classificationOccupancyInternational Building CodeNational Building Code

Structural Classification

International Building CodeAssembly (Group A)places used for people gathering for entertainment, worship, and eating or drinking.

A-1 Buildings intended for the production and viewing of performing arts or motion pictures (theaters, concert halls).

A-2 Buildings intended for food and/or drink consumption (restaurants)

A-3 Buildings intended for worship, recreation or amusement and other assembly uses not otherwise classified

A-4 Buildings intended for viewing of indoor sporting events and activities with spectator seating (arenas)

A-5 Buildings intended for participation in or viewing outdoor activities (stadiums).

International Building CodeBusiness (Group B) places whereservicesare provided Examples: banks, insurance agencies, government buildings (including police and fire stations), and doctor's offices.

Educational (Group E) schools and day care centers

Factory (Group F) places where goods are manufactured or repaired.

International Building CodeHigh-Hazard (Group H) places involving production or storage of very flammable or toxic materials.

Institutional (Group I) places where people are physically unable to leave without assistance.

Mercantile (Group M) places where goods are displayed and sold.

International Building CodeResidential (Group R) places providing accommodations for overnight stay

Storage (Group S) places where items are stored (unless considered High-Hazard).

Utility and Miscellaneous (Group U)

National Building Code (2005)Group A Residential

A-1 Lodging or rooming houses

A-2 One or two-family private dwellings

A-3 Dormitories

A-4 Apartment houses (flats)

A-5 Hotels

A-6 Hotels (Starred)

National Building Code (2005)Group B Educational BuildingsB-1 Schools up to senior secondary level B-2 All others/training institutions

Group C Institutional BuildingsSub-division C-1 Hospitals and sanatoria C-2 Custodial institutions C-3 Penal and mental institutions

National Building Code (2005)Group D Assembly BuildingsD-1 theatrical or motion picture or any other stage and fixed seats for over 1000 D-2 theatrical or motion picture or any other stage and fixed seats upto 1 000 persons D-3 without a permanent stage having accommodation for 300 or more persons but no permanent seating arrangement. D-4 without a permanent stage having accommodation for less than 300 persons with no permanent seating arrangement. D-5 All other structures including temporary structures designed for assembly of people not covered by sub-divisions D-1 to D-4, at ground level.D-6 Buildings having mixed occupancies providing facilities such as shopping, cinema theatres, and restaurants. D-7 All other structures, elevated or underground, for assembly of people not covered by sub-divisions D-1 to D-6.

National Building Code (2005)Group E Business BuildingsE-1 Offices, banks, professional establishments, like offices of architects, engineers, doctors, lawyers and police stations.

E-2 Laboratories, research establishments, libraries and test houses.

E-3 Computer installations.

E-4 Telephone exchanges.

E-5 Broadcasting stations and T.V. stations

National Building Code (2005)Group F Mercantile BuildingsF-1 Shops, stores, departmental stores markets with area up to 500m2.

F-2 Shops, stores, departmental stores markets with area more than 500m2.

F-3 Underground shopping centers

National Building Code (2005)Group G Industrial BuildingsG-1 low hazard industries.

G-2 moderate hazard industries.

G-3 high hazard industries.

National Building Code (2005)

Group H Storage Buildings

Group J Hazardous Buildings

Building Strength

Durability

Serviceability

BELT TRUSS SYSTEMCORE TRUSSMEGA STUCTUREOUT-TRIGGER TRUSSSHANGHAI TOWER

Structural LoadsWind LoadsSeismic Loads Gravity loads Dead loads Live loads Snow loads

Lateral loads Wind loads Seismic loads

Special load cases Impact loads Blast loads

rigid frame construction.steel / concrete greater lateral rigidity. horizontal and vertical loads resistantbraced panelsShear walls tend to be used only in conjunction with other support systems.

Shear wall system

FRAMED-TUBE STRUCTURESDeep spandrel girders between closely spaced columns

Span 2 m -4 m

Stiff tube - high moment resistance

Efficient fro more than 15 stories

Lateral load resistance by web action in the direction of force and flange action perpendicular to direction of force

Dewitt chestnut

THE TRUSSED TUBE (DIAGRID)

Axial member forces developed to resist lateral forces

minimum number of diagonals

Diagonals intersect at same point of column

Tubular and truss action

Relatively large column spacing can resulted large clear spaces for windows

allows for wider column spacing compared to exterior frame tube form.

The spacing which make it possible to place interior frame lines without compromising interior space planning.

variety of dynamic shapesSears Tower, Chicago. BUNDLED TUBE SYSTEM

TUBE-IN-TUBE SYSTEM Outer hull with elevator core

The Hull and core act jointly in resisting both gravity and lateral loading.

The outer framed tube and the inner core interact horizontally as the shear and flexural components of a wall-frame structure, with the benefit of increased lateral stiffness.

The structural tube usually adopts a highly dominant role because of its much greater structural depth.Lumbago Tatung Haji Building, Kuala Lumpur

Construction materials

ConcreteAdvantagesPlasticityEasily availability Easy in castingNon corrosiveCan be cast in situ

DisadvantagesCost of formDead weightDifficulty in pouring

RequirementStrengthLow weightHandlingInterchangeabilityMulti usabilityLow costReusability

StrengthLoadsGravityDLLLWLSLEQLThermal LoadSettlement LoadDynamic Load

Strength Durability and ServiceabilityMaterial propertyPhysical Chemical

Integration

Aesthetics

Economy