteristics of New Clark City
2.3.1. Elevation
The NCC lies at the northern downslopes of Mount Pinatubo. Its elevation
stretches between 0-100 masl and 600-700 masl where about 60% or 5,975 ha belong to
the 0-200 masl (Figure 3). The elevation range of Cutcut Watershed, on the other hand,
falls between 0-100 masl and 500-600 masl (Figure 4). Majority of NCC s property in Cutcut Watershed (61% or 10,497 ha) has an elevation range of 0-100 masl. The elevation
range 100-200 masl comes next with an area of about 4,300 ha or 25% of the entire
watershed. Meanwhile, a large part of NCC s property situated in the O Donnell
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Watershed were located in elevation range of 100-200 masl with an area of 8,846 ha or
29%. It was noted that portions of NCC s property straddles elevation of 0-100 masl up to
1,400-1,500 masl.
Figure 3. Elevation map of NCC and the two watersheds
Figure 4. Elevation classes in NCC and in the two watersheds
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2.3.2. Slope
The slope of NCC is generally considered flat (0-8%) covering an approximate area
of 3,036 ha or 31% of the entire area (Figure 5). This is followed by a rolling or hilly terrain
(8-18%) with an estimated area of 2,678 ha or 27% of NCC (Figure 6). Meanwhile, only
about 5% or 460 ha is considered as steep (>50%) in the area.
Figure 5. Slope map of NCC and the two watersheds
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Figure 6. Slope classes in NCC and in the two watersheds
2.3.3. Land Cover
Majority of the land cover in NCC is classified as brush/shrub areas (4,069 ha or
42%), located mostly at the southwestern portion of the area (Figure 7), followed by
annual crop (2,317 ha or 24%) and grassland areas (1,731 ha or 18%) which are found in
the northern parts of NCC (Figure 8). In addition, about 1,168 ha or 12% of NCC is
classified as perennial crops where majority of these are mango trees. It can also be
observed that around 11% or 1,950 ha of the watershed is already occupied by built-up
areas. However, most of these areas are outside the NCC. Only around 287 ha falls within
the NCC, which are mostly situated in the northern and eastern peripheries.
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Figure 7. Land cover map of NCC and the two watersheds
Figure 8. Areas covered by different land cover types in NCC and in the two watersheds
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2.4. Overview of Socio-economic Activities of Barangays within NCCC
The New Clark City straddles in seven barangays in the Municipalities of Capas and
Bamban. These are considered agricultural barangays engaged in rice production,
sugarcane, vegetables, livestock and poultry raising. While a few are into fish production.
The Department of Agriculture noted that the 5 host barangays (Aranguren, Sta. Lucia,
O Donnell, Maruglo, and Cutcut II) in Capas have a total of 200 ha planted with 11,866 mangoes owned by at least 90 growers.
Communal fishing in creeks can be found in Barangay Sto. Nino and Barangay San
Vicente in Bamban, Tarlac. Areas planted with coffee and cacao under the National
Greening Program can also be found Brgy Sto. Nino. On the hand, Brgy. San Vicente
boosts natural tourism areas. Table 5 provides the details of socio-economic activities in
these barangays.
Table 5. List of barangays and corresponding socio-economic activities covering NCC
Municipality Barangay* Socio-economic Activities**
Capas Aranguren The barangay has one of the largest agricultural land in
Capas with 482.5 hectares of irrigated farms and 335
hectares rainfed farms. It mainly produces mainly rice,
sugarcane, ampalaya and mongo. The residents are also into
swine farming, and contract growing of chicken. The DA-
Capas accounted 2 operators engaged in tilapia fishpond
operation utilizing 0.10 ha. The DA also surveyed 50 hectares
were planted with mango totaling to 2,605 trees.
Sta. Lucia The barangay has a total of 766 hectares of agricultural lands
(558 ha irrigated and 208 ha rainfed) used for rice
production, sugarcane, gabi, vegetables, sweet potato, and
watermelon. Livestocks and tilapia are also being raised in
the area. The latter occupy 0.60 hectares operated by 4
tilapia producers. The DA-Capas recorded 2,137 mango trees
covering 25 hectares
O Donnell The barangay s main produce include rice, sugarcane, gabi, sweet potato, vegetables, and mango. Around 411.7 hectares
are irrigated lands and 263.4 ha are rainfed farms. Mangoes
were planted in 45 ha agricultural land with 2,648 trees.
Maruglo Then barangay only has 47.1 ha agricultural land where 35.3
ha are irrigated and 11.8 ha are rainfed. The inhabitants were
noted to engaged in rice farming, fishing, and other
agricultural crops including sweet potato, taro, mango, and
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Municipality Barangay* Socio-economic Activities**
vegetables. The DA-Capas noted that the barangay has 50
hectares planted with 2,389 mango trees.
Cutcut II Located just half kilometer from poblacion, the barangay has
252 hectares of agricultural land (152 ha irrigated and 99.5
rainfed) that mainly produces rice and sugar cane. The
residents are also into livestock and poultry raising, and fish
production. The DA-Capas recorded 2,087 mango trees
occupying 30 hectares.
Bamban Sto. Nino Communal fishing in creeks, specifically in Sapang Bituka.
The barangay was also noted to have CARPable lands of at
least 117 hectares. Sto. Nino also have areas for National
Greening Program targeted for cacao and coffee. The
barangay was also identified with natural attractions for
tourism such as falls, rivers, and tunnels. There is also a
gravel crushing plant that we classified as light industry.
San Vicente Communal fishing in creeks (specifically in Sapang Kawayan)
with recorded harvest of 450 kg in 2016. There are also
fishponds that produced 432 MT in the same period. It was
also identified with areas of interest for tourism such as Mt.
Tiayag Falls and caves.
Source: *BCDA-Community Relations Team as cited in Comprehensive Master Development Plan of Clark
Green City (now NCC) (2017); ** CDP and CLUP 2011-2020 of LGU Capas; and Socio-Economic and
Physical Profile (SEPP) of LGU Bamban
If fully harnessed, the LGU Capas noted three of the abovementioned barangays
that have food production capability for both agricultural crops and livestock in the long-
term. These are barangays Maruglo, Sta. Lucia, and O Donnell. There are also business establishments in these barangays of Capas majority of which are sari-sari stores.
2.5. Climate and Climate Change
The climate in NCC is considered as Type I based on the Modified Coronas
Classification. Areas under this type are described having two pronounced seasons, dry
from November to April and wet during the rest of the year. In general, maximum rains
are expected during the months of June to September. Based on the latest report of
PAGASA entitled Observed Climate Trends and Projected Climate Change in the Philippines that was published in 2018, the total amount of annual rainfall in Tarlac and Pampanga from 1971 to 2000 is 2,146.6 mm and 2,257.0 mm, respectively. Both sites
revealed that highest seasonal rainfall is observed during the months of June, July and
August followed by the season from September to November (Table 6). In terms of the
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amount of rainfall in the areas in 2036-2065 under different scenarios, it is projected that
there will be wetter dry seasons (December to February and March to May) while less
rainfall during the wet seasons (June to August and September to November).
On the other hand, the mean temperatures in Tarlac and Pampanga across
different seasons are shown in Table 7. Based on this information, the highest mean
temperature is observed from March to May in both areas with 28.3 0C. In terms of the
projection of mean temperatures in 2036-2065, the range of increase in Tarlac and
Pampanga is from 1.1 0C to 1.3 0C under RCP 4.5. Meanwhile, an increase of about 1.6 0C
to 1.7 0C is predicted under the RCP 8.5 emission scenario. The hottest season in the two
provinces is also expected during the months of March, April and May.
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Table 6. Projected seasonal change in total rainfall (mm) in the mid-21st century for Pampanga and Tarlac in Region III
OBSERVED (1971-2000) PROJECTED (2036-2065)
DJF MAM JJA SON SCENARIO December to February March to May June to August September to November PERCENT CHANGE
PROJECTED VALUE
PERCENT CHANGE
PROJECTED VALUE
PERCENT CHANGE
PROJECTED VALUE
PERCENT CHANGE
PROJECTED VALUE
TARLAC
43.4 265.4 1193.5 644.3 RCP 4.5 7.9 46.8 8.1 287.0 -8.3 1094.7 -4.7 613.9 RCP 8.5 9.9 47.7 5.0 278.6 -5.1 1133.0 1.8 655.8
PAMPANGA
120.8 320.6 1030.4 785.2 RCP 4.5 18.6 143.3 9.0 349.6 -12.3 903.3 -1.9 769.9 RCP 8.5 18.5 143.1 6.5 341.4 -0.8 1022.4 -1.2 776.0
Note: DJF – December, January & February; MAM – March, April & May; JJA – June, July & August; and SON – September, October & November
Table 7. Projected seasonal change in mean temperature (0C) in the mid-21st century for Pampanga and Tarlac in Region III
OBSERVED (1971-2000) PROJECTED (2036-2065)
DJF MAM JJA SON SCENARIO December to February March to May June to August September to November PERCENT CHANGE
PROJECTED VALUE
PERCENT CHANGE
PROJECTED VALUE
PERCENT CHANGE
PROJECTED VALUE
PERCENT CHANGE
PROJECTED VALUE
TARLAC
26.1 28.3 27.8 27.3 RCP 4.5 1.3 27.4 1.2 29.5 1.2 29.0 1.1 28.4 RCP 8.5 1.6 27.7 1.7 30.0 1.6 29.4 1.6 28.9
PAMPANGA
26.0 28.3 27.5 27.1 RCP 4.5 1.3 27.3 1.3 29.6 1.3 28.8 1.1 28.2 RCP 8.5 1.6 27.6 1.7 30.0 1.6 29.1 1.6 28.7
Note: DJF – December, January & February; MAM – March, April & May; JJA – June, July & August; and SON – September, October & November
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2.6. Brief Overview of the Proposed Development of NCC
Based on the master plan of NCC, the entire area is divided into several land use
zones (Figure 9). These include zones for residential, commercial, industrial, institution,
and parks and recreation zone, among others. A large portion of NCC was designated as
protected zone (3,904 ha or 40%) and reserved zone (1,601 ha or 16%). The protected
zone is mainly situated in the southwestern portion while the reserved zone is in the
eastern and northwestern portions of NCC. The residential zone covers an estimated total
area of 983 ha or about 10% of the entire area. This zone is subcategorized into low
density residential, medium density residential, high density residential, and mixed-use
residential zone. In addition, commercial zones are estimated at 104 ha, industrial zones
at 678 ha, and institutional zones at 615 ha.
Figure 9. Different land use zones in NCC
Contracts between BCDA and other institutions are already existing as part of the
pioneer developments in NCC. These institutions include Filinvest Land Inc., Office of the
Civil Defense, Earth Day Network Inc. Reforestation Demo Plot, Central Park, Golf Courses
and Solar Farm Companies (e.g. Sindicatum Solar Farm and Sunray Solar Farm).
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Educational institutions such as the Philippine Science High School, Technological
University of the Philippines, and the University of the Philippines – NCC Campus are also
expected to land in NCC (Figure 10).
Figure 10. Map showing the locators with contracts in NCC
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3. Biodiversity Assessment Framework and Design 3.1. Framework for the Study
As previously mentioned, this project generally aims to determine the biodiversity
status of the development areas to enable New Clark City to build its foundation in
developing nature-based solutions. A multi-disciplinary team of experts was tasked to
conduct full biodiversity assessment to determine the current state of ecosystems and
biodiversity in the area. Results of the biodiversity assessment were used as input for the
predictive modeling of the impact of phases of development on biodiversity. These
enabled the team to recommend possible nature-based solutions in both terrestrial and
riverine ecosystems. Science-based strategies and measures including the identification
of important biodiversity areas were recommended to conserve and enhance state of
ecosystem, and habitats.
Figure 11. Framework for the full biodiversity assessment in NCC
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3.2. Methodology
3.2.1. Terrestrial Flora 3.2.1.1. Vegetation Survey
Vegetation survey was conducted in NCC on 27 April to 01 May 2019 (Plate 1)
following the prescribed methodology by the DENR-Biodiversity Management Bureau
(BMB) on plant diversity assessment (Cruz et al., 2017). This method has already been
applied in selected Protected Areas of the Philippines (Malabrigo, Jr.et al., 2016; Malabrigo,
Jr., Tobias, & Boncodin, 2017). A total of 15 transects with 75 quadrats were established
and surveyed, mostly in areas with dense vegetation and patches of forest (Figure 12).
The type of vegetation was also considered in order to identify which areas have
significant value for native plants conservation. Description of the general vegetation of
each transect is presented in Table 8.
The team used a modified belt transect method wherein five quadrats (20 m by
20 m) were laid out along one-kilometer transect at every 250 m interval (Figure 13).
Nested quadrat sampling was employed to assess and characterize the structure and
species composition (Figure 14). Merchantable height (MH) and total height (TH) of all
trees with diameter at breast-height (DBH) of ≥ 10 cm were measured and recorded. For
shrubs, poles and saplings inside the 5 m by 5 m quadrat, number of individuals was
counted to account for the abundance of intermediate species, while percentage cover
of understorey species (grasses and other plants below one-meter height) within the 1 m
by 1m quadrat was determined.
In addition, an opportunistic flora survey involving free walk on different
vegetation types and listing and photo documentation of the different species (outside
the quadrats) encountered was also done to account for the maximum possible species
in the area.
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Plate 1. Photos during the vegetation survey. A. – Site reconnaissance, B. – Identification of plants,
C. & D. – Listing of species and data gathering, E. - Photodocumentation
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Figure 12. Location map of established transects for vegetation surveyed
Table 8. General description of transect established for vegetation survey
Transect Location Description
1 E15.27755, N120.4825 to
E15.28943, N1204794
Secondary forest within a sloping area composed of
open canopy and prominent forest gaps.
2 E15.2821, N120.4811 to
E15.28726, N120.488
Relatively disturbed vegetation with patches of
grassland and forest dominated by ipil-ipil (Leucaena
leucocephala).
3 E15.31255, N120.4887 to
E15.31124, N120.4837
Disturbed secondary forest dominated by
alibangbang (Bauhinia malabarica) and Trema
tomentosa.
4 E15.30448, N120.4931 to
E15.30354, N120.4903
A patch of forest with trees mostly pioneer species
such as tibig (Ficus nota). Understorey layer is
dominated by wild sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia)
5 E15.32426, N120.4883 to
E15.32018, N120.4934 Dominated by mango plantation
6 E15.32608, N120.491 to
E15.32101, N120.4938
Scrubland dominated by mango plantations and
patches of agricultural lands.
7 E15.28046, N120.4523 to
E15.27189, N120.451 Scrubland dominated by Bauhinia spp.
8 E15.28299, N120.4564 to
E15.28888, N120.4597
Scrubland with patches of agroforestry areas and
plantations of yemane, mahogany and coconut
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Transect Location Description
9 E15.35059, N120.5265 to
E15.3488, N120.5196
Highly disturbed scrubland within areas of
development near NCC entrance
10 E15.35352, N120.5258 to
E15.34964, N120.5194
Highly disturbed scrubland within areas of
development near NCC entrance
11 E15.35266, N120.5349 to
E15.35425, N120.5441
Highly disturbed areas dominated by gmelina, mango
and mahogany
12 E15.31261, N120.5063 to
E15.30775, N120.505
Relatively disturbed areas with evidence of
agricultural practices
13 E15.32322, N120.5166 to
E15.31661, N120.514
Dominated by gmelina with some parts that are
naturally burned, especially in cogonal area
14 E15.35048, N120.498 to
E15.35443, N120.505 Relatively disturbed areas
15 E15.31017, N120.5221 to
E15.3028, N120.5163
Strip of disturbed forests with mango, gmelina and
mahogany
Figure 13. Modified belt transect method with 1-km transect line established in vegetation surveyed
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Figure 14. Trees, regenerants and percent (%) cover within the sampling quadrat
3.2.1.2. Species Identification
Published books and articles, and repositories of online database were accessed
to acquire the needed information on species identification. Relevant literature ”Co s Digital Flora of the Philippines, Flora Malesiana, Flora of Manila, Enumeration of
Philippine Flowering Plants, Lexicon of Philippine Plants, Blumea, Leaflets of Philippine
Botany among others) were consulted for the initial identification of dried plant materials.
Subsequently, photos of unknown plants were compared using digital images available
online (JSTOR Plant and PhytoImages).
Scientific names of the specimens were verified in the International Plant Names
Index (IPNI) and standardized based from the Plant List (http://www.theplantlist.org).
Local names were based from the book of Merrill (1922-1926) – An Enumeration of
Philippine Flowering Plants. Distribution and endemism of plants were determined using
online databases such as the Catalogue of Life (http://catalogueoflife.org/), Tropicos
(http://www.tropicos.org/), and Global Biodiversity Information Facility (http://GBIF.org).
Conservation status of species was based mainly from the assessment of the
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and the Philippine Plants
Conservation Committee of DENR-Biodiversity Management Bureau. The IUCN Red List
(2019-1) and the Updated List of Threatened Plants and their Categories (DAO 2017-11)
were accessed.
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3.2.1.3. Data Analysis
Data gathered through vegetation survey from 15 transects were collated and
analyzed to characterize the floristic composition of the remaining vegetation and
patches of forest within NCC. The importance values of trees, which is the standard
measurement in forest ecology to determine the rank relationships of species, were also
computed using the following formula (Kuchler, Mueller-Dombois, & Ellenberg, 2006):
� � = . � � � � / � � � � � = � � / � � � = . � ℎ� ℎ � / . � � � = � / � � � = � / � � � � � = � � / � � � � = � � � � + � � � + � � � �
In addition, the similarity of vegetation composition of each transect was
quantified with Bray-Curtis Similarity index. After assessment of 30 plot combinations (15
transects times 2), a dendrogram was generated through unweighted pair-group method
(UPGMA) to visually present the relation of each transects in terms of species dominance.
Using the Paleontological Statistics (PAST version 3.23) software package for education
and data analysis (Hammer & Harper, 2006), diversity indices (i.e. Shannon, Simpson s and Evenness) of sampling quadrats were computed based on the presence and absence
data of all recorded species per quadrat. For the manual computation of these indices,
listed below are the following formula:
Species Richness Index (S) – refers to the number of species for a given site
Shannon Index (H)
Dominance Index (D) will be mathematically computed using the formula:
D = (Hmax – H), where: H = Diversity; Hmax = Maximum diversity = ln (S)
Shannon s Evenness Index ”e) = H / Hmax, where: Hmax = ln (S)
3.2.2. Vertebrate Fauna
3.2.2.1. Area Description
Terrestrial wildlife faunal survey for the NCC Project was conducted in Capas,
Tarlac last 27 April to 05 May 2019. The climatic condition in Tarlac is classified as Type I
(modified Coronas Classification), wherein there are two pronounced seasons, dry from
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November to April, and wet during the rest of the year. The area is further categorized
under Cluster 3 (Corporal-Lodangco & Lance, 2017) wherein rainfall commences in May
coinciding with the early onset of summer monsoon. The sampling period was limited to
the Dry Season. Hence, it is understandable that no migratory birds are within the study
site. During sampling, the weather was generally sunny and hot with temperatures
ranging from 35 ºC to 31 ºC.
Three sampling sites were selected to survey vertebrate wildlife species (Figure
15).
Figure 15. Location map of selected sites for faunal survey
3.2.2.2. Faunal Survey
Standard terrestrial wildlife faunal survey techniques were used to record
amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals present in the area. Different vertebrate
species have different habitats and activity patterns and thus, specific methodologies
were used for each vertebrate group. The following methods were used: strip transect
sampling and opportunistic catching for amphibians and reptiles; line transect walk and
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mistnetting for birds; trapping for small non-volant mammals; and mistnetting for bats.
Ethnobiological interviews were also conducted for all terrestrial vertebrate groups.
3.2.2.2.1. Herpetofauna
Amphibians and reptiles were surveyed through strip transect sampling,
opportunistic catching and ethnobiological interview. Ten strip transects measuring 10 m
by 10 m quadrats per site covered an area equivalent to 1000 m2. Sampling was
conducted from 2000h to 2100h. There were 4 man-hours per site for a total of 12 man-
hours for the whole area. Searches, especially for cryptic species, in potential
microhabitats (e.g. pools, springs, seepage areas, tree holes, burrows, underneath fallen
logs, on leaf litters and tree foliage) were undertaken with the help of local guides.
Individuals were captured using bare hands and/or sticks. Auditory cues were also used
as reference for species identification. Species identification were based on Alcala (1986)
and Alcala and Brown (1998). All captured and identified individuals were released at their
site of capture. Interviews with locals were also performed but limited only to
conspicuous and easily identifiable species (e.g. python, monitor lizard, cobra, turtles,
etc.). Coordinates of the location for herpetofauna transects is presented in Table 9.
Table 9. Coordinates with corresponding elevation of selected sites for herpetofauna survey
Site No. Elevation Coordinates
1 125 masl to 131 masl N15.35108 E120 to N15.34805 E120. 49948
2 198 masl to 179 masl N15.28171 E120.48254 to N15.28013 E120.48252
3 196 masl to 200 masl N15.28518 E120.45564 to N15.28182 E120.45361
3.2.2.2.2. Avifauna
3.2.2.2.2.1. Transect Walk
Bird census was carried along two 2-km transect routes in each site (Plate 2). The
species and number of individuals seen or heard were recorded. Species identification
was based on Kennedy et al. (2000). There were ten man-hours per site for a total of 30
man-hours for whole area. Location per transect route is presented in Table 10.
Table 10. Coordinates with corresponding elevation of selected sites for avifauna survey
Site No. Elevation Coordinates
1 138 masl to 119 masl N15. 34253 E120. 49986 to N15. 35751 E120. 49651
2 232 masl to 163 masl N15.27697 E120.47515 to N15.28303 E120.49182
3 172 masl to 199 masl N15.29390 E120.45608 to N15.27775 E120.44937
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Plate 2. Selected sampling sites for avifauna. A ‒ Site 1; B‒ Site 2; and C ‒3
3.2.2.2.2.2. Netting
Mistnets were set individually or in a series near the ground along possible flyways
(clearances) and near feeding trees (Plate 3). This method supplements the Line Transect
method by recording cryptic, silent and nocturnal birds that are difficult to observe during
transect counts. Nets were initially operated from 0900 h to 1800 h and were left open
until the following day for nocturnal species. Species identification was based on Kennedy
et al. (2000). Representatives of species caught were photographed. Individuals were
marked on their claws with nail polish and then released. Fifteen nets per site were set
for three days per site for a total of 135 net days for the whole area. List of location
coordinates of the netting areas is presented in Table 11.
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Table 11. Coordinates with corresponding elevation of netting areas for avifauna survey
Site No. Net No. Elevation Coordinates
1 1 125 masl to 128 masl N15.35108 E120. 49824 to N15. 35054 E120.49818
1 2 126 masl to 132 masl N15.35061 E120. 49911 to N15.35051 E120. 49899
1 3 119 masl to 125 masl N15.35051 E120. 49899 to N15.35066 E120.49934
1 4 127 masl to 132 masl N15.34959 E120. 49836 to N15.34939 E120. 49810
1 5 123 masl to 131 masl N15.34788 E120. 49956 to N15.34805 E120. 49948
2 1 177 masl to 182 masl N15.28065 E120.48204 to N15.28113 E120.48251
2 2 188 masl to 198 masl N15.28148 E120.48269 to N15.28171 E120.48254
2 3 188 masl to 187 masl N15.28051 E120.48190 to N15.28047 E120.48167
2 4 177 masl to 179 masl N15.27995 E120.48246 to N15.28013 E120.48252
3 1 196 masl to 200 masl N15.28518 E120.45564 to N15.28438 E120.45571
3 2 194 masl to 202 masl N15.28383 E120.45535 to N15.28343 E120.45554
3 3 194 masl to 204 masl N15.28343 E120.45554 to N15.28203 E120.45332
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Plate 3. Selected sampling sites for netting. A ‒Site 1; B ‒Site 2; and C ‒ Site 3
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3.2.2.2.2.3. Data Analysis for Transect Walk Data
Bird community diversity indices were calculated from a mathematical formula
that considers both species richness and the relative abundance of each species in the
community. Relative abundance refers to the number of individuals of a given species
divided by the total number of all species encountered. The community diversity was
mathematically calculated using the similar diversity indices mentioned in the flora
component (3.2.1.3. Data Analysis).
3.2.2.2.3. Mammals
3.2.2.2.3.1. Bats
Volant mammals (fruit bats and insect bats) were captured using the same mist nets used for birds. Mist nets were tended continuously during the activity peak from
early dusk (about 18000h, net watching) until about 2000h and were left open thereafter.
Bats were removed during net watching until 2100h and in the early morning the following day. Identification was based on Ingle and Heaney (1992). Representatives of
species caught were photographed, claw marked with nail polish and then released.
3.2.2.2.3.2. Non-volant Mammals
For small non-volant mammals (murid rodents and shrews), 60 traps were set for
two nights per site for a total of 360 trap nights for the area. Coordinates of the traplines
are listed in Table 12.
Table 12. Coordinates of the traplines
Site No. Coordinates
1 9°36'2.20"N 125°32'53.29"E to 09° 35.940' N 125° 32.895' E
2 9°38'46.92"N 125°31'49.22"E to 9°38'45.35"N 125°31'47.09"E
Cage traps (Plate 4) baited with roasted coconut meat coated with peanut butter
were set in the late afternoon and positioned 5 to 10 meters apart along possible runways,
near burrow entrances, under root tangles, on top of fallen logs, etc. Important
information such as weight, sex, approximate age category (adult, sub-adult or adult) and
when applicable, reproductive condition, were noted. Representatives of each species
caught were photographed. Identification were based on Heaney et al. (2010) and Aplin
et al. (2003). All individuals caught were released except in cases of commensal rats.
Ethnobiological interviews of locals on the presence and perceived abundance of medium
to large-sized mammals were also conducted during the field work.
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Plate 4. Cage trap used to capture small non-volant mammals
3.2.2.3. Identification of Species
A checklist of all recorded species was made for each vertebrate fauna groups.
Species identification, residency status, and habitat associations were based on Alcala
(1986) and Alcala and Brown (1998) for amphibians and reptiles, Kennedy et al. (2000) for
birds, Ingle and Heaney (1992) for bats, and Heaney et al. (2010) and Aplin et al. (2003)
for non-volant mammals. Taxonomic updates were also noted based on (Diesmos et al.
(2015) for amphibians and Wild Bird Club of the Philippines (2018) for birds.
3.2.2.4. Conservation Status
The conservation status of all recorded wildlife species was identified based on
the IUCN Red List of Threatened species and on the DAO 2004-15 of RA 9147. The IUCN
threatened categories (Critically Endangered, Endangered and Vulnerable) indicate the
species global status while DAO 2004-15 indicates the local conservation status.
Furthermore, DAO 2004-15 includes other categories such as Other Threatened Species
(OTS) and Other Wildlife Species (OWS). CITES Appendices listing was also included as a
reference for this DAO (Appendix I = Critically Endangered and Appendix II = Endangered).
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3.2.3. Invertebrate Fauna
3.2.3.1. Sampling Sites
A total of 12 sites were sampled for arthropod collection survey. These sites were
within the selected transects established for the vegetation survey (Figure 16).
Figure 16. Location map of selected sites for arthropod collection survey
3.2.3.2. Sampling Method
A standard protocol for arthropod fauna survey was employed. Insect net was used to collect specimens. Collected specimens were then stored in glass jar with 80%
ethyl alcohol (Plate 5). Net sweeping near within the floral sampling plots was done
randomly (Plate 6). For each observation site, a total of 50 sweeps was done to collect arthropods, that is, 10 net sweeps per sampling plot along a one kilometer transect. One
sweep is approximately 1800 or a sweep to the right and a sweep to the left side of the
collector making sure that no two sweeps would be done along the same point.
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Plate 5. Left: insect net for collecting arthropod specimens; right – glass jar for killing and preserving arthropod specimens
Plate 6. Net sweeping technique used to collect arthropod fauna from the sampling plots
After collection, samples were brought to the laboratory for sorting and
identification (Plate 7). Using available literature on arthropods, the specimens were
identified to at least family level. Only few species that are common were identified up
to species. Also, the number of individuals per species were counted and recorded in Microsoft Excel for the purpose of computing the diversity indices.
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Plate 7. Sorted arthropod specimens prior to identification
3.2.3.3. Data Analysis
Species diversity of arthropods was quantified using selected diversity indices
(Margalef index, Shannon-Wiener Diversity index, Simpson s index of Dominance and Diversity, and Pielou s Equitability Index). Margalef index quantifies species richness while
the rest provide measures on species diversity and evenness of the population. Index
values for each parameter were computed using PAST v3.23 software.
3.2.4. Freshwater Ecology
3.2.4.1. Sampling Station
Sampling for freshwater ecology was undertaken along streams adjacent and
within the project areas of the NCC. Periphyton, macroinvertebrate, and fish communities
in the nine stations (Figure 17) were assessed to determine the present condition of these
organisms which could potentially be affected by the ongoing development. Selection of
sampling areas considered the year-round availability of water, presence of
microhabitats (e.g., riffle, run and pool), and proximity to development and human
settlements.
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Figure 17. Sampling locations for freshwater ecology
3.2.4.2. Sampling Protocol
3.2.4.2.1. Periphyton
Periphyton samples were collected by scraping rock surfaces using a scalpel (Plate
8). Three sub-samples per station were collected but were all transferred into one bottle
to make a composite sample per station.
The samples were preserved in Lugol s solution, after which were brought to the laboratory for accurate identification and determination of periphyton density.
Photomicrographs of dominant taxa were taken using Carl Zeiss axioscope.
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Plate 8. Scraping of periphyton on rock surface
3.2.4.2.2. Macrobenthos
A D-frame aquatic kick net (Plate 9) was used to collect macroinvertebrate
samples on riffles or the shallow fast-flowing portions of stream ecosystems. Bottom
sediments were dislodged via kicking actions of the operator whilst walking backward
upstream with the net facing upstream for 5 minutes. Two replicates were collected per
station.
Collected samples were sorted on a white tray and then placed inside plastic
containers filled with 70% ethyl alcohol for preservation. Preserved samples were then
brought to the laboratory for accurate identification, if possible, up to the lowest taxa.
Photographs of dominant macrobenthos were also taken.
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Plate 9. Protocol on collection of microbenthic organisms. A. Collection using D-frame aquatic kick
net, and B. sorting of macroinvertebrates
3.2.4.2.3. Fish
Fish samples were collected from the sampling stations with the help of the local
hires using seine netting (Plate 10). Fishes that were identified in-situ were returned alive
onto the water. Photographs of different fish species were taken to aid in the
identification process. However, for accurate identification, minimal samples were
collected for those which cannot be identified readily and were preserved in 70% ethyl
alcohol and brought to the laboratory for accurate identification up to species level.
Interviews were also done on local guides and residents by showing them photo
guide to determine other species that were not captured using various methodologies
employed in this study.
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Plate 10. Beach seine netting employed to catch freshwater fish
3.2.4.3. Conservation Status
The conservation status of documented organisms was based on the assessment
of the IUCN (2018). Local assessment for freshwater species has not yet been established
by the DENR-BMB.
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4. RESULTS OF THE STUDY 4.1. Terrestrial Flora
4.1.1. Vegetation Structure
The New Clark City project site is primarily composed of vegetation with open
canopy, where grassland agroecosystem dominates most of the flat area. In addition,
plantations of fruit trees and tree crops such as manggang-kalabau (Mangifera indica),
yemane (Gmelina arborea) and mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) were found to occur at
large extent. A few forest patches scattered across the development site still exist but
mostly in areas with steep slopes and along riverbanks. The forest vegetation in NCC can
be classified as young secondary growth forest with early successional species, which are
usually shade-intolerant and sun-loving species dominating the area.
Secondary growth occurs as a result of secondary succession, which happens after
the land has been exposed to nudation (See Figure 18) or complete depletion of biomass
by disturbance (i.e. fire, volcanic eruption etc.) (Agnew et al., 1993; Cowles, 2002; Green &
Clements, 2007). The volcanic eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in 1991 had greatly influenced the
present vegetation structure of the study site (de Rose et al., 2011). The colossal ashfall
buried several villages and degraded forestlands of the most affected provinces, namely
– Tarlac, Pampanga and Zambales. The impact of the ashfall was observed to be varied
based on the remotely sensed imagery taken after the eruption (Seitz, 1998). This natural
disaster promoted secondary succession through xerosere (See Definition of Terms).
However, the development of vegetation thru time is probably a result of a combination
of natural disaster and anthropogenic pressures (i.e. logging, land conversion, shifting
cultivation). The supposedly gradual process of vegetation succession in the area may be
disrupted due to human interventions that caused fragmentation. The presence of
grasses, shrubs and shade-intolerant trees provide evidence that the vegetation is
already at the intermediate stage, which is observed at least five years after exposure to
disturbance. It will take about 150 years before the vegetation gets dominated by climax
community given that no disruptions in the succession.
Growth habit of each species recorded, as previously mentioned, reflects the
vegetation structure of NCC. Majority of the species found are trees (68.89%), and a few
shrubs (8.33%) and herbs (7.61%) (Figure 19). Selected photos of flowering and fruiting
plants per growth habit are shown from Plate 12Error! Reference source not found. to
Plate 17Error! Reference source not found.. It is notable that although forestland has a
relatively smaller coverage than the grassland agroecosystem, only few native
herbaceous species were recorded. This can be attributed to the presence of invasive
understorey and ground cover species (i.e. gonoi and coronitas) that inhibit the growth
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of naturally occurring herbs and shrubs. In addition, the vegetation structure is
dependent with the forest management practices being employed within the area. The
NCC is inhabited by the Agta community, who usually obtain food through shifting and
cultivation.
In summary, the NCC is comprised of a mosaic of different vegetations from
grassland to second growth forests (Plate 11) representing different stages of recovery
from the previous human and natural disturbance.
Figure 18. Stages of plant succession
1
1
11
21
5
4
23
189
21
0.36%
0.36%
3.99%
7.61%
1.81%
1.45%
8.33%
68.48%
7.61%
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Aquatic Plant
Fern
Grass
Herb
Palm
Sedge
Shrub
Tree
Vine
No. of Individuals
Hab
it
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Figure 19. Total number and percentage of different plant groups
Plate 11. General vegetation within the NCC project development site. A. Agricultural land, B.
Grassland, C. Grassland with plantation of abaca, D. Farmland with mixed stand of manggang-kalabau and cassava, E. Yemane plantation, F. Mahogany plantation, G.
Overview of the forest in NCC, H. Area dominated by water hyacinth
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Plate 12. Photos of some tree species recorded within the sampling sites. A. – Anacardium
occidentale L.; B. -Mangifera indica L.; C. – Semecarpus cuneiformis Blanco; D. – Spondias
purpurea L.; E. – Polyalthia suberosa (Roxb.) Thwaites.; F. –Telosma sp.; G –Wrightia
candollei Vidal.; and H – Wrightia pubescens subsp. laniti (Blanco) Ngan
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Plate 13.Photos of some tree species recorded within the sampling sites. A. – Radermachera sp.;
B. – Bulak kastila (Ceiba pentandra); C. – Anonang (Cordia dichotoma); D. – Pagsahingin (Canarium asperum); E. – Panampat (Kleinhovia hospital); F. – Anabion (Trema tomentosa); G. – Panau (Dipterocarpus gracilis); and H. – Bilua (Macaranga tanarius)
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Plate 14.Photos of some tree species recorded within the sampling sites. A. – Banato (Mallotus
philippensis); B. – Alim (Melanolepis multiglandulos); C. – Alibangbang (Bauhinia
malabarica); D. – Kamot-pusa (Caesalpinia latisiliqua); E. – Kania-pistola (Cassia fistula); F. – Kakauati (Gliricidia sepium).; G. – Millettia sp.; and H. – Daitanag (Pterocarpus
indicus)
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Plate 15. Photos of some tree species recorded within the sampling sites. A. – Salinggogon
(Cratoxylum sumatranum); B. – Yemane (Gmelina arborea); C. – Alagau (Premna
odorata); D. – Lagundi (Vitex parviflora); E. – Maranga (Litsea cordata); F –Tipolo (Artocarpus blancoi); G. – Kubi (Artocarpus nitidus); and H. – Hauili (Ficus nota)
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Plate 16. Photos of some shrub (A-E) and herb (G-H) species recorded within the sampling
sites. A. – Pandakaki (Tabernaemontana pandacaqui); B. – Wild sunflower (Tithonia
diversifolia); C. – Tambalabasi (Callicarpa formosana); D. – Kasupangil (Clerodendrum
intermedium); E. – Bamban (Donax canniformis); F. – Tukod banua (Amorphophallus
paeoniifolius); G. – Begonia sp.; and H. – Higad-higaran (Heliotropium indicum)
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Plate 17.Photos of some herb (A-B), corm (C) and vine (D-H) species recorded within the sampling
sites. A. – Mangkit (Desmodium laxiflorum); B. - Desmodium sp.; C. – Moraea sp.; D. –
Susung-damulag (Uvaria rufa); E. – Malakamote (Camonea umbellate); F. – Apalia (Momordica charantia); G. – Kanasaga (Abrus precatorius); and H. – Suma (Arcangelisia
flava)
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4.1.2. Floristic Composition
Floristic composition of the remaining forested areas within the NCC project site
can be best characterized with abundance (number of individuals) and species richness
(number of species).
A total of 276 morpho-species belonging to 112 genera and 84 families were
recorded through nested quadrat sampling method and opportunistic survey (Appendix
1). Majority of which (160 species) were found outside the sampled quadrats. Genera with
highest species representation were Ficus (10 species), Artocarpus (6 species), Antidesma
(4 species), Clerodendrum (4 species) and Sterculia (4 species). In terms of plant families,
Fabaceae (30 species), Moraceae (20 species), Meliaceae (12 species), Phyllanthaceae (12
species) and Lamiaceae (10 species) had the highest representative species. Most of these
comprise trees. Figure 20 shows the number of families, genera, species and individuals
of recorded plants per growth habit. This clearly illustrates that trees had the highest
species richness and abundance.
Figure 20. Floral diversity per growth habit of recorded plants
Most of the transects are dominated by species that are introduced or not native
to the Philippines (Figure 21). Pantropical and highly invasive species such as gonoi
(Chromolaena odorata) and coronitas (Lantana camara) were found abundant. Exotic trees
such as yemane (Gmelina arborea) and mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) were planted
3 9 11 3116 18 2062
15 20 23
263
53
130188
832
16 20 21 19
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
No. Families No. of Genus No. of Species No. of Individuals
Grass Herb Shrub Tree Vine
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for timber production. Furthermore, large extent of manggang-kalabau (Mangifera indica)
and abaca (Musa textilis) plantations were observed. These significantly affected the
floristic composition of NCC. Introduced species usually exhibit invasive potential if
suitable environment becomes available. A disturbed area is much susceptible to
successful introduction and establishment of invasive alien species due to the absence of
competition (Burke & Grime, 1996). Plant invasions pose a severe threat to native plant
communities as well as to dependent microorganisms (Bohren, 2017; Hejda et al., 2009;
Litt et al., 2014).
Figure 21. Abundance of recorded plants based on endemism
Aside from species richness, the floristic composition of the remaining forested
areas in NCC can also be characterized with the dominant species per transect. Based
from the dendrogram generated through cluster analysis using UPGMA with Bray-Curtis
index of similarity, the sampled vegetation in each transect can be divided into three
zones (Figure 22). The first zone, located mainly in Barangay San Vicente and Maruglu, is
dominated by manggang-kalabau (Mangifera indica), pagsahingin (Canarium asperum),
ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala), alibangbang (Bauhinia malabarica), mainuma (Bauhinia
monandra), hauili (Ficus septica) and tibig (Ficus nota). The second zone, on the other hand,
is widely covered by santol (Sandoricum koetjape) as well as plantations of yemane
(Gmelina arborea), and manggang-kalabau (Mangifera indica). This is similar with the third
zone except that mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) trees were found dominant in
Transect 15.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15
Exotic Non-Endemic Philippine Endemic
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Results from the cluster analysis and dominance provides an interesting overview
on how the different vegetation within the NCC project site were grouped. The central
portion of the NCC is generally covered by pioneer and nitrogen-fixing species from
Moraceae and Fabaceae, respectively. This is where Zone 1 is located. Both Zones 2 and
3 are located on the north-west portion of the NCC. These zones are mostly composed of
plantations of fruit trees (i.e. manggang kalabau and santol) and timber (i.e. yemane and
mahogany).
Figure 22. Dendrogram of 15 transects generated through UPGMA using Bray-Curtis Similarity index. Bootstrapping was done at n = 1000; correlation = 0.93
Table 13 shows the number of individuals of species on different zones based on
endemism and growth habit. The data conforms with the previous discussion. Combined
number of individuals of native and Philippine endemic species in Zone 1 is relatively
higher than exotic species. Manggang-kalabau and ipil-ipil were only found dominant in
Transects 5 and 2, respectively. The rest of the 1st Zone are dominated by native species.
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On the other hand, there is a wide gap between the relative number of individuals of
native species and exotic species in both Zones 2 and 3. Zone 2 is heavily dominated by
manggang-kalabau and yemane. Only few native species (i.e. anabion, himbabao, lipa,
panampat, kalantas etc.) were observed mainly in forest patches such as in Transect 1
and 13. Other exotic species recorded in Zone 2 were avocado, mahogany, acacia and
sampalok. In Zone 3, about 1/3 of the total number of individuals was native. This is
understandable because Transects 11, 12 and 15 are composed of exotic trees, viz. teak,
ipil-ipil, acacia, yemane, manggang-kalabau, mahogany, and santol.
Table 13. Number of individuals per endemism and growth habit
Zone Transect Endemism Growth Habit*
PE NE EX Grass Herb Shrub Tree Vine
1
T2 0 37 48 4 0 27 53 1 T3 0 42 24 4 9 17 50 0 T4 4 72 24 1 4 16 81 0 T5 1 26 36 1 6 26 35 0 T6 17 65 2 3 0 7 73 2 T7 1 27 68 3 22 26 69 1 T8 6 28 10 0 1 3 38 3
Total 29 297 212 16 42 122 399 7
2
T1 8 43 14 4 4 3 60 0 T9 1 23 109 2 0 78 50 5
T10 0 8 28 0 1 5 29 2 T13 2 25 67 3 2 32 58 1 T14 0 10 43 0 0 3 49 1
Total 11 109 261 9 7 121 246 9
3
T11 0 3 68 1 5 10 58 0 T12 1 33 41 1 0 5 66 3 T15 2 16 54 4 8 5 63 0
Total 3 52 163 6 13 20 187 3
Note: * - based on the general habit of the species and does not show the actual observation from the field.
Further discussion on this will be present on the succeeding sections.
4.1.2.1. Tree Flora
A total of 59 species with 430 individuals were recorded to have a DBH of ≥10cm.
All transects surveyed except Transect 5 had more than 20 individuals of trees. The
average number of trees per quadrat is 6. If translated to average density, about 0.015 tree/m2 or 2 trees for every 100 m2 can be found in NCC. This signifies the poor forest
vegetation in the development site composed generally of open secondary forest or
riparian forest. Transects with more than 30 individuals are T4, T6, T9, T11, T12, T14 and
T15. Most of which were from Zone 2 and 3 where plantations are located. Transect 12 had the highest number of tree individuals (43) among all surveyed transects. This is
mainly due to the presence of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) with 22 individuals (N).
Yemane (Gmelina arborea), however, is the most represented tree species with 60
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individuals followed by manggang-kalabau (Mangifera indica) (N = 59), mahogany
(Swietenia macrophylla) (N = 47), alibangbang (Bauhinia malabarica) (N = 37), ipil-ipil
(Leucaena leucocephala) (N = 30), and hauili (Ficus septica) (N = 29). Individuals with largest diameter ranging from 11 to 77 cm are manggang-kalabau.
Considering the density, occurrence and dominance of trees in NCC, species with highest Importance Value (IV) were plantation species (i.e. manggang-kalabau, Yemane
and mahogany) (Table 14). Majority of the species listed with highest IV were also found
as dominant species in the three zones. This confirms that the relative dominance of each
species contributed most to their IV, and the floristic composition of NCC project site and vegetation structure are dependent from these species. Table 14 also provides a general
knowledge about the trees that will be greatly affected by any development within the
site, which may cause significant change and alteration of the present vegetation. Alibangbang, a native plant found in Zone 1, can be used for landscaping. Other native
trees were also recorded in this zone. Hence, Zone 1 will be good as source of planting
materials for landscaping in the future.
Table 14. Top ten trees with highest Importance Value (IV)
Scientific Name Local Name Family Name Count Rdom RF RD IV
Mangifera indica L. Manggang-kalabau
Anacardiaceae 59 55.29 5.67 13.72 74.68
Gmelina arborea Roxb. Yemane Lamiaceae 60 15.19 7.09 13.95 36.24
Bauhinia malabarica Roxb. Alibangbang* Fabaceae 37 10.54 6.38 8.60 25.53
Swietenia macrophylla King Mahogany Meliaceae 47 8.67 2.84 10.93 22.43
Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
Ipil-ipil Fabaceae 30 2.28 5.67 6.98 14.93
Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr. Tibig Moraceae 29 2.38 5.67 6.74 14.80
Antidesma subcordatum Merr.
Malabinayuyu Phyllanthaceae 13 0.54 4.26 3.02 7.82
Ficus septica Burm.f. Hauli Moraceae 16 1.15 2.84 3.72 7.70
Artocarpus blancoi (Elmer) Merr.
Tipolo* Moraceae 9 0.52 3.55 2.09 6.16
Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp.
Kakauati Fabaceae 12 0.76 2.13 2.79 5.68
Note: Local name with asterisk (*) is a native language of Pampanga-Tarlac
4.1.2.2. Intermediate and Understorey
A total of 677 individuals belonging to 74 morpho-species were recorded within the study site. NCC generally exhibited an abundant and diverse understory species as compared to trees. Its average density is relatively higher with 0.1128 individual/m2 or eleven individuals for every 100 m2. This value reflects a better species composition if and only if this stage (sapling to small pole stage) remains undisturbed. Meanwhile, Lantana
camara was observed to be the most abundant species while Melanolepis multigalndulosa
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and Macaranga tanarius were found to be the most frequently occurring species within NCC. Table 15 revealed the top ten most abundant and most frequently occurring understory species.
Table 15. Ten most abundant understorey species
Scientific Name Local Name Family Name Abundance Frequency
Lantana camara L. Coronitas Verbenaceae 98 8
Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob.
Gonoi Asteraceae 83 7
Musa sp. - Musaceae 53 9
Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
Ipil-ipil Fabaceae 51 8
Gmelina arborea Roxb. Yemane Lamiaceae 27 6
Melanolepis multiglandulosa (Reinw. ex Blume) Rchb. & Zoll.
Alim Euphorbiaceae 27 10
Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A.Gray Wild Sunflower Asteraceae 25 2
Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr. Tibig Moraceae 24 7
Bauhinia monandra Kurz Mainuma* Fabaceae 22 1
Macaranga tanarius (L.) Müll.Arg. Bilua Euphorbiaceae 22 10
Note: Local name with asterisk (*) is a native language of Pampanga
4.1.2.3. Ground Cover
A total of 33 morpho-species were recorded within the established 1m by 1m
quadrats at NCC. It was found out that litter accounts for 30.6%, of the total percent cover
of the area, followed by soil with 17.04%. This factor generally affects the number of
regenerants within the site. Since the forest floor is covered by litter (i.e. leaf litter of
dominant trees such as mahogany, yemane and manggang-kalabau) and other abiotic
materials (i.e. soil, rocks, roots), fewer number of regenerants is expected to thrive. The
role of leaf litter in facilitating plant growth depends from the species. Other leaf litters
help promote soil fertility through microbial activities that are crucial for plant growth.
However, leaf litters of plantation species especially manggang-kalabau, yemane and
mahogany were found to have an inhibitory effect to growth of wildlings (Ashafa et al.,
2012; Hannan et al., 2013; Ramakrishnan et al., 2014). This is due to the presence of
allelochemicals from phenolic and terpenoid extracts of leaf leachates that interfere the
availability of essential enzymes for the seeds to germinate. In addition, it was also
observed that cogon (Imperata cylindrica) got the highest relative cover among ground
species at 15.27%, followed by gonoi (10.33%). This affects too the species diversity in
ground cover because cogon commonly over dominates the vegetation that are prone to
burning or fire while gonoi are universally found in idle lands. The time or season of
floristic survey can be also another factor since grasses and weeds tend to have low
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density during dry season. The 10 most dominant ground cover species are presented in
Table 16.
Table 16. Ten ground cover species with highest relative cover
Scientific Name Local Name Family Name Grand
Total
Relative
Cover
Litter - - 2295 30.60
Soil - - 1278 17.04
Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. Cogon Poaceae 1145 15.27
Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob.
Gonoi Asteraceae 775 10.33
Oplismenus sp. - Poaceae 427 5.69
Centrosema pubescens Benth. Dilang butiki Fabaceae 330 4.40
Paspalum sp. - Poaceae 250 3.33
Rock - - 175 2.33
Lantana camara L. Coronitas Verbenaceae 140 1.87
Urena lobata L. Dalupang Malvaceae 120 1.60
Saccharum officinarum L. Tubo Poaceae 100 1.33
Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott.
Yautia Araceae 75 1.00
Terminalia nitens C.Pres Sakat Combretaceae 50 0.67
4.1.3. Diversity Indices
Based on the number and abundance of recognized morpho-species in surveyed transects, the diversity indices were then calculated. The Simpson s ”D ), Shannon-
Weiner s ”H ) and Evenness (E) diversity indices of the study area were calculated.
Shannon-Weiner index gives an estimate of species richness and evenness of distribution
in terms of abundance of each species, while Simpson s index gives the probability of getting different species when two individuals were drawn (without replacement) inside
a plot.
The computed values revealed that among the 15 transects surveyed, transect 1
had the highest indices (Simpson Index, Shannon-Weiner Index, and Evenness) as shown
in Table 17. These indices indicate that NCC harbors high diversity in totality to which it does not have much difference when exotics are excluded in the computation (Table 18).
The range of values of indices is almost similar regardless if there are exotics or none.
This clearly shows that exotic species does not have impact on the overall NCC biodiversity values.
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Looking at the values of diversity indices per transect, the exclusion of exotic
species reduced D , H and E. Table 19 shows that transect with high computed H ”i.e. T1, T6, T3, and T8) have high relative abundance of native species while those with lower H values have high relative abundance of exotic species. In the same way, these transects
were dominated by exotic species. Only transects 1,3, 4, 6, 8 and 12 were dominated by
native species with high percentage abundance Table 20. The correlation of the percentage abundance of native and exotic species to diversity indices supports this
relationship Figure 23. The relative abundance of exotic species shows high negative
correlation with diversity indices. On the other hand, a strong positive correlation of the
percent abundance of native species was observed with H and E values.
Table 17. Diversity indices of each transect with number of species and individuals
Transect No. of
Species
No. of
Individuals Simpson (D’) Shannon (H’) Evenness (E)
1 35 71 0.95 3.28 0.76
2 21 85 0.90 2.63 0.66
3 26 80 0.93 2.92 0.72
4 36 102 0.95 3.24 0.71
5 16 68 0.84 2.27 0.60
6 29 85 0.94 3.02 0.71
7 25 121 0.87 2.48 0.48
8 23 45 0.92 2.87 0.76
9 21 135 0.85 2.32 0.48
10 10 37 0.78 1.86 0.64
11 15 74 0.82 2.09 0.54
12 19 75 0.84 2.34 0.55
13 25 96 0.89 2.66 0.57
14 13 53 0.81 2.01 0.57
15 14 80 0.82 2.06 0.56
Grand
Total 116 1207 0.96 3.72 0.36
Table 18. Computed diversity indices of each transect excluding exotic species recorded
Transect No. of Species No. of Individuals Simpson (1-D) Shannon (H) Evenness (e^H/S)
1 29 57 0.94 3.08 0.75
2 14 37 0.89 2.40 0.78
3 22 56 0.91 2.74 0.71
4 30 78 0.94 3.11 0.74
5 11 32 0.87 2.18 0.80
6 27 83 0.93 2.96 0.71
7 17 53 0.80 2.19 0.53
8 18 35 0.90 2.60 0.75
9 11 26 0.82 2.03 0.69
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10 4 9 0.67 1.22 0.84
11 4 6 0.67 1.24 0.87
12 12 34 0.75 1.92 0.57
13 15 29 0.89 2.48 0.80
14 6 10 0.76 1.61 0.83
15 10 26 0.83 1.99 0.73
Grand Total 86 571 0.96 3.69 0.47
Table 19. Percentage abundance of Philippine endemic, native and exotic species per transect
Transect No. of Species No. of Individuals % Abundance
(PE)
% Abundance
(NE)
% Abundance
(EX)
1 35 65 12.31 66.15 21.54 2 21 85 0.00 43.53 56.47 3 26 66 0.00 63.64 36.36 4 36 100 4.00 72.00 24.00 5 16 63 1.59 41.27 57.14 6 29 84 20.24 77.38 2.38 7 25 96 1.04 28.13 70.83 8 23 44 13.64 63.64 22.73 9 21 133 0.75 17.29 81.95
10 10 36 0.00 22.22 77.78 11 15 71 0.00 4.23 95.77 12 19 75 1.33 44.00 54.67 13 25 94 2.13 26.60 71.28 14 13 53 0.00 18.87 81.13 15 14 72 2.78 22.22 75.00
Table 20. Summary of species with highest relative density per transect
Transect Scientific Name Common
Name Family Name Endemism Count RD
1 Macaranga
tanarius (L.) Müll.Arg.
Bilua Euphorbiaceae NE 10 15.38
2 Lantana camara L. Coronitas Verbenaceae EX 14 16.47
Leucaena
leucocephala
(Lam.) de Wit Ipil-ipil Fabaceae EX 13 15.29
Tithonia
diversifolia (Hemsl.) A.Gray
Wild Sunflower
Asteraceae EX 12 14.12
3 Lantana camara L. Coronitas Verbenaceae EX 15.15 15.15
Bauhinia
malabarica Roxb. Alibangbang* Fabaceae NE 13.64 13.64
4 Tithonia
diversifolia (Hemsl.) A.Gray
Wild Sunflower
Asteraceae EX 13 13.00
Canarium
asperum Benth. Pagsahingin Burseraceae NE
9 9.00
Ficus nota
(Blanco) Merr. Tibig Moraceae NE
9 9.00
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Transect Scientific Name Common
Name Family Name Endemism Count RD
5 Chromolaena
odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob.
Gonoi Asteraceae EX 24 38.10
6 Artocarpus
rubrovenius Warb. Kalulot Moraceae PE 11 13.10
Ficus septica Burm.f.
Hauli Moraceae NE 10 11.90
Bauhinia
malabarica Roxb. Alibangbang* Fabaceae NE 9 10.71
7 Bauhinia
monandra Kurz Mainuma* Fabaceae EX 30 31.25
8 Ficus nota
(Blanco) Merr. Tibig Moraceae NE 8 18.18
9 Chromolaena
odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob.
Gonoi Asteraceae EX 37 27.82
Lantana camara L. Coronitas Verbenaceae EX 30 22.56
10 Mangifera indica L.
Manggang-kalabau
Anacardiaceae EX 15 41.67
11 Swietenia
macrophylla King Mahogany Meliaceae EX 24 33.80
12 Swietenia
macrophylla King Mahogany Meliaceae EX 23 30.67
Ficus nota
(Blanco) Merr. Tibig Moraceae NE 16 21.33
13 Lantana camara L. Coronitas Verbenaceae EX 23 24.47
14 Mangifera indica L.
Manggang-kalabau
Anacardiaceae EX 16 30.19
Gmelina arborea Roxb.
Yemane Lamiaceae EX 13 24.53
15 Gmelina arborea Roxb.
Yemane Lamiaceae EX 26 36.11
Leucaena
leucocephala
(Lam.) de Wit Ipil-ipil Fabaceae EX 18 25.00
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Figure 23. Linear relationship of the relative abundance of exotic and native species to diversity indices
4.1.4. Noteworthy Species
4.1.4.1. Endemic Species
Information on the geographic distribution of plant species plays an integral basis
for the formulation of conservation and management strategies to avoid species
extinction. Species with narrow distribution or restricted only to a small geographic area
should be given a priority in conservation planning because these species are more
vulnerable to threats. Through the vegetation survey conducted, a total of 20 species that
y = -52.579x + 188.59R² = 0.7437
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00
Rel
ativ
e D
ensi
ty (E
X)
Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index (H')
y = -417.42x + 420.3R² = 0.701
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0.00 0.50 1.00
Rel
ativ
e D
ensi
ty (E
X)
Simpson's Index (D')
y = -241.26x + 204.94R² = 0.6785
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0.00 0.50 1.00
Rel
ativ
e D
ensi
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X)
Evenness Index (E)
y = 44.185x - 71.289R² = 0.7589
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20
40
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80
100
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00
Rel
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ensi
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E)
Shannon-Weiner Index (H')
y = -0.0024x + 0.9185R² = 0.0572
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 50 100
Rel
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ensi
ty (N
E)
Simpson's Index (D')
y = 200.73x - 83.784R² = 0.6788
0
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40
60
80
100
0.00 0.50 1.00
Rel
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ensi
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E)
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are endemic to the Philippines were found within the NCC project site (Table 21). These
species, as of to date, are known only to occur in the country. On the other hand, there
were 156 native species recorded. These species are naturally occurring in the Philippines
but with wider distribution extending outside the country. A small number of exotics (71
species) were also recorded. These are common weed species with high abundance in
disturbed areas.
It should be emphasized that categorizing species as endemic is very much
dependent on the availability of published data on geographical distribution of species,
recent taxonomic revisions, nomenclatural changes, and new evidences from various
disciplines used in systematics among others. Thus, estimates of endemism should be
interpreted within the context of the methodology and limitations imposed by
contributing factors. In this study, a few specimens were not identified to the species level
due to absence of characters with taxonomic significance. This will influence the percent
endemism of the floristic composition of NCC (Figure 24).
Table 21. Summary of species listed as endemic to the Philippines
No. Scientific Name Local Name Family Name Habit Distribution
1 Haplosticanthus
lanceolata (S. Vidal) Heusden.
Anolang Annonaceae Tree
LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Cagayan, Isabela, Aurora, Nueva Ecija, Laguna (Mt Makiling), Batangas, Sorsogon, POLILLO, ALABAT, CATANDUANES, ROMBLON, BOHOL (Valencia), LEYTE, SAMAR, SIARGAO, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte (Mt Urdaneta)
2 Miliusa vidalii
J.Sinclair Takulau Annonaceae Tree LUZON: Bataan, Sorsogon
3 Garcinia binucao (Blanco) Choisy
Binukau Clusiaceae Tree LUZON: Cagayan to Sorsogon, MINDORO, BURIAS, PANAY, GUIMARAS, NEGROS
4 Garcinia mcgregorii Merr
Batuan Clusiaceae Tree LUZON to MINDANAO and BASILAN
5 Shorea contorta S.Vidal
White Lauan Dipterocarpaceae Tree
BABUYAN ISLS (CALAYAN), LUZON (in most provinces), POLILLO, MINDORO, SIBUYAN, MARINDUQUE, MASBATE, NEGROS, LEYTE, SAMAR, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Lanao, Agusan, BASILAN
6 Pterospermum
obliquum Blanco Bayoi Dombeyaceae Tree
LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Mountain Province, Benguet, La Union, Cagayan, Nueva Ecija, Zambales. Pampanga, Bataan, Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna, Quezon, MINDORO, PALAWAN, BURIAS,
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No. Scientific Name Local Name Family Name Habit Distribution
GUIMARAS, SAMAR, MINDANAO: Zamboanga
7 Cynometra
inaequifolia A.Gray Olod* Fabaceae Tree
LUZON: La Union, Cagayan, Isabela, Zambales, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Quezon, Cavite, Batangas, PANAY, NEGRO
8 Cynometra
simplicifolia Harms Pingan* Fabaceae Tree
Throughout LUZON, MINDORO, MINDANAO, BASILAN
9 Artocarpus ovatus Blanco
Anobion* Moraceae Tree
LUZON: Abra (Manabo), Kalinga (Lubuagan), Benguet, Isabela (San Mariano), Nueva Vizcaya (near Dupax), Nueva Ecija, Zambales (Mt Pinatubo), Bataan (Lamao), Pampanga, Bulacan (Angat), Rizal (Mt Angilog, Montalban, Antipolo, Bosoboso), Laguna (Los Baños, Mt Makiling, Sta Maria, Mabitac), Quezon (Laguimanoc = Padre Burgos, Lucban), Camarines Sur (Mt Bagacay, Mt Isarog), Sorsogon (Mt Bulusan), CATANDUANES, MINDORO: Mindoro Oriental (Mansalay, Manaul & Mt Yagaw), PALAWAN (Irawan), BALABAC (Cape Melville), MARINDUQUE, SIBUYAN (Mt Giting-giting), MASBATE, TICAO, PANAY: Iloilo, NEGROS: Negros Occidental (Danao; Cadiz), Negros Oriental (Cuernos Mtns), CEBU
10 Artocarpus
rubrovenius Warb. Kalulot Moraceae Tree
BATAN (Basco), LUZON: Isabela (Palanan), Aurora (Casiguran, Baler), Bataan (Lamao, Mt Mariveles), Pampanga (Mt Pinatubo), Rizal (San Mateo, Bosoboso), Laguna (Mt Makiling), Batangas, Quezon (Laguimanoc = Padre Burgos, Lucban, Sampaloc), Camarines, Albay (Guinobatan, Banao), Sorsogon (Mt Bulusan), MINDORO
11 Ficus odorata (Blanco) Merr.
Pakiling Moraceae Tree BATANES, LUZON, NEGROS, BOHOL, LEYTE, SAMAR, MINDANAO
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No. Scientific Name Local Name Family Name Habit Distribution
12 Ficus pseudopalma Blanco
Niog-niogan Moraceae Tree
LUZON: Pangasinan, Mountain Province, Benguet, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Quezon, Albay, Sorsogon, MINDORO, PANAY, NEGROS, GUIMARAS, LEYTE, SAMAR, MINDANAO
13 Ficus ulmifolia Lam. Alasas* Moraceae Tree Throughout the Philippines
14 Glochidion
gigantifolium (Vidal) J.J.Sm.
Bagnang laparan
Phyllanthaceae Tree
LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Ifugao, Pangasinan, Zambales, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Quezon, NEGROS, MINDANAO: Zamboanga
15 Ardisia squamulosa C. Presl
Pataktol* Primulaceae Tree
LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Cagayan, Isabela, Pangasinan, Tayabas, Cavite, Batangas, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, MINDANAO: Davao
16 Ziziphus talanae Merr.
Balakat* Rhamnaceae Tree N LUZON to PALAWAN and MINDANAO
17 Casearia fuliginosa (Blanco) Blanco
Malaseresa* Salicaceae Tree
LUZON, MINDORO, TICAO, MASBATE, SIBUYAN, SAMAR, DINAGAT, MINDANAO, TAWI-TAWI
18 Palaquium
philippense (Perr.) C.B.Rob.
Malakmak* Sapotaceae Tree
LUZON: Isabela, Bataan, Tarlac, Bulacan, Rizal, Batangas, Quezon, Camarines Sur, Albay, Sorsogon, MINDORO: Mindoro Occidental (Mt Calavite), PANAY: Capiz, NEGROS, LEYTE (Ormoc, Lake Danao), MINDANAO: Davao (Mt Apo)
19 Dendrocnide
luzonensis (Wedd.) Chew
Lipa Urticaceae Tree Throughout the Philippines
20 Tetrastigma
sepulchrei Merr. Ayo Vitaceae Vine
LUZON: Mountain Province, Benguet, Bataan
Note: Local name with asterisk (*) is a native language of Pampanga-Tarlac
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Figure 24. Percent endemism of recorded plant species in NCC. PE – Endemic to the Philippines;
NE – Native to the Philippines; EX – Exotic, introduced or naturalized; - Unknown
4.1.4.2. Threatened Species
Species of conservation concern are those with unfavorable conservation status, usually listed as threatened by the IUCN and the DENR-BMB. Considering the occurrence
of these species within the NCC project site is a crucial step in crafting sustainable species
conservation practices, and effective forest management strategies. Thereby, reducing
the negative impact of the ongoing development to biodiversity.
This study revealed that NCC is home to a total of 29 threatened specie (Table 22).
Following the list of DAO 2017-11, one is endangered; 16 are vulnerable; and five are other threatened species. On the other hand, IUCN listed one critically endangered; three
endangered; 13 vulnerable; and 2 near threatened species. Majority of the species listed
under the IUCN Red List are threatened because of population reduction. The high
economic value of these species (i.e. timber production) serves as the primary reason for extraction and utilization of these plants. Logging, shifting cultivation, massive conversion
of forests into agricultural land, and urban expansion were seen to be the main
contributing factors of categorizing the species as threatened.
The NCC shall be able to create and implement a species-specific conservation
program for the listed threatened species found within the study site. This is to at least
help avert extinction of these globally important species. These species can be regarded as flagship species for conservation in the whole province. Appropriate conservation
efforts are needed to ensure the continues survival of the species population.
20
156
71
29
7.25%
56.52%
25.72%
10.51%
PE
NE
EX
-
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
End
emis
m
No. of Individuals
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Table 22. Summary of species listed as threatened
No. Scientific Name Local Name Family Name Habit DAO 2017-11 IUCN 2019-1 LOCATION COUNT
1 Koordersiodendron pinnatum Merr.
Amugis Anacardiaceae Tree OTS NA T1Q0 1
2 Adonidia merillii (Becc.) Becc. Manila palm Arecaceae Palm VU NT NCC 2
3 Saribus rotundifolius (Lam.) Blume
Anahau Arecaceae Palm VU NA T2Q2 3
4 Dipterocarpus gracilis Blume Panau* Dipterocarpaceae Tree VU VU A2cd T1Q0 5
5 Shorea contorta S.Vidal White Lauan Dipterocarpaceae Tree VU CR A1cd T1Q0 3
6 Diospyros discolor Wild. Kamagong Ebenaceae Tree VU NA T1Q2 20
7 Diospyros philippinensis A.DC. O-oi Ebenaceae Tree VU EN A1c,
B1+2abc T1Q0, T3Q0, T4Q4,
T6Q3 9
8 Cynometra inaequifolia A.Gray Olod* Fabaceae Tree VU VU A1d T3Q1, T4Q1 1
9 Kingiodendron alternifolium (Elmer) Merr. & Rolfe
Batete Fabaceae Tree VU NA NCC 2
10 Pterocarpus indicus Willd. Daitanag* Fabaceae Tree VU EN A3cd+4cd T2Q0, T11Q4, T12Q3,
T13Q2, T15Q0 3
11 Wallaceodendron celebicum Koord.
Banuyo Fabaceae Tree VU NA T3Q4 1
12 Clerodendrum quadriloculare (Blanco) Merr.
Bakauak-morado
Lamiaceae Shrub VU NA NCC 6
13 Vitex parviflora A. Juss. Molave* Lamiaceae Tree EN VU A1cd T3Q0 1
14 Aglaia rimosa (Blanco) Merr. Busilak Meliaceae Tree OTS NT T1Q0, T7Q2 15
15 Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) R.Parker
Salakin Meliaceae Tree OTS LC T1Q0, T1Q1, T4Q1,
T4Q2 2
16 Toona calantas Merr. & Rolfe Kalantas Meliaceae Tree VU NA T1Q0 1
17 Artocarpus rubrovenus Warb. Kalulot Moraceae Tree OTS VU A1d T4Q2, T4Q3, T6Q2,
T12Q4, T13Q3 1
18 Ardisia squamulosa C. Presl Pataktol* Primulaceae Tree VU VU A1cd T1Q2, T4Q1, Flora 2
19 Ziziphus talanai Merr. Balakat* Rhamnaceae Tree OTS VU A1cd T2Q2 1
20 Litchi chinensis Sonn. Alupag Sapindaceae Tree VU NA T3Q1, T4Q1 2
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No. Scientific Name Local Name Family Name Habit DAO 2017-11 IUCN 2019-1 LOCATION COUNT
21 Nephelium lappaceum L. Rambutan Sapindaceae Tree VU LC NCC 10
22 Palaquium philippense (Perr.) C.B.Rob.
Malakmak* Sapotaceae Tree VU VU A1d NCC 1
23 Terminalia nitens C.Pres Sakat Combretaceae Tree - VU A1d T2Q1, T3Q1 1
24 Anisoptera thurifera (Blanco) Blume
Palosapis Dipterocarpaceae Tree - VU A3cd T3Q1, T8Q0, Flora 59
25 Macaranga grandifolia (Blanco) Merr.
Abing-abing Euphorbiaceae Tree - VU A1cd T1Q0, Flora 2
26 Swietenia macrophylla King Mahogany Meliaceae Tree - VU A1cd+2cd
T3Q2, T7Q3, T9Q4, T10Q0, T11Q1, T11Q2, T11Q4, T12Q1, T12Q3, T13Q1, T13Q2, T14Q0, T15Q0
1
27 Artocarpus blancoi (Elmer) Merr.
Tipolo* Moraceae Tree - VU A1d
T2Q0, T3Q0, T3Q3, T4Q1, T4Q2, T5Q0,
T6Q3, T7Q4, T12Q2, T12Q4, T13Q0, T13Q1, T14Q2
2
28 Ficus ulmifolia Lam. Alasas* Moraceae Tree - VU A1cd
T3Q1, T4Q2, T5Q0, T5Q3, T8Q0, T8Q1,
T9Q1, T10Q0, T12Q4, T13Q0, T13Q2, T15Q1
1
29 Coffea arabica L. Kape Rubiaceae Tree - EN A3b NCC, River (inside
NCC) 2
Note: * - local names used in Pampanga-Tarlac; IN – Recorded within the sampled quadrats, OPP – recorded through opportunistic survey; DAO 2017-11 – The Updated
National List of Threatened Plants and their Categories, IUCN 2019-1 -The International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List
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4.1.4.3. New Province Records
Forty (40) noteworthy species are most probably new province records (Table 23),
based on published botanical literature. This is understandable due to the absence of
floristic exploration and documentation in Central Luzon. Furthermore, the cataclysmic eruption of Mount Pinatubo that wiped out the forest vegetation in nearby provinces,
contributes to the paucity of botanical information of Pampanga (Boquet, 2017). Most of
the floral studies in Pampanga are focused on forested mountains such as in Mount Arayat National Park (Suba, Arriola, & Alejandro, 2019).
It is important to note that although the species presented in Table 23 were
labeled as new province records in this study, there are probabilities that these were already recorded before but not formally reported. Nonetheless, the presence of these
new records should be appreciated with much optimism.
Table 23. Summary of species that are most probably new records in province of Pampanga-Tarlac
No. Scientific Name Local Name Family Name Habit
1 Semecarpus longifolius Blume Anagas Anacardiaceae Tree 2 Haplosticanthus lanceolata (S. Vidal) Heusden. Anolang Annonaceae Tree 3 Miliusa vidalii J.Sinclair Takulau Annonaceae Tree 4 Wrightia candollei Vidal Laniti-pula Apocynaceae Tree 5 Cordia subcordata Lam. Banalo Boraginaceae Tree 6 Canarium asperum Benth. Pagsahingin Burseraceae Tree 7 Calophyllum blancoi Planch. & Triana Bitanghol Calophyllaceae Tree 8 Siphonodon celastrineus Griff. Matang ulang Celastraceae Vine 9 Terminalia foetidissima Griff. Talisai-gubat Combretaceae Tree 10 Dipterocarpus gracilis Blume Panau* Dipterocarpaceae Tree 11 Diospyros philippinensis A.DC. O-oi Ebenaceae Tree 12 Cynometra inaequifolia A.Gray Olod* Fabaceae Tree 13 Kingiodendron alternifolium (Elmer) Merr. & Rolfe Batete Fabaceae Tree 14 Millettia ahernii Merr. & Rolfe Balok Fabaceae Tree
15 Cratoxylum formosum (Jacq.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Dyer
Salinggogon Hypericaceae Tree
16 Aglaia rimosa (Blanco) Merr. Busilak Meliaceae Tree 17 Artocarpus nitidus Trécul Kubi Moraceae Tree 18 Ficus ampelas Burm.f. Upling-gubat Moraceae Tree 19 Ficus pseudopalma Blanco Niog-niogan Moraceae Tree 20 Parartocarpus venenosa Becc. Malananka Moraceae Tree 21 Myristica glomerata (Blanco) Kudô & Masam. Tambalau Myristicaceae Tree 22 Antidesma montanum Blume Timbabasi Phyllanthaceae Tree 23 Antidesma subcordatum Merr. Malabinayuyu Phyllanthaceae Tree 24 Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm.f.) C.E.C.Fisch. Matang hipon Phyllanthaceae Tree
25 Glochidion gigantifolium (Vidal) J.J.Sm. Bagnang laparan
Phyllanthaceae Tree
26 Gigantochloa levis (Blanco) Merr. Bolo Poaceae Grass 27 Ardisia squamulosa C. Presl Pataktol* Primulaceae Tree 28 Drypetes maquilingensis (Merr.) Pax & K.Hoffm. Tinaang pantai Putranjivaceae Tree 29 Canthium horridum Blume Kuliak-daga Rubiaceae Tree
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No. Scientific Name Local Name Family Name Habit
30 Wendlandia luzoniensis DC. Kalasan Rubiaceae Tree 31 Casearia fuliginosa (Blanco) Blanco Malaseresa* Salicaceae Tree 32 Osmelia philippina Fern.-Vill. Oonog Salicaceae Tree 33 Lepisanthes tetraphylla Radlk. Bayag-daga Sapindaceae Tree 34 Nephelium lappaceum L. Rambutan Sapindaceae Tree 35 Planchonella duclitan (Blanco) Bakh.f. Duklitan Sapotaceae Tree 36 Pouteria campechiana (Kunth) Baehni Tiesa Sapotaceae Tree 37 Gomphandra luzoniensis (Merr.) Merr Mabunot Stemonuraceae Tree 38 Sterculia comosa Wall. Banilad Sterculiaceae Tree
39 Sterculia cordata Blume Tapinag bundok
Sterculiaceae Tree
40 Tetrastigma sepulchrei Merr. Ayo Vitaceae Vine Note: Local name with asterisk (*) is a native language of Pampanga-Tarlac
4.1.4.4. Economically Important Species
Economic importance of species recorded within NCC is presented in Appendix 1.
Uses were based on available literature (Singh, 2011, 2016; Suba et al., 2019) and
categorized into: M – medicinal; L – landscaping; C – construction; F – furniture; E – source
of extractive products; O – source of other derived products; FW – fuelwood or firewood;
EO – source of essential oil; PM – paper making; and I – with insecticidal properties.
Majority of the species listed were found to have medicinal uses, and commonly used for
timber productions, construction and manufacturing furniture.
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Plate 18. Selected photos of economically important species. A - Albizia saman (M, C, F, E, FW); B
- Aphanamixis polystachya (M, C, F, I, O); C - Bambusa vulgaris (M, C, F, FW, P); D -
Eucalyptus camaldulensis (M, C, F, FW, P, O); E - Gliricidia sepium (M, C, F, FW, I); F -
Macaranga tanarius (M, C, FW, E, O); G - Pterocarpus indicus (M, C, F, E, O) and H - Vitex
negundo (M, EO, I, FW, O)
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4.2. Vertebrate Fauna
A total of 106 terrestrial wildlife species were recorded consisting of six species of
frogs and a toad, five species of lizards, five species of snakes, 77 species of birds, six
species of bats, three species of small non-volant mammals and four species of medium
to large mammals. From these recorded data, it was concluded that the species richness
was generally low. Further, most species recorded within the sampling sites were
common species associated with open (shrublands, agricultural and human-modified
areas) to forested areas of varying degrees of disturbances.
4.2.1. Amphibians
A total of 15 species of amphibians and reptiles was recorded within the project
area (Appendix 2). Six species recorded in the sampling sites are amphibians (Plate 19)
recorded within the sampling sites. This number represents 40% of recorded species in
Tarlac (15 species based on iNaturalist1). The area hosts three native species such as
common tree frog (Polypedates leucomystax), common puddle frog (Occidozyga laevis) and
Asian brackish water frog (Fejervarya cancrivora); two introduced species, giant marine
toad (Rhinella marina) and Taiwanese frog (Hoplobatrachus rugulosus); and one endemic
species slender-digit chorus frog (Kaloula picta). No threatened species were recorded.
Among the three sites, Site 1 has been highly modified as this has been stripped
of forest tree species and is mainly agricultural. Five of the six species (83%) were
recorded here, consisting of native and introduced species. Sites 2 and 3 had some forest
cover albeit already disturbed and consisted of open areas as well. Native and introduced
species were also recorded within these sites. However, the only endemic species was
only recorded in Site 3.
1 Accessed from http://inaturalist.org
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Plate 19.Selected photos of amphibians documented within the sampling sites. A – Asian brackish water frog (Fejervarya cancrivora); B – Taiwanese frog (Hoplobatrachus rugulosus); C – Slender-digit chorus frog (Kaloula picta); D – Common puddle frog (Occidozyga laevis); E – Common tree frog (Polypedates leucomystax); and F – Giant marine toad (Rhinella marina)
4.2.2. Reptiles
Reptilian species richness was also (Plate 20). The 10 species observed represent
26% of recorded reptiles in Tarlac (38 species based on iNaturalist). Endemicity was also
low with only one endemic lizard, Bronchocela marmorata and one endemic snake, Naja
philippinensis. Both species are widely distributed throughout the Philippines.
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All reptile species recorded in the area are adapted to human habitats and
agricultural areas and may also be found in forests of varying degrees of disturbances.
Site 1 which is an open area of scrub and predominantly planted with mango trees had a
slightly higher species richness (8 species) than Sites 2 and 3 (both with 7 species) which
had forest patches. However, species composition was 60% similar.
Plate 20.Selected photos of reptiles documented within the sampling sites. A – Marbled
crested lizard (Bronchocela marmorata); and B - Tokay gecko (Gekko gecko)
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Four species are of conservation concern, namely – monitor lizard (Varanus
salvator), reticulated python (Malapython reticulatus), king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah)
and Philippine cobra. The Philippine cobra is categorized as Near Threatened while O.
hannah is categorized as Vulnerable under the IUCN Red List of Threatened species.
These cobras are listed under CITES Appendix II and thus are Endangered under DAO
2004-15 of the Philippine Wildlife Act. Among the five species of snakes, three are native
while two are endemics. The monitor lizard and reticulated python are listed under
Appendix II of CITES and as Other Threatened Species (OTS) in DAO 2004-15. These
reptiles experience public persecution most especially the venomous snakes. The
monitor lizard and python, in addition, are hunted for food.
4.2.3. Avifauna A total of 77 species of birds represented by 13 Orders and 41 Families were
recorded (Error! Reference source not found.) for the three sampling sites. This
represents 22% of birds recorded in Tarlac (344 species2). This value only reflects the bird
species recorded during the non-migratory season of birds. The transect walk recorded
a total of 71 species (92%) while netting alone recorded six species (8%). The combined
transect walk and netting yielded 21 species (27%). Overall, the birds recorded within the
project area were resident species associated with open as well as forested areas. There
were five threatened bird species recorded. Plate 21, Plate 22 and Plate 23 show some
of the bird species recorded in the area.
4.2.3.1. Species Composition
The 77 bird species were distributed within the three sites: 46 species for Site 1,
47 species for Site 2 and 56 for Site 3. Fifty-seven percent (57%) of the bird species in the
area are resident species or birds that are distributed here in the Philippines as well as in
other countries. They breed or are suspected of breeding in the Philippines and normally
live here throughout the year. Endemic species which are only found in the Philippines
comprised 26% (20 species). Endemic species are associated with forested areas. The
predominantly common resident species composition may be due to the generally open
areas within and surrounding the project area. Although endemic species were recorded,
most of these are species well distributed throughout the Philippines and can tolerate
certain degrees of disturbances. Among the three sites, Site 2 is an important area for
endemic as well as Threatened species. This may be due to the presence of forest
patches in the area which may be important sources of food as well as roosting areas for
endemic birds. Site 3, on the other hand, is near O Donnel River and results suggest that
2 Based on Avibase – Bird Checklists of the World
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it may be an important area for migratory species. Migratory species are predominantly
carnivorous and are usually associated with wetlands. Wetlands are rich with fishes and
invertebrates that are fed upon by migratory bird species. An introduced bird species
( crested myna or Acridotheres cristatellus) in the Philippines was recorded in Sites 1 and
3. Figure 25 shows a chart representation of the residency status of recorded bird species.
Figure 25. Residency status of bird species in the project site
Majority (72 or 94%) of the bird species recorded within the sampling sites are not
listed under the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, DAO 2004-15 of the Philippine
Wildlife Act or CITES Appendices. These species are considered as widespread and/or
abundant. There were, however, five species that are of conservation concern. The ashy
ground-thrush (Zoothera cinerea) is categorized as Vulnerable under IUCN and under DAO
2004-15. Deforestation is the chief threat and some populations in Luzon also suffer from
hunting. The other four species are considered as Endangered under DAO 2004-15
because they are listed under Appendix II of CITES. These are members of Order
Strigiformes (owls) and Accipitriformes (eagles). These species may be threatened by the
illegal pet trade. Site 2 is an important area for threatened species.
The variety of bird species recorded within the sampling sites reflects the habitat
types available within the immediate project area and its vicinity. Birds are highly mobile
species and their presence in an area may be due to various uses such as foraging,
roosting or breeding sites. In some cases, the area may just be their flyway. Habitat
association of bird species recorded concurs with the available habitat types. There were
20
2
44
5
5
1
25.97%
2.60%
57.14%
6.49%
6.49%
1.30%
Philippine Endemic
Near Endeic
Resident
Migratory
Migratory with Resident Populations
Introduced
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
No. of Individuals
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more species associated with open areas (34%) which was the predominant habitat type
in Site 1 although also present in the other two sites. There were also forest-associated
birds (31%) which were more prevalent in Sites 2 and 3. There were some species
associated with forested areas to open areas (19%) and with wetlands (16%). There was
32% similarity among the three sites. Site 2 had the highest number of endemic bird
species since this had a better forest cover than the two other sampling sites. Site 3 is an
important site for wetland-associated species. Figure 26 shows a chart representation of
the habitat association of bird species recorded.
Figure 26. Habitat association of bird species in the project site
4.2.3.2. Biodiversity Parameters: Species Richness, Abundance and Diversity Indices
The Line Transect Method recorded a total of 77 bird species with 41 species for
Site 1, 44 for Site 2 and 54 for Site 3 (see Appendix 3, Appendix 4 and Appendix 5 for
the transect results and biodiversity indices). The Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index (H )
values obtained were high (3.26 – 3.45) for all sites with the highest for Site 3 (3.45). For
Site 1, the striated grassbird (Megalurus palustris) was the most abundant comprising 11%
of the total number of birds. For Site 2, the endemic Philippine bulbul (Hypsipetes
philippinus) was the most numerous comprising 15% of the total while for Site 3, the scaly-
breasted Munia (Lonchura punctulata) predominated comprising 10% of the total. The
high H values obtained for all three sites indicate that although bird species richness was
relatively low, no species tended to dominate in terms of abundance.
24
12
26
15
31.17%
15.58%
33.77%
19.48%
Forested Areas
Forested to Open Areas
Open Areas
Wetlands
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
No. of Individuals
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Plate 21. Selected photos of avifauna documented within the sampling sites. A – Philippine nightjar
(Caprimulgus manillensis); B – spotted buttonquail (Turnix ocellata); C – barred buttonquail (Turnix suscitator); D – common emerald dove (Chalcophaps indica); E – zebra dove (Geopelia
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striata); F– white-eared brown dove (Phapitreron leucotis); G. – indigo-banded kingfisher (Alcedo cyanopecta); and H. – white-collared kingfisher (Halycon chloris)
Plate 22. Selected photos of avifauna documented within the sampling sites. I – white-throated kingfisher (Halcyon smyrnensis); J – Philippine coucal (Centropus viridis); K – Philippine hawk-cuckoo (Cuculus fugax); L – large-billed crow (Corvus macrorhynchos); M – mangrove blue flycatcher (Cyornis rufigastra); N – golden-bellied fly eater (Gerygone
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sulphurea); O– Philippine bulbul (Hypsipetes philippinus); and P – brown shrike (Lanius
cristatus)
Plate 23. Selected photos of avifauna documented within the sampling sites. Q – long-tailed shrike (Lanius
schach); R – striated grassbird (Megalurus palustris); S – hooded pitta (Pitta sordida); T – yellow-
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vented bulbul (Pycnonotus goiavier); U – Philippine pied fantail (Rhipidura javanica); V – ashy ground thrush (Zoothera cinereal); W – black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax); X – Luzon hawk-owl (Ninox philippensis); Y – Philippine scops owl (Otus megalotis); and Z – grass owl (Tyto capensis)
4.2.4. Mammals
Mammals are morphologically diverse and dispersal abilities differ. Bats are the
only flying mammals and like birds, may use habitats variably. Their presence in an area
may be short-term as a foraging, drinking area or as a flyway. Other areas may be used
regularly as roosting or breeding sites in which bats exhibit site fidelity. There was a total
of 13 species of mammals recorded consisting of five species of fruit bats, one species of
insectivorous bat, three species of small non-volant mammals and four species of
medium to large-sized mammals (Appendix 6). This represents 25% of mammals that
have been recorded for the province of Tarlac (53 species based on iNaturalist. Plate 24
shows some of the mammal species recorded in the sampling sites.
Most mammals (62%) are native species while 25% are endemic species and a few
(17%) are introduced species (small non-volant mammals only). Residency status of
recorded mammals is presented in Figure 27.
Figure 27. Residency status of mammals in NCC
There was 33% similarity between the sampling sites in terms of bat species
composition and 29% similarity in terms of non-volant mammals. Overall netting success
8
3
2
61.54%
23.08%
15.38%
Native
Philippine Endemic
Introduced
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
No. of Individuals
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was 4 bats/ net night. Abundance was dominated by the native species, common short-
nosed fruit bat (Cynopterus brachyotis) which comprised 91% of the total captures. This
species was present in all sites. The endemic species, greater musky fruit bat (Ptenochirus
jagori), was present in Sites 1 and 2. This species is well-distributed throughout the
Philippines and has a broad range of habitat association. Cave-roosting bats such as
common rousette (Rousettus amplexicaudatus) and common nectar bat (Eonycteris
spelaea) were also recorded in the area. There were no recaptures among the bats
indicating low probablity of site fidelity for bats, even with the most abundant species
(common short-nosed fruit bat). The predominance of this species suggests a highly
disturbed area. The species is associated with agricultural and disturbed forests as well
as urbanized areas.
Trapping success for rodents was 15%. Abundance was dominated by the invasive
rat species, oriental house rat (Rattus tanezumi), which comprised 74% of the total
captures. This species was present in all sites. The predominance of the invasive oriental
house rat also suggest a severely disturbed habitat (P. S. Ong & Rickart, 2008)
An endemic rodent, lowland striped shrew-rat (Chrotomys mindorensis), was
present in Site 2. The species is endemic to Mindoro and Luzon islands. This species is
found in forests and in adjacent agricultural areas. Four medium to large-sized mammals
were recorded in the area via interview of locals. These species are perceived to be more
abundant in forested areas such as Sites 2 and 3. The record of the wild pig needs further
verification since locals may only have seen feral pigs.
Two mammal species are of conservation concern. The long-tailed macaque
(Macaca fascicularis) has a global decreasing population trend but is not listed as
Threatened under IUCN. However, the subspecies, M. f. philippinensis, is listed as Near
Threatened. The major threat to the species is hunting (P. Ong & Richardson, 2008). The
species is included in Appendix II of CITES and is listed as OTS under DAO 2004-15. The
Philippine warty pig (Sus philippensis) is categorized as Vulnerable both under IUCN and
DAO 2004-15. The main threats to the species are habitat loss and hunting (Heaney, L. &
Meijaard, 2017; Oliver, W.L.R., Heaney, 2013). The locals hunt wild pig using snares for
food.
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Plate 24. Selected photos of mammals documented within the sampling sites. A – commo short-
nosed fruit bat (Cynopterus brachyotis); B – common dawn bat (Eonycteris spelaea); C – lesser long-tounged fruit bat (Macroglossus minimus); D – greater musky fruit bat (Ptenochirus
jagori); E – lesser asiatic yellow house bat (Scotophilus kuhli); F– lowland striped shre rat
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(Chrotomys mindorensis); G – Polynesian rat (Rattus exulans); and H – Oriental house rat (Rattus tanezumi)
4.2.5. Noteworthy Species
Noteworthy species were identified based on endemicity and conservation status.
A total of 32 species (amphibians and reptiles – 6; bird species – 21; and mammals – 5)
were listed as shown in Table 24. Seventy-eight percent (78%) were found to be Philippine
endemics while 22% are native or resident species. Five Philippine endemics were categorized as threatened. Therefore, it should be prioritized for conservation and
protection. All these five species were recorded in Site 2. Sites 1 and 3 are also important
for some native or resident threatened species.
The presence of these noteworthy species varied across the three sites, mainly
due to the difference in their habitat types. Site 1 is characterized mainly grasslands from
abandoned rice paddies and a strip of planted mango trees. Sites 2 and 3 are comparatively more vegetated compared to site 1, with still existing forest fragments or
patches. Site 2, however, has a larger and more continuous forest patch with bananas
and mango trees planted within. These fruits serve as food for the wildlife species present
in the area. In comparison, site 3 has smaller disconnected patches, mainly composed of mahogany, yemane, ipil-ipil and others tree species. Grasses and shrubs, such as
coronitas (Lantana camara), fill the large gaps between these forest patches. Higher
relative bird species richness can be observed with larger forest fragments and lesser disturbances (van Weerd, et. al, 2003). This concurs with the study s findings wherein the highest endemic species richness was found in Site 2. Sites 1 and 3 are also important for
some native or resident threatened species.
With the increased rate of deforestation, forest patches serve as good sources of
food and shelter for wildlife species. It also serves as corridors for passage of wildlife. The
presence of forest patches increases the chances of survival of wildlife species. van Weerd et. al (2003) also stated that forest fragments are important in conserving wildlife species
and can also be used as a source of seedlings for reforestation projects.
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Table 24. List of noteworthy vertebrate fauna recorded within the study sites
No. Species Common Name Residency Status
Conservation Status Sampling sites recorded
IUCN CITES DAO
2004-15 1 2 3
Class Amphibia
Order Anura
Family Microhylidae
1 Kaloula picta Slender-digit Chorus Frog
Philippine Endemic LC NA NA x
Class Reptilia
Order Squamata Family Agamidae
2 Bronchocela marmorata Marbled Crested Lizard Philippine Endemic DD NA NA x Family Varanidae 3 Varanus salvator Monitor Lizard Native LC Appendix II OTS x x x Family Elapidae 4 Naja philippinensis Philippine Cobra Philippine Endemic NT Appendix II EN x x x 5 Ophiophagus hannah King Cobra Native VU Appendix II EN x x x Family Boidae 6 Malayopython reticulatus Reticulated Python Native LC Appendix II OTS x x x Class Aves
Order Passeriformes
Family Dicaeidae 7 Dicaeum australe Red-keeled
Flowerpecker Philippine
endemic
LC NA NA x x
Family Rhipiduridae 8 Rhipidura javanica Philippine Pied Fantail Philippine
endemic
LC NA NA x x
Family Muscicapidae
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No. Species Common Name Residency Status
Conservation Status Sampling sites recorded
IUCN CITES DAO
2004-15 1 2 3
9 Copsychus saularis Philippine Magpie Robin Philippine
endemic
LC NA NA x x
Family Cisticolidae 10 Orthotomus chloronotus Green-backed Tailorbird Philippine
endemic
LC NA NA x x
Family Sturnidae
Family Pycnonotidae
11 Hypsipetes philippinus Philippine Bulbul Philippine
endemic
LC NA NA x x x
Family Turdidae 12 Zoothera cinerea Ashy Ground-thrush Philippine
endemic
VU NA VU x
Family Paridae 13 Parus elegans Elegant Tit Philippine
endemic
LC NA NA x x
Order Columbiformes Family Columbidae
14 Treron pompadora Philippine Green Pigeon Philippine
endemic
LC NA NA x
15 Phapitreron leucotis White-eared Brown Dove
Philippine
endemic
LC NA NA x x x
Order Caprimulgiformes Family Caprimulgidae
16 Caprimulgus manillensis Philippine Nightjar Philippine
endemic
LC NA NA x
Order Coraciiformes Family Alcedinidae
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No. Species Common Name Residency Status
Conservation Status Sampling sites recorded
IUCN CITES DAO
2004-15 1 2 3
17 Alcedo cyanopecta Indigo-banded Kingfisher
Philippine
endemic
LC NA NA x x
Order Accipitriformes Family Accipitridae
18 Haliastur indus Brahminy Kite Resident LC Appendix II EN x x Order Cuculiformes
Family Cuculidae
19 Phaenicophaeus cumingi Scale-feathered Malkoha Philippine
endemic
LC NA NA x x
20 Cuculus fugax Philippine Hawk-Cuckoo Philippine
endemic
LC NA NA x x x
21 Centropus viridis Philippine Coucal Philippine
endemic
LC NA NA x x x
Order Piciformes Family Picidae
22 Dendrocopos maculatus Philippine Pygmy Woodpecker
Philippine
endemic
LC NA NA x
Order Gruiformes Family Rallidae
23 Amaurornis olivaceus Plain Bush-Hen Philippine
endemic
LC NA NA x
Order Strigiformes Family Strigidae
24 Ninox philippensis Luzon Hawk-Owl Philippine
endemic
LC Appendix II EN x
25 Otus megalotis Philippine Scops Owl Philippine
endemic
LC Appendix II EN x
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No. Species Common Name Residency Status
Conservation Status Sampling sites recorded
IUCN CITES DAO
2004-15 1 2 3
Family Tytonidae 26 Tyto capensis Grass Owl Resident LC Appendix II EN x Family Turnicidae
27 Turnix ocellata Spotted Buttonquail Philippine
endemic
LC NA NA x x x
Class Mammalia Order Chiroptera
Family Pteropodidae
28 Ptenochirus jagori Musky Fruit Bat Philippine Endemic LC NA NA x Order Rodentia
Family Muridae
29 Chrotomys mindorensis Lowland Striped Shrew-rat
Philippine Endemic LC NA NA x
Order Primates
30 Macaca fascicularis Long-tailed Macaque Native LC Appendix II OTS x Order Carnivora
Family Viverridae
31 Paradoxurus hermaphroditus Common Palm Civet Native LC Appendix III NA x x x Order Cetartiodactyla
Family Suidae
32 Sus philippensis Philippine Warty Pig Philippine Endemic VU NA VU x x TOTAL 18 25 18
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4.3. Invertebrate Fauna
4.3.1. Arthropod Composition and Abundance
Based on net sweeping method, a total of 111 arthropod species representing Class
Insecta and Class Arachnida in nine orders and 68 families were sampled from all the
sampling stations (Table 25). Among these species, 103 were insects belonging to eight
orders and 62 families. Only one Arachnid order comprised of eight species in six families
was sampled from the entire area. The list of families for each arthropod order including
their common names, number of families and species, and their feeding guilds is
presented (Table 26). The order Hemiptera, being one of the largest insect orders which
includes bugs, treehoppers, planthoppers, cicada, mealybugs, aphids, and scale insects,
appeared as the most abundant and dominant group among the insects (Figure 28). It
consists of 17 families and 25 species with a total abundance of 392 individuals based on
net sweep sampling from the different transects in NCC. It was followed by insect orders
Diptera (true flies) with 12 families and 16 species, Hymenoptera (ants, bees and wasps)
having 11 families and 17 species and Lepidoptera (moths, butterflies and skippers) with
11 families and 20 species. The rest of the arthropod orders including the order of spiders
(Aranea) were relatively composed of fewer families and species with low population
abundance.
Among the arthropod families, Cicadellidae (planthoppers) was found to be the
most abundant with a total of 276 individuals from the different samples. Of these
individuals, 250 belong to the species of mango hopper, Idioscopus sp. In every sampling
plot with mango trees, this species was collected. Arthropod samples from Transect 12
and 14 which are relatively disturbed areas with patches of mango and yemane
plantations gave high population abundance of Idioscopus having 113 and 98 individuals,
respectively. Furthermore, the two species of ants, the black ant Polyrachis sp. and the
weaver ant Oecophylla smaragdina locally called kara kara , also appeared comparatively
abundant over other species although their population based on the samples still
seemed relatively low at 33 and 22 individuals, respectively. These species of ants are
mutualistic species where they feed on the fecal honey dew of Hemipterans while
providing protection from their natural enemies and assisting dispersal of immatures.
The weaver ants were observed to have nests on the foliage of most mango trees due to
presence of mango hopper Idioscopus sp. In general, however, it was noted that most of
the arthropod species in the area had low population abundance.
Table 25. Summary of arthropod composition and abundance in NCC
Calss/Order No. of Families No. of Species Total Abundance
INSECTA
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Calss/Order No. of Families No. of Species Total Abundance
Hemiptera 17 25 392 Hymenoptera 11 17 99 Diptera 12 16 59 Lepidoptera 11 20 56 Orthoptera 3 7 51 Coleoptera 5 12 46 Odonata 2 5 22 Mantodea 1 1 1
ARACHNIDA
Aranea 6 8 46 TOTAL 68 111 772
Table 26. Summary of arthropod composition with information on abundance and feeding guild
Arthropod
Class/Order Family
Common
Name
No. of
Species
Total
Abundance
/Family
Feeding Guild
INSECTA
Coleoptera
Cerambycidae Long-horned beetles
1 1 Phytophagous
Chrysomelidae Leaf beetles 6 24 Phytophagous Cicindellidae Tiger beetles 1 10 Predatory Coccinelidae Lady beetles 3 9 Predatory
Curculionidae Snout beetles, weevils
1 2 Phytophagous
Diptera
Asilidae Robber fly 1 5 Predatory Culicidae Mosquitoes 1 7 Blood feeder Muscidae Housefly 1 13 Scavenger Drosophilidae Vinegar flies 2 6 Scavenger Calliphoridae Blowflies 1 4 Scavenger Chloropidae Grassflies 2 3 Scavenger Phoridae Phorid flies 1 4 Scavenger
Pipunculidae large-headed flies
1 1 Scavenger
Rhagionidae Snipe flies 2 4 Scavenger Syrphidae Hoverflies 2 4 Predatory Tachinidae Tachinid flies 1 6 Parasitoid Tipulidae Cranes flies 1 2 Scavenger
Hemiptera
Alydidae Broad-headed bugs
2 19 Phytophagous
Cicadellidae Planthoppers 5 276 Phytophagous Cicadidae Cicadas 1 15 Phytophagous Cixiidae Cixiids hoppers 1 1 Phytophagous Cercopidae Froghoppers 1 1 Phytophagous
Coreidae Leaf-footed bugs
1 5 Phytophagous
Delphacidae Leafhoppers 1 4 Phytophagous Issidae Issid bugs 1 1 Phytophagous Lygaeidae Leaf bugs 1 6 Phytophagous Membracidae Treehoppers 1 7 Phytophagous Miridae Plant bugs 3 32 Phytophagous
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Arthropod
Class/Order Family
Common
Name
No. of
Species
Total
Abundance
/Family
Feeding Guild
Pentatomidae Shield bugs 1 2 Phytophagous Plataspidae Plataspids 1 3 Phytophagous Pseudococcidae Mealybugs 1 4 Phytophagous Pyrrhochoridae Red bugs 1 20 Phytophagous Reduviidae Assassin bugs 2 4 Predatory Tropiduchidae Tropiduchids 1 2 Phytophagous
Lepidoptera
Arctiidae Tiger moths 1 7 Phytophagous;
adult pollinators
Crambidae Harlequin moths
1 1 Phytophagous;
adult pollinators
Erebidae Tussock moths 2 5 Phytophagous;
adult pollinators
Geometridae Geometer moths
2 5 Phytophagous;
adult pollinators
Hesperiidae Skippers 3 4 Phytophagous;
adult pollinators
Lycaenidae Blues butterflies
1 6 Phytophagous;
adult pollinators
Noctuidae Owlet moths, cutworms
2 3 Phytophagous;
adult pollinators
Nymphalidae Brush-footed butterflies
2 4 Phytophagous;
adult pollinators
Pyralidae Grass moths 4 20 Phytophagous;
adult pollinators
Yponomeutidae Ermine moths 1 1 Phytophagous;
adult pollinators
Hymenoptera
Apidae Honey bees 1 5 Pollinators
Braconidae Braconid wasps 2 8 Parasitoid; pollinator
Chalcididae Chalcid wasps 1 5 Parasitoid; pollinator
Chrysididae Cuckoo wasps 1 1 Parasitoid; pollinator
Evaniidae Ensign wasps 1 1 Parasitoid; pollinator
Formicidae Ants 3 66 Parasitoid; pollinator
Ichneumonidae Ichneumon wasps
1 1 Parasitoid; pollinator
Pteromalidae Pteromalid wasps
1 1 Parasitoid; pollinator
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Arthropod
Class/Order Family
Common
Name
No. of
Species
Total
Abundance
/Family
Feeding Guild
Scoliidae Scoliid wasps 2 8 Predatory; pollinator
Sphecidae Sand wasps, muddaubers
1 1 Predatory; pollinator
Vespidae Paper wasps, hornets
3 3 Predatory; pollinator
Mantodea Mantidae Preying mantis 1 1 Predatory
Odonata
Coenagrionidae Narrow-winged damsels
1 1 Predatory
Libellulidae Skimmers, perchers
4 21 Predatory
Orthoptera
Acrididae Short-horned grasshoppers
2 15 Phytophagous
Gryllidae Crickets 3 14 Phytophagous
Tettigoniidae Long-horned grasshoppers
2 22 Phytophagous
ARACHNIDA
Aranea
Salticidae Jumping spiders
2 9 Predatory
Agelenidae Grass spider 1 24 Predatory Lycosidae Wolf spiders 1 4 Predatory
Araneidae Orb-weaver spiders
2 5 Predatory
Thomisidae Crab spiders 1 2 Predatory Clubionidae Sac spiders 1 2 Predatory
Figure 28. Comparative arthropod composition in terms of families and species per order and their abundance
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
HEMIPTERA
HYMENOPTERA
DIPTERA
LEPIDOPTERA
ORTHOPTERA
COLEOPTERA
ARANEA
ODONATA
MANTODEA
TOTAL ABUNDANCE NO. SPECIES NO. FAMILIES
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Furthermore, the arthropod sampling data revealed that most of the sampling areas
had high similarities on their species composition. The highest index of similarity of 1.0
(100%) was obtained at Transects 6, 7, 9 which means that all these three areas contained
the same species richness and composition. The lowest index of similarity was noted in Transects 8 and 10 with approximately 46% of their species composition were similar
(Table 27). The other sampling transects had index of similarity ranging from 54% to 91%.
Table 27. Computed index of similarities ”Whittaker s index) of species composition between and among the
various plots
Transect 2 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
2 0 0.68 0.83 0.79 0.74 0.85 0.71 0.73 0.83 0.80 0.75 0.69
4 0.68 0 0.81 0.91 0.61 0.77 0.65 0.54 0.60 0.73 0.58 0.62
6 0.83 0.81 0 1.00 0.83 0.76 0.95 0.79 0.78 0.77 0.71 0.72
7 0.79 0.91 1.00 0 0.83 1.00 0.86 0.87 0.91 0.78 1.00 0.82
8 0.74 0.61 0.83 0.83 0 0.80 0.46 0.59 0.57 0.68 0.61 0.55
9 0.85 0.77 0.76 1.00 0.80 0 0.82 0.64 0.79 0.79 0.71 0.61
10 0.71 0.65 0.95 0.86 0.46 0.82 0 0.68 0.63 0.68 0.57 0.46
11 0.73 0.54 0.79 0.87 0.59 0.64 0.68 0 0.76 0.81 0.74 0.55
12 0.83 0.60 0.78 0.91 0.57 0.79 0.63 0.76 0 0.63 0.60 0.61
13 0.80 0.73 0.77 0.78 0.68 0.79 0.68 0.81 0.63 0 0.78 0.48
14 0.75 0.58 0.71 1.00 0.61 0.71 0.57 0.74 0.60 0.78 0 0.66
15 0.69 0.62 0.72 0.82 0.55 0.61 0.46 0.55 0.61 0.48 0.66 0
In terms of endemism and conservation status of the different arthropod species
surveyed from the area, the lack of database despite numerous but fragmented research
works on these aspects prevented the means to categorize them on their status. The
Philippine Red Data Book listed 16 species of butterflies that are endemic and threatened,
but none of these species were observed in the area. Very few species of butterflies were
noted in the area. However, further taxonomic works on arthropods may reveal several
if not many endemic species which might be threatened by habitat destruction. Plate 25
shows some of the species of dragonflies observed in the area. Several species of
dragonflies were very noticeable in areas with aquatic habitat which serves as their
breeding sites. Other insect species present in the area are presented in Plate 26 and
Plate 27.
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Plate 25. Selected photos of dragonflies documented in NCC. A – Chalky Percher (Diplacodes trivialis); B –
Straight-edged Red Parasol, male (Neurothemis terminate); C – Crimson-tailed Marsh Hawk, female (Orthetrum pruinosum); D – Crimson-tailed Marsh Hawk, male (Orthetrum pruinosum); E – Green Marsh Hawk (Orthertrum sabina); F – Crimson Marsh Glider (Tritemis aurorae)
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Plate 26. Selected photos of lepidopterous insects documented in NCC. A –Tiger beetle (Family
Cincidellidae); B – Luzon grass dart, Taractrocera luzoniensis (Hesperiidae); C – Wasp moth, Amala
huebneri (Family Erebidae); D – Pyralid moth (Family Pyralidae)
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Plate 27. Other insects documented in NCC. A –Molted cuticle of a species of cicada; B – Colony of weaver ant, Oecophylla smargadina; C –Group of mango hopper, Idioscopus sp. (Family Cicadellidae); D – Common housefly, Musca domestica (Family Muscidae)
Considering the feeding guilds of the arthropods, Figure 29 shows that 40% of the
species are phytophagous as wood borers, leaf feeders and sap-suckers, 12% are
scavenger and 1% blood feeder. On the other hand, the number of natural enemies in
the area totaled 44 species (47%), that is, 33 species (35%) of predators and 11 species (12%) of parasitoids. Among these natural enemies, 16 spcies of 14.4% belong to the
Order Hymenoptera, either as predator or parasitoid. These predators and parasitoids
contribute to the natural control of the populations of other arthropods to a certain level. Moreover, based on specific feeding guilds of the various species (Figure 30), 24% of the
species are phytophagous ones being sap-suckers, 14% are phytophagous leaf-feeders,
12% are scavengers, and 18% are primarily predators of other insects. In addition, the
Hymenopterans which are primarily pollinators especially the adults consisted of 12% that are parasitic and 9% as predatory but at the same time pollinators of flowering plants
and trees.
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Figure 29. Comparative proportions of the arthropods based on their general feeding guilds
Figure 30. Comparative proportions of the arthropods based on the feeding guilds of the various species sampled from New Clark City, Tarlac
40%
35%
12%
1% 12%
phytophagous
predator
parasitoid
blood feeder
scavenger
24%
18%
14%
12%
12%
9%
7%
1%
1% 1%1%
phytophagous; sap sucker
predatory on insect
phytophagous; leaf feeder
parasitoid; pollinator
scavenger
predatory on otherarthropod
predatory on insect;pollinator
phytophagous; wood borer
pythophagous; twig borer,leaf feeder
nectar & pollen feeder;pollinator
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4.3.2. Arthropod Diversity Indices
Table 28 shows these different species richness and diversity index values for the
sampled insects from the area while Figure 31 and Figure 32 illustrate the comparison
of Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Simpson s index of diversity and Shannon evenness index for the different sampling transects. Arthropod survey data revealed that Transects
2, 4, 10 and 15, despite that they are disturbed areas, had high species diversity having
Shannon-Wiener index values of 3.28, 3.12, 3.16 and 3.19, respectively. On the other
hand, transects 9, 12 and 14 had low species diversity with H-values of 1.8, 1.93, and 1.62. Studies had shown that an area with Shannon-Wiener index of 3.5 and above is
categorized to have very high species diversity. Similarly, Figure 31 shows same pattern
based on Simpson s index of diversity. Those areas that are relatively disturbed and with patches of grasslands, mango plantation and gmelina plantation had low to moderate
species diversity level. Figure 32 also indicates that as species evenness increases,
species diversity also increases. Thus, the figure graphically shows that Transects 12 and
14 had low evenness index values. As stated earlier, the abundance of mango hopper, Idioscopus sp., in these two mango-dominated transects had resulted to the strongly
uneven populations of the different insects in the area, hence, low evenness index values
for Transects 12 and 14.
Table 28. Computed diversity parameters and indices for insects in New Clark City using PAST ver. 3.23
Transect Taxa_S No. of
Individuals
Simpson
(1-D)
Shannon
(H)
Evenness
(e^H/S) Margalef Chao-1
T2 31 50 0.96 3.28 0.85 7.67 58
T4 26 37 0.95 3.12 0.87 6.92 55
T6 16 37 0.8 2.2 0.56 4.15 34
T7 17 27 0.88 2.53 0.74 4.86 37
T8 31 87 0.91 2.96 0.62 6.72 35
T9 9 30 0.8 1.85 0.71 2.35 15
T10 25 32 0.96 3.16 0.95 6.93 44
T11 13 23 0.84 2.21 0.7 3.83 36
T12 30 192 0.64 1.93 0.23 5.52 40
T13 19 26 0.93 2.81 0.88 5.53 54
T14 26 146 0.54 1.62 0.19 5.02 39
T15 27 39 0.95 3.19 0.9 7.1 46
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Figure 31. Graphical comparison of the computed Shannon-Wiener diversity index for insects
in the different sampling transects in New Clark City, Tarlac
Figure 32. Graphical comparison of the computed Simpson s index of diversity ”1-D) and species evenness index (H/S) for insects in the different sampling transects in New Clark City, Tarlac
3.28
3.12
2.20
2.53
2.96
1.85
3.16
2.21
1.93
2.81
1.62
3.19
T 2 T 4 T 6 T 7 T 8 T 9 T 1 0 T 1 1 T 1 2 T 1 3 T 1 4 T 1 5
IND
EX V
ALU
E
SAMPLING TRANSECT
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
T2 T4 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15
IND
EX V
ALU
E
SAMPLING TRANSECT
Simpson_1-D Evenness_e^H/S
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For Class Arachnida particularly spiders (Order Aranea), the computed diversity
indices are presented in Table 29 and graphical comparison of these indices are shown in Figure 33, and Figure 34. Based on arthropod sampling, species of spiders were
collected only in six (6) sampling transects (T2, T9, T10, T11 and T15). The data show very
few spider species sampled from the area with very low abundance. Thus, Shannon-Wiener diversity index for spiders indicates very low species diversity, transect 2 having
only an index value of H = 1.41 but notably highest among the six transects. The lowest
index value was observed in Transect 10 with H=0.64, that is, very low spider diversity.
Apparently, spider species richness in the area sampled was really very low which can be attributed to the very dry condition in the area and the low plant diversity in the
understory of the vegetation where the arthropod samples were taken. Many spiders
especially the non-web formers find shelter in the foliage of vegetation.
Table 29. Computed diversity parameters and indices for spiders in New Clark City using PAST ver. 3.23
Transect Taxa_S No. of
Individuals
Simpson
(1-D)
Shannon
(H)
Evenness
(e^H/S) Margalef Chao-1
T2 6 13 0.66 1.41 0.68 1.95 9
T4 2 2 0.50 0.69 1.00 1.44 3
T9 2 2 0.50 0.69 1.00 1.44 3
T10 2 3 0.56 0.64 0.94 0.91 2
T11 2 2 0.50 0.69 1.00 1.44 3
T15 3 3 0.67 1.10 1.00 1.82 6
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Figure 33. Graphical comparison of the computed Shannon-Wiener diversity index for spiders in the different sampling transects in New Clark City, Tarlac.
Figure 34. Graphical comparison of the computed Simpson s index of diversity ”1-D) and species evenness index (H/S) for spiders in the different sampling transects in New Clark City, Tarlac
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
T2 T4 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15
Ind
ex V
alu
e
Sampling Transect
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
T2 T4 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15
Ind
ex v
alu
e
Sampling Transect
Simpson_1-D
Evenness_e^H/S
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4.4. Freshwater Ecology
4.4.1. Site Description
Nine stations were designated representing areas with no active development, areas within the active development, areas nearby the active development and those
impacted by various human-related activities outside the project development area. The
general characteristics of the sampling stations are presented in Table 30 while photos are shown in Plate 28.
Table 30. Site description of freshwater ecology sampling stations
Station
Code
River System/
Location
Coordinates Site Description
Latitude Longitude
FW-01 Bangut River, Flora, Maruglu, Capas, Tarlac
15.27158 120.44677 Pool portion about 197 masl with larg boulder on one side just up upstream where off road vehicle passes through. Clear water moderately flowing on sandy substrate. Width about 9.5 m with average depth of 1.03 m. Large Shorea palosapis present on top of the boulder. Right floodplain sandy and rocky and further bounded by tall grasses. The area is being utilized for bathing both for humans and carabaos. Run located a bit downstream of this pool area.
FW-02 Bangut River, Patling, Malabayukan, Capas, Tarlac
15.32312 120.46747 Downstream of FW01 about 128 masl. Width about 6.15 m and an average depth of 0.15 m. Clear water slow flowing on substrates predominantly comprised of alluvial fine silts. Scouring of the right riverbank noted as well as farming on the left side. Left floodplain sandy and dominated with grasses while riparian vegetation on the right predominantly planted with Gmelina arborea. The station characterized of a run or part of stream with smooth unbroken flow.
FW-03 Bangut River, Patling, Malabayukan, Capas, Tarlac
15.34456 120.47144 Station located about 118 masl and about 7.2 km downstream of Station FW-02. Water clear and slow flowing on substrates predominantly comprised of alluvial fine silt and muds. Width about 14.53 m and average water depth of 0.20 m. Presence of water hyacinth, Eichhornia
crassipes, was documented which serves as hiding place for various aquatic organisms. Further downstream portion of the river being utilized as bathing area for carabaos and adjacent to it piles of garbage were observed. The station as in the previous station is considered a run.
FW-04 Cutcut River, Kanuman, Capas, Tarlac
15.28243 120.48851 Station after on-going development about 137 masl. Width 5.09 m and an average depth of 0.13 cm with moderately flowing clear water. Large
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Station
Code
River System/
Location
Coordinates Site Description
Latitude Longitude
populations of two endemic species, Gulaphallus
mirabilis and Nomorhamphus pectoralis were noted in the area as it provides moderately and shallow flowing water over boulders and cobbles which is a riffle-like which is connected to a pool. Banks adorned with grasses. A large antipolo tree, Artocarpus blancoi, was noted on the right riverbank.
FW-05 Maruglu Creek, Kanuman, Maruglu, Capas, Tarlac
15.31798 120.50597 Tributary to Cutcut River. Station before merging with the river, a bit up of the damaged round culverts. Elevation about 78 masl. Width about 5.77 m and an average depth of 0.36 m. Water slowly flowing on substrates predominantly comprised of alluvial fine silt and muds. Water turbid during the time of sampling due to presence of bathing carabao further upstream. Bank vegetation primarily perennial grasses. Station hosts ten fish species making it the most species-rich area.
FW-06 Cutcut River, Kawayanan, Maruglu, Capas, Tarlac
15.31475 120.50189 Station located before merging with Maruglu Creek about 93 masl. Width about 3.9 m and depth of 0.14 m. Clear water slowly flowing on substrates predominantly comprised of alluvial fine silts and muds. Floodplain covered with grasses. Trees such as rain tree, Albizia lebbeck, Indian almond tree, Terminalia catappa and madre de cacao, Gliricidia sepium were noted on the area. As with FW-04, this portion hosts large populations of two endemic species, G. mirabilis and N. pectoralis.
FW-07 Cutcut River, Kawayanan, Maruglu, Capas, Tarlac
15.32157 120.50587 Station located after the merging with Maruglu Creek. Width 6.15 m and depth of 0.15 m. Clear water slowly flowing on substrates predominantly comprised of alluvial fine silts and occasionally rocks and cobbles. Embankment predominantly covered with perennial grasses. Gmelina arborea, Premna odorata and bamboo planted on the upper portion of the banks. Mass of algae evident on the area smothering cobbles and stones. Scouring evident on embankment.
FW-08 Cutcut River, Aranguren, Capas, Tarlac
15.34413 120.53699 Station located below the on-going construction of NCC Stadium with an elevation of 65 masl. Width 4.16 m and depth about 0.13 m. Turbid water flowing on substrate predominantly thick muds coming from active road works further upstream of the station. Upstream embankment covered with grasses but downstream bare on both sides with slips on the left part primarily due to precipitation. Upper left embankment lined with Gmelina arborea.
FW-09 Cutcut River, Aranguren, Capas, Tarlac
15.34309 120.54849 Station located after the active area of development traversing to areas impacted by various human-related activities just after the
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Station
Code
River System/
Location
Coordinates Site Description
Latitude Longitude
bridge. Width about 4.78 m and an average depth of 0.56 m. Water very turbid and moderately flowing on muddy substrate. Water emitting foul odor attributable to piggery and poultry located upstream. Water observed being pumped to water rice paddies located on top of the embankment. Riverbanks with grasses, shrubs and mango trees.
Plate 28. Photos of freshwater ecology stations. A – FW-01, B – FW-02, C – FW-03, D – FW-04, E – FW-05, F – FW-06, G – FW-07, H – FW-08, -I – FW-09
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4.4.2. Periphyton
Periphyton, also known as benthic algae or phytobenthos are important
components of a stream ecosystem (Stevenson & Bahls, 1999). They are important
contributors to the primary production in aquatic ecosystems, sitting at the bottom of the
food chain. These organisms are attached to substrate. Their characteristics are affected
by physical, chemical, and biological disturbances that occur in the stream ecosystem
during the time in which the assemblage developed (Stevenson & Bahls, 1999). They are
mostly algae, cyanobacteria, diatoms and water mosses which serve as food for small
organisms such as macroinvertebrates; thus, their presence is of extreme significance to
support the normal functioning of a stream ecosystem. In this study, this group of
organisms was considered as they occupy a position of the same importance as the
phytoplankton wherein both are quite sensitive to environmental stresses.
Sixteen species of periphyton from three Divisions were documented in the study
area. These include Bacillariophyta (Diatoms), Chlorophyta (Green Algae), and
Cyanophyta (Cyanobacteria) with 58%, 31% and 11%, respectively (Figure 35). Diatoms
are eukaryotic algae which are either unicellular or filamentous colonies are good
indicators of the environmental integrity. The last two groups constitute most the diet of
macrobenthos especially those having filter feeding habits.
Figure 35. Relative composition of periphyton Divisions recorded from the sampling stations
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In terms of species richness or the number of taxa present in the community
(Figure 36) Stations FW-01 had the most with eleven. This was followed by FW-05 with six
and FW-03, FW-04 and FW-07, all with five. The most taxa-deficient on the other hand
were seen in Stations FW-03 and FW-09 as the two stations were heavily silted during the
time of sampling.
As regards to relative density or the ratio of individuals present in an area over the
total recorded individuals, FW-01 had the highest with 24.87% followed by FW-03 and FW-
07 with 18.46% and 16.92%, correspondingly.
Figure 36. Total number of taxa and relative density of periphyton recorded from the sampling stations
Synedra sp. from the Division Bacillariophyta was the most abundant with mean
density of 1,400 cells/ml and a relative density of 32.31% followed by Spirogyra sp.
(Division Chlorophyta) and Fragilaria sp. (Division Bacillariophyta) with relative density of
27.18% (1,178 cells/ml) and 12.83% (556 cells/ml), respectively.
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Plate 29 shows the photographs of dominant periphyton recorded from the
sampling stations.
Plate 29. Dominant periphyton recorded from the sampling stations. A. – Synedra sp., B. – Spirogyra sp. and C. – Fragilaria sp. Observed with 100x magnification.
4.4.3. Macrobenthos
Macroinvertebrates are animals that have no backbone but can readily be seen by
the naked eye. They are also known as macrobenthos or benthic macroinvertebrates for
they live on the bottom of water bodies underneath benthic sediment. This group
generally includes a vast range of organisms like annelids (segmented worms), arachnids
(mites and spiders), crustaceans (crabs and shrimps), mollusk-like gastropods (snails and
slugs) and monovalves and bivalves, and insect larvae. They spend all or portion of their
lives that need an aquatic environment; hence, water quality is vital to ensure their
continued survival.
These organisms have various tolerance levels to pollution that is why they are
being used as indicator that would more or less give an estimate of the current status of
an aquatic ecosystem s health. They are also important components of both the aquatic and terrestrial food webs as they serve as food sources for other forms of organisms such
as predatory insects, birds, and fish. Their presence ensures the normal functioning of an
aquatic ecosystem as they are very important component of a food web.
Macroinvertebrate groups belonging to Orders Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and
Trichoptera (EPT) are widely used as pollution sensitive wherein their richness can
provide estimate of the condition of a water body.
Macroinvertebrate structuring in an aquatic ecosystem is determined by both
natural and anthropogenic factors. But the latter has tremendous effect on the
ecosystem as most of the stressors came from human-related activities that lead to
habitat alteration and deterioration of water quality.
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In this study, with the exceptions of Stations FW-01 and FW-04, other orders
dominated the 13 orders of macrobenthos documented in the study areas which
comprised 72.16% of the total macroinvertebrate organisms recorded.
Macroinvertebrate assembly in Station FW-01, has something to do with availability of
water and surface area just in the case of Station FW-04. Larger area and more available
water would indicate a larger space that macrobenthos could occupy. Macrobenthos rely
on loose substrate preferably coarse-bedded riverbeds with loose cobbles, pebbles,
stones and rocks where they could attach and fit in between spaces enabling them to
take advantage of higher dissolved oxygen from moderate flowing, shallow river sections
(ripples) compared to slow flowing river sections (pools). Absence of such riverbed setting
could limit presence and abundance of microbenthic organisms.
In terms of species richness (Figure 37), Station FW-04 had the highest with 17
followed by Stations FW-02, FW-01 and FW-05 with 14, 13 and 11, respectively. Stations
FW-06 and FW-07 both had 11 each and Station FW-03 had only 8 while the most taxa-
deficient station was FW08 with only 1. There were no documented macroinvertebrates
in Station FW-09 as the station had high water level and substrate comprised of silt and
muds. As to relative abundance, Station FW-04 also had the highest with 24.26 % followed
by FW-06 with 23.33 % while the lowest was seen in Station FW-02 with only 6.07 % share
of all the recorded individuals, whereas none was recorded for Station FW-09.
Figure 37. Species richness and abundance of macrobenthos recorded from the sampling stations
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The pollution-tolerant dipterans (Order Diptera) were also present but of limited
number as shown in Figure 38 which indicates that generally, the streams are in good
condition. In other stations, EPT was not documented as the substrates are
predominantly comprised of alluvial fine silt and muds which do not provide adequate
habitat to this group of organisms.
Figure 38. Abundance of macrobenthps documented from the sampling stations
Gerris sp. from the Order Hemiptera and Family Gerridae was the most abundant
with relative abundance of 20.22% followed by Macrobrachium latidactylus (Decapoda:
Palaemonidae), Ephemerella sp. (Ephemeoptera: Emphemeridae), Ischnura sp. (Odonata:
Coenagrionidae), and Corbicula fluminea (Venerida: Cyrenida) with relative abundance of
12.75%, 10.89%, 6.99%, and 5.44%, respectively.
Plate 30 shows the photographs of dominant macroinvertebrates recorded from
the sampling stations.
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Plate 30. Photographs of dominant macroinvertebrates recorded from the sampling stations.
A. – water strided (Gerris sp.), B. – freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium latidactylus), C.
– spiny crawler mayfly (Ephemerella sp.), D. – forktail damselfly (Ischnura sp.) and E.
– asian clam (Corbicula fluminea).
4.4.4. Fish
Twelve species of fish comprising 934 individuals from 11 families were
documented in the nine sampling stations (Table 31). These includes three Philippine
endemic species, the priapium fish, Gulaphallus mirabilis Herre 1925 from the family
Phallostethidae; and two viviparous halfbeaks, Nomorhamphus pectoralis (Fowler 1934) and
Zenarchopterus philippinus (Peters 1868) from the families Hemiramphidae and
Zenarchopteridae, respectively.
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Two native species were also collected, walking catfish, Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus
1758) from the family Clariidae; and rock goby, Glossogobius illimis Hoese & Allen 2012 from
the family Gobiidae.
The remaining seven are all introduced species composed of wild goldfish,
Carassius auratus (Linnaeus 1758) from the family Cyprinidae; snakehead murrel, Channa
striata (Bloch 1793) from the family Channidae; Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus
1758) from the family Cichlidae; wild guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters 1859 and wild molly,
Poecilia sphenops Valenciennes 1846 both from the family Poeciliidae; armoured catfish,
Pterygoplichthys pardalis (Castelnau 1855) from the family Loricariidae and three-spot
gourami, Trichopodus trichopterus (Pallas 1770) from the family Osphronemidae.
Table 31. Number of individuals of fish fauna recorded from the nine sampling stations
Scientific name Sampling station
FW-01 FW-02 FW-03 FW-04 FW-05 FW-06 FW-07 FW-08 FW-09
Endemic
Gulaphallus mirabilis 40 59
Nomorhamphus pectoralis 173 43 3
Zenarchopterus philippinus 50 13 10 23 1 1
Native
Clarias batrachus 1 1
Glossogobius illimis 35 27 3 13 4 6 2
Introduced
Carassius auratus 2
Channa striata 1
Oreochromis niloticus 2 12 1 4 5
Poecilia reticulata 1 78
7 57 28 1
Poecilia sphenops 11 1 84 1 1 24 1
Pterygoplichthys pardalis 1 3
Trichopodus trichopterus 3 2
Total 96 17 199 218 64 189 38 11 7
In terms of relative abundance (Figure 39), the most abundant was Station FW-04
while the most depauperate was Station FW-09. The most species-rich area was Station
FW-05 which hosts 10 various species of freshwater fish. This may be attributed to surface
area and availability of vegetation on both embankments and the presence of damaged
box culverts where predatory species could hide. Additionally, most non-native species are
confined in this area including the two poecilids species and janitor fish.
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Large populations of two endemic species, N. pectoralis and G. mirabilis were noted
in Station FW-04 as it provides moderately and shallow flowing water over boulder and
cobbles which is connected to a pool. The presence of these microhabitats provides ideal
condition for these organisms to thrive. N. pectoralis is the most dominant species with
relative abundance of 23.66% followed by G. mirabilis with relative abundance of 20.45%.
Station FW-06 is located downstream of FW-04; hence, these two endemic species were
also noted in large number in the area.
Figure 39. Species richness and abundance of fish recorded from the sampling stations
The occurrence and conservation status of the documented fish in the study area
are presented in Table 32. The wild goldfish, the Asian catfish, and the Nile tilapia are all
registered as Least Concern (LC) while the rest are classified as Not Evaluated (NE) on the
Red List Category of the IUCN (2019).
In terms of economic importance, the gobies (family Gobiidae) are important part
of the ipon fishery wherein the young fry of various species of this group are being
harvested for fish paste making which is known as bagoong in Tagalog. Other economically important species documented includes the wild goldfish, the Asian catfish,
Nile tilapia and snakehead murrel, and to some extent, the three-spot gourami.
Different fish species requires different habitat depending on their feeding habit
and other factors which affects their distribution. Fish also requires good area for spawning
and areas to hide from predators. Some also have specific water quality requirement;
hence, some fish species are considered as indicator of stream health.
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Table 32. Status of fish species documented in the study area
Family Scientific name Occurrence
status IUCN 2019-1
Economically
Important?
Cyprinidae Carassius auratus
(Linnaeus 1758) Introduced Least Concern Yes
Clariidae Clarias batrachus
(Linnaeus 1758) Native Least Concern Yes
Loricariidae Pterygoplichthys pardalis
(Castelnau 1855) Introduced Not Evaluated No
Poeciliidae
Poecilia reticulata
Peters 1859 Introduced Not Evaluated No
Poecilia sphenops
Valenciennes 1846 Introduced Not Evaluated No
Gobiidae Glossogobius illimis
Hoese& Allen 2012 Native Not Evaluated Yes
Cichlidae Oreochromis niloticus
(Linnaeus 1758) Introduced Least Concern Yes
Phallostethidae Gulaphallus mirabilis
Herre 1925 Endemic Not Evaluated No
Hemirhamphidae Nomorhamphus pectoralis (Fowler 1934)
Endemic Not Evaluated No
Zenarchopteridae Zenarchopterus philippinus (Peters 1868)
Endemic Not Evaluated No
Channidae Channa striata
(Bloch 1793) Introduced Least Concern Yes
Osphronemidae Trichopodus trichopterus (Pallas 1770)
Introduced Least Concern Yes
The viviparous halfbeak, Nomorhamphus pectoralis, was the most dominant species with relative abundance of 23.66 % followed by the endemic priapium fish, Gulaphallus mirabilis with relative abundance of 20.45 %. This was followed by two recognized invasive poecilids, P. reticulata and P. sphenops with 18.63 % and 13.17 %, respectively.
Other fish species determined through interview based on provided descriptions
include the giant mottled eel, Anguilla marmorata Quoy and Gaimard, 1824 and the loach goby Rhyacichthys aspro (Valenciennes 1837).
The feeding habit and habitat of fishes documented in the sampling stations are presented in Table 33.
Table 33. Feeding habit and habitat of species recorded in the study area
Family Scientific name IAS? Feeding habit Habitat
Anguillidae Anguilla mormorata1 No carnivores fw, br, ma
Cyprinidae Carassius auratus Yes omnivores fw
Clariidae Clarias batrachus Yes omnivores fw
Loricariidae Pterygoplichthys pardalis Yes detrivores fw
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Poeciliidae Poecilia reticulata Yes detrivores fw
Poecilia sphenops No detrivores fw, can tolerate br
Gobiidae Glossogobius illimis2 No omnivores fr, br, ma
Eleotridae Rhyocicthys aspro1 No Omnivores fw
Cichlidae Oreochromis niloticus Yes omnivores fr, can tolerate br
Phallostethidae Gulaphallus mirabilis2 No detrivores fw
Hemirhamphidae Nomorhamphus pectoralis2 No detrivores fw
Zenarchopteridae Zenarchopterus philippinus2 No detrivores fw
Channidae Channa striata No omnivores fw
Osphronemidae Trichopodus trichopterus No detrivore fw
Note: 1based on interview; 2new record; fw – freshwater; br – brackish; ma - marine
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4.4.5. Reptile
A single specimen of introduced invasive alien species, the Chinese softshell turtle,
Pelodiscus sinensis (Plate 31), was documented in Station FW-05. Residents that were
interviewed said that sometimes they can catch larger specimens in the Cutcut River
which they said are being cooked and eaten. The documentation of small specimen
indicates presence of breeding population in the area.
Plate 31. The Chinese softshell turtle documented in Station FW-05.
On 22 February 2013, the Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau (now the
Biodiversity Management Bureau) released a Technical Bulletin No. 2013-02 which
prohibits introduction of the said species to wetlands and other areas of the country.
Despite its status as an IAS in the country, it is considered as Vulnerable under the IUCN
Red List Assessment due to decreasing population trend in its natural habitat which is
limited to China, Japan, Taiwan and Vietnam because of poaching.
Another species, the native Asian box turtle, Cuora amboinensis was used to get
caught in the area according to locals but nowhere to be seen nowadays. The Chinese
softshell turtle might have caused the displacement of the native turtle as the former
competes with available resources and space as habitat, and due to overharvesting.
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4.4.6. Noteworthy Species
A species of riverine crab, Sundathelphusa grapsoides (Plate 32) from Order
Decapoda and Family Potamidae, originally described from Pampanga by H. Mile
Edwards in 1853, was documented in Station FW-04. This species has since been known
to occur only in Bulacan and Pampanga. Finding population of this species in Cutcut River
expanded the natural geographic distribution of this species, which now includes Tarlac.
Plate 32. Riverine crab, Sundathelphusa grapsoides
Three Philippine endemic freshwater fishes - the priapium fish, Gulaphallus
mirabilis Herre 1925; and two viviparous halfbeaks, Nomorhamphus pectoralis (Fowler
1934) and Zenarchopterus philippinus (Peters 1868) were documented in the project areas.
The three are considered diminutive species which can easily be affected by even
slight changes in their environment. There is limited knowledge on their geographic
distribution but given that they are only limited to freshwater, it is expected that they are
only restricted to Luzon; hence, finding them thriving with good population in Cutcut River
would be a good starting point for their conservation to ensure their continuous survival.
Photographs of all the freshwater fishes documented in the area is shown in Plate
33 & Plate 34Error! Reference source not found..
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Plate 33. Photos of recorded noteworthy species within the sampling sites. A. – Cypriniformes:
Cyprinidae (Carassius auratus); B. – Siluriformes: Clariidae (Clarias batrachus); C. - Siluriformes: Loricariidae (Pterygoplichthys pardalis); D. - Gobiiformes: Gobiidae (Glossogobius illimis); E. - Cichliformes: Cichlidae (Oreochromis niloticus); and F. - Atheriniformes: Phallostethidae (Gulaphallus mirabilis)
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Plate 34. Photos of recorded noteworthy species within the sampling sites. A. - Beloniformes:
Hemirhamphidae (Nomorhamphus pectoralis); B. - Beloniformes: Zenarchopteridae (Zenarchopterus philippinus); C. - Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae (Poecilia reticulata); D. - Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae (Poecilia sphenops); E. - Anabantiformes: Channidae (Channa striata); and F. - Anabantiformes: Osphronemidae (Trichopodus trichopterus)
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5. LAND COVER CHANGE ANALYSIS AND PREDICTIVE MODELING OF URBAN AREAS IN NCC AND ITS SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT
5.1. Land Cover Change
Land cover change studies play a significant role in decision making and in
formulating policies that are vital in sustainably managing the natural resources. It also
evaluates the content of the earth s surface and how such changes in the environment
affect the condition and functions of the ecosystem. This part of the study aims to
monitor changes of the land cover in the area and generate future scenarios highlighting
the expansion of urban areas not only within NCC and the two watersheds, but also to its
neighboring areas using various transition potential modeling.
Initially, two land cover maps (2010 and 2015) were used to analyze changes in the
study area (Figure 40 & Figure 41). A 50 km x 50 km grid covering an area of 250,000 ha
was utilized to include neighboring areas around NCC. Based on the analysis,
brush/shrubs, annual crop, closed forest, and inland water decreased from 2010 to 2015
(Table 34). Majority of this decline was observed in brush/shrubs areas (16,105 ha) and
annual crop (4,394 ha). On the other hand, increases were observed in built-up, grassland,
fishpond, open forest, open/barren, and perennial crop. Grassland (13,833 ha),
open/barren (3,251 ha) and built-up areas (2,909 ha) had the highest increases among
the different land cover types.
Table 34. Relative change between 2010 and 2015 land cover maps
Land Cover 2010 2015 Gain or Loss
Area (ha) Percent (%) Area (ha) Percent (%) Area (ha) Percent (%)
Annual Crop 94,990 38.0 90,596 36.2 (4,394) (4.6) Brush/Shrubs 87,527 35.0 71,422 28.6 (16,105) (18.4) Built-up 18,720 7.5 21,629 8.7 2,909 15.5 Closed Forest 953 0.4 795 0.3 (158) (16.5) Fishpond 283 0.1 835 0.3 552 195.4 Grassland 11,188 4.5 25,022 10.0 13,833 123.6 Inland Water 7,512 3.0 5,866 2.3 (1,646) (21.9) Open Forest 19,850 7.9 21,414 8.6 1,564 7.9 Open/Barren 2,175 0.9 5,426 2.2 3,251 149.4 Perennial Crop 6,802 2.7 6,996 2.8 94 2.9 TOTAL 250,000 100.0 250,000 100.0
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Figure 40. Land cover map of 2010
Figure 41. Land cover map of 2015
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Land cover change in the two watersheds was also analyzed. In Cutcut Watershed,
it was found that annual crop, brush/shrubs, and open forest declined between 2010 and
2015 (Table 35). Majority of the agricultural areas was converted into built-up areas (514
ha), perennial crop (382 ha), and into brush/shrub areas (177 ha) in 2015. In terms of
brush/shrub areas, about 472 ha were converted from 2010 to 2015 into annual crop and
approximately 1,182 ha into grassland areas. On the contrary, built-up areas, grassland,
and perennial crop increased over the same period. From 2010 to 2015, a significant loss
of brush/shrub areas into grassland (1,182 ha) was observed.
Table 35. Land cover change analysis between 2010 and 2015 for Cutcut Watershed
Land Cover 2010
Land Cover 2015
Annual Crop
Brush/ Shrubs
Built-Up Fishpond Grassland Inland Water
Open Forest
Perennial Crop
Grand Total
Annual Crop 7,287.59 177.26 514.35 73.92 58.43 1.28 382.24 8,495.06 Brush/Shrubs 472.07 2,789.41 29.79 1,181.92 16.02 13.14 474.85 4,977.21
Built-up 223.90 40.95 1,287.40 1.35 28.19 2.53 1.59 98.57 1,684.48 Grassland 69.04 136.43 16.15 225.23 1.55 10.06 458.46
Open Forest 15.29 6.81 0.79 4.67 1.17 24.20 52.93 Perennial
Crop 133.17 370.99 99.30 33.98 1.49 812.76 1,451.70
Grand Total 8,201.06 3,521.86 1,947.77 1.35 1,547.91 79.64 41.76 1,778.49 17,119.84
Meanwhile, the O Donnell Watershed exhibited decrease in brush/shrub areas as
well as in its open forest (Table 36). About 2,324 ha of brush/shrubs were converted into
grassland areas in 2015. In addition, about 544 ha and 193 ha of it were transformed into
annual crop and open/barren areas, respectively. Moreover, it can be observed that
about 1,200 ha of inland water was already classified into open/barren areas in 2015. This
change may have affected the water supply in the downstream areas of the watershed.
However, in terms of areas that increased, annual crop, built-up, grassland, and perennial
crop have gained over this period.
Table 36. Land cover change analysis between 2010 and 2015 for O Donnell Watershed
Land Cover 2010
Land Cover 2015
Annual Crop
Brush/ Shrubs
Built-Up
Fishpond Grassland Inland Water
Open Forest
Perennial Crop
Grand Total
Annual Crop 5,754.93 128.97 56.83 128.13 205.16 98.24 217.87 Brush/Shrubs 543.75 11,710.86 3.59 2,324.02 250.30 429.59 192.99 65.55
Built-up 21.37 2.60 172.18 0.95 0.01 1.28 2.04 8.89 Grassland 190.60 643.70 7.86 849.08 91.95 0.48 139.14 1.58
Open Forest 259.41 69.41 4.38 0.46 389.92 1,231.13 12.68 1,199.57 3.73 Perennial
Crop 525.18 18.47 21.62 1,954.61 0.71
Grand Total 45.10 70.00 9.03 1.90 1.00 0.63 272.19
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Apart from this, the land cover maps were also used to generate the positive and
negative trends in the watersheds and NCC. The nature of the trend is mainly based on
the vegetation cover. This means that if the vegetation is converted from a dense canopy
to an open area (e.g. forest to open/barren or to built-up areas), this is considered as a
negative trend. However, if the change is from less vegetated area to a dense canopy
cover (e.g. grassland to brush/shrubs or to forest) then this change is regarded as a
positive trend. The analysis also includes areas that have been persistent through time
which means that a land cover type did not change from 2010 to 2015.
Figure 42 shows these different trends in the area and majority of these are
considered as negative trends. In NCC, it was found that most of its negative trends are
situated in the northern and central portions of the area where development is also
currently undertaken. But there are also areas with positive trends that can be observed
in the southern part of the O Donnell and Cutcut Watersheds.
Figure 42. Positive and negative trends in the land cover of the two watersheds
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5.2. Predictive Modeling of Future Urban Scenarios
The maps depicting trends together with the drivers of change are then used to
create transition potentials that are significant in generating future urban scenarios.
These drivers of change or variables can be classified as static or dynamic. Static variables
express aspects of basic suitability for the transition and are unchanging over time while
dynamic variables are time-dependent drivers such as proximity to existing development
of infrastructure. In this study, eight variables were used, and these include: a) elevation;
b) distance from roads; c) evidence likelihood of land cover; d) distance from annual crop;
e) distance from rivers; f) slope; g) population; and h) distance from built-up areas. The
models for the different transitions were implemented using the Multi-Layer Perceptron
(MLP) Neural Network. MLP provides valuable information about the contributions of
explanatory variables and it can be used to model multiple transitions in just one sub-
model.
After running about 80,000 iterations, the model generated around 85.38%
accuracy rate with a skill measure of 0.8406. One output of the model is an information
that provide the sensitivity of the model. Table 37 shows what happens when you force
a single variable to be constant and gives the results for all combinations. The results
showed that holding variables 3 (evidence likelihood of land cover), 8 (distance from built-
up areas) and 2 (distance from roads) constant have the biggest effect on the skill of the
model. Among all variables, variable 3 (evidence likelihood of land cover) is found to be
the most influential variable while variable 6 (slope) is considered as the least influential.
Table 37. Sensitivity of the model to forcing a single independent variable to be constant
Model Accuracy (%) Skill Measure Influence Order
With all variables 85.38 0.8406 N/A
Var. 1 constant 84.62 0.8322 7
Var. 2 constant 59.23 0.5552 3
Var. 3 constant 18.46 0.1105 1 (most influential)
Var. 4 constant 71.54 0.6895 4
Var. 5 constant 76.15 0.7399 5
Var. 6 constant 85.38 0.8406 8 (least influential)
Var. 7 constant 80.00 0.7818 6
Var. 8 constant 37.69 0.3203 2
Meanwhile, Table 38 shows what happens when you hold all variables constant except one. This again exhibits the importance of variables 3 (evidence likelihood of land
cover) and 8 (distance from built-up areas) in the model.
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Table 38. Sensitivity of the model to forcing all independent variables except one to be constant
Model Accuracy (%) Skill Measure
With all variables 85.38 0.8406
All constant but Var. 1 8.46 0.0014
All constant but Var. 2 8.46 0.0014
All constant but Var. 3 33.85 0.2783
All constant but Var. 4 8.46 0.0014
All constant but Var. 5 8.46 0.0014
All constant but Var. 6 8.46 0.0014
All constant but Var. 7 8.46 0.0014
All constant but Var. 8 20.00 0.1273
Since the accuracy rate in running the model is already deemed acceptable
(85.38%), the transition potentials were created (Figure 43). These were then employed
to determine the future scenarios of the area. In the process, there are two basic models
that can be generated. These are the soft prediction model and the hard prediction model.
The soft prediction produces a map of susceptibility to change for the collected set of
transitions or simply pertaining to a comprehensive assessment of change potentials. On
the other hand, a hard prediction model is mainly based on the competitive allocation
model similar to a multi-objective decision process. In the study, 2040 and 2060 future
urban scenarios were modeled using the different eight explanatory variables.
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Figure 43. Soft prediction models for the different land cover types that will transition into built-up areas in
the future.
Based on the results of the models, an increasing trend of the built-up areas was
observed from 2015 to 2060 (Figure 44 to Figure 46). Table 39 also shows these future
extents of urban areas in NCC and its surrounding environment. Considering the entire
area of coverage, it can be observed that about 24,006 ha and 30,455 ha of built-up areas
will increase in 2040 and 2060, respectively from the 2015 state. In NCC alone, there s an increase of about 3,348 ha of built-up areas in 2040 from the 282 ha in 2015. In 2060,
there s an estimated total built-up area of 4,040 ha in NCC already, that s about 41% of the entire NCC area. Apart from the planned land use zones in the area, it can also be
noticed that there s a sudden increase of built-up areas in the southern portion of NCC.
Appropriate strategies can be crafted to prevent eventual conversion of the site into built-
up or to protect the headwater of the watershed and conserve the remaining important
biodiversity in the area.
Figure 44. Built-up areas in 2015
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Figure 45. Built-up areas in 2040
Figure 46. Built-up areas in 2060
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Table 39. Urban areas under different time periods
Area of Coverage Area (ha)
2015 2040 2060
Total Area Coverage 21,628.90 45,634.40 52,083.70
Cutcut Watershed 1,947.77 6,153.41 6,741.14
O'Donnell Watershed 253.86 1,325.75 1,703.20
New Clark City 281.86 3,629.77 4,039.98
Among the two watersheds, Cutcut Watershed will be mostly affected by the
increase of built-up areas (Figure 47). In the 2015 land cover map, it was estimated that
about 1,948 ha is classified as built-up areas. However, this is projected to further
increase into 6,153 ha and 6,741 ha in 2040 and 2060, respectively. Increase in the urban
areas will surely put pressure on the use of various resources such as water but also on
the biodiversity of the area. On the other hand, the O Donnell Watershed has only minimal increase in built-up areas when compared to Cutcut Watershed. It is projected
that future scenarios of urban areas in this watershed will increase by 1,072 ha and 1,449
ha in 2040 and 2060, respectively. The results from this modeling can be utilized to
formulate policies that can ensure sustainability of the resources in the area and at the
same time to warrant the protection and conservation of important species in the area.
Figure 47. Trend in urban areas in NCC and in the two watersheds across different periods.
As the trend in urban areas continue to increase in the future in NCC, it is also
important to consider during planning the climate-related hazards in the area such as
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flooding. Figure 48 shows a flood event with a 100-year return period over the predicted
urban areas in NCC in 2040. The flood hazard map was generated by the UP-DREAM Program under Project NOAH (Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards) and was
downloaded through the LiPAD website (www.lipad.dream.edu.ph). It can be observed
on the map that large built-up areas in the northern part of NCC will be greatly affected. Some areas in the eastern and southern portions are also susceptible to such kind of
hazard. This map is also archived in ADB s web-based platform SPADE (Spatial Data
Analysis Explorer) – a cloud-based server that contains various geospatial data. This
initiative of ADB is a good venue where data coming from various sources are being integrated and are utilized to draw different kinds of queries, generate analyses and
visualize outputs.
Figure 48. A 100-yr flood event over the predicted built-up areas in NCC in 2040
Moreover, the projected rainfall in Tarlac under RCP 8.5 scenario in 2036-2065 is
expected to further increase in different seasons except for the month of June to August where a decrease in rainfall is predicted. From December to February, there will be an
increase of 9.9%; 5.0 % from March to May has 5.0%; and 1.8% from September to
November. Pampanga, on the other hand, will experience increase in both emission scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5) from December to February and March to May. With
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these in mind, flood events in the area may be further aggravated in the future. Hence
the need to craft strategic measures to address potential issues and problems on climate-related hazards.
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6. SUMMARY OF PRESSURES AND IMPACTS TO BIODIVERSITY IN NEW CLARK CITY
The project will have direct effects on the environment resulting to forest land
degradation, habitat loss and fragmentation and disturbance of species population. In
addition, pollution caused by the project s operation will affect the behavior and
interactions of local species, and the natural processes within the forest ecosystem.
6.1. Forest Land Degradation
Forest land degradation is defined as a state of anthropogenically induced arrested succession, where ecological processes that underlie forest dynamics are
diminished (Ghazoul, Burivalova, Garcia-Ulloa, & King, 2015). With the advent of
development in NCC, the remaining forest land within the area will most likely be affected
resulting to reduced quality of habitat, species population, and net primary productivity.
Clearing of vegetation for the establishment of facilities will cause degradation of forest.
Hence, the natural succession of vegetation as well as the growth of novel species within
the area will be interrupted. Furthermore, this will also affect the inhabiting communities
that depend on forest resources.
Indirect effect of forest land degradation includes the increased vulnerability of
the area to the introduction of invasive alien species. Once the forest was cleared, the
area will become more suitable for the growth of introduced species (Morgera, Razzaque,
& Burgiel, 2017).
6.2. Habitat Loss and Fragmentation
Aside from forest land degradation, habitat loss and fragmentation are among the
potential impacts of the project. Habitat loss includes deterioration of habitat quality,
which has consistent negative effects to both flora (i.e. inbreeding, dispersal and seedling
establishment and reduced seed shadows) and fauna (i.e. breeding success, dispersal
success, predation, and animal foraging). Alteration of species interaction may also be
included as a result of habitat loss. In addition, this will expose the species that thrives
within the area to imminent risk of population decline and/or extinction. The project site
provides home to at least 276 species of plants from the area.
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6.3. Greenhouse Gas Emission
Deforestation and forest degradation enhance the atmospheric greenhouse gas
emission. Decay of plant materials and operation of machinery during construction
contribute to increased carbon emissions. Based from the result of vegetation survey in
this study, at least 431 trees with a total of 10,322 DBH will be cut to give way for the
development.
6.4. Pollution and Local Disturbance
The development of NCC will incur disturbance to wildlife particularly during the
pre-construction/construction/operation activity. Pollution, which includes waste (solid
and wastewater), air and noise will greatly affect biodiversity especially the fauna.
Additionally, the increase in the number of persons in an area and the presence of
pollutants during activities are factors to biodiversity disturbance. These pollutants may
come from man-made hazards such as ongoing activities, vehicles and in unpaved
secondary roads that produces emanating particles which contributes to the
concentration of NOx, SOx and air-borne particulate matter. Thus, a decrease in the
number and/or frequency of species observed in the area is expected with this kind of
disturbances.
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7. LEVERAGING BIODIVERSITY: INITIAL IDEAS FOR NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS
The result of the biodiversity assessment and modeling for NCC and the
watersheds showed an alarming loss of natural capital. If unabated, it may lead to
environmental crisis and missed opportunities for future development. The continuing
biodiversity loss may have implications to threats in food security, water security, climate
change adaptation, disaster risk, pollution control and human health, and reduced
options for future innovations (Roe, Seddon, & Elliott, 2018).
Therefore, NCC should be prepared to address the alarming rate of decline in land
and vegetation cover, and anticipated increase in built-up areas in Cutcut and O Donnell Watersheds. Efforts should be made to enhance the state of biodiversity within NCC and
its immediate surrounding areas to ensure a stable, productive, and resilient ecosystems.
Exploring the potential of Nature-based solutions (NbS) for New Clark City is being
put forward to address the above-mentioned challenges. NbS are broadly defined as
solutions to societal challenges that are inspired by and supported by nature (Raymond
et al., 2017). IUCN defines NbS as actions to protect, sustainably manage and restore
natural or modified ecosystems which address societal challenges (e.g. climate change,
human health, food and water security, or natural disasters) effective and adaptively,
while simultaneously providing human well-being and biodiversity benefits (Cohen-
Schacham et al., 2016).
The IUCN further categorize NbS according to ecosystem-related approaches such
as: a) ecosystem restoration approaches (e.g. ecological restoration, ecological
engineering, forest landscape restoration); b) issue-specific ecosystem-related
approaches (e.g. ecosystem-based adaptation, ecosystem based mitigation, climate
adaptation services; ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction); c) green infrastructure and
natural infrastructure approaches; and d) ecosystem-based management approaches.
For New Clark City, the present and future scenarios present complex challenges.
These are in the form of loss of natural capital, projected rapid increase in population,
various anthropogenic pressures in the watershed combined with potential high
conversion rate to built-up areas. This presents potential risks to current inhabitants of
Capas and Bamban, and future residents and locators of NCC.
An example of a complex challenge is ensuring water security. Considered to be
one of the scarce resources that will affect all stakeholders, the management requires
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looking at the factors and nature-based solutions beyond boundaries of NCC from
restoration and management of watersheds, coordination and synergy with local
governments, determining appropriate partnership model, finance solutions, policies,
among others.
Therefore, determining appropriate nature-based solutions to address the
pressures should be anchored in planning and governance framework across different
levels – project-level, inter-LGU, and watershed. The nature-based solutions can be
further categorized according to Environment, People and Community, and Governance
(49).
Figure 49. Pressures and Nature-based solutions vis-avis levels of planting and
governance
In consideration of the findings of this study, Figure 50 provide a list of initial ideas
of doable Nature-based Solutions for NCC that will enable BCDA to effectively manage
the watershed, its various ecosystems and species, thereby sustaining its natural capital.
The BCDA found that the biodiversity assessment and nature-based solutions are
envisaged to inform the integrated sustainability plan of NCC, planning and management
of landscapes for the parcels, and as reference that may be shared to locators in coming
up with their detailed development plans. Futhermore, the report is a good reference
document BCDA in crafting Biodiversity Management Program and provide entry points
for developing partnership model for governance.
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Figure 50. Initial ideas of doable nature-based solutions for NCC
7.1. Establishment of Priority Conservation Sites
The findings of the biodiversity assessment raise the need to establish Priority
Conservation Sites. These are locations or areas in the NCC that may be designated for the protection of natural habitats and are important to maintain ecosystem health. The
study identified Important Plant Areas, Important Wildlife Areas, and Important Riverine
Ecosystem.
Overlaying the data and land use using GIS, it was found out that the areas
recommended to be earmarked as Important Plant Area, Important Widlife Areas, and
Important Riverine Ecosystem are located near the Southwest portion of the proposed golfcourse. There are already ongoing developments in the area during the assessment
period. On the other hand, one of the sampling areas for riverine ecosystem (FW-06) was
located in a proposed mixed used residential zone.
Collectively considered as Important Biodiversity Areas, several measures need to
be in place to maintain the level of diversity to avoid further loss of habitat and
fragmentation. BCDA with its locators and developers of NCC should revisit the design guidelines for golfcourses and other infrastructures to factor in ecologically-sound
principles.
The diversity of wildlife species is directly associated with the quality of habitat
such as forest cover. The Important Biodiversity Areas areas are where the threatened
and endangered flora species are found. It should be noted that these species are
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protected by law. These areas can be excluded for development and 100% tree inventory
is required. The tagging of threatened species is necessary in this regard to implement appropriate management actions. Other mitigation measures are detailed in the
succeeding section.
Figure 51. Location of transects for the proposed Important Plant Areas, Important Wildlife Areas, and Important Riverine Ecosystem
7.1.1. Important Plant Areas
A matrix to obtain the true biodiversity value of each transect was developed to
determine the most important plant area in NCC prior to delineating priority areas for
conservation (Table 40). The assessment takes into consideration three factors involving
the number of species (richness), the number of threatened species, and the number of
endemics. A 3-point scale was used to rank each category (species richness, number of
threatened species, and number of endemics) integrating the generated range of values
for each criterion. The derived values were then summed up across transects obtaining
the biodiversity values to which it equates with the conservation importance of the
surveyed transect in the whole area.
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It was observed that the topmost important plant areas were transects 1 and 4.
Thus, it implies that these transects should be prioritized for conservation and protection.
Table 40. Matrix on quantifying the true biodiversity value of each transect
Transect No. of
Species Ranking
No. of
Endemic Ranking
No. of
Threatened Ranking
Biodiversity
Value
1 61 3 8 3 10 3 9
4 47 3 6 3 7 2 8
13 56 3 5 2 6 2 7
3 37 2 3 2 10 3 7
2 39 2 2 2 4 2 6
5 15 2 1 2 2 2 6
14 14 2 0 2 2 2 6
7 39 2 2 2 3 2 6
11 13 2 0 2 2 2 6
12 22 2 2 2 5 2 6
15 21 2 1 2 3 2 6
8 35 2 3 2 2 2 6
9 20 2 1 2 2 2 6
10 20 2 1 2 2 2 6
6 27 2 3 2 3 2 6
Note: The ranges used in ranking each criterion are the following: number of species (13 to 29 = 1, 30 to 45 = 2, 46 to 61 = 3); number of endemic species (0 to 3 = 1, 4 to 5 = 2, 6 to 8 = 3); and number of threatened species (2 to 5 = 1, 6 to 7 = 2, 8 to 10 = 3)
7.1.2. Important Wildlife Areas
Site 2 in Sitio Canuman, Brgy. Dapdap is an important area for endemic and
Threatened wildlife species. This is due to the remaining forest fragments in the area.
Most endemic species are associated with forested areas. Endemic species have varying
tolerances to habitat disturbances. Specialists are less tolerable while generalists have
broad habitat ranges. Site 3 is an important area for wetland-associated wildlife species
and migratory birds.
7.1.3. Important Riverine Ecosystem
The upstream and midstream section of Cutcut River harbor good population of Philippine endemic freshwater fishes such as G. mirabilis, N. pectoralis and Z. philippinus.
Additionally, two native species were also documented in the area such as G. illimis and
C. batrachus. Other species, although non-native but with economic importance that were
also documented include C. auratus, C. striata, O. niloticus and T. trichopterus. The same is
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true in the case of macroinvertebrates where good community structures were also
documented in Station FW-04 and Station FW-06.
7.2. Mitigating measures to address the pressures to biodiversity
An appropriate mitigation and offsetting plan based from the findings of this study
is needed by the NCC. Activities that aim to reduce the impact from forest degradation,
habitat loss and fragmentation, greenhouse gas emission and pollution should be
considered and incorporated to project s mitigation plan. These will ensure that while the
project is being undertaken, the impacts will not exacerbate the present environmental
condition of the area. Identifying the potential impacts of the project is the first step to
formulate a sustainable and relevant management and offsetting plan. Recommended
activities to be included in the mitigation plan are listed in Table 41.
Table 41. Recommended activities to mitigate impacts
Impact Activities
Forest land degradation • Allocation of area for transplanting of native and threatened species
• Progressive rehabilitation of degraded areas • Establishment of nursery sites for production of
planting materials Habitat loss and fragmentation • Provision of offset sites for areas that will be
subjected to vegetation clearing • Formulation of Biodiversity Management Program
that will focus on the maintenance and improvement of species richness within the area
• Establishment of biodiversity park to house the threatened species in the project site
River siltation • Limit clearing activities to minimum soil disturbance.
• Haul unused topsoil and earthen materials to designated Spoil Disposal Areas (SDA).
• Installation and proper maintenance of silt ponds/traps near waterways.
• Maintain riparian vegetation to serve as buffers along natural waterways.
• Preserve natural gullies/drainage patterns, if possible and practicable.
• Provide drainage canals and similar storm water conveying systems along roads which will also prevent soil slips and erosion
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Impact Activities
• Ensure routine preventive maintenance of vehicles and other mobile equipment.
• Avoid washing vehicle on surface water to prevent contamination of water.
• Designate wash bays with oil and water separator.
• Provision for spill kits and drip pans in all mobile equipment.
Greenhouse gas emission • Transplanting of selected trees • Conversion of cut trees to furniture to avoid carbon
emissions Disturbance of the local population of species
• Manage pollution from the project s operation
Increased susceptibility from invasive alien species
• Weed control and restrict planting of introduced species
• Use of native species in landscaping Pollution • Limit the speed of vehicles while within the project
site • Sprinkling of areas that accumulate dust • Revegetation of bare areas • Formulation of dust management plan • Reduction and regulation of noise from machineries
and vehicles
For native and endemic wildlife species, despite their resiliency, their continued
existence depends on forests (Lawrence Richard Heaney, Balete, & Rickart, 2016). Thus,
practices minimizing habitat disturbance and promoting the regeneration of second-
growth native or endemic forest species would be an effective management action to
further recruit native and endemic wildlife species and repel the proliferation of invasive
species. A caveat though is that once a wildlife refuge becomes established in the area,
this will also become attractive to hunters. Thus, the area should be protected either
through the establishment of a physical barrier or through regular surveillance.
Since there are already on-going and upcoming developments, many of the
abovementioned mitigation measures can be implemented through immediate
issuances of policy by BCDA. These policies range from procurement (e.g. only endemic
and native plant species for landscaping will be procured), planning and operations
guidelines, among others. Policy-related measures only entail minimal cost for the part
of BCDA. While the other mitigation measures can be borne from operational cost of
contractor.
The policy-related measures include: limit clearing activities to minimum soil
disturbance; haul unused topsoil and earthen materials to designated spoil disposal;
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installation and proper maintenance of silt ponds/ traps near waterways; preserve
natural gullies/ drainage patterns, of possible and practicable; ensure routine preventive
maintenance of vehicles and other mobile equipment; avoid washing of vehicle on
surface water to prevent contamination of water; designate wash bays with oiland water
separator; provision for spill kits and drip pans; among others. Mitigation measures and
incorporation of biodiversity principles can be also incorporated in the contract between
BCDA with its locators/developers/contractors.
7.3. Promoting the use of indigenous, native, and endemic species in NCC
To promote sustainable species conservation, tree planting of any purpose
(landscaping and/or reforestation) must prioritize the use of locally available plants
especially those identified as species of conservation concern (threatened and endemics)
instead of introducing exotic species. This will not only promote conservation but will also
ensure higher seedlings survival and better growth performance as local species have
been proven more resilient and adapted to local environmental condition.
The SGS Landscapes Consultants have already provided a list of trees for planting for specific purposes (i.e. river park, building vicinity, streetcaps). However, majority of
the trees recommended are not naturally growing in NCC and some are even exotic
species. Listed in Table 42 are the tree species recorded inside the NCC area, and their corresponding ornamental use/s based on the need of SGS. Photos of some of the trees
with beautiful architecture and flowers were presented to better appreciate their
ornamental values (Plate 36).
While SGS provided their preferred list of trees for landscaping, there is no
recommendation for hedges, shrubs, and vines. It should be noted that the horticulturists
were considered the main culprits in the proliferation of invasive plant species (i.e., Thunbergia grandiflora, Asystasia, Crossandra, etc.) in the forests all over the world,
primarily due to introduction of ornamental species without knowing first their biology.
The team noticed that most of the non-tree ornaments initially planted in NCC are exotic
ones (i.e. Canna spp., Heliconia spp. etc.). The list of some native plants recorded in the NCC area that can be used as hedge ornaments is shown in Table 43. The use of some of
these native species (Tabernaemontana pandacaqui, Schefflera elliptica, Combretum
indicum, and Murraya paniculata) is now being popularized in the country (Plate 36).
The selection of plant species for urban green development and landscaping
should be based on the following criteria: a) endemic and native species naturally
occurring in the area (species recorded during the inventory); b) available in the market; and c) highly valued economically and ecologically. To maintain a more climate-resilient
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forest/environement, these naturally occurring species should be mainstreamed in urban
planting. This way, NCC would also be contributing to the conservation of these Philippine plants.
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Table 42. Suggested alternative species to be used for landscaping
Scientific Name Local Name Family Name DAO
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Buchanania arborescens (Blume) Blume
Balinghasai Anacardiaceae - NA NE T3(Q3);T4(Q3);
T7(Q0);Opp (NCC)
river park, streetcaps
Semecarpus cuneiformis
Blanco Ligas Anacardiaceae - NA NE
T1(Q0Q3);T2(Q2Q4);T3(Q0Q3);T4(Q1Q2Q3);T5(Q0);T6(Q2Q3);T9(Q0);T12(Q4);T13(Q0Q4);T14(Q1Q2);Opp (Flora, NCC, River)
river park
Semecarpus longifolius Blume
Anagas Anacardiaceae - NA NE OPP river park
Koordersiodendron pinnatum Merr.
Amugis Anacardiaceae OTS NA NE T1(Q0); river park, streetcaps, open space
Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.f. & Thomson
Ilang-ilang Annonaceae - NA NE T1(Q2);Opp (NCC, River)
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps Haplosticanthus lanceolata (S. Vidal) Heusden.
Anolang Annonaceae - NA PE T1(Q1); river park
Miliusa vidalii J.Sinclair Takulau Annonaceae - NA PE OPP (Flora)
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps
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Scientific Name Local Name Family Name DAO
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Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thwaites
Indian lanontan
Annonaceae - NA EX T10(Q0);OPP
(NCC)
river park, building vicinity
Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. Dita Apocynaceae - LC NE T1(Q1);T2(Q0);
T7(Q0);Opp (Flora, River)
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps
Wrightia candollei Vidal Laniti-pula Apocynaceae - NA NE T2(Q2);T6(Q1Q2);T8(Q3Q4);
Opp (River)
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps
Wrightia
pubescens subsp. laniti (Blanco) Ngan
Laniti Apocynaceae - LC NE
T1(Q4);T13(Q2Q4);T15(Q0Q1
Q3);Opp (Flora, NCC,
River)
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps
Ilex cymosa Blume Malagidia Aquifoliaceae - NA NE T4(Q3);T6(Q3); river park
Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz Pingka-pinkahan
Bignoniaceae - NA NE T15(Q3);Opp (Flora, NCC,
River)
river park, building vicinity
Cordia dichotoma G.Forst Anonang Boraginaceae - NA NE OPP (River) river park
Cordia subcordata Lam. Banalo Boraginaceae - LC NE OPP (Flora)
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps
Canarium asperum Benth. Pagsahingin Burseraceae - LC NE
T1(Q0);T2(Q0);T3(Q0Q3);T4(
Q1Q2Q3);T6(Q2Q3);T7(Q0Q2
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps
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Scientific Name Local Name Family Name DAO
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);T8(Q0);T13(Q0);Opp (Flora)
Canarium hirsutum Willd. Dulit Burseraceae - LC NE T1(Q0);Opp
(Flora)
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps
Kleinhovia hospita L. Panampat* Byttneriaceae - NA NE T1(Q1);T4(Q1);T6(Q3);T13(Q2);Opp (River)
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps
Calophyllum blancoi Planch. & Triana
Bitanghol Calophyllaceae - NA NE T3(Q0);
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps
Celtis philippinensis Blanco Malaikmo Cannabaceae - LC NE T1(Q2);T7(Q3); river park, building vicinity
Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Hinlalaong* Cannabaceae - LC NE
T1(Q0);T8(Q0);T10(Q0Q0);Opp (Flora, NCC,
River)
river park
Trema tomentosa (Roxb.) H. Hara
Anabion Cannabaceae - NA NE
T2(Q2);T3(Q0Q2Q4);T4(Q3);T5(Q4);T7(Q0);T13(Q3);T15(Q
3);
river park, building vicinity
Garcinia binucao (Blanco) Choisy
Binukau Clusiaceae - NA PE T1(Q1); river park, building
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Scientific Name Local Name Family Name DAO
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vicinity, streetcaps
Garcinia mcgregorii Merr Batuan Clusiaceae - NA PE T4(Q2); river park
Terminalia catappa L. Dalasa* Combretaceae - NA NE T9(Q2Q3);T15(
Q0);Opp (River)
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps
Terminalia foetidissima Griff. Talisai-gubat Combretaceae - NA NE T8(Q2);T14(Q0Q0);Opp (NCC)
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps
Terminalia nitens C.Pres Sakat Combretaceae - VU NE T2(Q1);T3(Q1);
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps Anisoptera thurifera (Blanco) Blume
Palosapis Dipterocarpaceae
- VU NE T3(Q1);T8(Q0);
Opp (Flora) river park, streetcaps
Dipterocarpus gracilis Blume Panau* Dipterocarpaceae
VU VU NE T1(Q0); river park, streetcaps
Shorea contorta S.Vidal Lauan Dipterocarpaceae
VU CR PE T1(Q0); river park, streetcaps
Pterospermum diversifolium Blume
Bayog Dombeyaceae - NA NE
T1(Q1);T3(Q1);T4(Q1);T8(Q0);T13(Q2);Opp
(Flora)
river park, building vicinity
Pterospermum obliquum Blanco
Bayoi Dombeyaceae - LC PE T3(Q1); river park, building vicinity
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Scientific Name Local Name Family Name DAO
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Diospyros discolor Wild. Kamagong Ebenaceae VU NA NE T1(Q2);
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps
Diospyros philippinensis
A.DC. O-oi Ebenaceae VU EN NE
T1(Q0);T3(Q0);T4(Q4);T6(Q3);
Opp (Flora, NCC)
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps
Cleidion javanicum Blume Agipos Euphorbiaceae - LC NE OPP river park Macaranga grandifolia (Blanco) Merr.
Abing-abing Euphorbiaceae - VU NE T1(Q0);Opp
(Flora) river park
Macaranga tanarius (L.) Müll.Arg.
Bilua Euphorbiaceae - NA NE
T1(Q0Q3Q4);T2(Q0Q1Q2Q4);T3(Q2);T4(Q0
Q2);T5(Q0Q3Q4);T6(Q2);T8(Q0Q3);T10(Q0Q0Q2);T12(Q0Q1Q4);T15(Q1);
Opp (Flora, NCC, River)
river park
Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Müll.Arg.
Banato Euphorbiaceae - NA NE
T1(Q2);T2(Q2);T3(Q3);T4(Q1Q2);T7(Q2);T1
3(Q2);Opp (Flora, River)
river park, building vicinity
Melanolepis multiglandulosa (Reinw. ex Blume) Rchb. & Zoll.
Alim Euphorbiaceae - NA NE T1(Q1Q3);T2(
Q0Q4);T3(Q2Q3);T4(Q2);T7(Q
river park
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3Q4);T8(Q0Q1Q3);T9(Q2Q4);T10(Q0Q0Q2);T13(Q0Q1);T14(Q0Q0);Opp (Flora, NCC,
River)
Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth.
Anitap* Fabaceae - LC NE T3(Q1);T7(Q0);T13(Q3);T14(Q2);Opp (Flora)
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps
Albizia saponaria (Lour.) Miq. Malatuku* Fabaceae - NA NE T4(Q2);T6(Q1); river park
Bauhinia malabarica Roxb. Alibangbang* Fabaceae - LC NE
T2(Q0Q4);T3(Q1Q2Q3);T4(Q1);T5(Q1Q4);T6(Q0Q0Q1);T7(Q0Q1);T8(Q3);T12(Q2);T13(Q0Q4);T14(Q1Q2Q3);T15(Q1);Opp (Flora, NCC, River)
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps
Cynometra simplicifolia Harms
Pingan* Fabaceae - NA PE T1(Q0);T13(Q2
);
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps Millettia ahernii Merr. & Rolfe
Balok Fabaceae - NA NE T1(Q1); river park, building
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Scientific Name Local Name Family Name DAO
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vicinity, streetcaps
Millettia pinnata L. Bani Fabaceae - LC NE OPP (NCC)
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps
Parkia timoriana (DC.) Merr. Kupang Fabaceae - NA NE T1(Q0Q1);T6(
Q3);
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps
Cynometra inaequifolia A.Gray
Olod* Fabaceae VU VU PE T3(Q1);T4(Q1);
Opp (River)
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps
Kingiodendron alternifolium (Elmer) Merr. & Rolfe
Batete Fabaceae VU NA NE T13(Q2);Opp
(Flora)
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps
Pterocarpus indicus Willd. Daitanag* Fabaceae VU EN NE
T2(Q0);T11(Q4);T12(Q3);T13(Q2);T15(Q0);O
pp (Flora, NCC, River)
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps
Wallaceodendron celebicum Koord.
Banuyo Fabaceae VU NA NE T3(Q4);
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps Cratoxylum formosum (Jacq.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Dyer
Salinggogon Hypericaceae - LC NE T12(Q4);Opp
(River) river park, building
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vicinity, streetcaps
Cratoxylum sumatranum (Jack) Blume
Paguringon Hypericaceae - LC NE T4(Q3);T7(Q0);
T13(Q2);
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps
Premna odorata Blanco Tangli* Lamiaceae - NA NE
T2(Q2Q4);T4(Q1);T8(Q0);T9(Q4);T13(Q0);T15(Q1);Opp (Flora, NCC,
River)
river park
Vitex parviflora A. Juss. Molave* Lamiaceae EN VU NE T3(Q0);Opp
(Flora)
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps
Litsea cordata (Jack) Hook.f. Marang Lauraceae - NA NE T1(Q1);T5(Q0);T7(Q4);T13(Q2
); river park
Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B.Rob.
Puso-puso* Lauraceae - NA NE
T1(Q1);T3(Q0);T4(Q0Q2Q3);T6(Q1Q2Q3);T7(Q0Q1Q2);T8(Q0);T10(Q1);T12(Q4);T13(Q0);T14(Q0Q0Q2);T15(Q1);Opp
(Flora, NCC, River)
river park, building vicinity
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Scientific Name Local Name Family Name DAO
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Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Spreng.
Putat Lecythidaceae - NA NE T1(Q0);
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps
Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers.
Mitla* Lythraceae - NA NE
T1(Q2);T6(Q1);T8(Q0Q2);T13(
Q0);Opp (Flora, River)
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps
Pterocymbium tinctorium Merr.
Taluto Malvaceae - NA NE T1(Q0);T4(Q1
Q2);T8(Q0);Opp (Flora)
river park
Chisocheton cumingianus (C.DC.) Harms
Balukanag Meliaceae - NA NE OPP (Flora) river park, building vicinity
Dysoxylum arborescens (Blume) Miq.
Kalimutain Meliaceae - NA NE T1(Q0Q1);
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps
Dysoxylum gaudichaudianum (A.Juss.) Miq.
Malabaga* Meliaceae - NA NE OPP (NCC)
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps
Aglaia rimosa (Blanco) Merr. Busilak Meliaceae OTS NT NE T1(Q0);T7(Q2); river park
Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) R.Parker
Salakin Meliaceae OTS LC NE T1(Q0Q1);T4(Q1Q2);Opp
(Flora)
river park, building vicinity
Toona calantas Merr. & Rolfe Kalantas Meliaceae VU NA NE T1(Q0); river park, building
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vicinity, streetcaps
Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson ex F.A.Zorn) Fosberg
Rimas Moraceae - NA NE T8(Q1);Opp
(NCC)
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps
Artocarpus blancoi (Elmer) Merr.
Tipolo* Moraceae - VU NE
T2(Q0);T3(Q0Q3);T4(Q1Q2);T5(Q0);T6(Q3);T7(Q4);T12(Q2Q4);T13(Q0Q1);T14(Q2);Opp (Flora, NCC)
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps
Artocarpus nitidus Trécul Kubi Moraceae - NA NE OPP
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps
Artocarpus ovatus Blanco Anobion* Moraceae - NA PE
T1(Q0Q2);T2(Q0);T6(Q3);T7(Q0);T8(Q0);Op
p (Flora)
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps
Broussonetia luzonica (Blanco) Bureau
Himbabao Moraceae - NA NE
T1(Q0);T2(Q3);T4(Q2Q4);T7(Q0);T8(Q0);T13(Q0Q4);Opp (Flora, River)
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps
Ficus ampelas Burm.f. Upling-gubat Moraceae - LC NE T13(Q1);Opp (Flora, NCC)
river park
Ficus benjamina L. Salisi Moraceae - NA NE OPP river park
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Ficus callosa Wild. Kalukoi Moraceae - NA NE T2(Q2); river park
Ficus minahassae (Teijsm. & Vriese)
Hagimit Moraceae - NA NE OPP (Flora) river park
Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr. Tibig Moraceae - NA NE
T1(Q0);T2(Q1Q4);T4(Q0Q3Q4);T5(Q0);T6(Q2);T7(Q2Q3);T8(Q0Q1Q2);T9(Q0);T12(Q2);T13(Q0Q4);Opp
(Flora, NCC, River)
river park
Ficus odorata (Blanco) Merr. Pakiling Moraceae - NA PE T13(Q0); river park
Ficus pseudopalma Blanco Niog-niogan Moraceae - NA PE T4(Q3);T7(Q0);
T8(Q0);Opp (Flora)
river park, building vicinity
Ficus septica Burm.f. Hauli Moraceae - NA NE
T1(Q0);T2(Q1Q4);T3(Q3);T4(Q0Q2);T5(Q2);T6(Q2);T7(Q2Q3);T8(Q0Q2);T13(Q2);T15(Q4);Opp (Flora,
NCC, River)
river park
Ficus ulmifolia Lam. Alasas* Moraceae - VU PE
T3(Q1);T4(Q2);T5(Q0Q3);T8(Q0Q1);T9(Q1);T10(Q0Q0);T1
river park
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2(Q4);T13(Q0Q2);T15(Q1);
Parartocarpus venenosa Becc.
Malananka Moraceae - NA NE T1(Q0); river park, building vicinity
Streblus asper Lour. Ampas* Moraceae - NA NE
T4(Q1Q2);T13(Q3);Opp
(Flora, NCC, River)
river park
Artocarpus rubrovenius Warb.
Kalulot Moraceae OTS VU PE
T4(Q2Q3);T6(Q2);T12(Q4);T13(Q3);Opp (Flora, NCC,
River)
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps
Myristica glomerata (Blanco) Kudô & Masam.
Tambalau Myristicaceae - LC NE T1(Q0);
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps
Syzygium calubcob (C.B.Rob.) Merr.
Kupkup* Myrtaceae - NA NE T6(Q1);Opp
(NCC)
river park, building vicinity
Olax imbricata Roxb. Biton Olacaceae - NA NE OPP river park
Chionanthus ramiflorus Roxb.
Karaksan Oleaceae - NA NE T3(Q1);T6(Q2);
Opp (NCC)
river park, building vicinity
Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng.
Isip* Phyllanthaceae - NA NE
T4(Q1Q2);T8(Q0);Opp
(Flora, NCC, River)
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps
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Antidesma ghaesembilla Gaertn.
Binayuyu Phyllanthaceae - NA NE OPP
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps
Antidesma montanum Blume Timbabasi Phyllanthaceae - LC NE
T3(Q1);T4(Q1Q2Q3);T7(Q0);T12(Q4);Opp (Flora, NCC)
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps
Antidesma subcordatum Merr.
Malabinayuyu Phyllanthaceae - NA NE
T2(Q1);T3(Q2Q3);T6(Q2);T7(Q0);T8(Q3Q4);T12(Q4);T13(Q3);T15(Q1Q4);
Opp (Flora, NCC, River)
river park
Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm.f.) C.E.C.Fisch.
Matang hipon Phyllanthaceae - NA NE T13(Q0);Opp (Flora, NCC)
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps
Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume Dugaron* Phyllanthaceae - NA NE T2(Q2);T7(Q2);
T9(Q0);Opp (Flora, NCC)
river park
Glochidion gigantifolium (Vidal) J.J.Sm.
Bagnang laparan
Phyllanthaceae - NA NE T6(Q2); river park
Phyllanthus albus (Blanco) Müll.Arg.
Kalnag Phyllanthaceae - NA NE T6(Q1); river park
Phyllanthus myrtifolius (Wight) Müll.Arg.
Mousetail plant
Phyllanthaceae - NA NE OPP (River) river park, building vicinity
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Pittosporum pentandrum (Blanco) Merr.
Mamalis Pittosporaceae - NA NE T3(Q1);T4(Q3);T7(Q4);T12(Q4
);
river park, building vicinity
Ardisia pyramidalis Roth Aunasin Primulaceae - NA NE T1(Q0Q2);
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps
Ardisia squamulosa C. Presl Pataktol* Primulaceae VU VU PE T1(Q2);T4(Q1);
Opp (Flora)
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps
Drypetes maquilingensis (Merr.) Pax & K.Hoffm.
Tinaang pantai
Putranjivaceae - NA NE T1(Q0);
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps
Ziziphus talanae Merr. Balakat* Rhamnaceae OTS VU PE T2(Q2);
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps Canthium horridum Blume Kuliak-daga Rubiaceae - NA NE T4(Q3); river park
Canthium monstrosum (A.Rich.) Merr.
Tadiang-anuang
Rubiaceae - NA NE OPP (Flora) river park, building vicinity
Mussaenda philippica A.Rich. Kahoi-dalaga Rubiaceae - NA NE T9(Q4);T13(Q2);Opp (Flora)
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps
Nauclea orientalis (L.) L. Bagkal Rubiaceae - NA NE OPP (NCC,
River) river park, building
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Scientific Name Local Name Family Name DAO
2017-11
IUCN
2019-1 Endemism Trans-Quad Uses
vicinity, streetcaps
Neonauclea media (Havil.) Merr.
Uisak Rubiaceae - NA NE T10(Q0Q0);Op
p (NCC)
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps
Wendlandia luzoniensis DC. Kalasan Rubiaceae - NA NE T2(Q2);T3(Q4);
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps Casearia fuliginosa (Blanco) Blanco
Malaseresa* Salicaceae - NA PE T1(Q1);T13(Q2
); river park
Osmelia philippina Fern.-Vill. Oonog Salicaceae - NA NE T8(Q1);T11(Q0
); river park
Allophylus cobbe (L.) Raeusch.
Barotongol Sapindaceae - NA NE T8(Q0);T12(Q4
); river park
Ganophyllum falcatum Blume
Gogolingin* Sapindaceae - LC NE T1(Q2); river park, building vicinity
Guioa koelreuteria (Blanco) Merr.
Alahan Sapindaceae - NA NE T2(Q0);T7(Q2); river park
Harpullia arborea (Blanco) Radlk.
Uas Sapindaceae - LC NE OPP river park
Lepisanthes tetraphylla Radlk.
Bayag-daga Sapindaceae - NA NE OPP (Flora)
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps
Litchi chinensis Sonn. Alupag Sapindaceae VU NA NE T3(Q1); river park, building
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Scientific Name Local Name Family Name DAO
2017-11
IUCN
2019-1 Endemism Trans-Quad Uses
vicinity, streetcaps
Sapindus saponaria L. Malapalitpit* Sapindaceae VU VU PE T4(Q1);OPP
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps
Palaquium philippense (Perr.) C.B.Rob.
Malakmak* Sapotaceae - NA NE OPP
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps
Planchonella duclitan (Blanco) Bakh.f.
Duklitan Sapotaceae - NA NE T1(Q0);
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps
Grewia multiflora Juss. Aplit* Sparmanniaceae - NA NE T2(Q1);T13(Q2
);Opp (NCC, River)
river park
Gomphandra luzoniensis (Merr.) Merr
Mabunot Stemonuraceae - NA NE T1(Q0); river park, building vicinity
Sterculia comosa Wall. Banilad Sterculiaceae - NA NE T1(Q0);T4(Q3); river park, building vicinity
Sterculia cordata Blume Tapinag bundok
Sterculiaceae - NA NE T1(Q1);T6(Q3);
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps
Sterculia foetida L. Kalumpang Sterculiaceae - NA NE T4(Q1);T15(Q1
); river park, building
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Scientific Name Local Name Family Name DAO
2017-11
IUCN
2019-1 Endemism Trans-Quad Uses
vicinity, streetcaps
Sterculia oblongata R.Br. Malabuho Sterculiaceae - NA NE T3(Q0);T6(Q3);
T7(Q2);Opp (Flora)
river park, building vicinity,
streetcaps
Strombosia philippinensis S.Vidal
Tamayuan Strombosiaceae - NA NE T1(Q0); river park, building vicinity
Dendrocnide luzonensis (Wedd.) Chew
Lipa Urticaceae - NA PE T1(Q1); river park
Pipturus arborescens (Link) C.B. Rob.
Dalunot Urticaceae - NA NE T7(Q2); river park
Leea guineensis G. Don Mali-mali* Vitaceae - NA NE T4(Q0Q2Q3);T
7(Q0);Opp (Flora)
river park, building vicinity
Note: Endemism: PE – Philippine edemic, NE – Native to the Philippines; IUCN & DAO: NA – Not Assessed, LC – Least Concern, OTS – Other Threatened Species, VU –
Vulnerable, EN – Endangered & CR – Critically Endangered.
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Table 43. native plants recorded in the NCC area that can be used as hedge ornaments
Scientific Name Local Name Family Name DAO 2017-11 IUCN 2019-1 Trans-Quad Endemism
Tabernaemontana pandacaqui Lam. Pandakaki Apocynaceae - NA T9(Q0Q1);T10
(Q0Q2Q3);T13(Q0 NE
Aglaonema sp. - Araceae - - T1(Q1Q2) -
Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolso
Tukod-banua* Araceae - LC OPP NE
Schefflera elliptica (Blume) Harms Galamai-amo Araliaceae - NA OPP NE
Asplenium nidus L. Pakpak lawin
lalake Aspleniaceae - NA OPP NE
Begonia sp. - Begoniaceae - - OPP -
Capparis micracantha DC. Kasuit* Capparaceae - NA T4(Q0); OP NE
Combretum indicum (L.) DeFilipps Rangoon creeper
Combretaceae - NE - NE
Tacca sp. - Dioscoreaceae - - T3(Q1) -
Callicarpa formosana Rolfe Tambalabasi Lamiaceae - NA T13(Q4) NE
Clerodendrum intermedium Cham. Kasupangil Lamiaceae - NA OPP NE
Clerodendrum minahassae Teijsm. & Binn.
Bagauak Lamiaceae - NA T14(Q2) NE
Clerodendrum quadriloculare (Blanco) Merr.
Bakauak-morado
Lamiaceae VU NA OPP NE
Champereia manillana (Blume) Merr. Liyong-liyong Opiliaceae - NA OPP NE
Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. Pandan
mabango Pandanaceae - NA OPP EX
Pavetta sp. - Rubiaceae - - OPP -
Psychotria sp. - Rubiaceae - - OPP -
Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack Kamuning* Rutaceae - NA OPP NE
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Plate 35. Photos of suggested alternative species. A – Manila palm (Adonidia merillii); B. –
Aunasin (Ardisia pyramidalis); C. – Panampat (Kleinhovia hospita); D. – Kahoi-dalaga
(Mussaenda philippica); and E. – Laniti (Wrightia candollei)
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Plate 36. Photos of suggested alternative species. A. – Kamuning (Murraya paniculata); B to C.
Pandakaki (Tabernaemontana pandacaqui); D. – Rangoon creeper (Combretum indicum);
E. – Galamai-amo (Schefflera elliptica)
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7.4. Engaging Communities as Contract Growers of Native, Indigenous,
and Endemic Seedlings ”or even instant trees )
Contract growing of native trees is being done in many countries globally. The
range of native plant types (e.g. shrubs, seedlings, trees), maturity, and quantity varies
but it remains the most effective way to ensure availability of plants when needed. It is
also considered highly economical while maintaining the provenance of seed sourcing,
and the quality of hardened seedlings to survive climatic conditions. Contract
arrangements can be for specific number of years with earmarked minimum number of
plants/trees each year provided these are readily available and meet the specifications.
One of the principles of New Clark City is to bring about inclusive growth and
development. This can be further realized by continuing to engage the local communities
(can be former residents of NCC or communities in surrounding barangays, forest
communities, people organizations, and NGOs) to ensure steady supply of native,
indigenous, and endemic species. One of the reasons that discourage landscapers to use
native plant species in planting is the lack if not absence of available materials available
in commercial nurseries. To ensure enough planting propagules of native species, it is
best to partner with the local communities. Aside from promoting native species
conservation, local seedling sourcing will also provide additional livelihood for the local
people which will eventually translate to increase appreciation on native plants and most
likely better protection and conservation of the remaining species populations. Having
instant trees on the hand also commands higher market value and greater chance of
survival, especially for right species used in restoration projects.
NCC is anticipated to require continuous supply of various plant species and types
for landscaping, restoration, and other economic uses. This study provides a
comprehensive list of native, endemic, and indigenous species from NCC. Akleng parang
(Albizia procera), binayuyu (Antidesma ghaessembilla), and laneteng pula (Wrightia candolii)
are among the native species recently being used in road planting and urban greening.
These three species were found abundantly growing in the area and were observed
flowering/fruiting during the survey.
Fostering partnership for this kind of initiative is envisioned to provide
communities with livelihood, promote biodiversity conservation, reduce impact of climate
change, and sustainable development in the locality.
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7.5. Establish Payment for Ecosystem Services
Ecosystem services are defined as the benefits provided by the ecosystems to
humans . The range of ecosystem services derived from nature and biodiversity may be
classified according to provisioning, regulating, supporting, and cultural (Figure 52).
Figure 52. Types of ecosystem services or benefits from nature. Adapted from WWF in Roe et al. (2018)
The DENR provided some examples on the importance of valuing ecological and
economic benefits of biodiversity (as illustrated in Figure 53) in terms of water supply,
pharmaceuticals, food, and biomass fuels.
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Figure 53. Examples of benefits from biodiversity. Adapted from Biodiversity Management Bureau (2015)
The continuing decline of the state of biodiversity and ecosystem health in the
watersheds covering NCC necessitate the development of schemes and mechanisms to
secure long-term protection of forest ecosystems. The PES is one the mechanisms that
have potential to be implemented in NCC and the watersheds. The PES occurs when a
beneficiary or user of an ecosystem service makes a direct or indirect payment to the
provider of the service, and the one who preserves or maintains ecosystem service
should be paid (UNDP). The IUCN further defined PES as incentives offered to farmers or
landowners in exchange for managing nature resource to provide some sort of ecological
service.
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Figure 54. IUCN model flow of PES
CIFOR (2014) identified PES options based on the following ecosystem service or
bundles: 1) carbon sequestration and storage; 2) biodiversity protection; 3) watershed
protection; and landscape beauty (e.g. for ecotourism).
Some examples PES schemes were tried in various country in South America including Brazil and Mexico. The PES in Brazil aimed to compensate landowners to
voluntary accept to consereve natural forest areas associated with watershed protection.
The scheme combined the opporuntity cost and the indices for quality and quantity of
consservation (Young and Backker, 2014). In Mexico, its National Payment for Hydrological Environmental Services Program was designed to target peasant
communities (peasant communical properties) to pay forest owners for the benefits of
watershed protection and aquifer recharge. Economic incentivies were provided to avoid deforestation in areas where water problem is generally severe (GEF, 2014). Some
challenges identified in implementing PES include involvement of local authorities in
terms of ownership of the intitiave and obtaining sustainable sources of funding
necessary for the payments. However, opportunities exist in areas where water is considered of high demand. Furthemore, this is most beneficial for private sector into
agribusiness and utilities. It should be noted that PES schemes may differ depending on
the to contract agreement, payment modes, compliance, and cross-institutonal arramangements (Hejnowicz et.al., 2014).
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The NCC have the opportunity to establish a model PES where the owner or
manager of the natural resources in the whole development is BCDA (or NCC management). The other possible partners to be given with incentives in safeguarding
and maintaining critical resource for NCC (upper portion of watershed outside the
property) are the local communities (which may also include indigenous people) within the municipalities of Bamban and Capas. In which case, the locators and resident of NCC
(who are the ecosystem services beneficiaries) will pay appropriate fees.
7.6. Working with LGUs to achieve synergy in development plans
The Biodiversity Scoping Study already emphasized the need to collaborate and align NCCs Master Plan and with the thrust of the LGUs (Capas, Bamban and Provincial
Government) in order to promote an enhanced local environmental governance. The
Local Government Code encourages inter-LGU cooperation to leverage resources and
expertise to attain common development objectives.
Both Cutcut and O Donnell Watersheds are important to NCC and to the municipalities and Tarlac. Province. With NCC as the new growth area, the predicted urban development raises concern for the high conversion of lands into built-up areas.
The counter future challenges of unhealthy ecosystem and declining biodiversity needs
to be coupled with development controls within and outside NCC. The latter will require
co-planning and co-management with LGUs starting with the mandated Comprehensive Land Use Plan and Comprehensive Development Plan, and Environment Code.
The cooperation with and among LGUs is also expected to result to longer term measures such as development of Watershed Management Plans (containing measures
for restoration, protection, conservation, and sustainable use) for Cutcut and O Donnell Watersheds. This may be further strengthened by creating governance mechanism
through the Watershed Management Council.
7.7. Promote Biodiversity-friendly Technology
The Philippine Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan identified the promotion of
biodiversity-friendly technologies in urban areas. This include bioremediation and/
phytoremediation technologies to address pollution in inland wetlands.
Phytoremediation include direct use of green plants and their associated microorganisms
to extract, concentrate, stabilize, metabolize, reduce contamination in soils, sludge,
sediments, surface water, or ground water. There are universities (e.g. UPLB, Benguet
State University) that have existing studies on phytoremediation. In consideration of
results from water quality study, the NCC may look into the possibility on venturing for a
study on appropriate phytoremediation technology and strategies for its development.
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Other biodiversity-friendly technology to enhance forest protection is the
application of LAWIN Forest and Biodiversity Monitoring System that integrates forest,
biodiversity, threats monitoring, implementation of interventions to address threats and
monitoring of the responses to management interventions (DENR, 2016). NCC may enter
into partnership with DENR for the utilization of LAWIN to monitor its uplands or areas
priority conservation sites. This is also beneficial should both the LGU and NCC foster its
partnership in the sustainable management of Cutcut and O Donnell Watersheds.
The other technology to look into is the Biosentinel Monitoring System that can
monitor and analyze ecological information. In 2017, Smart Communications, who
supported the development of the app, entered into partnership with ASEAN Center for
Biodiversity to pilot user-friendly solution in Mt. Makiling Forest Reserve. Biosentinel have
components such as dashboard that allows authorized users to set up and define
conservation areas, designated patrollers, flora and fauna archives, and possible
ecological threat. The app also has feature to store information such as relevant wildlife,
threat, or geographic information. It also has analytics features to analyze the collected
and uploaded information3.
7.8. Science-Based Biodiversity Assessment & Monitoring
Considering the massive construction works the NCC development requires,
particularly during the construction phase, the project development will definitely cause
some negative impacts on overall biodiversity of the area. However, some mitigating
measures can be adopted to minimize its effects and somehow maintain the ecological
status and live by its brand of smart, greenm and resilient city. Apart from the nature-
based solution strategies previously discussed, a sound biodiversity monitoring system
should be developed to ensure biodiversity protection and conservation all throughout
the different phases of project development. While the surveyed sampling sites for this
assessment can be used as the same monitoring sites, the monitoring system must be
completely synchronized with the different phases of development. Hence, there is a
need to look deeper into the environmental impact statement report for the NCC
development and harmonized it with the results of this full biodiversity assessment
report to determine what, where, when, and how biodiversity monitoring should be
conducted. At the minimum, biodiversity monitoring should be done semi-annually to
cover both the dry and wet seasons and determine the seasonal variations of biodiversity
composition.
3 https://smart.com.ph/About/newsroom/full-news/2017/12/11/smart-asean-biodiversity-center-
pilot-environmental-monitoring-system
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As development continues to take place in NCC, it is important also to generate an
updated land cover map of the area to account recent changes and expansions. This is
significant for the continuous monitoring of impacts, for resource management, and for
planning activities. A geodatabase integrating the different outputs from the biodiversity
assessment in NCC should also be done to ensure that data are properly consolidated
into a manner that can be utilized for monitoring and decision making.
Figure 55. Sample of geodatabase for flora and fauna of NCC
8. RECOMMENDATIONS AND WAYS FORWARD
NCC is encouraged to be strategic and pro-actively make nature-based solutions
operational to address the pressures of biodiversity loss and urban development (in
particular to proliferation of built-up areas). The Philippine Biodiversity Strategy and
Action Plan (PBSAP) 2015-2028 further highlights the need to foster models for urban
biodiversity conservation and enhancement which also consider holistic approach to
water resources development (including tapping of groundwater and rainwater for water
supply), and the development of standards for regulation of service efficiency. Some of
the key steps to be undertaken are as follows:
1) Formulate policy to establish Priority Conservation Sites – Important Plant Area;
Important Wildlife Area; Important Riverine Ecosystems, Local Conservation Areas,
Critical Habitat Areas. The forest at the southwest portion of the golf course turned
out to be the most important biodiversity area for all wildlife groups (flora, fauna,
and aquatic diversity). Unfortunately, that area is already set for golf course
development. Hence, forest as well as biodiversity degradation is inevitable. To
minimize the degradation, patches of forest, particularly those containing the
restricted species (those listed in Table 22) should be left as green spaces. Faunal
species are mobile, and therefore can move easily from one patch to another, as
long as there is enough corridor (green spaces). For plants, a 100% inventory of all
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trees is required by DENR prior to the issuance of cutting permit. The team was
informed that the 100% inventory of trees was already completed and the
contractor is just waiting for the cutting permit. However, there was no single
marking for the restricted trees to spare them from cutting. BCDA must be
reminded that cutting of restricted trees is prohibited by law (DENR-DAO 2017-11),
and therefore those trees should be retained in the area or earthballed
(transferred to another place) if necessary. But the first step is to mark them on
the ground and see whether the endangered trees can be incorporated in the golf
course design. Additionally, each tree that will be cut should be replaced by 100
planted seedlings. Therefore, BCDA must have reforestation sites for biodiversity
off-setting. Considering the huge amount of seedlings needed for replacement,
community engagement for seedling/nursery production and planting became
more important.
2) Conduct biodiversity survey during the wet season as the status of the biodiversity
between dry and wet season is significantly different. The wet season has a
different environmental condition that may be more favorable for some species
that were not observed during the dry season. For fauna in particular, survey
shoud coincide with the migratory period of birds (September to October). This
will not only provide an opportunity to observe additional bird species especially
migratory birds but also other amphibians, reptiles and mammals. For plants, wet
season sampling will allow us to observe the phenology/flowering of other species
that were not identified to species level. The faunal invertebrates (insects) are also
dependent to the variety of flowers exhibited by plant species. Wet sampling is
critically important for the aquatic ecosystem. It is interesting to find whether the
aquatic organisms observed on this study will able to withstand the stronger and
more silted water during the dry season.
3) Issue a policy adopting the DENR-BMB Technical Bulletin 2018-02 on urban
biodiversity. The management may develop a tailor-fitted policy for NCC. This also
includes regular conduct of biodiversity assessment vis-à-vis the benchmark with
reference to the output of this study.
4) Consider the integration of the recommended mitigation measures in the
development design standards of NCC. Furthermore, consider biodiversity
concerns (e.g. protection of iconic wildlife, prevention of IAS) are incorporated in
public parks and gardens, public buildings, commercial spaces, and the like in
model urban areas.
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5) Other development partners of BCDA in NCC should likewise consider the
promotion and planting of endemic and indigenous species. The list species for
the development of Central Park may utilize the list of flora species validated for
SGS.
6) The above policy and measures to address biodiversity pressures are envisioned
to be institutionalized only if a Sustainability Unit within the NCC management
will be created. This proposed unit is also expected to conduct regular biodiversity
assessment, develop and implement nature-based solutions.
7) Sustaining ecosystem benefits and services for NCC necessitates to go beyond is
property. Thus, it is recommended for NCC to collaborate with LGUs to enhance
their mandated plans (both programs/ projects and investments). Critical for NCC
is to maintain and safeguard the upper part of the watersheds. For one, this will
ensure that NCC will be able meet its goals for water security and at the same time
avoid future incidents due to degraded watersheds).
8) Conduct valuation studies to assess the value of ecosystem services in preparation
for sustainable financing schemes that may also complement watershed
management strategies.
9) Explore possible application of biodiversity-technologies suited for NCC from
monitoring, protection, and remediation.
10) While this paper put forward some ideas for nature-based solutions, further steps
needs to be undertaken such as development of holistic framework for assessing
co-benefits and costs of NBS considering not only biodiversity but also socio-
cultural and socio-economic systems, ecosystems and climate.
Appendix 8 detailed the recommended activities to be undertaken in the NCC and
indicative timeline and indicative cost in the next 12 months. As discussed in earlier
sections of this report, BCDA can work on internal policies to be put in place for mitigation measures. Moreover, development of new guidelines and contract provisions
incorporating biodiversity principles. The total estimated cost for all the recommended
actions is USD 1.97 million. Majority of which will be spent for restoration, protection,
and mitigating measures.
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10. APPENDICES Appendix 1. Summary of plants recorded within the NCC project site
No. SCIENTIFIC NAME LOCAL
NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION
ECONOMIC
IMPORTANCE REMARKS
1 Family indet 1 - - - - - -
2 Amaranthus spinosus L. Ayantoto* Amaranthaceae Tree - M, O Dye producing plant
3 Cyathula prostata (L.) Blume
Dayang Amaranthaceae Herb Throughout the
Philippines M, O For soap making
4 Anacardium occidentale L. Kasui Anacardiaceae Tree Throughout the
Philippines M, O
Gum and resin producing plant
5 Buchanania arborescens (Blume) Blume
Balinghasai Anacardiaceae Tree Throughout the
Philippines - -
6 Koordersiodendron
pinnatum Merr. Amugis Anacardiaceae Tree
N LUZON (Cagayan) to PALAWAN and
MINDANAO - -
7 Mangifera indica L. Manggang-
kalabau Anacardiaceae Tree - M, E Dye producing plant.
8 Semecarpus cuneiformis Blanco
Ligas Anacardiaceae Tree
LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Abra,
Mountain Province, Benguet, La Union,
Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan,
Zambales, Bataan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga,
Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon,
MINDORO, PALAWAN, BALABAC, ROMBLON,
PANAY, GUIMARAS, NEGROS, CEBU, LEYTE,
M -
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No. SCIENTIFIC NAME LOCAL
NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION
ECONOMIC
IMPORTANCE REMARKS
MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Misamis, Davao
9 Semecarpus longifolius
Blume Anagas Anacardiaceae Tree
LUZON: Mountain Province, Benguet,
Cagayan, Isabela, Bataan, Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna,
Quezon, Camarines, MINDORO (Mindoro
Oriental), MINDANAO (Zamboanga peninsula)
- -
10 Spondias purpurea L. Sineguelas Anacardiaceae Tree - M -
11 Annona muricata L. Guayabano Annonaceae Tree - M, C, FW -
12 Annona reticulata L. Anonas Annonaceae Tree - M, E, O, I Dye producing plant
13 Annona squamosa L. Atis Annonaceae Tree - M, I, FW -
14 Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.f. & Thomson
Ilang-ilang Annonaceae Tree Throughout the
Philippines M, C, EO, FW -
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NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION
ECONOMIC
IMPORTANCE REMARKS
15 Haplosticanthus lanceolata
(S. Vidal) Heusden. Anolang Annonaceae Tree
LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Cagayan, Isabela, Aurora, Nueva Ecija, Laguna (Mt
Makiling), Batangas, Sorsogon, POLILLO,
ALABAT, CATANDUANES, ROMBLON, BOHOL
(Valencia), LEYTE, SAMAR, SIARGAO, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte (Mt
Urdaneta)
- -
16 Haplosticanthus sp. - Annonaceae Tree - - -
17 Miliusa vidalii J.Sinclair Takulau Annonaceae Tree LUZON: Bataan,
Sorsogon - -
18 Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thwaites
Indian lanontan
Annonaceae Tree - O Used for making barrels
19 Uvaria rufa Blume Susung-damulag
Annonaceae Vine N LUZON to PALAWAN
and MINDANAO M, EO, F, O Used for handicraft
20 Allamanda cathartica L. Kampanero Apocynaceae Vine - M, L -
21 Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. Dita Apocynaceae Tree LUZON: Cagayan to
PALAWAN and MINDANAO
M, C, O, EO Cotton producing plant
22 Genus indet 1 - Apocynaceae Tree - - -
23 Nerium sp. - Apocynaceae Shrub - - -
24 Tabernaemontana
pandacaqui Lam. Pandakaki Apocynaceae Shrub
Throughout the Philippines
M, O Used as bleaching agent
25 Telosma sp. - Apocynaceae Tree - - -
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No. SCIENTIFIC NAME LOCAL
NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION
ECONOMIC
IMPORTANCE REMARKS
26 Wrightia candollei Vidal Laniti-pula Apocynaceae Tree
LUZON: Benguet, Pangasinan, Zambales,
Nueva Ecija, Rizal, Laguna, MINDORO, PALAWAN (Taytay,
Irawan River Valley), LANGEN
- -
27 Wrightia
pubescens subsp. laniti (Blanco) Ngan
Laniti Apocynaceae Tree
LUZON: Cagayan to Laguna, MINDORO, CULION, PALAWAN,
NEGROS, MINDANAO: Zamboanga
M, F, P Used for musical instrument
28 Ilex cymosa Blume Malagidia Aquifoliaceae Tree
LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Abra, Cagayan, Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija,
Pangasinan, Zambales, Quezon, Camarines,
MINDORO, PALAWAN, SIBUYAN, LEYTE,
MINDANAO: Lanao, Agusan del Norte,
Agusan del Sur (Agusan Marsh), BUCAS GRANDE
- -
29 Aglaonema sp. - Araceae Herb - - -
30 Amorphophallus
paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolso
Tukod-banua*
Araceae Herb Throughout the
Philippines M -
31 Xanthosoma sagittifolium
(L.) Schott. Yautia Araceae Herb
Throughout the Philippines
- -
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No. SCIENTIFIC NAME LOCAL
NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION
ECONOMIC
IMPORTANCE REMARKS
32 Schefflera elliptica (Blume) Harms
Galamai-amo
Araliaceae Shrub BATANES and N LUZON
to PALAWAN, MINDANAO and BASILAN
M -
33 Adonidia merillii (Becc.) Becc.
Manila palm Arecaceae Palm
CORON, CALAMIANES, LANGEN, PALAWAN:
Taytay (Apulit and Brookes Point)
L, O Used for ornamental
necklaces
34 Calamus sp. - Arecaceae Palm - - -
35 Cocos nucifera L. Niyog Arecaceae Palm Throughout the
Philippines M -
36 Ptychosperma macarthurii (H.Wendl. ex H.J.Veitch) H.Wendl. ex Hook.f.
McArthur's Palm
Arecaceae Palm - - -
37 Rhapis excelsa (Thunb.) Henry
Raphis Arecaceae Tree - L -
38 Saribus rotundifolius (Lam.) Blume
Anahau Arecaceae Palm
LUZON: La Union, Benguet, Pangasinan, Zambales, Pampanga,
Laguna, Quezon, Camarines, Albay,
POLILLO, MINDORO, PALAWAN, NEGROS, MINDANAO: Davao
M, L -
39 Asplenium nidus L. Pakpak
lawin lalake Aspleniaceae Fern
Throughout the Philippines
M -
40 Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC. Sambong Asteraceae Herb
LUZON, MINDORO, CULION, PALAWAN, BALABAC, NEGROS,
LEYTE, SAMAR, CAMIGUIN, SIARGAO,
M, EO, I -
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No. SCIENTIFIC NAME LOCAL
NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION
ECONOMIC
IMPORTANCE REMARKS
MINDANAO, BASILAN, SULU, TAWI-TAWI
41 Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob.
Gonoi Asteraceae Shrub - M -
42 Mikania cordata (Burm.f.) B.L.Rob.
Tamburakan
Asteraceae Vine - M -
43 Packera franciscana (Greene) W.A.Weber & Á.Löve
San Francisco
Asteraceae Tree - L -
44 Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A.Gray
Wild Sunflower
Asteraceae Tree - FW, L -
45 Begonia sp. - Begoniaceae Herb - - -
46 Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz Pingka-
pinkahan Bignoniaceae Tree
N LUZON (Cagayan) to PALAWAN and
MINDANAO M, O, P Dye & tannin producing plant
47 Radermachera sp. - Bignoniaceae Tree - - -
48 Spathodea campanulata
P.Beauv. African tulip Bignoniaceae Tree - E,P Dye producing plant
49 Bixa orellana L. Atsuete Bixaceae Shrub - M, EO, O Dye producing plant, used for
cosmetic production
50 Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. Bulak-
kastila* Bombacaceae Tree - M, C, P -
51 Cordia dichotoma G.Forst Anonang Boraginaceae Tree Throughout the
Philippines M -
52 Cordia subcordata Lam. Banalo Boraginaceae Tree
LUZON: La Union, Batangas, Quezon,
Camarines, POLILLO, MINDORO, PALAWAN, BURIAS, MINDANAO,
C, F, O Dye & fiber producing plant
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No. SCIENTIFIC NAME LOCAL
NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION
ECONOMIC
IMPORTANCE REMARKS
TAWI-TAWI, JOLO, BASILAN
53 Heliotropium indicum L. Higad-
higaran Boraginaceae Tree - M -
54 Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. Pinya Bromeliaceae Herb - M, O Cloth producing plant
55 Canarium asperum Benth. Pagsahingin Burseraceae Tree LEYTE, MUNDANAO:
Lanao, Davao C, FW, O Latex producing plant
56 Canarium hirsutum Willd. Dulit Burseraceae Tree Throughout the
Philippines M, O Resin producing plant
57 Kleinhovia hospita L. Panampat* Byttneriaceae Tree Throughout the
Philippines M, FW, L, O Fiber producing plant
58 Theobroma cacao L. Cacao Byttneriaceae Tree - M, C, FW, O Fiber for cloth, seeds for
chocolate production, skin creams, cosmetics.
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59 Calophyllum blancoi Planch. & Triana
Bitanghol Calophyllaceae Tree
BATANES (ITBAYAT), CAMIGUIN DE
BABUYANES, CALAYAN, LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Cagayan, Isabela, Mountain
Province (Bontoc), Ifugao (Banawe, Mt Taggutu;
Liwang, Poitan), Benguet, Pangasinan, Cagayan
(Peñablanca), Isabela (Mt Moisés; San Mariano;
Palanan), Aurora (Baler), Nueva Ecjia (Mt
Umingan), Zambales (Subic; Botolan), Bataan
(Lamao River; Mt Mariveles), Rizal (Mt
Lumutan; Montalban, San Mateo; Antipolo; Boso-boso; Morong)
Laguna (Mt Makiling; San Antonio; Pangil; Sta.
Maria), Quezon (Real, Llavac; Guinayangan;
Kinatakutan), Camarines Sur (Pasacao; Sipaco,
Lagonoy); Sorsogon (Mt Bulusan), AMBIL,
PALAWAN, MANGSI, MASBATE, PANAY: Capiz
(Macosolon), LEYTE (Ormoc, Lake Danao),
SAMAR: (San Jose,
M -
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Catubig River), TAWI-TAWI (Tarawakan),
MINDANAO: Zamboanga (Sax River); Zamboanga
del Sur (Port Banga), Lanao del Sur (Lake
Lanao, Camp Keithley); Lanao: (Maria Cristina
Falls; Siggapod; Kulasinan), Bukidnon
(Quilayong; Mt Camates) Davao (Mt Apo, Todaya),
Agusan del Norte (Mt Urdaneta; Butuan, San Mateo, Tungao; Diwata
Mtns), Surigao del Norte (Mt Kabatuan)
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No. SCIENTIFIC NAME LOCAL
NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION
ECONOMIC
IMPORTANCE REMARKS
60 Celtis philippinensis Blanco Malaikmo Cannabaceae Tree N LUZON to MINDANAO
and PALAWAN C, F, FW, O Seed oil producing plant
61 Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Hinlalaong* Cannabaceae Tree Throughout the
Philippines M, P, E Tannin producing plant
62 Trema tomentosa (Roxb.) H. Hara
Anabion Cannabaceae Tree Throughout the
Philippines E,P Tannin producing plant
63 Canna flaccida Salisb Bandera espanola
Cannaceae Herb - L -
64 Canna indica L. Tikas-tikas Cannaceae Herb - M, O, P Dye producing plant. Seeds used for rosary & necklace
production
65 Capparis micracantha DC. Kasuit* Capparaceae Shrub Throughout the
Philippines - -
66 Carica papaya L. Papaya Caricaceae Shrub - M -
67 Siphonodon celastrineus Griff.
Matang ulang
Celastraceae Vine
LUZON: Abra, Ilocos Sur, Benguet, Cagayan,
Isabela, Tarlac, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, MINDORO, TICAO, NEGROS: Negros Oriental (Cuernos Mtns),
LEYTE, BASILAN, MINDANAO: Cotabato,
Agusan, Surigao, SIARGAO
- -
68 Garcinia binucao (Blanco) Choisy
Binukau Clusiaceae Tree
LUZON: Cagayan to Sorsogon, MINDORO,
BURIAS, PANAY, GUIMARAS, NEGROS
C -
69 Garcinia mcgregorii Merr Batuan Clusiaceae Tree LUZON to MINDANAO
and BASILAN - -
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No. SCIENTIFIC NAME LOCAL
NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION
ECONOMIC
IMPORTANCE REMARKS
70 Combretum indicum (L.) DeFilipps
Tangulo Combretaceae Vine Throughout the
Philippines M -
71 Terminalia catappa L. Dalasa* Combretaceae Tree Throughout the
Philippines M, C, E
Gum & tannin producing plant
72 Terminalia foetidissima Griff.
Talisai-gubat
Combretaceae Tree
LUZON: Cagayan, Isabela, Bataan, Quezon,
Laguna, Camarines, Sorsogon, MINDORO, PANAY, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Surigao
C, F, E Dye producing plant
73 Terminalia nitens C.Pres Sakat Combretaceae Tree LUZON (throughout) to
PALAWAN and MINDANAO
C, F, E Tannin producing plant
74 Commelina diffusa Burm.f. Alikangon Commelinaceae Herb Throughout the
Philippines M, O Dye producing plant
75 Camonea umbellata (L.) A.R.Simões & Staples
Malakamote*
Convolvulaceae Vine Throughout the
Philippines - -
76 Momordica charantia L. Apalia* Cucurbitaceae Vine - M -
77 Cyperus involucratus Rottb. Umbrella
grass Cyperaceae Sedge - - -
78 Cyperus rotundus L. Malaapulid* Cyperaceae Sedge - M -
79 Cyperus sp. - Cyperaceae Sedge - - -
80 Scleria scrobiculata Nees & Meyen
Arat* Cyperaceae Sedge Throughout the
Philippines - -
81 Tetracera scandens (L.) Merr.
Malakatmon*
Dilleniaceae Vine Throughout the
Philippines M, O
Young stem used as rough cordage
82 Tacca sp. - Dioscoreaceae Herb - - -
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No. SCIENTIFIC NAME LOCAL
NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION
ECONOMIC
IMPORTANCE REMARKS
83 Anisoptera thurifera (Blanco) Blume
Palosapis Dipterocarpaceae Tree
BABUYAN: Calayan, LUZON: Widespread in
most provinces, MINDORO, TICAO,
MASBATE, SIBUYAN, PANAY, NEGROS
C, O Resin producing plant
84 Dipterocarpus gracilis Blume
Panau* Dipterocarpaceae Tree
LUZON: Zambales, Bataan (Mt Mariveles, Lamao River), Bulacan
(Sibul Forest, Sitio Binalangoan), Rizal
(Bosoboso; Antipolo), Quezon (Umiray),
POLILLO, MINDORO, MARINDUQUE,
PALAWAN (Pagdanan Range, Ibangley
Brookside Hill; Quezon, Barangay Tuangan;),
NEGROS: Negros Occidental, MINDANAO: Zamboanga del Norte (Duhinid), Cotabato,
Davao, Surigao
M, C, O Resin producing plant
85 Shorea contorta S.Vidal White Lauan
Dipterocarpaceae Tree
BABUYAN ISLS (CALAYAN), LUZON (in
most provinces), POLILLO, MINDORO,
SIBUYAN, MARINDUQUE, MASBATE, NEGROS,
LEYTE, SAMAR,
C -
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No. SCIENTIFIC NAME LOCAL
NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION
ECONOMIC
IMPORTANCE REMARKS
MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Lanao, Agusan, BASILAN
86 Pterospermum diversifolium Blume
Bayog Dombeyaceae Tree
LUZON: Cagayan to Camarines, MINDORO,
PALAWAN, TICAO, MASBATE, GUIMARAS, NEGROS, MINDANAO,
BASILAN
M, C, F, E Dye producing plant
87 Pterospermum obliquum Blanco
Bayoi Dombeyaceae Tree
LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Mountain Province, Benguet, La
Union, Cagayan, Nueva Ecija, Zambales.
Pampanga, Bataan, Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna,
Quezon, MINDORO, PALAWAN, BURIAS, GUIMARAS, SAMAR,
MINDANAO: Zamboanga
C, F, E Dye producing plant
88 Diospyros discolor Wild. Kamagong Ebenaceae Tree BATAN, N LUZON to
PALAWAN C, F, O Used for musical instrument
89 Diospyros philippinensis A.DC.
O-oi Ebenaceae Tree
LUZON: Pangasinan, Zambales, Bataan, Rizal,
Laguna, Camarines, MINDORO, MINDANAO
M -
90 Cleidion javanicum Blume Agipos Euphorbiaceae Tree N LUZON to PALAWAN
and MINDANAO M -
91 Euphorbia hirta L. Malis-malis* Euphorbiaceae Herb - M, I -
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ECONOMIC
IMPORTANCE REMARKS
92 Excoecaria cochinchinensis Lour.
Buta-buta Euphorbiaceae Shrub - M -
93 Macaranga grandifolia (Blanco) Merr.
Abing-abing Euphorbiaceae Tree
LUZON: La Union, Benguet, Cagayan,
Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Bataan, Rizal, Batangas,
Laguna, Quezon, MINDORO
M, O Used fo fishing spears
94 Macaranga tanarius (L.) Müll.Arg.
Bilua Euphorbiaceae Tree Throughout the
Philippines M, C, FW, E, O
Used for musical instruments. Gum producing
plant.
95 Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Müll.Arg.
Banato Euphorbiaceae Tree Throughout the
Philippines M, FW, E Dye producing plant
96 Manihot esculenta Crantz Kamoting-
kahoi Euphorbiaceae Shrub - - -
97 Melanolepis multiglandulosa (Reinw. ex Blume) Rchb. & Zoll.
Alim Euphorbiaceae Tree Throughout the
Philippines FW, O Used for making shoes
98 Omalanthus sp. - Euphorbiaceae Grass - - -
99 Abrus precatorius L. Kansasaga Fabaceae Vine - M, O Used as tying material &
beads for necklace making
100 Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth.
Anitap* Fabaceae Tree LUZON: Cagayan to
Batangas, MINDORO, BUSUANGA
M, C, F -
101 Albizia saman (Jacq.) Merr. Acacia Fabaceae Tree - M, C, F, E, FW Gum producing plant
102 Albizia saponaria (Lour.) Miq.
Malatuku* Fabaceae Tree Throughout the
Philippines O
Produces saponins for soap making
103 Arachis pintoi Krapov. & W.C.Greg.
Mani-mani Fabaceae Grass - - -
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ECONOMIC
IMPORTANCE REMARKS
104 Bauhinia malabarica Roxb. Alibangbang
* Fabaceae Tree
Throughout the Philippines
M -
105 Bauhinia monandra Kurz Mainuma* Fabaceae Tree - M, FW, O Dye producing plant
106 Caesalpinia latisiliqua (Cav.) Hattink
Kamot-pusa Fabaceae Tree Throughout the
Philippines - -
107 Cassia fistula L. Kaña-pistola Fabaceae Tree Throughout the
Philippines M, C, O Dye & tannin producing plant
108 Centrosema pubescens
Benth. Dilang butiki
Fabaceae Vine - - -
109 Clitoria fairchildiana R.A.Howard
Pukinggan kahoi
Fabaceae Vine - C -
110 Cynometra inaequifolia
A.Gray Olod* Fabaceae Tree
LUZON: La Union, Cagayan, Isabela,
Zambales, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Quezon, Cavite,
Batangas, PANAY, NEGRO
C, FW -
111 Cynometra simplicifolia Harms
Pingan* Fabaceae Tree Throughout LUZON,
MINDORO, MINDANAO, BASILAN
- -
112 Delonix regia (Hook.) Raf. Fire tree Fabaceae Tree - M, EO, I, O Gum producing plant
113 Desmodium laxiflorum DC. Mangkit Fabaceae Herb Throughout the
Philippines - -
114 Desmodium sp. - Fabaceae Herb - - -
115 Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp.
Kakauati Fabaceae Tree - M, C, F, FW, I -
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116 Kingiodendron alternifolium (Elmer) Merr. & Rolfe
Batete Fabaceae Tree
LUZON: Cagayan, Quezon (Guinayangan; Mulanaw; San Narciso),
Camarines, Albay, MASBATE, TICAO,
PANAY: Iloilo (Miag-ao), NEGROS, LEYTE, SAMAR, MINDANAO: Zamboanga
del Sur (Port Banga)
C, F, O Gum producing plant, used
for incense
117 Leucaena leucocephala
(Lam.) de Wit Ipil-ipil Fabaceae Tree - M, C, F, E Gum producing plant
118 Millettia ahernii Merr. & Rolfe
Balok Fabaceae Tree
LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Cagayan,
Zambales, Rizal, Cavite, Quezon
- -
119 Millettia pinnata L. Bani Fabaceae Tree Throughout the
Philippines - -
120 Millettia sp. - Fabaceae Tree - - -
121 Mimosa pudica L. Makahia Fabaceae Vine Throughout the
Philippines M -
122 Parkia timoriana (DC.) Merr. Kupang Fabaceae Tree LUZON: La Union,
Pampanga to Laguna, PALAWAN
M, O Used as hair shampoo
123 Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth.
Kamachile Fabaceae Tree - M, E Gum, dye & tannin producing
plant
124 Pterocarpus indicus Willd. Daitanag* Fabaceae Tree Throughout the
Philippines M, C, F, E, O
Dye producing plant. Leaf infusion used as shampoo.
125 Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr.
Basi Fabaceae Vine BATANES and N LUZON
to MINDANAO M, O
Used to make ropes, cables, coarse, cordage and texiles
126 Senna alata (L.) Roxb. Pakayomko
m-kastila Fabaceae Tree
Throughout the Philippines
- -
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127 Tamarindus indica L. Sampalok* Fabaceae Tree - M, F, FW, O Used for sugar mills, wooden
utensils
128 Wallaceodendron celebicum Koord.
Banuyo Fabaceae Tree
BABUYAN ISLS (CAMIGUIN), LUZON:
Benguet (Baguio), Cagayan, Isabela, Aurora,
Quezon, Camarines, BURIAS, MASBATE,
NEGROS, CEBU, SAMAR
C, F -
129 Cratoxylum formosum (Jacq.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Dyer
Salinggogon Hypericaceae Tree
LUZON, POLILLO, MINDORO, BUSUANGA,
CULION, PALAWAN, SIBUYAN, GUIMARAS, NEGROS, MINDANAO
M, C, FW, O Dye & resin producing plant
130 Cratoxylum sumatranum
(Jack) Blume Paguringon Hypericaceae Tree
Throughout the Philippines
C, FW -
131 Iris domestica (L.) Goldblatt & Mabb.
Blackberry lily
Iridaceae Herb - M, E Tannin producing plant
132 Moraea sp. - Iridaceae Corm - - -
133 Callicarpa formosana Rolfe Tambalabas
i Lamiaceae Shrub
Throughout the Philippines
M -
134 Clerodendrum intermedium Cham.
Kasupangil Lamiaceae Shrub Throughout the
Philippines M -
135 Clerodendrum minahassae Teijsm. & Binn.
Bagauak Lamiaceae Shrub Throughout the
Philippines M -
136 Clerodendrum
quadriloculare (Blanco) Merr.
Bakauak-morado
Lamiaceae Shrub
LUZON: Pangasinan, Benguet, Nueva Vizcaya,
Zambales, Pampanga, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Batangas, MINDORO,
TICAO, PANAY, NEGROS,
- -
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SIARGAO, BUCAS GRANDE
137 Clerodendrum sp. - Lamiaceae Shrub - - -
138 Gmelina arborea Roxb. Yemane Lamiaceae Tree - M, C, F, O Used for musical instrument
& carving images
139 Premna odorata Blanco Tangli* Lamiaceae Tree Throughout the
Philippines M -
140 Tectona grandis L.f. Teak Lamiaceae Tree - M, C, F, E Dye producing plant
141 Vitex negundo L. Lagundi Lamiaceae Tree Throughout the
Philippines M, EO, I, FW, O
Used for basket making anf making wattles
142 Vitex parviflora A. Juss. Molave* Lamiaceae Tree Throughout the
Philippines M, C, E
Resin and tannin producing plant
143 Litsea cordata (Jack) Hook.f. Marang Lauraceae Tree N LUZON Cagayan) to
PALAWAN and MINDANAO
C, F -
144 Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B.Rob.
Puso-puso* Lauraceae Tree Throughout the
Philippines M, FW, O Seed oil for soap making.
145 Persea americana Mill. Avocado Lauraceae Tree - M -
146 Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Spreng.
Putat Lecythidaceae Tree Throughout the
Philippines M -
147 Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw. Nito Lygodiaceae Vine Throughout the
Philippines M, O
Splints are used for manufacturing baskets, hats,
and fancy boxes.
148 Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers.
Mitla* Lythraceae Tree LUZON, MINDORO, PALAWAN, LEYTE,
MINDANAO, SAMAR M, L -
149 Pachira aquatica Aubl. Malabar chestnut
Malvaceae Shrub - - -
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IMPORTANCE REMARKS
150 Pterocymbium tinctorium
Merr. Taluto Malvaceae Tree
ABUYAN ISLS, LUZON (widespread from at
least Cagayan to Camarines Sur),
PALAWAN, CAMIGUIN, MINDANAO
C, O Fiber producing plant
151 Urena lobata L. Dalupang Malvaceae Shrub Throughout the
Philippines M, P -
152 Donax canniformis (G.Forst.) K.Schum.
Bamban Marantaceae Shrub Throughout the
Philippines - -
153 Aglaia rimosa (Blanco) Merr.
Busilak Meliaceae Tree
Y'AMI, BATAN, BABUYAN, LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Benguet, Pangasinan,
Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Aurora, Nueva
Ecija, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Quezon, Cavite,
Batangas, Camarines, Albay, Sorsogon,
ALABAT, MINDORO, PALAWAN, ROMBLON,
SIBUYAN, TICAO, PANAY, GUIMARAS, NEGROS, SIBUTU, MINDANAO:
Davao, Agusan
M, C, F -
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IMPORTANCE REMARKS
154 Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) R.Parker
Salakin Meliaceae Tree
LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Benguet (Sablan), Cagayan, Isabela, Pampanga (Mt.
Pinatubo), Bataan (Lamao), Laguna (Mt. Makiling), Sorsogon (Pocdol Mountain Range), POLILLO,
MINDORO, PALAWAN: Irawan, LEYTE, SAMAR, BASILAN, MINDANAO:
Davao del Sur (Mt. Apo, Todaya), Agusan del
Norte (Mt. Urdaneta), Surigao
M, C, F, I, O Seed oil producing plant
155 Azadirachta indica A. Juss Neem tree Meliaceae Tree Throughout the
Philippines M, I -
156 Chisocheton cumingianus (C.DC.) Harms
Balukanag Meliaceae Tree Throughout the
Philippines - -
157 Chisocheton sp. - Meliaceae Tree - M, F, O, P Seed oil producing plant
158 Dysoxylum arborescens (Blume) Miq.
Kalimutain Meliaceae Tree N LUZON to PALAWAN, MINDANAO and SULU
ARCHIPELAGO C, F -
159 Dysoxylum
gaudichaudianum (A.Juss.) Miq.
Malabaga* Meliaceae Tree
LUZON: Cagayan to Sorsogon, MINDORO, PALAWAN, MASBATE,
NEGROS, CEBU, LEYTE, BASILAN, MINDANAO
M, C, I -
160 Genus indet 2 - Meliaceae Tree - - -
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IMPORTANCE REMARKS
161 Lansium parasiticum (Osbeck) K.C.Sahni & Bennet
Lansones Meliaceae Tree LUZON: Laguna, Quezon,
etc., CAMIGUIN, BASILAN, MINDANAO
M, I -
162 Sandoricum koetjape (Burm.f.) Merr.
Santol Meliaceae Tree
LUZON: Nueva Vizcaya, Zambales, Nueva Ecija, Aurora, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Camarines,
Sorsogon, MINDORO, PALAWAN, NEGROS, SAMAR, MINDANAO
M, EO, E,I Dye producing plant.
163 Swietenia macrophylla King Mahogany Meliaceae Tree - M, C, E Gum producing plant
164 Toona calantas Merr. & Rolfe
Kalantas Meliaceae Tree
BATANES, LUZON: Cagayan to Sorsogon, MINDORO, NEGROS, CEBU, LEYTE, SAMAR,
MINDANAO
M, C, F -
165 Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr. Suma* Menispermaceae Vine BATANES to PALAWAN
and MINDANAO M -
166 Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson ex F.A.Zorn) Fosberg
Rimas Moraceae Tree N LUZON to MINDANAO M, F, I, O Gum and latex producing
plant
167 Artocarpus blancoi (Elmer) Merr.
Tipolo* Moraceae Tree
BATAN, LUZON, MINDORO, PALAWAN,
NEGROS, CEBU, MINDANAO
M -
168 Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.
Nangka Moraceae Tree - M, O, F, FW Latex & resin producing plant
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169 Artocarpus nitidus Trécul Kubi Moraceae Tree
LUZON: Ilocos Norte (Burgos), Abra,
Pangasinan, Bataan (Lamao), Laguna (Mt
Makiling; CaWhite Lauan), Cavite
(Maragondon), Batangas (Balayan; Lobo), Albay, TABLAS, PANAY: Iloilo (Miag-ao), GUIMARAS
(Buenavista, Barrio Salvacion, Sitio Lande),
CEBU.
C, F, O Latex producing plant
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170 Artocarpus ovatus Blanco Anobion* Moraceae Tree
LUZON: Abra (Manabo), Kalinga (Lubuagan),
Benguet, Isabela (San Mariano), Nueva Vizcaya
(near Dupax), Nueva Ecija, Zambales (Mt Pinatubo), Bataan
(Lamao), Pampanga, Bulacan (Angat), Rizal (Mt
Angilog, Montalban, Antipolo, Bosoboso),
Laguna (Los Baños, Mt Makiling, Sta Maria, Mabitac), Quezon
(Laguimanoc = Padre Burgos, Lucban),
Camarines Sur (Mt Bagacay, Mt Isarog),
Sorsogon (Mt Bulusan), CATANDUANES,
MINDORO: Mindoro Oriental (Mansalay,
Manaul & Mt Yagaw), PALAWAN (Irawan),
BALABAC (Cape Melville), MARINDUQUE, SIBUYAN
(Mt Giting-giting), MASBATE, TICAO,
PANAY: Iloilo, NEGROS: Negros Occidental
(Danao; Cadiz), Negros
- -
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IMPORTANCE REMARKS
Oriental (Cuernos Mtns), CEBU
171 Artocarpus rubrovenius Warb.
Kalulot Moraceae Tree
BATAN (Basco), LUZON: Isabela (Palanan), Aurora
(Casiguran, Baler), Bataan (Lamao, Mt
Mariveles), Pampanga (Mt Pinatubo), Rizal (San
Mateo, Bosoboso), Laguna (Mt Makiling),
Batangas, Quezon (Laguimanoc = Padre
Burgos, Lucban,
C, F -
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Sampaloc), Camarines, Albay (Guinobatan,
Banao), Sorsogon (Mt Bulusan), MINDORO
172 Broussonetia luzonica (Blanco) Bureau
Himbabao Moraceae Tree N LUZON to MINDANAO,
BASILAN O Fiber producing plant
173 Ficus ampelas Burm.f. Upling-gubat
Moraceae Tree
BATANES, LUZON: Abra, Ifugao (Mt Polis),
Benguet, Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Ecija,
Zambales, Rizal, Laguna, Camarines, Albay,
PALAWAN, SIBUYAN, PANAY, LEYTE, SAMAR,
CAMIGUIN DE MINDANAO, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur (Mt Apo),
Agusan
- -
174 Ficus benjamina L. Salisi Moraceae Tree BATAN, LUZON,
MINDORO - -
175 Ficus callosa Wild. Kalukoi Moraceae Tree Throughout the
Philippines F, O Fibrous bark for cloth making
176 Ficus minahassae (Teijsm. & Vriese)
Hagimit Moraceae Tree Throughout the
Philippines M, O For utensil making
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177 Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr. Tibig Moraceae Tree Throughout the
Philippines M -
178 Ficus odorata (Blanco) Merr. Pakiling Moraceae Tree BATANES, LUZON,
NEGROS, BOHOL, LEYTE, SAMAR, MINDANAO
M -
179 Ficus pseudopalma Blanco Niog-niogan Moraceae Tree
LUZON: Pangasinan, Mountain Province,
Benguet, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Quezon, Albay, Sorsogon, MINDORO,
PANAY, NEGROS, GUIMARAS, LEYTE,
SAMAR, MINDANAO
M -
180 Ficus septica Burm.f. Hauli Moraceae Tree Throughout the
Philippines M -
181 Ficus sp. - Moraceae Tree - - -
182 Ficus ulmifolia Lam. Alasas* Moraceae Tree Throughout the
Philippines M, O Substitute for sandpaper
183 Morus alba L. Mulberry Moraceae Tree - M, P, O -
184 Parartocarpus venenosa Becc.
Malananka Moraceae Tree
LUZON: Cagayan, Isabela (San Mariano), Aurora
(Baler, mtns E of Castillo River), Bataan, Rizal (Mt
Oriud), Laguna (Los Baños, Mt Makiling, CaWhite Lauan, San Antonio), Camarines
Norte, Camarines Sur (Mt Isarog), Sorsogon (Mt
Bulusan), RAPU-RAPU, LEYTE (Dagami), SAMAR,
- -
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MINDANAO: Surigao, DINAGAT, BUCAS
GRANDE
185 Streblus asper Lour. Ampas* Moraceae Tree Throughout the
Philippines M -
186 Moringa oleifera Lam. Kamalungai
* Moringaceae Tree - M, O Tannin producing plant
187 Muntingia calabura L. Datiles Muntingiaceae Tree - M, C, FW -
188 Musa sp. - Musaceae Herb - - -
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IMPORTANCE REMARKS
189 Myristica glomerata (Blanco) Kudô & Masam.
Tambalau Myristicaceae Tree
BATAN, BABUYAN ISLS (CALAYAN, CAMIGUIN), LUZON: Ilocos Norte,
Apayao, Benguet, Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Aurora, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Zambales,
Bataan, Rizal, Cavite, Laguna, Batangas,
Quezon, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur,
Albay, Sorsogon, POLlLLO, ALABAT, CATANDUANES,
MINDORO, PALAWAN, MARINDUQUE, SIBUYAN,
TICAO, PANAY: Capiz, Aklan, Iloilo, GUIMARAS, NEGROS, CEBU, BILIRAN,
LEYTE, SAMAR (Catarman, Mt
Cansayao), TAWI-TAWI., BASILAN, MINDANAO: Zamboanga del Norte,
Zamboanga del Sur, Lanao del Sur (Camp Keithley), Cotabato
(Carmen), Davao del Sur (Mt Apo; Sta Cruz), Davao
Oriental (Mati), Agusan del Norte, Surigao del
Norte
- -
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IMPORTANCE REMARKS
190 Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.
River red gum
Myrtaceae Tree - M, C, F, FW, P, O Gum producing plant
191 Psidium guajava L. Bayabas Myrtaceae Tree - M, C, FW, O For cosmetic & soap making
192 Syzygium calubcob
(C.B.Rob.) Merr. Kupkup* Myrtaceae Tree
BATAN ISLS and N LUZON to PALAWAN and
MINDANAO M, O For wine production
193 Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Duat-nasi* Myrtaceae Tree - M, C, F, O Used for musical
instruments, tool handles
194 Syzygium samarangense
(Blume) Merr. & L.M.Perry Makopa Myrtaceae Tree - C, F,O
Used for musical instruments, tool handles
195 Bougainvillea spectabilis Wild.
Bougainvillea
Nyctaginaceae Shrub - M -
196 Olax imbricata Roxb. Biton Olacaceae Tree Throughout the
Philippines - -
197 Chionanthus ramiflorus
Roxb. Karaksan Oleaceae Tree
Throughout the Philippines
- -
198 Champereia manillana (Blume) Merr.
Liyong-liyong
Opiliaceae Shrub BATANES to MINDANAO
and PALAWAN M -
199 Averrhoa bilimbi L. Kamias Oxalidaceae Tree - M, FW, O Dye producing plant
200 Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC.
Makahiang-lalaki
Oxalidaceae Herb Throughout the
Philippines M -
201 Pandanus amaryllifolius
Roxb. Pandan
mabango Pandanaceae Herb - M, EO, I -
202 Passiflora foetida L. Kurunggut Passifloraceae Vine - M, I -
203 Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng.
Isip* Phyllanthaceae Tree Throughout the
Philippines M, C -
204 Antidesma ghaesembilla Gaertn.
Binayuyu Phyllanthaceae Tree Throughout the
Philippines M, C -
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IMPORTANCE REMARKS
205 Antidesma montanum Blume
Timbabasi Phyllanthaceae Tree
LUZON: Ilocos Norte, La Union, Pangasinan, Cagayan, Zambales,
Bataan, Bulacan, Rizal, Cavite, Laguna, Quezon, Albay, Apayao, Benguet, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon,
Camarines, Rizal, Sorsogon, Isabela,
BATANES, BABUYAN ISLS, BALABAC, BASILAN,
MINDORO, NEGROS, CEBU, BOHOL, LEYTE,
MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Surigao del Norte,
Zamboanga, Lanao, Cotabato, PALAWAN
- -
206 Antidesma subcordatum Merr.
Malabinayuyu
Phyllanthaceae Tree LUZON: Laguna,
CORREGIDOR, CORON, PALAWAN, MASBATE
M, C, FW -
207 Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm.f.) C.E.C.Fisch.
Matang hipon
Phyllanthaceae Tree BATAN and N LUZON to
PALAWAN and MINDANAO
M -
208 Bridelia glauca Blume. Baroan Phyllanthaceae Vine Throughout the
Philippines except PALAWAN
C, FW -
209 Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume Dugaron* Phyllanthaceae Tree
LUZON: Cagayan to Laguna and Quezon,
MINDORO, PALAWAN, TICAO, PANAY, CEBU,
BOHOL
M, FW, O Dye & tannin producing plant
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IMPORTANCE REMARKS
210 Glochidion gigantifolium (Vidal) J.J.Sm.
Bagnang laparan
Phyllanthaceae Tree
LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Ifugao, Pangasinan,
Zambales, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Quezon,
NEGROS, MINDANAO: Zamboanga
- -
211 Glochidion luzonense Elmer Kakadli Phyllanthaceae Tree
LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Mountain Province, Benguet,
Nueva Vizcaya, La Union, Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Zambales, Rizal,
Bataan, Laguna.
- -
212 Glochidion sp. - Phyllanthaceae Tree - - -
213 Phyllanthus albus (Blanco) Müll.Arg.
Kalnag Phyllanthaceae Tree
LUZON: Cagayan to Sorsogon, MINDORO,
PANAY, LEYTE, SAMAR, SIARGAO, DINAGAT,
MINDANAO
- -
214 Phyllanthus myrtifolius (Wight) Müll.Arg.
Mousetail plant
Phyllanthaceae Tree - - -
215 Pittosporum pentandrum
(Blanco) Merr. Mamalis Pittosporaceae Tree
Throughout the Philippines
M, L, EO, FW -
216 Bambusa blumeana Schult.f.
Kawayan tinik
Poaceae Grass N LUZON to PALAWAN
and MINDANAO C, F, FW, P -
217 Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. Kawayan
kiling Poaceae Grass
N LUZON to PALAWAN and MINDANAO
M, C, F, FW, P -
218 Gigantochloa levis (Blanco) Merr.
Bolo Poaceae Grass
LUZON: Bulacan, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Quezon,
POLILLO, CULION, LEYTE, CAMIGUIN
M, F -
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IMPORTANCE REMARKS
219 Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch.
Cogon Poaceae Grass Throughout the
Philippines M, O, P
Used for making mats, bags and raincoats
220 Oplismenus sp. - Poaceae Grass - - -
221 Paspalum sp. - Poaceae Grass - - -
222 Saccharum officinarum L. Tubo Poaceae Grass - M, P, O Produced wax, sugar and
fiber for paper making
223 Saccharum spontaneum L. Talahib Poaceae Grass Throughout the
Philippines M, O
Used for production of ropes, mats, and brooms
224 Schizostachyum lumampao (Blanco) Merr.
Buho Poaceae Grass
LUZON: IIocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Benguet,
Cagayan, Isabela, Pangasinan, Pampanga, Rizal, Bataan, Quezon, Camarines, MINDORO,
PALAWAN, PANAY, LEYTE, MINDANAO,
BASILAN
O,P Used to make baskets,
fences, spears, fish pens, flutes, handicrafts.
225 Podocarpus sp. - Podocarpaceae Tree - - -
226 Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms
Water hyacinth
Pontederiaceae Aquatic
Plant - M, O Used for handicraft
227 Portulaca oleracea L. Ulisiman Portulacaceae Herb Throughout the
Philippines M -
228 Ardisia pyramidalis Roth Aunasin Primulaceae Tree LUZON: Cagayan to Albay, PALAWAN,
MINDANAO M -
229 Ardisia squamulosa C. Presl Pataktol* Primulaceae Tree
LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Cagayan, Isabela,
Pangasinan, Tayabas, Cavite, Batangas,
MINDORO, PALAWAN,
M -
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PANAY, MINDANAO: Davao
230 Drypetes maquilingensis
(Merr.) Pax & K.Hoffm. Tinaang pantai
Putranjivaceae Tree
LUZON: Laguna (Mt Makiling), MINDANAO:
Zamboanga, Davao, Agusan del Norte
- -
231 Ziziphus talanae Merr. Balakat* Rhamnaceae Tree N LUZON to PALAWAN
and MINDANAO - -
232 Canthium horridum Blume Kuliak-daga Rubiaceae Tree LUZON: Pangasinan,
Zambales, Bulacan, Rizal, Camarines, Sorsogon
M -
233 Canthium monstrosum (A.Rich.) Merr.
Tadiang-anuang
Rubiaceae Tree
LUZON: Aurora, Camarines Sur, Ilocos
Norte, Ilocos Sur, Abra, La Union, Apayao,
Mountain Province, Benguet, Cagayan,
Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Zambales,
Bataan, Pampanga, Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna, Cavite, Quezon, LEYTE,
MINDORO, NEGROS
- -
234 Coffea arabica L. Kape Rubiaceae Tree - M -
235 Mussaenda philippica
A.Rich. Kahoi-dalaga
Rubiaceae Tree LUZON: Cagayan to
PALAWAN and MINDANAO
M -
236 Nauclea orientalis (L.) L. Bagkal Rubiaceae Tree Throughout the
Philippines M, C -
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No. SCIENTIFIC NAME LOCAL
NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION
ECONOMIC
IMPORTANCE REMARKS
237 Neonauclea media (Havil.) Merr.
Uisak Rubiaceae Tree
LUZON: Ilocos Sur, Cagayan, Bataan, Rizal,
Laguna, Quezon, Batangas, MINDORO, PANAY, GUIMARAS,
MINDANAO
- -
238 Pavetta sp. - Rubiaceae Shrub - - -
239 Psychotria sp. - Rubiaceae Shrub - - -
240 Wendlandia luzoniensis DC. Kalasan Rubiaceae Tree
LUZON: Abra, Pangasinan, Mountain
Province, Benguet, Cagayan, Nueva Vizcaya,
Nueva Ecija, Bulacan, Rizal, MINDANAO:
Bukidnon
- -
241 Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.
Lukban Rutaceae Tree Throughout the
Philippines M, EO -
242 Citrus x microcarpa Bunge Kalamansi Rutaceae Tree - M, EO, I -
243 Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack Kamuning* Rutaceae Herb Throughout the
Philippines M, L, EO, O For cosmetic
244 Casearia fuliginosa (Blanco) Blanco
Malaseresa*
Salicaceae Tree
LUZON, MINDORO, TICAO, MASBATE, SIBUYAN, SAMAR,
DINAGAT, MINDANAO, TAWI-TAWI
- -
245 Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch.
Governor's plum
Salicaceae Tree - - -
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No. SCIENTIFIC NAME LOCAL
NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION
ECONOMIC
IMPORTANCE REMARKS
246 Osmelia philippina Fern.-Vill.
Oonog Salicaceae Tree
LUZON: Rizal, Laguna, Quezon),
CATANDUANES, TABLAS, PANAY, LEYTE, SAMAR,
MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Lanao, Agusan, Surigao,
DINAGAT
C -
247 Allophylus cobbe (L.) Raeusch.
Barotongol Sapindaceae Tree Throughout the
Philippines M, F, FW -
248 Cardiospermum
halicacabum L. Paltupaltuk
an* Sapindaceae Vine - - -
249 Ganophyllum falcatum Blume
Gogolingin* Sapindaceae Tree Throughout the
Philippines C, O Source of Arangan oil
250 Guioa koelreuteria (Blanco) Merr.
Alahan Sapindaceae Tree Throughout the
Philippines M, O Used for tool handles
251 Harpullia arborea (Blanco) Radlk.
Uas Sapindaceae Tree Throughout the
Philippines M, C, F -
252 Lepisanthes tetraphylla Radlk.
Bayag-daga Sapindaceae Tree
LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva
Ecija, Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna, Batangas,
Quezon, Camarines, MINDORO, NEGROS, LEYTE, MINDANAO:
Zamboanga, Agusan
M, F -
253 Litchi chinensis Sonn. Alupag Sapindaceae Tree LUZON, SIBUYAN,
SAMAR, MINDANAO M, E Tannin producing plant
254 Nephelium lappaceum L. Rambutan Sapindaceae Tree PALAWAN, BASILAN,
JOLO M -
255 Sapindus saponaria L. Malapalitpit
* Sapindaceae Tree - - -
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No. SCIENTIFIC NAME LOCAL
NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION
ECONOMIC
IMPORTANCE REMARKS
256 Chrysophyllum cainito L. Caimito Sapotaceae Tree - M, C, O, P Dye producing plant
257 Manilkara zapota Van Royen
Chico Sapotaceae Tree - - -
258 Palaquium philippense (Perr.) C.B.Rob.
Malakmak* Sapotaceae Tree
LUZON: Isabela, Bataan, Tarlac, Bulacan, Rizal,
Batangas, Quezon, Camarines Sur, Albay, Sorsogon, MINDORO:
Mindoro Occidental (Mt Calavite), PANAY: Capiz, NEGROS, LEYTE (Ormoc,
Lake Danao), MINDANAO: Davao (Mt
Apo)
- -
259 Planchonella duclitan (Blanco) Bakh.f.
Duklitan Sapotaceae Tree
BABUYAN ISLS, LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Cagayan,
Bataan, Laguna, Quezon, Batangas, Camarines, MINDORO, PALAWAN,
MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Cotabato
- -
260 Pouteria campechiana
(Kunth) Baehni Tiesa Sapotaceae Tree
BABUYAN ISLS, LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Cagayan,
Bataan, Laguna, Quezon, Batangas, Camarines, MINDORO, PALAWAN,
MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Cotabato
M, C, E Latex producing plant
261 Smilax sp. - Smilacaceae Vine - - -
262 Solanum torvum Sw. Talimbolo Solanaceae Shrub - M, O Used as rootstock
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No. SCIENTIFIC NAME LOCAL
NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION
ECONOMIC
IMPORTANCE REMARKS
263 Grewia multiflora Juss. Aplit* Sparmanniaceae Tree
LUZON: Cagayan to Quezon, MINDORO,
PALAWAN, GUIMARAS, CAMIGUIN, MINDANAO
- -
264 Gomphandra luzoniensis (Merr.) Merr
Mabunot Stemonuraceae Tree
LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union,
Cagayan, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna,
Cavite, Batangas, MINDORO,
MARINDUQUE, PALAWAN
- -
265 Sterculia comosa Wall. Banilad Sterculiaceae Tree
LUZON: Ilocos Sur, Isabela, Nueva Ecija, Laguna, Camarines
Norte, Camarines Sur, Sorsogon,
CATANDUANES, MINDORO, SIBUYAN,
PALAWAN, GUIMARAS, SAMAR
O Fiber producing plant
266 Sterculia cordata Blume Tapinag bundok
Sterculiaceae Tree
CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, LUZON:
Cagayan, Nueva Vizcaya, Bataan, Bulacan, Laguna
C, F -
267 Sterculia foetida L. Kalumpang Sterculiaceae Tree N LUZON (Cagayan) to
PALAWAN and MINDANAO
- -
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No. SCIENTIFIC NAME LOCAL
NAME FAMILY NAME HABIT DISTRIBUTION
ECONOMIC
IMPORTANCE REMARKS
268 Sterculia oblongata R.Br. Malabuho Sterculiaceae Tree
ATAN, BABUYAN ISLS, LUZON (Cagayan to
Sorsogon), MINDORO, BUSUANGA, CULION,
NEGROS, LEYTE, SAMAR, MINDANAO: Lanao
C, O Fiber producing plant, used for hats, handbags, place-
mats and wallet
269 Strombosia philippinensis S.Vidal
Tamayuan Strombosiaceae Tree
LUZON, CATANDUANES, MINDORO, SIBUYAN,
LEYTE, BASILAN, MINDANAO
C, FW -
270 Dendrocnide luzonensis (Wedd.) Chew
Lipa Urticaceae Tree Throughout the
Philippines - -
271 Pipturus arborescens (Link) C.B. Rob.
Dalunot Urticaceae Tree Throughout the
Philippines M, O Fiber producing plant
272 Lantana camara L. Coronitas Verbenaceae Shrub - M, FW, I, P -
273 Leea guineensis G. Don Mali-mali* Vitaceae Tree Throughout the
Philippines M -
274 Leea sp. - Vitaceae Tree - - -
275 Tetrastigma sepulchrei Merr. Ayo Vitaceae Vine LUZON: Mountain Province, Benguet,
Bataan M, C, FW, O
Fiber, latex & tannin producing plant
276 Tetrastigma sp. - Vitaceae Vine - - - Note: M – medicinal; L – landscaping; C – construction; F – furniture; E – source of extractive products; O – source of other derived products; FW – fuelwood or firewood; EO – source of essential oil; PM – paper making; and I – with insecticidal properties
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Appendix 2. List of amphibians and reptiles recorded in NCC
No. Species Taxonomic
Updates
Common
Name
Residency
Status
Habitat
Association
Conservation Status
Method
Sampling
Sites
IUCN CITES
DAO
2004-
15 1 2 3
Class Amphibia
Order Anura
Family Bufonidae
1 Rhinella marina
Giant Marine
Toad Introduced
Common in
agricultural
areas,
grasslands,
forests,
urban parks
and
residential
areas LC NA NA
Opportunistic
Catching/Strip
transect
x x x
Family Microhylidae
2 Kaloula picta
Slender-digit
Chorus frog
Philippine
Endemic
Present in
agricultural
areas,
agricultural
ponds and
lakes LC NA NA Strip transect
x
Family Ranidae
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No. Species Taxonomic
Updates
Common
Name
Residency
Status
Habitat
Association
Conservation Status
Method
Sampling
Sites
IUCN CITES
DAO
2004-
15 1 2 3
3 Polypedates leucomystax
Common
Tree Frog Native
Present in
human
habitats,
agricultural
areas, and
forests LC NA NA Strip transect
x x x
Family Dicroglossidae
4 Occidozyga laevis
Common
Puddle Frog Native
Commonly
found in
human
habitats and
puddles
found near
streams
along forest
edges LC NA NA Strip transect
x
5 Fejervarya cancrivora
Fejervarya
moodiei (1)
Asian
Brackishwater
frog Native
Common in
swamps,
estuarine,
mangrove
areas, and
rice fields. LC NA NA Strip transect
x x
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No. Species Taxonomic
Updates
Common
Name
Residency
Status
Habitat
Association
Conservation Status
Method
Sampling
Sites
IUCN CITES
DAO
2004-
15 1 2 3
6 Hoplobatrachus rugulosus
Taiwanese
Frog Introduced
Present in
various wet
areas such
as rich
paddies,
forest pools,
and fish
ponds LC NA NA
Opportunistic
Catching/ Strip
Transect
x
Order Reptilia
Order Squamata
Family Gekkonidae
1 Hemidactylus frenatus
Common
House Gecko Native
Commonly
found in
human
habitats and
agricultural
areas LC NA NA Strip transect
x
2 Gekko gecko Tokay Gecko Native
Present in
human
habitats,
agricultural
areas, and LC NA NA
Opportunistic
Catching/Strip
transect
x x x
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No. Species Taxonomic
Updates
Common
Name
Residency
Status
Habitat
Association
Conservation Status
Method
Sampling
Sites
IUCN CITES
DAO
2004-
15 1 2 3
lowland
forests
Family Scincidae
3 Eutropis multifasciata
Common
Mabouya Native
Present in
agricultural
areas and
lowland
forests LC NA NA Strip transect
x x x
Family Agamidae
4 Bronchocela marmorata
Marbled
Crested
Lizard
Philippine
Endemic
Present in
forests and
agricultural
areas. DD NA NA Strip transect
x
Family Varanidae
5 Varanus salvator
Monitor
Lizard Native
Common in
forests and
mangrove
swamps,
also present
in
agricultural
areas. LC
Appendix
II OTS Interview
x x x
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No. Species Taxonomic
Updates
Common
Name
Residency
Status
Habitat
Association
Conservation Status
Method
Sampling
Sites
IUCN CITES
DAO
2004-
15 1 2 3
Family Elapidae
6 Naja philippinensis
Philippine
Cobra
Philippine
Endemic
Present in
agricultural
areas, urban
areas, and
forests NT
Appendix
II EN
Opportunistic
Catching/Interview
x x x
7 Ophiophagus hannah King Cobra Native
Present in
agricultural
areas,
swamps,
and forests VU
Appendix
II EN Interview
x x x
Family Boidae
8 Malayopython reticulatus
Reticulated
python Native
Present in
forests and
adjacent
grassland
areas LC
Appendix
II OTS Interview
x x x
Family Colubridae
9 Dendrelaphis caudolineatus
Gray
Bronzeback Native
Present in
forests and
adjacent LC NA NA Strip transect
x
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No. Species Taxonomic
Updates
Common
Name
Residency
Status
Habitat
Association
Conservation Status
Method
Sampling
Sites
IUCN CITES
DAO
2004-
15 1 2 3
grassland
areas
Family Typhlopidae
10 Ramphotyphlops braminus
Brahminy
Blind Snake Native
Common in
urban and
agricultural
areas
Not
Evaluated NA NA
Opportunistic
Catching
x
Total 13 10 10
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Appendix 3. List of birds recorded in NCC
No. Species Taxonomic
Updates Common Name
Residency
Status
Conservation Status Habitat
Associa
tion
Method
Used
Sampling
Sits
IUCN CITES DAO
2004-15 1 2 3
Order
Pelecaniformes
Family Ardeidae
1
Nycticorax
nycticorax
Black-crowned
Night Heron Resident LC NA NA
Wetland
s
Transect,
Netting x x
2 Butorides striatus
Butorides striata
(WBCP and
IUCN) Striated Heron
Migratory with
resident
populations LC NA NA
Wetland
s Transect x
3
Ixobrychus
cinnamomeus
Cinnamon
Bittern Resident LC NA NA
Wetland
s Transect x
4 Egretta garzetta Little Egret
Migratory with
resident
populations LC NA NA
Wetland
s Transect x x
5 Ardea purpurea Purple Heron Resident LC NA NA
Wetland
s Transect x
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No. Species Taxonomic
Updates Common Name
Residency
Status
Conservation Status Habitat
Associa
tion
Method
Used
Sampling
Sits
IUCN CITES DAO
2004-15 1 2 3
6 Bubulcus ibis
Bubulcus
coromandus
(WBCP) Cattle Egret
Migratory with
resident
populations LC NA NA
Wetland
s Transect x
Order
Accipitriformes
Family
Accipitridae
7 Haliastur indus Brahminy Kite Resident LC
Appen
dix II EN
Foreste
d to
open
areas Transect x x
Order
Galliformes
Family
Phasianidae
8 Gallus gallus Red Junglefowl Resident LC NA NA
Foreste
d areas Transect x
Order Gruiformes
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No. Species Taxonomic
Updates Common Name
Residency
Status
Conservation Status Habitat
Associa
tion
Method
Used
Sampling
Sits
IUCN CITES DAO
2004-15 1 2 3
Family Rallidae
9
Gallirallus
philippensis
Hypotaenidia
philippensis
(IUCN) Buff-banded Rail Resident LC NA NA
Wetland
s Transect x x
10
Amaurornis
phoenicurus
White-breasted
Waterhen Resident LC NA NA
Wetland
s Transect x x x
11
Gallirallus
torquatus
Hypotaenidia
torquata (IUCN) Barred Rail Resident LC NA NA
Wetland
s Transect x x x
12
Amaurornis
olivaceus
Amaurornis
olivacea (WBCP
and IUCN) Plain Bush-Hen
Philippine
endemic LC NA NA
Wetland
s Transect x
Order
Charadriiformes
Family
Charadriidae
13 Charadrius dubius
Little Ringed
Plover
Migratory with
resident
populations LC NA NA
Wetland
s Transect x
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No. Species Taxonomic
Updates Common Name
Residency
Status
Conservation Status Habitat
Associa
tion
Method
Used
Sampling
Sits
IUCN CITES DAO
2004-15 1 2 3
Family
Scolopacidae
14 Actitis hypoleucos
Common
Sandpiper Migratory LC NA NA
Wetland
s Transect x
Family Turnicidae
15 Turnix ocellata
Turnix ocellatus
(WBCP and
IUCN)
Spotted
Buttonquail
Philippine
endemic LC NA NA
Open
areas
Transect,
Netting x x x
16 Turnix suscitator
Barred
Buttonquail Resident LC NA NA
Open
areas Netting x
Order
Columbiformes
Family
Columbidae
17 Geopelia striata Zebra Dove Resident LC NA NA
Open
areas
Transect,
Netting x x x
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No. Species Taxonomic
Updates Common Name
Residency
Status
Conservation Status Habitat
Associa
tion
Method
Used
Sampling
Sits
IUCN CITES DAO
2004-15 1 2 3
18
Streptopelia
chinensis
Spilopelia
chinensis
(WBCP, IUCN,
HBW) Spotted Dove Resident LC NA NA
Open
areas Transect x x
19 Chalcophaps indica
Common
Emerald Dove Resident LC NA NA
Foreste
d areas
Transect,
netting x x
20
Streptopelia
tranquebarica Red Turtle-Dove Resident LC NA NA
Open
areas Transect x
21
Ptilinopus
leclancheri
Rhamphiculus
leclancheri
(IUCN)
Black-chinned
Fruit Dove Near Endemic LC NA NA
Foreste
d areas Transect x
22 Treron pompadora
Treron axillaris
(WBCP and
IUCN)
Philippine Green
Pigeon
Philippine
endemic LC NA NA
Foreste
d areas Transect x
23 Phapitreron leucotis
White-eared
Brown Dove
Philippine
endemic LC NA NA
Foreste
d areas
Transect,
netting x x x
Order
Cuculiformes
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No. Species Taxonomic
Updates Common Name
Residency
Status
Conservation Status Habitat
Associa
tion
Method
Used
Sampling
Sits
IUCN CITES DAO
2004-15 1 2 3
Family Cuculidae
24
Phaenicophaeus
cumingi
Dasylophus
cumingi (WBCP)
Lepidogrammus
cumingi (IUCN)
Scale-feathered
Malkoha
Philippine
endemic LC NA NA
Foreste
d areas Transect x x
25 Cuculus fugax
Hierococcyx
pectoralis
(WBCP and
IUCN)
Philippine Hawk-
Cuckoo
Philippine
endemic LC NA NA
Foreste
d areas
Transect,
Netting x x x
26 Centropus viridis
Philippine
Coucal
Philippine
endemic LC NA NA
Foreste
d to
open
areas
Transect,
Netting x x x
27
Centropus
bengalensis Lesser Coucal Resident LC NA NA
Foreste
d to
open
areas Transect x x
Order
Strigiformes
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No. Species Taxonomic
Updates Common Name
Residency
Status
Conservation Status Habitat
Associa
tion
Method
Used
Sampling
Sits
IUCN CITES DAO
2004-15 1 2 3
Family Strigidae
28 Ninox philippensis Luzon Hawk-Owl
Philippine
endemic LC
Appen
dix II EN
Foreste
d areas Netting x
29 Otus megalotis
Philippine Scops
Owl
Philippine
endemic LC
Appen
dix II EN
Foreste
d areas Netting x
Family Tytonidae
30 Tyto capensis
Tyto
longimembris
(WBCP and
IUCN) Grass Owl Resident LC
Appen
dix II EN
Open
areas Netting x
Order
Caprimulgiforme
s
Family
Caprimulgidae
31
Caprimulgus
manillensis
Philippine
Nightjar
Philippine
endemic LC NA NA
Open
areas Netting x
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No. Species Taxonomic
Updates Common Name
Residency
Status
Conservation Status Habitat
Associa
tion
Method
Used
Sampling
Sits
IUCN CITES DAO
2004-15 1 2 3
Order
Apodiformes
Family Apodidae
32 Collocalia esculenta Glossy Swiftlet Resident LC NA NA
Open
areas Transect x x x
Order
Coraciiformes
Family
Alcedinidae
33 Halcyon chloris
Todiramphus
chloris (WBCP
and IUCN)
White-collared
Kingfisher Resident LC NA NA
Open
areas
Transect,
Netting x x x
34 Halcyon smyrnensis
Halcyon gularis
(IUCN)
White-throated
Kingfisher Resident LC NA NA
Open
areas
Transect,
Netting x x x
35 Alcedo cyanopecta
Ceyx
cyanopectus
(WBCP and
IUCN)
Indigo-banded
Kingfisher
Philippine
endemic LC NA NA
Wetland
s
Transect,
Netting x x
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No. Species Taxonomic
Updates Common Name
Residency
Status
Conservation Status Habitat
Associa
tion
Method
Used
Sampling
Sits
IUCN CITES DAO
2004-15 1 2 3
Family
Meropidae
36 Merops viridis
Merops
americanus
(IUCN)
Blue-throated
Bee-eater Resident LC NA NA
Open
areas Transect x x
37 Merops philippinus
Blue-tailed Bee-
eater Resident LC NA NA
Open
areas Transect x x
Order Piciformes
Family Picidae
38
Dendrocopos
maculatus
Picoides
maculatus
(IUCN)
Philippine
Pygmy
Woodpecker
Philippine
endemic LC NA NA
Foreste
d areas Transect x
Family
Megalaimidae
39
Megalaima
haemacephala
Psilopogon
haemacephalys
(IUCN)
Coppersmith
Barbet Resident LC NA NA
Foreste
d to
open
areas Transect x x x
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No. Species Taxonomic
Updates Common Name
Residency
Status
Conservation Status Habitat
Associa
tion
Method
Used
Sampling
Sits
IUCN CITES DAO
2004-15 1 2 3
Order
Passeriformes
Family Pittidae
40 Pitta sordida Hooded Pitta Resident LC NA NA
Foreste
d to
open
areas
Transect,
Netting x x
Family
Hirundinidae
41 Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow Migratory LC NA NA
Foreste
d areas Transect x x x
42 Hirundo tahitica Pacific Swallow Resident LC NA NA
Foreste
d areas Transect x x x
43 Riparia paludicola
Riparia
chinensis
(WBCP)
Gray-throated
Martin Resident LC NA NA
Wetland
s Transect x
44 Hirundo daurica Cecropis
striolata (WBCP,
Red-rumped
Swallow Migratory LC NA NA
Open
areas Transect x
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No. Species Taxonomic
Updates Common Name
Residency
Status
Conservation Status Habitat
Associa
tion
Method
Used
Sampling
Sits
IUCN CITES DAO
2004-15 1 2 3
HBW)
Cecropis daurica
(IUCN)
Family
Campephagidae
45 Lalage nigra Pied Thriller Resident LC NA NA
Foreste
d areas Transect x x
Family
Pycnonotidae
46 Pycnonotus goiavier
Yellow-Vented
Bulbul Resident LC NA NA
Foreste
d to
open
areas
Transect,
Netting x x x
47
Hypsipetes
philippinus Philippine Bulbul
Philippine
endemic LC NA NA
Foreste
d areas
Transect,
Netting x x x
Family Oriolidae
48 Oriolus chinensis
Black-naped
Oriole Resident LC NA NA
Foreste
d areas Transect, x x x
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No. Species Taxonomic
Updates Common Name
Residency
Status
Conservation Status Habitat
Associa
tion
Method
Used
Sampling
Sits
IUCN CITES DAO
2004-15 1 2 3
Family Corvidae
49
Corvus
macrorhynchos
Large-billed
Crow Resident LC NA NA
Foreste
d areas
Transect,
Netting x x
Family Paridae
50 Parus elegans
Periparus
elegans (WBCP)
Pardaliparus
elegans (IUCN) Elegant Tit
Philippine
endemic LC NA NA
Foreste
d areas Transect x x
Family Turdidae
51 Zoothera cinerea
Geokichla
cinerea (WBCP,
IUCN, HBW)
Ashy Ground-
thrush
Philippine
endemic VU NA VU
Foreste
d areas Netting x
Family
Cisticolidae
52 Cisticola exilis
Golden-headed
Cisticola Resident LC NA NA
Open
areas Transect x x
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No. Species Taxonomic
Updates Common Name
Residency
Status
Conservation Status Habitat
Associa
tion
Method
Used
Sampling
Sits
IUCN CITES DAO
2004-15 1 2 3
53
Orthotomus
chloronotus
Green-backed
Tailorbird
Philippine
endemic LC NA NA
Foreste
d areas Transect x x
Family
Monarchidae
54 Hypothymis azurea
Black-naped
Monarch Resident LC NA NA
Foreste
d areas
Transect,
Netting x x
Family
Rhipiduridae
55 Rhipidura javanica
Rhipidura
nigritorquis
(WBCP and
IUCN)
Philippine Pied
Fantail
Philippine
endemic LC NA NA
Foreste
d areas
Transect,
Netting x x
Family
Motacillidae
56
Anthus
novaeseelandiae
Anthus rufulus
(WBCP and
IUCN) Paddyfield Pipit Resident LC NA NA
Open
areas Transect x x
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No. Species Taxonomic
Updates Common Name
Residency
Status
Conservation Status Habitat
Associa
tion
Method
Used
Sampling
Sits
IUCN CITES DAO
2004-15 1 2 3
57 Motacilla cinerea Grey Wagtail Migratory LC NA NA
Wetland
s Transect x
Family
Locustellidae
58 Megalurus palustris
Striated
Grassbird Resident LC NA NA
Open
areas
Transect,
Netting x x x
59
Megalurus
timoriensis
Cincloramphus
timoriensis(IUC
N) Tawny Grassbird Resident LC NA NA
Open
areas Transect x x x
Family
Acrocephalidae
60
Acrocephalus
stentoreus
Clamorous Reed
Warbler Resident LC NA NA
Open
areas Transect x
Family
Phylloscopidae
61
Phylloscopus
borealis Arctic Warbler Migratory LC NA NA
Foreste
d areas Transect x
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No. Species Taxonomic
Updates Common Name
Residency
Status
Conservation Status Habitat
Associa
tion
Method
Used
Sampling
Sits
IUCN CITES DAO
2004-15 1 2 3
Family
Acanthizidae
62 Gerygone sulphurea
Golden-bellied
Flyeater Resident LC NA NA
Open
areas
Transect,
Netting x x x
Family
Muscicapidae
63 Cyornis rufigastra
Mangrove Blue
Flycatcher Resident LC NA NA
Foreste
d areas
Transect,
Netting x x
64 Saxicola caprata Pied Bushcat Resident LC NA NA
Open
areas Transect
65 Copsychus saularis
Copsychus
mindanensis
(WBCP, HBW,
IUCN)
Philippine
Magpie Robin
Philippine
endemic LC NA NA
Foreste
d to
open
areas Transect x x
Family Artamidae
66
Artamus
leucorychus
Artamus
leucorhyn
(IUCN, HBW)
White-breasted
Woodswallow Resident LC NA NA Foreste
d to Transect x x x
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No. Species Taxonomic
Updates Common Name
Residency
Status
Conservation Status Habitat
Associa
tion
Method
Used
Sampling
Sits
IUCN CITES DAO
2004-15 1 2 3
open
areas
Family Laniidae
67 Lanius cristatus Brown Shrike
Migratory with
resident
populations LC NA NA
Open
areas
Transect,
Netting x x x
68 Lanius schach
Long-tailed
Shrike Resident LC NA NA
Open
areas
Transect,
Netting x x x
Family Sturnidae
69
Acridotheres
cristatellus Crested Myna Introduced LC NA NA
Open
areas Transect x x
70 Sarcops calvus Coleto Near Endemic LC NA NA
Foreste
d to
open
areas Transect x
Family
Nectarinidae
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No. Species Taxonomic
Updates Common Name
Residency
Status
Conservation Status Habitat
Associa
tion
Method
Used
Sampling
Sits
IUCN CITES DAO
2004-15 1 2 3
71 Nectarinia jugularis
Cinnyris
jugularis (WBCP
and IUCN)
Olive-backed
Sunbird Resident LC NA NA
Foreste
d to
open
areas Transect x x x
72
Anthrepthes
malacensis
Brown-throated
Sunbird Resident LC NA NA
Foreste
d to
open
areas Transect x
Family Dicaeidae
73 Dicaeum australe
Red-keeled
flowerpecker
Philippine
endemic LC NA NA
Open
areas Transect x x
Family
Zosteropidae
74 Zosterops meyeni
Lowland White-
eye
Philippine
endemic
Foreste
d areas Transect x x x
Family
Estrildidae
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No. Species Taxonomic
Updates Common Name
Residency
Status
Conservation Status Habitat
Associa
tion
Method
Used
Sampling
Sits
IUCN CITES DAO
2004-15 1 2 3
75
Lonchura
leucogastra
White-bellied
Munia Resident LC NA NA
Foreste
d to
open
areas Transect x
76 Lonchura malacca
Lonchura
atricapilla
(WBCP, IUCN,
HBW) Chestnut Munia Resident LC NA NA
Open
areas Transect x
77
Lonchura
punctulata
Scaly-breasted
Munia Resident LC NA NA
Open
areas Transect x x x
Total
4
6
4
7
5
7
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Appendix 3. Bird transect results and biodiversity indices in Site 1 of NCC
No. Species
No. of
individuals
(ni)
Relative
Frequency
(ni/N)
Proportional
Dominance
Index (ni/N)2
ln (ni/N)
Proportional
Species
Diversity
Index (ni/N)
ln(ni/N)
1 Halcyon chloris 15 0.0347222 0.0012056 -3.3603754 -0.1166797
2 Lanius cristatus 14 0.0324074 0.0010502 -3.4293683 -0.1111369
3 Artamus leucorychus 17 0.0393519 0.0015486 -3.2352122 -0.1273116
4 Megalurus palustris 48 0.1111111 0.0123457 -2.1972246 -0.2441361
5 Rhipidura javanica 12 0.0277778 0.0007716 -3.5835189 -0.0995422
6 Gerygone sulphurea 27 0.0625000 0.0039063 -2.7725887 -0.1732868
7 Centropus viridis 15 0.0347222 0.0012056 -3.3603754 -0.1166797
8 Pycnonotus goiavier 28 0.0648148 0.0042010 -2.7362211 -0.1773477
9 Megalurus timoriensis 14 0.0324074 0.0010502 -3.4293683 -0.1111369
10 Cisticola exilis 8 0.0185185 0.0003429 -3.9889840 -0.0738701
11 Lanius schach 24 0.0555556 0.0030864 -2.8903718 -0.1605762
12 Galliralus torquatus 10 0.0231481 0.0005358 -3.7658405 -0.0871722
13
megalaima
haemacephala 11 0.0254630 0.0006484 -3.6705303 -0.0934626
14 Oriolus chinensis 21 0.0486111 0.0023630 -3.0239032 -0.1469953
15 Haliastur indus 2 0.0046296 0.0000214 -5.3752784 -0.0248855
16
Centropus
bengalensis 7 0.0162037 0.0002626 -4.1225154 -0.0668000
17 Zosterops meyeni 10 0.0231481 0.0005358 -3.7658405 -0.0871722
18 Ardea purpurea 5 0.0115741 0.0001340 -4.4589877 -0.0516087
19 Halcyon smyrnensis 7 0.0162037 0.0002626 -4.1225154 -0.0668000
20 Collocalia esculenta 10 0.0231481 0.0005358 -3.7658405 -0.0871722
21 Streptopelia chinensis 5 0.0115741 0.0001340 -4.4589877 -0.0516087
22
Streptopelia
tranquebarica 12 0.0277778 0.0007716 -3.5835189 -0.0995422
23 Lalage nigra 15 0.0347222 0.0012056 -3.3603754 -0.1166797
24 Gallus gallus 2 0.0046296 0.0000214 -5.3752784 -0.0248855
25
Amaurornis
phoenicurus 5 0.0115741 0.0001340 -4.4589877 -0.0516087
26 Phapitreron leucotis 2 0.0046296 0.0000214 -5.3752784 -0.0248855
27
Gallirallus
philippensis 10 0.0231481 0.0005358 -3.7658405 -0.0871722
28
Corvus
macrorhynchos 5 0.0115741 0.0001340 -4.4589877 -0.0516087
29
Anthus
novaeseelandae 5 0.0115741 0.0001340 -4.4589877 -0.0516087
30 Hirundo tahitica 5 0.0115741 0.0001340 -4.4589877 -0.0516087
31 Geopelia striata 7 0.0162037 0.0002626 -4.1225154 -0.0668000
32
Copsychus
mindanensis 4 0.0092593 0.0000857 -4.6821312 -0.0433531
33 Lonchura punctulata 3 0.0069444 0.0000482 -4.9698133 -0.0345126
34 Hirundo rustica 17 0.0393519 0.0015486 -3.2352122 -0.1273116
35 Cinnyris jugularis 2 0.0046296 0.0000214 -5.3752784 -0.0248855
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No. Species
No. of
individuals
(ni)
Relative
Frequency
(ni/N)
Proportional
Dominance
Index (ni/N)2
ln (ni/N)
Proportional
Species
Diversity
Index (ni/N)
ln(ni/N)
36 Treron pompadora 7 0.0162037 0.0002626 -4.1225154 -0.0668000
37 Merops philippinus 9 0.0208333 0.0004340 -3.8712010 -0.0806500
38 Egretta garzetta 2 0.0046296 0.0000214 -5.3752784 -0.0248855
39 Saxicola caprata 2 0.0046296 0.0000214 -5.3752784 -0.0248855
40
Acridotheres
cristatellus 7 0.0162037 0.0002626 -4.1225154 -0.0668000
41 Turnix ocellata 1 0.0023148 0.0000054 -6.0684256 -0.0140473
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Appendix 4. Bird transect results and biodiversity indices in Site 2 of NCC
No. Species
No. of
individuals
(ni)
Relative
Frequency
(ni/N)
Proportional
Dominance
Index (ni/N)2
ln (ni/N)
Proportional
Species
Diversity
Index (ni/N)
ln(ni/N)
1 Hypsipetes
philippinus 71 0.152360515 0.023213727 -1.881505757 -0.286667186
2 Centropus viridis 33 0.070815451 0.005014828 -2.647678073 -0.187496516
3 Megalurus
timoriensis 17 0.036480687 0.001330841 -3.310972290 -0.120786543
4 Phapitreron leucotis 27 0.057939914 0.003357034 -2.848348768 -0.165033083
5 Copsychus saularis 5 0.010729614 0.000115125 -4.534747722 -0.048656091
6 Cinnyris jugularis 11 0.023605150 0.000557203 -3.746290361 -0.088431747
7 Gerygone sulphurea 8 0.017167382 0.000294719 -4.064744092 -0.069781014
8 Merops philippinus 9 0.019313305 0.000373004 -3.946961057 -0.076228862
9 Parus elegans 7 0.015021459 0.000225644 -4.198275485 -0.063064224
10 Lanius cristatus 11 0.023605150 0.000557203 -3.746290361 -0.088431747
11 Hypothymis azurea 15 0.032188841 0.001036121 -3.436135433 -0.110605218
12 Orthotomus
chloronotus 14 0.030042918 0.000902577 -3.505128305 -0.105304284
13 Phaenicophaeus
cumingi 6 0.012875536 0.000165779 -4.352426165 -0.056039822
14 megalaima
haemacephala 9 0.019313305 0.000373004 -3.946961057 -0.076228862
15 Sarcops calvus 3 0.006437768 0.000041445 -5.045573345 -0.032482232
16 Cyornis rufigastra 10 0.021459227 0.000460498 -3.841600541 -0.082437780
17 Lanius schach 1 0.002145923 0.000004605 -6.144185634 -0.013184948
18 Halcyon smyrnensis 9 0.019313305 0.000373004 -3.946961057 -0.076228862
19 Megalurus palustris 17 0.036480687 0.001330841 -3.310972290 -0.120786543
20 Halcyon chloris 3 0.006437768 0.000041445 -5.045573345 -0.032482232
21 Artamus
leucorhychus 6 0.012875536 0.000165779 -4.352426165 -0.056039822
22 Dendrecopos
maculatus 9 0.019313305 0.000373004 -3.946961057 -0.076228862
23 Geopelia striata 1 0.002145923 0.000004605 -6.144185634 -0.013184948
24 Amaurornis
phoenicurus 6 0.012875536 0.000165779 -4.352426165 -0.056039822
25 Gallirallus
torquatus 19 0.040772532 0.001662399 -3.199746655 -0.130461773
26 Pycnonotus goiavier 49 0.105150215 0.011056568 -2.252365336 -0.236836698
27 Pitta sordida 9 0.019313305 0.000373004 -3.946961057 -0.076228862
28 Phylloscopus
borealis 5 0.010729614 0.000115125 -4.534747722 -0.048656091
29 Cuculus fugax 5 0.010729614 0.000115125 -4.534747722 -0.048656091
30 Rhipidura javanica 1 0.002145923 0.000004605 -6.144185634 -0.013184948
31 Zosterops meyeni 1 0.002145923 0.000004605 -6.144185634 -0.013184948
32 Chalcophaps indica 1 0.002145923 0.000004605 -6.144185634 -0.013184948
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No. Species
No. of
individuals
(ni)
Relative
Frequency
(ni/N)
Proportional
Dominance
Index (ni/N)2
ln (ni/N)
Proportional
Species
Diversity
Index (ni/N)
ln(ni/N)
33 Ptilinopus
leclancheri 1 0.002145923 0.000004605 -6.144185634 -0.013184948
34 Collocallia esculenta 17 0.036480687 0.001330841 -3.310972290 -0.120786543
35 Alcedo cyanopecta 3 0.006437768 0.000041445 -5.045573345 -0.032482232
36 Hirundo rustica 18 0.038626609 0.001492015 -3.253813876 -0.125683798
37 Anthrepthes
malacensis 1 0.002145923 0.000004605 -6.144185634 -0.013184948
38 Amaurornis
olivaceus 1 0.002145923 0.000004605 -6.144185634 -0.013184948
39 Dicaeum australe 8 0.017167382 0.000294719 -4.064744092 -0.069781014
40 Merops viridis 3 0.006437768 0.000041445 -5.045573345 -0.032482232
41 Oriolus chinensis 3 0.006437768 0.000041445 -5.045573345 -0.032482232
42 Turnix ocellata 3 0.006437768 0.000041445 -5.045573345 -0.032482232
43 Lonchura
punctulata 8 0.017167382 0.000294719 -4.064744092 -0.069781014
44 Hirundo daurica 2 0.004291845 0.000018420 -5.451038454 -0.023395015
Appendix 5. Bird transect results and biodiversity indices in Site 3 of NCC
No. Species
No. of
individuals
(ni)
Relative
Frequency
(ni/N)
Proportional
Dominance
Index (ni/N)2
ln (ni/N)
Proportional
Species
Diversity
Index (ni/N)
ln(ni/N)
1 Ixobrychus
cinnamomeus 4 0.0074766 0.0000559 -4.8959724 -0.0366054
2 Butorides striatus 8 0.0149533 0.0002236 -4.2028252 -0.0628460
3 Motacilla cinerea 4 0.0074766 0.0000559 -4.8959724 -0.0366054
4 Saxicola caprata 20 0.0373832 0.0013975 -3.2865345 -0.1228611
5 Megalurus
timoriensis 11 0.0205607 0.0004227 -3.8843715 -0.0798656
6 Centropus viridis 26 0.0485981 0.0023618 -3.0241702 -0.1469690
7 Hirundo daurica 14 0.0261682 0.0006848 -3.6432094 -0.0953363
8 Corvus
macrorhynchos 4 0.0074766 0.0000559 -4.8959724 -0.0366054
9 Artamus
leucorhynchus 2 0.0037383 0.0000140 -5.5891196 -0.0208939
10 Megalurus palustris 48 0.0897196 0.0080496 -2.4110657 -0.2163199
11 Lonchura
punctulata 55 0.1028037 0.0105686 -2.2749336 -0.2338717
12 Halcyon chloris 3 0.0056075 0.0000314 -5.1836545 -0.0290672
13 Centropus
bengalensis 12 0.0224299 0.0005031 -3.7973601 -0.0851744
14 Hypsipetes
philippinus 35 0.0654206 0.0042798 -2.7269187 -0.1783965
15 Pycnonotus goiavier 51 0.0953271 0.0090873 -2.3504411 -0.2240607
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No. Species
No. of
individuals
(ni)
Relative
Frequency
(ni/N)
Proportional
Dominance
Index (ni/N)2
ln (ni/N)
Proportional
Species
Diversity
Index (ni/N)
ln(ni/N)
16 Gerygone sulphurea 11 0.0205607 0.0004227 -3.8843715 -0.0798656
17 Gallirallus
torquatus 14 0.0261682 0.0006848 -3.6432094 -0.0953363
18 Egretta garzetta 1 0.0018692 0.0000035 -6.2822667 -0.0117426
19 Amaurornis
phoenicurus 11 0.0205607 0.0004227 -3.8843715 -0.0798656
20 Zosterops meyeni 15 0.0280374 0.0007861 -3.5742165 -0.1002117
21 Acrocephalus
stentoreus 12 0.0224299 0.0005031 -3.7973601 -0.0851744
22 Phapitreron leucotis 21 0.0392523 0.0015407 -3.2377443 -0.1270890
23 Lanius schach 6 0.0112150 0.0001258 -4.4905073 -0.0503608
24 Acridotheres
cristatellus 8 0.0149533 0.0002236 -4.2028252 -0.0628460
25 Orthotomus
chloronotus 10 0.0186916 0.0003494 -3.9796817 -0.0743866
26 Nectarinia jugularis 10 0.0186916 0.0003494 -3.9796817 -0.0743866
27 Riparia paludicola 21 0.0392523 0.0015407 -3.2377443 -0.1270890
28 Lonchura
leucogastra 5 0.0093458 0.0000873 -4.6728288 -0.0436713
29 Actitis hypoleucos 1 0.0018692 0.0000035 -6.2822667 -0.0117426
30 Lonchura malacca 2 0.0037383 0.0000140 -5.5891196 -0.0208939
31 Parus elegans 5 0.0093458 0.0000873 -4.6728288 -0.0436713
32 Lanius cristatus 5 0.0093458 0.0000873 -4.6728288 -0.0436713
33 Halcyon smyrnensis 7 0.0130841 0.0001712 -4.3363566 -0.0567374
34 Hypothymis azurea 3 0.0056075 0.0000314 -5.1836545 -0.0290672
35 Cuculus fugaz 5 0.0093458 0.0000873 -4.6728288 -0.0436713
36 Megalaima
haemacephala 2 0.0037383 0.0000140 -5.5891196 -0.0208939
37 Merops philippinus 9 0.0168224 0.0002830 -4.0850422 -0.0687203
38 Anthus
novaeseelandae 6 0.0112150 0.0001258 -4.4905073 -0.0503608
39 Streptopelia
chinensis 4 0.0074766 0.0000559 -4.8959724 -0.0366054
40 Cyornis rufigastra 2 0.0037383 0.0000140 -5.5891196 -0.0208939
41 Geopelia striata 3 0.0056075 0.0000314 -5.1836545 -0.0290672
42 Collocalia esculenta 6 0.0112150 0.0001258 -4.4905073 -0.0503608
43 Oriolus chinensis 3 0.0056075 0.0000314 -5.1836545 -0.0290672
44 Phaenicophaeus
cumingi 4 0.0074766 0.0000559 -4.8959724 -0.0366054
45 Haliastur indus 1 0.0018692 0.0000035 -6.2822667 -0.0117426
46 Gallirallus
philippensis 2 0.0037383 0.0000140 -5.5891196 -0.0208939
47 Turnix ocellata 1 0.0018692 0.0000035 -6.2822667 -0.0117426
48 Merops viridis 9 0.0168224 0.0002830 -4.0850422 -0.0687203
49 Dicaeum australe 2 0.0037383 0.0000140 -5.5891196 -0.0208939
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No. Species
No. of
individuals
(ni)
Relative
Frequency
(ni/N)
Proportional
Dominance
Index (ni/N)2
ln (ni/N)
Proportional
Species
Diversity
Index (ni/N)
ln(ni/N)
50 Charadrius dubius 5 0.0093458 0.0000873 -4.6728288 -0.0436713
51 Cisticola exilis 1 0.0018692 0.0000035 -6.2822667 -0.0117426
52 Nycticorax
nycticorax 1 0.0018692 0.0000035 -6.2822667 -0.0117426
53 Lalage nigra 2 0.0037383 0.0000140 -5.5891196 -0.0208939
54 Bubulcus ibis 2 0.0037383 0.0000140 -5.5891196 -0.0208939
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Appendix 6. List of mammals recorded in NCC
No. Species Common Name Residency Status Habitat Association
Conservation Status Sampling Sites
IUCN CITES DAO
2004-15 1 2 3
Order Chiroptera
Family Pteropodidae
1 Cynopterus brachyotis Common short-nosed
fruit bat Native
Present in agricultural
areas and disturbed
forests
LC NA NA x x x
2 Rousettus
amplexicaudatus Common Rousette Native
Common in caves
adjacent to forests LC NA NA x x
3 Ptenochirus jagori Musky Fruit Bat Philippine
Endemic
Common in secondary
forest, often present in
cropland and urban
parks and residential
areas
LC NA NA x x
4 Macroglossus minimus Lesser Long-tongued
Fruit Bat Native
Common in secondary
forest, often present in
cropland and urban
parks and residential
areas
LC NA NA x x x
5 Eonycteris spelaea Common Nectar Bat Native Common in caves
adjacent to forests LC NA NA x
Family
Vespertillionidae
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No. Species Common Name Residency Status Habitat Association
Conservation Status Sampling Sites
IUCN CITES DAO
2004-15 1 2 3
6 Scotophilus kuhli Lesser Asiatic Yellow
House Bat Native
Present in forests,
agricultural lands, and
human habitats
LC NA NA x x
Order Rodentia
Family Muridae
1 Rattus tanezumi Oriental House Rat Introduced Human Commensal LC NA NA x x x
2 Rattus exulans Polynesian Rat Introduced Human Commensal LC NA NA x
3 Chrotomys mindorensis Lowland Chrotomys Philippine
Endemic
Present in primary and
secondary forests as
well as adjacent
agricultural areas
LC NA NA x
Order Primates
4 Macaca fascicularis Long-tailed Macaque Native
Present in mangrove
and swamp forest as
well as agricultural
areas near forests
LC Appendix
II OTS x
Order Carnivora
5 Viverra tagalunga Malay Civet Native
Present in primary and
secondary forests as
well as adjacent
agricultural areas
LC NA NA x x x
6 Paradoxurus
hermaphroditus Common Palm Civet Native
Present in primary and
secondary forests as
well as adjacent
agricultural areas
LC Appendix
III NA x x x
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No. Species Common Name Residency Status Habitat Association
Conservation Status Sampling Sites
IUCN CITES DAO
2004-15 1 2 3
Order
Cetartiodactyla
7 Sus philippensis Philippine Warty Pig Philippine
Endemic Found in remote forests VU NA VU x x
Total 9 11 7
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Appendix 7. Indicative cost and timeline of activities for NCC
Summary of activities and indicative cost Activities Indicative Cost (USD)
Environment
Establish important biodiversity & conservation areas 2,600
Promote use of indigenous, native & endemic species 10,000
Biodiversity-friendly technology in monitoring, protection and remediation 60,000
Wet season biodiversity study 50,000
People & Community
Engage community as supplier (or contract growers) of native & endemic species, even instant trees 60,000
Establish Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) scheme 60,000
Governance
Integrate recommended mitigation measures to NCC design & operation guidelines, and implementation 1,331,200
Synergy of NCC with LGU mandated plans & dev’t programs 130,100
Policy to adopt DENR-BMB Tech Bulletin 2018-02 on urban biodiversity 100
Create NCC Sustainability Management Unit 200,000
Biodiversity Management Program Development 70,000
TOTAL $ 1,974,000
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Recommended Activities in NCC 2019 2020
ONWARDS
Indicative
Cost
(USD)
Cost Assumptions July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar April May Jun
Formulation of policy to establish
priority conservation sites
Drafting of policy (e.g.
administrative order) to earmark
biodiversity areas
2,500 Consultant Fee @
USD250 x 10
person-days
Review and approval of the policy 100 meeting cost
Biodiversity Survey (wet season) 50,000 Lump sum
Policy adopting DENR-BMB Technical
Bulletin 2018-02
100 meeting cost
Mitigate measures to address
pressures to biodiversity
Mitigate forest degradation
- Allocaton of transplant area of
native and threatened species
100 lump sum;
internal cost of
BCDA
-Establishment of nursery sites for
production of planting materials
250,000 assume PhP2,500
sqm dev cost ;
target 0.5 hectare
-Progressive rehabilitation of
degraded areas
300,000 est PhP30,000 per
ha; target 500
hectares per year
Prevent habitat loss &
fragmentation
-Earthballing and transplanting of
protected species
20,000 assume PhP
5,000/tree; target
200 trees
-Provision of offset sites for areas
that will be subjected to vegetation
clearing
100 meeting/
planning cost
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.
Recommended Activities in NCC 2019 2020
ONWARDS
Indicative
Cost
(USD)
Cost Assumptions July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar April May Jun
-Formulation of Biodiversity Management Program
60,000 Lump sum Consultant fee
-Establishment of biodiversity park to house the
threatened species
300,000 Lump sum
Mitigating measure of river siltation
-Limit clearing activities to minimum soil disturbance
1,000 Cost for mitigating measures
for river siltation
-Haul unused topsoil and earthen materials to designated
Spoil Disposal Areas (SDA).
cost c/o contractors
-Installation and proper maintenance of silt ponds/traps
near waterways
cost c/o contractors
-Maintain riparian vegetation to serve as buffers along
natural waterways.
estimated maintenance cost
-Preserve natural gullies/drainage patterns, if possible
and practicable
-Provide drainage canals and similar storm water
conveying systems along roads which will also prevent
soil slips and erosion
cost c/o contractors
-Ensure routine preventive maintenance of vehicles and
other mobile equipment
cost c/o contractors
Policy
issuance;
operation
guidelines
Policy issuance; operation guidelines
Policy issuance; operation guidelines
Policy issuance; operation guidelines
Infrastructure
Policy issuance; operation guidelines; Ongoing & recurring activity
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Recommended Activities in NCC 2019 2020
ONWARDS
Indicative
Cost
(USD)
Cost Assumptions July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar April May Jun
-Avoid washing vehicle on surface water to prevent
contamination of water.
cost c/o contractors
-Designate wash bays with oil and water separator cost c/o contractors
-Provision for spill kits and drip pans in all mobile
equipment.
cost c/o contractors
Mitigate greenhouse gas emission
-Conversion of cut trees to furniture to avoid carbon
emissions
Disturbance of local population of species
-Ma age pollutio fro the project’s operatio
Prevent spread of IAS
-Weed control and restrict planting of introduced species
100,000 Operation cost
-Use of native species in landscaping
300,000
Estimated Annual allocation
for native species for
landscaping
Mitigate Pollution
Policy issuance; operation guidelines; Ongoing & recurring
activity
Policy issuance; operation guidelines; Ongoing & recurring
activity
Policy issuance; operation guidelines; Ongoing & recurring
activity
Policy
issuance;
Policy issuance; operation guidelines; Ongoing & recurring activity
Can be included in Biodiversity
Management Program;recurring actvity
Can be included in Biodiversity Management Program;recurring actvity
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Recommended Activities in NCC 2019 2020
ONWARDS
Indicative
Cost
(USD)
Cost Assumptions July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar April May Jun
-Limit the speed of vehicles while within the project site
-Sprinkling of areas that accumulate dust operational cost;
-Revegetation of bare areas
Included above in
progressive rehabilitation
-Formulation of dust management plan c/o contractors
-Reduction and regulation of noise from machineries and
vehicles
Promotion of use of indigenous species 10,000 annual budget for CEPA
Engaging communities as contract growers
Development of business and partnership model
60,000 Consultant fee
Identification of community partners
part of business and
partnership model
development
Implement contract growing arrangements
included in annual budget
for native species for
landscaping
Develop Model of Payment for Ecosytem Services Scheme 60,000 Consultant fee
Work with LGUs to achieve synergy in development plans
Policy issuance; operation guidelines; Ongoing & recurring activity
Policy issuance; operation guidelines; Ongoing & recurring
activity
Policy issuance; operation guidelines; Ongoing & recurring
activity
Policy issuance;
operation guidelines;
Ongoing & recurring
Policy issuance; operation guidelines; Ongoing & recurring activity
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Final Report
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Recommended Activities in NCC 2019 2020
ONWARDS
Indicative
Cost
(USD)
Cost Assumptions July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar April May Jun
Convening of LGUs, BCDA and other stakeholders
10,000 Lump sum
Develop partnership model & Organize Watershed
Management Council
60,000 Consultant fee
Develop Watershed Management Plans 60,000 Consultant fee
Development & issuance of policies for watershed
management
100
meeting cost; other cost
included in Consultant in
partnership modeling
Sustainability Unit 200,000 estimate, lump sum
Biodiversity Management Program Development
70,000 Consultant Fee; Planning
sessions
Biodiversity Assessment & Monitoring 60,000 estimate, lump sum
Grand Total 1,351,100
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Final Report
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