Tools for Teaching English Grammar to Spanish-Speaking Students
Teaching English grammar
description
Transcript of Teaching English grammar
11
GRAMMARGRAMMAR
PREPARED BYPREPARED BY
S.RAJENDRAN,B.Sc.,M.A.M.Ed.,S.RAJENDRAN,B.Sc.,M.A.M.Ed.,
PRINCIPALPRINCIPAL
S.K.A. TTI FOR WOMEN, AUNDIPATTY.S.K.A. TTI FOR WOMEN, AUNDIPATTY.
22
NOUNNOUN
A noun is word used as the name of a A noun is word used as the name of a person, place or thing.person, place or thing.
Examples:- Raman, Chennai, Mumbai, Examples:- Raman, Chennai, Mumbai, bus, bicycle, car, flower, Hari singh etcbus, bicycle, car, flower, Hari singh etc
33
NOUNS ARE DIVIDED INTO NOUNS ARE DIVIDED INTO FOURFOUR
PROPER NOUNPROPER NOUN
COMMON NOUNCOMMON NOUN
COLLECTIVE NOUNCOLLECTIVE NOUN
ABSTRACT NOUNABSTRACT NOUN
44
PROPER NOUNPROPER NOUN
The name of a particular person or place The name of a particular person or place is called a Proper Nounis called a Proper Noun
Examples:-Asoka, Calcutta, Ganges, Examples:-Asoka, Calcutta, Ganges, Babar, Mumbai, Yamuna, Solomon, Babar, Mumbai, Yamuna, Solomon, Krishna, Ram, Chennai, Volvo Bus etcKrishna, Ram, Chennai, Volvo Bus etc
55
COMMON NOUNCOMMON NOUN
A common noun is the name of a person A common noun is the name of a person or thing of the same classor thing of the same class
Examples:- shop, boy, birthday, rain, tree, Examples:- shop, boy, birthday, rain, tree, town, city, ship, battle, grapes, fox, town, city, ship, battle, grapes, fox, elephant, cat etcelephant, cat etc
66
COLLECTIVE NOUNCOLLECTIVE NOUN
A collective noun is the name of a group of A collective noun is the name of a group of persons or things of the same classpersons or things of the same class
Examples:- group, bunch, committee, Examples:- group, bunch, committee, crowd, team, assembly, army, platoon, crowd, team, assembly, army, platoon, battalion, mob, fleet etc battalion, mob, fleet etc
77
ABSTRACT NOUNABSTRACT NOUN
An abstract noun is the name of a quality, An abstract noun is the name of a quality, an action or a statean action or a state
Examples:- Goodness, slavery, kindness, Examples:- Goodness, slavery, kindness, cleverness, darkness, truth, wisdom, cleverness, darkness, truth, wisdom, cleanliness, godliness. Beauty, honesty, cleanliness, godliness. Beauty, honesty, courage etccourage etc
88
CLASSIFY THE NOUNS GIVEN CLASSIFY THE NOUNS GIVEN BELOWBELOW
SILK, GIRL, NAGPUR, NAVY, RED FORTSILK, GIRL, NAGPUR, NAVY, RED FORT
BASKAR, SITA, PATNA, COTTON, PENBASKAR, SITA, PATNA, COTTON, PEN
BIHAR, TRAIN, STEEL, GROUP, ROSEBIHAR, TRAIN, STEEL, GROUP, ROSE
HERD,CLEANLINESS,AVADI,GIRL HERD,CLEANLINESS,AVADI,GIRL
99
MARK THE NOUNS IN THE MARK THE NOUNS IN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCESFOLLOWING SENTENCES
This is a group of workersThis is a group of workers
Rahim opened the doorRahim opened the door
Our army wonOur army won
He is looking for truthHe is looking for truth
Bangalore is a big cityBangalore is a big city
1010
CLASSIFY THE NOUNSCLASSIFY THE NOUNS
Love, honesty, truth, courage, breadLove, honesty, truth, courage, bread
Paper, water, copper, wool, manPaper, water, copper, wool, man
Rome,Hyderabad, Perth, Boston, PatienceRome,Hyderabad, Perth, Boston, Patience
Class, team, jury, Nehru, boardClass, team, jury, Nehru, board
Bicycle, table, elephant, stove, weightsBicycle, table, elephant, stove, weights
1111
ADJECTIVESADJECTIVES
WORDS WHICH DESCRIBE OR WORDS WHICH DESCRIBE OR QUALIFY A NOUN ARE CALLED QUALIFY A NOUN ARE CALLED ADJECTIVESADJECTIVES
Examples:- Good, bad, black, big etc Examples:- Good, bad, black, big etc
1212
Use of adjectives in sentencesUse of adjectives in sentences
Ram is a clever studentRam is a clever student
The sky is blueThe sky is blue
Babu is a good boyBabu is a good boy
I saw a good filmI saw a good film
I have enough booksI have enough books
1313
Use of adjectives in sentencesUse of adjectives in sentences
He had three boysHe had three boys
Mumbai is a big cityMumbai is a big city
I have a good penI have a good pen
Nehru was a famous leaderNehru was a famous leader
There are four chairs in this room There are four chairs in this room
1414
SOME MORE EXAMPLES OF SOME MORE EXAMPLES OF ADJECTIVESADJECTIVES
Lazy, big, large, small, little, some, Lazy, big, large, small, little, some, enough, quick, slow, sad, brave, wise,enough, quick, slow, sad, brave, wise,
Foolish, polite, each, many, golden, Foolish, polite, each, many, golden, stormy, beautiful, cleverstormy, beautiful, clever
Wealthy, famous, ripe, this, that, these, Wealthy, famous, ripe, this, that, these, those, such, same those, such, same
1515
THE ARTICLETHE ARTICLE
ARTICLES are of two typesARTICLES are of two types
DEFINITE ARTICLEDEFINITE ARTICLE AND AND INDEFINITE INDEFINITE ARTICLEARTICLE
‘‘The’ is the DEFINITE ARTICLEThe’ is the DEFINITE ARTICLE
‘‘A’ and ‘An’ are INDEFINITE ARTICLESA’ and ‘An’ are INDEFINITE ARTICLES
1616
USE OF ‘THE’USE OF ‘THE’
Before the names of well-known books, Before the names of well-known books, newspapers and magazinesnewspapers and magazines
Examples:-Examples:-The Bible is a sacred bookThe Bible is a sacred book““The Hindu” is the name of a newspaperThe Hindu” is the name of a newspaperThe Kumudam is a good Tamil magazineThe Kumudam is a good Tamil magazine
1717
Use of “The”Use of “The”
Before the names of rivers, seas, oceans and mountain Before the names of rivers, seas, oceans and mountain rangesranges
Examples:-Examples:-
The Ganges is a sacred river of the Hindus The Ganges is a sacred river of the Hindus
The pacific ocean is the biggest oceanThe pacific ocean is the biggest ocean
The Cauvery is a river passing through Tamil NaduThe Cauvery is a river passing through Tamil Nadu
1818
Use of “The”Use of “The”
Before the names of trains, ships, aero planes, Before the names of trains, ships, aero planes, famous buildings and well-known familiesfamous buildings and well-known families
Examples:-Examples:-
The Tamil Nadu Express is late todayThe Tamil Nadu Express is late today
The INS VIRAT is a shipThe INS VIRAT is a ship
The Charminar is situated in HyderabadThe Charminar is situated in Hyderabad
1919
Use of “The”Use of “The”
Before words showing number, weight and Before words showing number, weight and measuremeasure
Examples:-Examples:-
Bananas are sold by the dozenBananas are sold by the dozen
The distance between New Delhi and Agra is The distance between New Delhi and Agra is about two hundred kilo metres.about two hundred kilo metres.
2020
Use of “The”Use of “The”
Before important historical eventsBefore important historical events
Examples:-Examples:-
The first Battle of Panipat was won by The first Battle of Panipat was won by BabarBabar
Gandhiji started the Quit India MovementGandhiji started the Quit India Movement
2121
USE OF “A”USE OF “A”
Before singular words beginning with a consonant or Before singular words beginning with a consonant or words beginning with a vowel, having a consonant soundwords beginning with a vowel, having a consonant sound
Examples:- Examples:-
I bought a purseI bought a purse
He is a useful servantHe is a useful servant
He gave me a one-rupee note He gave me a one-rupee note
2222
USE OF “AN”USE OF “AN”
Before singular words beginning with a vowel sound or Before singular words beginning with a vowel sound or words beginning with a silent ‘h’.words beginning with a silent ‘h’.
Examples:-Examples:-
He takes an egg dailyHe takes an egg daily
Have you ever seen an elephant?Have you ever seen an elephant?
An honest person never stealsAn honest person never steals
His father is an honourable manHis father is an honourable man
2323
TENSESTENSES
TENSE is form taken by a verb to show the time TENSE is form taken by a verb to show the time of an action or a stateof an action or a state
There are three main tensesThere are three main tenses
The present tenseThe present tense
The past tense The past tense
The future tenseThe future tense
2424
Present TensePresent Tense
The present tense refers to the present timeThe present tense refers to the present time
Examples:-Examples:-
She reads this book everydayShe reads this book everydayThe girls are singingThe girls are singingHe has gone to the post officeHe has gone to the post officeThey have been working in the garden for They have been working in the garden for two daystwo days
2525
Past TensePast Tense
The PAST TENSE refers to the past timeThe PAST TENSE refers to the past time
Examples:-Examples:-
She told us a storyShe told us a storyThey were looking at the picturesThey were looking at the picturesMohan had eaten his dinner when I went to see himMohan had eaten his dinner when I went to see him
He had been thinking of his money all the time you He had been thinking of his money all the time you talked to himtalked to him
2626
FUTURE TENSEFUTURE TENSE
The FUTURE TENSE refers to the future timeThe FUTURE TENSE refers to the future time
Examples:-Examples:-
It will get dark soonIt will get dark soon
I shall see you tomorrowI shall see you tomorrow
He will be staying with us for a weekHe will be staying with us for a week
We shall have invited them before next MondayWe shall have invited them before next Monday
2727
FOUR DIFFERENT FORMS OF FOUR DIFFERENT FORMS OF THE PRESENT TENSETHE PRESENT TENSE
PRESENT INDEFINITE – I workPRESENT INDEFINITE – I work
PRESENT CONTINUOUS – I am workingPRESENT CONTINUOUS – I am working
PRESENT PERFECT – I have workedPRESENT PERFECT – I have worked
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS – I PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS – I have been workinghave been working
2828
FOUR DIFFERENT FORMS OF FOUR DIFFERENT FORMS OF THE PRESENT TENSETHE PRESENT TENSE
I write a letterI write a letter
I am writing a letterI am writing a letter
I have written a letterI have written a letter
I have been writing a letter since morningI have been writing a letter since morning
2929
I write a letterI write a letter
This sentence does not show whether the This sentence does not show whether the action is complete or incomplete.action is complete or incomplete.
So, the verb “write” is said to be in the So, the verb “write” is said to be in the PRESENT INDEFINITEPRESENT INDEFINITE form form
3030
Present IndefinitePresent Indefinite
He sings wellHe sings wellIt happens every SundayIt happens every SundayWe usually listen to the radio in the eveningWe usually listen to the radio in the eveningShe teaches Hindi in class VShe teaches Hindi in class VI consider him to be fortunateI consider him to be fortunateI really enjoy travellingI really enjoy travellingShe often goes to ChurchShe often goes to ChurchThe children love jeansThe children love jeansThe sun sets in the westThe sun sets in the westThe crow is blackThe crow is blackRamu generally wears trousersRamu generally wears trousers
3131
I am writing a letterI am writing a letter
This sentence shows that the action is still This sentence shows that the action is still going ongoing on
Hence the verb “am writing” is said to be in Hence the verb “am writing” is said to be in the the PRESENT CONTINUOUSPRESENT CONTINUOUS form form
3232
Present continuousPresent continuous
The baby is still sleepingThe baby is still sleepingThey are playing footballThey are playing footballHe is working with great skillHe is working with great skillWe are not trying to convince youWe are not trying to convince youRaju is reading a newspaper at presentRaju is reading a newspaper at presentMy parents are going to the theatreMy parents are going to the theatreI am revising the portionsI am revising the portionsWhy are you playing now?Why are you playing now?She is not reading the lesson correctlyShe is not reading the lesson correctlyThe boys are not wasting their time The boys are not wasting their time
3333
I have written a letterI have written a letter
This sentence shows that the action is This sentence shows that the action is completecomplete
So, the verb “have written” is said to be in So, the verb “have written” is said to be in the the PRESENT PERFECTPRESENT PERFECT form form
3434
Present PerfectPresent Perfect
I have already done my workI have already done my work
He has come from DubaiHe has come from Dubai
They have gone to KanpurThey have gone to Kanpur
He has not yet completed his workHe has not yet completed his work
The plane has just leftThe plane has just left
I have not spoken to her since last MondayI have not spoken to her since last Monday
Have you written to her?Have you written to her?
I have worked here for ten daysI have worked here for ten days
3535
Present perfectPresent perfect
I have washed my hands just nowI have washed my hands just nowI have found the pen you are searching forI have found the pen you are searching forThey have been in Nepal for the last four monthsThey have been in Nepal for the last four monthsI have known him for the past twenty yearsI have known him for the past twenty yearsI have never had problems regarding financeI have never had problems regarding financeHave you seen Ramesh?Have you seen Ramesh?Javed Akhtar has written several lyrics and Javed Akhtar has written several lyrics and storiesstoriesScientists have discovered many hidden laws of Scientists have discovered many hidden laws of nature nature
3636
I have been writing a letter since I have been writing a letter since morningmorning
This sentence shows that the action This sentence shows that the action continues with reference to the time of continues with reference to the time of commencementcommencement
Hence, the verb “have been writing” is Hence, the verb “have been writing” is said to be in the said to be in the PRESENT PERFECTPRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUSCONTINUOUS form form
3737
PRESENT PERFECT PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUSCONTINUOUS
The baby has been sleeping for 3 hoursThe baby has been sleeping for 3 hoursThey have been living here since 1970They have been living here since 1970The teacher has been waiting for you since 10 amThe teacher has been waiting for you since 10 amHe has been readingHe has been readingYou have been readingYou have been readingThey have been readingThey have been readingI have been reading till mid nightI have been reading till mid nightIt has been raining heavily all nightIt has been raining heavily all nightHow long have you been staying in Germany?How long have you been staying in Germany?I have been waiting in the queue for a long time I have been waiting in the queue for a long time I have been learning Arabic for 3 yearsI have been learning Arabic for 3 years
3838
THREE TENSES - PRESENT, THREE TENSES - PRESENT, PAST & FUTUREPAST & FUTURE
There are four forms each to all the above-said There are four forms each to all the above-said tensestenses
The four forms are:-The four forms are:-
IndefiniteIndefiniteContinuousContinuousPerfectPerfectPerfect ContinuousPerfect Continuous
3939
Four different forms of the past Four different forms of the past tensetense
PAST INDEFINITE – I lovedPAST INDEFINITE – I loved
PAST CONTINUOUS - I was loving PAST CONTINUOUS - I was loving
PAST PERFECT – I have lovedPAST PERFECT – I have loved
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS – I had PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS – I had been lovingbeen loving
4040
PAST INDEFINITEPAST INDEFINITE - -used to denote a used to denote a single act in the past, to denote a habitual single act in the past, to denote a habitual
action in the past, to denote an action going on action in the past, to denote an action going on in the pastin the past
Babar defeated Rana Sanga at PanipatBabar defeated Rana Sanga at PanipatMugal kings were crowned at DelhiMugal kings were crowned at DelhiWhile they danced we sangWhile they danced we sangShe was late yesterdayShe was late yesterdayHe was angryHe was angryWe were gratefulWe were gratefulThey were happyThey were happyRamu came home yesterdayRamu came home yesterdayMy sister wanted a penMy sister wanted a penI saw him last yearI saw him last yearTeacher reached here an hour ago Teacher reached here an hour ago
4141
Past ContinuousPast Continuous – – used to represent used to represent an action as going on at some point an action as going on at some point
in the pastin the past
They were playing Tennis when he saw themThey were playing Tennis when he saw them
When he came in, we were eating our supperWhen he came in, we were eating our supper
The patient was sleeping when the doctor went The patient was sleeping when the doctor went to see himto see him
When she came in, Ramu was reading a letterWhen she came in, Ramu was reading a letter
When I saw him, he was playing chessWhen I saw him, he was playing chess
When I saw her, she was singing a songWhen I saw her, she was singing a song
When the headmaster came in, I was teaching When the headmaster came in, I was teaching MathematicsMathematics
4242
Past PerfectPast Perfect – – denotes an action completed at denotes an action completed at some point in past time before another action was some point in past time before another action was
commencedcommenced
The rain had stopped when we came outThe rain had stopped when we came outI had written the letter before he arrivedI had written the letter before he arrivedI had done my exercise, when Hari came to see I had done my exercise, when Hari came to see memeThe plane had left before we reached the The plane had left before we reached the aerodromeaerodromeShe felt sorry for what she had doneShe felt sorry for what she had doneThey went away after they had finished their They went away after they had finished their workworkIf you had worked hard, you would have passed If you had worked hard, you would have passed the exam.the exam.
4343
Past perfectPast perfect
I had gone to bed when the phone rangI had gone to bed when the phone rangI had wanted to go to the temple before his I had wanted to go to the temple before his arrival.arrival.After he had finished reading he switched off the After he had finished reading he switched off the lightlightShe had hoped to retire at 60 but they asked her She had hoped to retire at 60 but they asked her to continue for a few more yearsto continue for a few more yearsThe film had already started when we entered The film had already started when we entered the hall.the hall.She had just stepped into the car when the She had just stepped into the car when the incident took place incident took place
4444
Past Perfect ContinuousPast Perfect Continuous – – denotes a denotes a completed action which was going on in the completed action which was going on in the past before another action was commencedpast before another action was commenced
He said that he had been learning English since He said that he had been learning English since 19891989
They said that they had been staying there for They said that they had been staying there for two monthstwo months
I had been loving her since my school daysI had been loving her since my school days
I had been trying hard to clear the IAS exam I had been trying hard to clear the IAS exam since my graduationsince my graduation
I had been working in Godrej company since I had been working in Godrej company since 2005 2005
4545
FUTURE INDEFINITE – used for FUTURE INDEFINITE – used for an action that has to take placean action that has to take place
I shall see him tomorrowI shall see him tomorrowShe will sing a songShe will sing a songI will help you (willingness, promise)I will help you (willingness, promise)We shall reach there at 6 p.m.We shall reach there at 6 p.m.He will write it on the notice boardHe will write it on the notice boardWill you read it?Will you read it?I shall go to Bangalore tomorrowI shall go to Bangalore tomorrowWe will give donationWe will give donationI will give you my pen (promise)I will give you my pen (promise)She shall go there tomorrow (command)She shall go there tomorrow (command)They shall have a holiday tomorrowThey shall have a holiday tomorrow
4646
Future ContinuousFuture Continuous – – represents an action represents an action
as going on at some point in future timeas going on at some point in future time
I shall be reading the paper, then.I shall be reading the paper, then.
We shall be celebrating at this time We shall be celebrating at this time tomorrowtomorrow
They will be writingThey will be writing
She will be readingShe will be reading
They will be talkingThey will be talking
4747
FUTURE PERFECT – denotes an FUTURE PERFECT – denotes an action that will be completed at some action that will be completed at some
point in future timepoint in future time
I shall have written my exercise, by that I shall have written my exercise, by that timetime
I shall have finished this work by the time I shall have finished this work by the time you come backyou come back
He will have written the book by the end of He will have written the book by the end of JuneJune
The marriage party will have reached the The marriage party will have reached the temple by 8 a.m. temple by 8 a.m.
4848
FUTURE PERFECT FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS CONTINUOUS
I shall have been sleepingI shall have been sleepingHe will have been waitingHe will have been waitingThey will have been writingThey will have been writingWe shall have been teachingWe shall have been teachingYou will have been readingYou will have been reading
(shall have been + ing, will have been + (shall have been + ing, will have been + ing)ing)
4949
VERBVERB
A verb is a word which tells us what a A verb is a word which tells us what a person or a thing is doingperson or a thing is doing
Examples:-Examples:-
He He readsreads a book a book
I I wentwent to his house to his house
Leela Leela is singingis singing a song a song
5050
TRANSITIVE VERBTRANSITIVE VERB
A verb which has an object is called A verb which has an object is called a a transitive verbtransitive verb
Examples:-Examples:-He writes a letterHe writes a letterHe sees picturesHe sees picturesRaju writes a poemRaju writes a poemWe hear songsWe hear songsShe practises danceShe practises dance
5151
INTRANSITIVE VERBINTRANSITIVE VERB
A verb which has no object is called an A verb which has no object is called an intransitive verb.intransitive verb.
Examples:-Examples:-The sun rises The sun rises The baby sleepsThe baby sleepsThe bell rang loudlyThe bell rang loudlyHe fought bravelyHe fought bravelyShe plays only on holidaysShe plays only on holidays
5252
ADVERBADVERB
An adverb is a word which modifies the An adverb is a word which modifies the meaning of a verb, an adjective or another meaning of a verb, an adjective or another adverb.adverb.
Examples:-Examples:-
Kishore runs Kishore runs quicklyquickly
This is a This is a veryvery sweet mango sweet mango
Govind readsGovind reads quite quite clearlyclearly
5353
Some sentences using adverbsSome sentences using adverbs
Zaheer Khan can bowl fastZaheer Khan can bowl fast
He behaves wellHe behaves well
We started earlyWe started early
He works hard all dayHe works hard all day
The patient is much betterThe patient is much better
5454
Some sentences using adverbsSome sentences using adverbs
I can hardly believe itI can hardly believe it
Do not walk so fastDo not walk so fast
India can ill afford to lose the matchIndia can ill afford to lose the match
Ram works hardRam works hard
He arrived lateHe arrived late
5555
Some sentences using adverbsSome sentences using adverbs
She is prettily dressedShe is prettily dressed
Akbar ruled wisely for many yearsAkbar ruled wisely for many years
His wife never cooksHis wife never cooks
Is the box big enough?Is the box big enough?
He has only slept three hoursHe has only slept three hours
5656
Some sentences using adverbsSome sentences using adverbs
We usually have breakfast at eightWe usually have breakfast at eight
He treated Balbir kindlyHe treated Balbir kindly
She behaved foolishlyShe behaved foolishly
They have completed the task nicelyThey have completed the task nicely
He talked sweetlyHe talked sweetly
5757
Some sentences using adverbsSome sentences using adverbs
She speaks English wellShe speaks English well
He does his work carefullyHe does his work carefully
The ship is going slowlyThe ship is going slowly
It is raining heavilyIt is raining heavily
Don’t talk so loudDon’t talk so loud
5858
Some sentences using adverbsSome sentences using adverbs
They walk slowlyThey walk slowlyWe wake earlyWe wake earlyA woman tells wiselyA woman tells wiselyThey take books easilyThey take books easilyShe writes carefullyShe writes carefullyHe reads loudlyHe reads loudlyWomen live happilyWomen live happilyDogs run bravelyDogs run bravelyI sleep wellI sleep wellRaju does not read quickly Raju does not read quickly
5959
AUXILIARY VERBSAUXILIARY VERBS
The verbs The verbs “ be (am, is, was“ be (am, is, was etc), etc), have have and and dodo” , when used with ordinary verbs ” , when used with ordinary verbs to make tenses, passive forms, questions to make tenses, passive forms, questions and negatives, are called auxiliary verbsand negatives, are called auxiliary verbs
Auxiliary means “ helping”Auxiliary means “ helping”
6060
Modal verbsModal verbs
The verbs The verbs “ can, could, may, might, will,“ can, could, may, might, will, wouldwould, , shall , should, must and oughtshall , should, must and ought are are called modal verbscalled modal verbsThey are used before ordinary verbs and They are used before ordinary verbs and express meanings such as permissions, express meanings such as permissions, possibility, certainty and necessity. “ possibility, certainty and necessity. “ need andneed and dare”dare” are sometimes used as modal verbs are sometimes used as modal verbs
Modal verbs are often included in the group of Modal verbs are often included in the group of auxiliary verbs auxiliary verbs
6161
THE VERB-PERSON & NUMBERTHE VERB-PERSON & NUMBER
When the subject is singular, verb will also be singularWhen the subject is singular, verb will also be singularExample:- Example:- The child is cryingThe child is cryingHe is a good boyHe is a good boy
When the subject is plural, verb will also be pluralWhen the subject is plural, verb will also be pluralExample:- Example:- The children are smartThe children are smartThey are girlsThey are girls
6262
The Verb – Person & NumberThe Verb – Person & Number
If the subject is plural, base form of the verb should If the subject is plural, base form of the verb should be usedbe usedExampleExampleThey talk good EnglishThey talk good EnglishThey go to the church every SundayThey go to the church every SundayIf the subject is singular, base form + s(es) should be If the subject is singular, base form + s(es) should be usedused
ExampleExampleShe talks very loudlyShe talks very loudlyHe goes to the temple everyday He goes to the temple everyday
6363
The verb – person & numberThe verb – person & number
I, you etc are used as plural subjectsI, you etc are used as plural subjects
Examples-Examples-I likeI like you youYou lookYou look very tired very tiredI tryI try to help him to help himYou areYou are very intelligent very intelligentI agreeI agree with you with youYou areYou are a smart girl a smart girl
6464
PRONOUNSPRONOUNS
A pronoun is a word used instead of a A pronoun is a word used instead of a nounnoun
Examples:-Examples:-
I gave him my penI gave him my penHe is youngHe is youngThey are youngThey are young
6565
Personal PronounsPersonal Pronouns
The pronouns which stand for the The pronouns which stand for the name of persons or things are said to name of persons or things are said to be personal pronounsbe personal pronouns
Personal Pronouns are of three kindsPersonal Pronouns are of three kinds
First personFirst person
Second personSecond person
Third personThird person
6666
Personal pronouns of the Personal pronouns of the ‘FIRST‘FIRST PERSON’PERSON’
The pronouns The pronouns ‘I’ and ‘We’‘I’ and ‘We’ which denote which denote the person speaking are said to be the person speaking are said to be personal pronouns of the first personpersonal pronouns of the first person
Examples:- I, me, my, we, our, us etcExamples:- I, me, my, we, our, us etc
I have a bicycleI have a bicycle
My father gave it to meMy father gave it to me
6767
Personal pronouns of the Personal pronouns of the ‘SECOND PERSON‘SECOND PERSON’’
The second person stands for the person The second person stands for the person spoken tospoken to
Examples:-Examples:- You, Your, Yours etcYou, Your, Yours etc
You are a good boyYou are a good boy
This book is yoursThis book is yours
6868
Personal pronouns of the Personal pronouns of the ‘THIRD PERSON’‘THIRD PERSON’
The third person stands for anyone or The third person stands for anyone or anything anything
Examples:-Examples:-He, his, him, she, her etcHe, his, him, she, her etc
He is my friendHe is my friendShe is a good girl She is a good girl
6969
Other kinds of pronounsOther kinds of pronouns
This, these, such, that, those etc This, these, such, that, those etc (demonstrative pronouns)(demonstrative pronouns)All, some, few, many, nobody, someone, All, some, few, many, nobody, someone, somebody, nothing, anybody etc somebody, nothing, anybody etc (Indefinite pronouns)(Indefinite pronouns)Each, either, neither etc (distributive Each, either, neither etc (distributive pronouns)pronouns)Who, whom, whose, what etc Who, whom, whose, what etc (interrogative pronouns) (interrogative pronouns)
7070
PREPOSITIONPREPOSITION
A preposition is a word placed before a A preposition is a word placed before a noun or a pronoun to show its relation noun or a pronoun to show its relation to some other word in the sentenceto some other word in the sentence
Examples:-Examples:-
The cow is The cow is inin the field the field
Mother is angryMother is angry with with you you
7171
SOME PREPOSITIONSSOME PREPOSITIONS
ON, IN, NEAR, WITH, TILL, UNDERON, IN, NEAR, WITH, TILL, UNDER
FROM, ALONG, OVER, THROUGH, BEYONDFROM, ALONG, OVER, THROUGH, BEYOND
ABOVE, BELOW, AT, AFTER, BEFOREABOVE, BELOW, AT, AFTER, BEFORE
ABOUT, ACROSS, AGAINST, ALONGABOUT, ACROSS, AGAINST, ALONG
BETWEEN, AMONG, BESIDE, BESIDESBETWEEN, AMONG, BESIDE, BESIDES
7272
SENTENCES WITH SENTENCES WITH PREPOSITIONSPREPOSITIONS
He robbed meHe robbed me of of my pursemy purseHe puts heavy loadsHe puts heavy loads on on my back my backThey took the potThey took the pot to to the old woman the old womanI have warned himI have warned him of of his carelessnesshis carelessnessHe swam He swam acrossacross the river the riverThe bus stops The bus stops at at AvadiAvadiRaju aimed Raju aimed atat the Tiger the TigerShe left school She left school atat fifteen fifteen
7373
SENTENCES WITH SENTENCES WITH PREPOSITIONSPREPOSITIONS
Meet me Meet me at at ten O’ clockten O’ clockDon’t say anything moreDon’t say anything more about about ititI will come I will come afterafter lunch lunchThe letter A comes The letter A comes beforebefore C CCan you comeCan you come before before lunch? lunch?He walked He walked along along the roadthe roadA river flowsA river flows between between its banks its banksWrite your name Write your name aboveabove this line this lineThe ball hit meThe ball hit me below below the knee the knee
7474
Examples for prepositionsExamples for prepositions
I often thinkI often think about about youyou
He is He is about toabout to start start
Meet me Meet me after after five O’ clock five O’ clock
He swam He swam acrossacross the riverthe river
He walked He walked alongalong the street the street
7575
Examples for prepositionsExamples for prepositions
I have seen you I have seen you beforebefore
The snake was killed The snake was killed byby John John
He brought a presentHe brought a present for for his son his son
Swimming is goodSwimming is good for for healthhealth
My uncle cameMy uncle came from from IndoreIndore
7676
Examples for prepositionsExamples for prepositions
I go for a walk I go for a walk inin the morning the morning
They climbed They climbed overover the wall the wall
He will visit you He will visit you in in the eveningthe evening
He slept for ten hoursHe slept for ten hours after after the injectionthe injection
He rang up He rang up atat night night
7777
Examples for prepositionsExamples for prepositions
I will come to your hostel I will come to your hostel onon Sunday Sunday
I gave the book I gave the book to to a poor boya poor boy
You may have leaveYou may have leave till till MondayMonday
The rider fell The rider fell offoff the horse the horse
He went He went intointo the shop the shop
7878
Examples for prepositionsExamples for prepositions
Girls sat Girls sat nearnear a tablea table
What is the timeWhat is the time by by your watch?your watch?
He reads He reads till till nightnight
Whom are you waiting Whom are you waiting forfor??
He is suffering He is suffering fromfrom feverfever
7979
Single word prepositionsSingle word prepositions
About, as, despite, for, on, across, beforeAbout, as, despite, for, on, across, before
Of, toward, above, at, during, off, underOf, toward, above, at, during, off, under
Underneath, after, behind, from, onto, inUnderneath, after, behind, from, onto, in
Until, against, beneath, over, up, alongUntil, against, beneath, over, up, along
Beside, into, through, upon, among, likeBeside, into, through, upon, among, like
To, with, around, by, near, together, withinTo, with, around, by, near, together, within
8080
Multiword prepositionsMultiword prepositions
According to, because of, contrary toAccording to, because of, contrary to
Except for, in addition to, in spite ofExcept for, in addition to, in spite of
On account of, with regard toOn account of, with regard to
8181
CONJUNCTIONCONJUNCTION
The words that join words or sentences are The words that join words or sentences are called called CONJUNCTIONS. CONJUNCTIONS.
Examples:- and, but, since, because, for, before, Examples:- and, but, since, because, for, before, till, whether, so, or etctill, whether, so, or etc
Vinod Vinod andand Hari came to our house Hari came to our houseUncle came,Uncle came, but but Aunty did not comeAunty did not comeI have no pen, I have no pen, so so I did not write EnglishI did not write EnglishGopal did not come,Gopal did not come, because because he went to Jaipur he went to Jaipur
8282
Some sentences with Some sentences with conjunctionsconjunctions
The cat ran,The cat ran, but but I did not see it I did not see it
I learned Hindi I learned Hindi and and went to Kanpurwent to Kanpur
Leela took a bagLeela took a bag and and an umbrellaan umbrella
I have a good pen,I have a good pen, so so I shall write with it I shall write with it
Ramesh can run very quickly Ramesh can run very quickly butbut Suma Suma can’tcan’t
Manoj has a hen,Manoj has a hen, so so he eats egg. he eats egg.
8383
Examples for conjunctionsExamples for conjunctions
Brother and sister went to AmericaBrother and sister went to America
Vishnu and Sunny ranVishnu and Sunny ran
Headmaster came to the class, so I did not Headmaster came to the class, so I did not laughlaugh
He sat under the cot, so I did not seeHe sat under the cot, so I did not see
He was absent because he was illHe was absent because he was ill
8484
Examples for conjunctionsExamples for conjunctions
The rain had started before I reached officeThe rain had started before I reached office
I shall not come unless you need meI shall not come unless you need me
I have heard from many people that you are I have heard from many people that you are wisewise
I have never seen him since he left the placeI have never seen him since he left the place
The girls sang while the boys playedThe girls sang while the boys played
8585
Examples for conjunctionsExamples for conjunctionsI shall not go without youI shall not go without you
Since he was lazy he failedSince he was lazy he failed
Raju is intelligent as well as hardworkingRaju is intelligent as well as hardworking
I would rather suffer than beg him for mercyI would rather suffer than beg him for mercy
As the helicopter was landing, it caught fireAs the helicopter was landing, it caught fire
8686
Examples for conjunctionsExamples for conjunctionsPraveen went to school and learnt his lessonPraveen went to school and learnt his lesson
Get a pen or a pencilGet a pen or a pencil
She is intelligent but lazyShe is intelligent but lazy
He was ill yet he walked all the wayHe was ill yet he walked all the way
Ranjan could not win because he was weakRanjan could not win because he was weak
The boy was caught while he was stealing a The boy was caught while he was stealing a watchwatch
If it rains today, he will not goIf it rains today, he will not go
8787
Point out the conjunctionsPoint out the conjunctions
We shall play whether you play or notWe shall play whether you play or notTwo and two make fourTwo and two make fourLook before you leapLook before you leapTell them that I will not comeTell them that I will not comeWe know not why they left usWe know not why they left usThe father as well as the son is to blameThe father as well as the son is to blameMohan is both rich and generousMohan is both rich and generousHurry up otherwise you will miss the trainHurry up otherwise you will miss the trainWalk carefully lest you should fallWalk carefully lest you should fallHe is not only a writer but also an actorHe is not only a writer but also an actorBalu is neither wise nor brave Balu is neither wise nor brave
8888
Some conjunctions are used in Some conjunctions are used in pairspairs
Either-or Either-or Either take it or leave itEither take it or leave itEither you come to the movie or watch cricket alone in the housej Either you come to the movie or watch cricket alone in the housej Neither-nor Neither-nor It is neither useful nor ornamentalIt is neither useful nor ornamentalNeither Raman nor Sudhir broke the batNeither Raman nor Sudhir broke the batNot only-but alsoNot only-but alsoNehru was not only a statesman but also a man of lettersNehru was not only a statesman but also a man of lettersSita was not only a dancer but also a singerSita was not only a dancer but also a singerBoth-andBoth-andWe both love him and honour himWe both love him and honour himRamesh and Suresh both like her and respect herRamesh and Suresh both like her and respect herWhether-orWhether-orI do not care whether you go or stayI do not care whether you go or stay The boys must do this whether they like it or not The boys must do this whether they like it or not
8989
INTERJECTIONINTERJECTION
An An ‘‘InterjectionInterjection’ is a word which expresses ’ is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotionsome sudden feeling or emotion
E.g:- E.g:-
Oh! It was horribleOh! It was horrible
Alas! He is deadAlas! He is dead
Hurrah! We have won the gameHurrah! We have won the game
Well, you can always try againWell, you can always try again
Well done! Keep it upWell done! Keep it up
9090
Common errorsCommon errors
The sceneries here are not goodThe sceneries here are not goodThe scenery here is not good – correctThe scenery here is not good – correct
He is my cousin brother He is my cousin brother He is my cousin – correctHe is my cousin – correct
I am learning a new poetryI am learning a new poetryI am learning a new poem – correctI am learning a new poem – correct
One of my uncle is a Ph.D.One of my uncle is a Ph.D.One of my uncles is a Ph.D.One of my uncles is a Ph.D.
9191
Common errorsCommon errors
He wrote meHe wrote meHe wrote to me – correctHe wrote to me – correct
Everyone should pray GodEveryone should pray GodEveryone should pray to God – CorrectEveryone should pray to God – Correct
This is different to thatThis is different to thatThis is different from that - correctThis is different from that - correct
We prefer English from HindiWe prefer English from HindiWe prefer English to Hindi - correctWe prefer English to Hindi - correct
9292
Common errorsCommon errors
Raju lacks in confidenceRaju lacks in confidenceRaju lacks confidence – correctRaju lacks confidence – correct
We all desire for happinessWe all desire for happinessWe all desire happiness – correctWe all desire happiness – correct
He ordered for a pair of shoesHe ordered for a pair of shoesHe ordered a pair of shoes – correctHe ordered a pair of shoes – correct
I married with GithaI married with GithaI married Githa - correctI married Githa - correct
9393
Common errorsCommon errors
He resembles with his fatherHe resembles with his fatherHe resembles his father-correctHe resembles his father-correct
He met me in the way He met me in the way He met me on the way-correctHe met me on the way-correct
He rides in a cycleHe rides in a cycleHe rides on a cycle-correctHe rides on a cycle-correct
He threw the stick in the riverHe threw the stick in the riverHe threw the stick into the river-correctHe threw the stick into the river-correct
9494
QUESTION TAGSQUESTION TAGS
Brief questions attached at the end of a sentence are Brief questions attached at the end of a sentence are called Question Tags.called Question Tags.
ExamplesExamplesHe is reading, isn’t he?He is reading, isn’t he?She has passed, hasn’t she?She has passed, hasn’t she?They are not coming, are they?They are not coming, are they?The boy can jump, can’t he?The boy can jump, can’t he?The books were good, weren’t they?The books were good, weren’t they?Your father is a teacher, isn’t he?Your father is a teacher, isn’t he?The book was good, wasn’t it?The book was good, wasn’t it?The boys will sing, won’t theyThe boys will sing, won’t they??
9595
More examples of More examples of Question TagsQuestion Tags
The ladies needn’t come, need they?The ladies needn’t come, need they?The boy can swim, can’t he?The boy can swim, can’t he?Mandakini has come, hasn’t she?Mandakini has come, hasn’t she?You know English, don’t you?You know English, don’t you?They live in the town, don’t they?They live in the town, don’t they?Let me do it now, shall I?Let me do it now, shall I?I am a little late today, aren’t I?I am a little late today, aren’t I?You came late, didn’t you?You came late, didn’t you?She called me, didn’t she?She called me, didn’t she?He speaks Hindi, doesn’t he? He speaks Hindi, doesn’t he?
9696
FORMS OF VERBSFORMS OF VERBS
PRESENT TENSEPRESENT TENSE PAST TENSEPAST TENSE PAST PAST PARTICIPLEPARTICIPLE
Buy Buy boughtbought boughtbought
fallfall fellfell fallenfallen
arisearise arosearose arisenarisen
beginbegin beganbegan begunbegun
choosechoose chosechose chosenchosen
awakeawake awokeawoke awakenedawakened
becomebecome becamebecame becomebecome
burnburn burntburnt burntburnt
bringbring broughtbrought broughtbrought
9797
FORMS OF VERBSFORMS OF VERBSPRESENT PRESENT TENSETENSE
PAST TENSEPAST TENSE PAST PAST PARTICIPLEPARTICIPLE
dealdeal dealtdealt dealtdealt
costcost Cost Cost costcost
dodo diddid donedone
catchcatch caughtcaught caughtcaught
dreamdream dreamtdreamt dreamtdreamt
drinkdrink drankdrank drunkdrunk
drivedrive drovedrove drivendriven
eateat ateate eateneaten
feedfeed fedfed fedfed
9898
FORMS OF VERBSFORMS OF VERBS
Present tensePresent tense Past tensePast tense Past participlePast participle
feelfeel feltfelt feltfelt
breakbreak brokebroke brokenbroken
bitebite bitbit bittenbitten
bendbend bentbent bentbent
creepcreep creptcrept creptcrept
feedfeed fedfed fedfed
fightfight foughtfought foughtfought
findfind foundfound foundfound
drawdraw drewdrew drawndrawn
9999
FORMS OF VERBSFORMS OF VERBS
Present tensePresent tense Past tensePast tense Past participlePast participle
showshow showedshowed shownshown
paypay paidpaid paidpaid
putput putput putput
readread readread readread
ringring rangrang rungrung
rideride roderode riddenridden
quitquit quitquit quitquit
sellsell soldsold soldsold
sitsit satsat satsat
100100
FORMS OF VERBSFORMS OF VERBSPresent tensePresent tense Past tensePast tense Past participlePast participle
Spend Spend spentspent spentspent
standstand stoodstood stoodstood
stealsteal stolestole stolenstolen
wearwear worewore wornworn
winwin wonwon wonwon
writewrite wrotewrote writtenwritten
telltell toldtold toldtold
shakeshake shookshook shakenshaken
speakspeak Spoke Spoke spokenspoken
101101
WORDS COMMONLY MISSPELTWORDS COMMONLY MISSPELT
AcceptAccept adviceadvice accumulateaccumulate
ancientancient argumentargument acknowledgeacknowledge
awkwardawkward autobiographyautobiography accommodateaccommodate
abandonabandon abundanceabundance accomplishaccomplish
anniversaryanniversary Aero planeAero plane acquaintanceacquaintance
annualannual audienceaudience achievementachievement
bicyclebicycle bachelorbachelor businessbusiness
boundaryboundary beautifulbeautiful balloonballoon
believebelieve brilliancebrilliance bulletinbulletin
complexioncomplexion competentcompetent charactercharacter
102102
ACTIVE VOICE AND PASSIVE ACTIVE VOICE AND PASSIVE VOICEVOICE
ACTIVE VOICEACTIVE VOICE
Rama killed RavanaRama killed Ravana
He makes a cotHe makes a cot
They drink alcoholThey drink alcohol
They wrote two poemsThey wrote two poems
PASSIVE VOICEPASSIVE VOICE
Ravana was killed by Ravana was killed by RamaRama
A cot is made by himA cot is made by him
Alcohol is drunk by themAlcohol is drunk by them
Two poems were written Two poems were written by themby them
103103
ACTIVE VOICE AND PASSIVE ACTIVE VOICE AND PASSIVE VOICEVOICE
ACTIVE VOICEACTIVE VOICE
I teach him SanskritI teach him Sanskrit
They see a lotus They see a lotus
We see a portraitWe see a portrait
Gopu kills a snakeGopu kills a snake
PASSIVE VOICEPASSIVE VOICE
He is taught Sanskrit by He is taught Sanskrit by me me
A lotus is seen by themA lotus is seen by them
A portrait is seen by usA portrait is seen by us
A snake is killed by GopuA snake is killed by Gopu
104104
Active voice and passive voiceActive voice and passive voice
Active voiceActive voice
I learned TamilI learned Tamil
My sister saw a pictureMy sister saw a picture
They saw a monkeyThey saw a monkey
I took chairs I took chairs
Passive voicePassive voice
Tamil was learned by meTamil was learned by me
A picture was seen by my A picture was seen by my sistersister
A monkey was seen by A monkey was seen by themthem
Chairs were taken by meChairs were taken by me
105105
THE PHRASETHE PHRASE
A group of words, which makes sense, but not A group of words, which makes sense, but not complete sense, is called a Phrase.complete sense, is called a Phrase.
Examine the following group of words:-Examine the following group of words:-
‘‘in a corner’ - It makes sense, but not complete in a corner’ - It makes sense, but not complete sensesense
‘‘in the east’ - It makes sense, but not complete in the east’ - It makes sense, but not complete sense sense
106106
Examples for PhrasesExamples for Phrases
The sun rises The sun rises in the eastin the eastThere came a There came a giant to my doorgiant to my doorIt was a sunset It was a sunset of great beautyof great beautyThe tops The tops of the mountainsof the mountains were covered were covered with snowwith snowShow me Show me how to do ithow to do itHe has a He has a chain of goldchain of goldShe has a She has a sari of silksari of silk
107107
Examples for PhrasesExamples for Phrases
Ramesh was a man Ramesh was a man of great wealthof great wealthThe chief lived in a house The chief lived in a house built of stonebuilt of stone The magistrate was a man The magistrate was a man with a kindly with a kindly naturenatureI like to see a face I like to see a face with a smile on itwith a smile on itThe coolies belonged to a tribe The coolies belonged to a tribe dwelling in the dwelling in the hillshillsRahul is a boy Rahul is a boy of great courageof great courageJawaharlal Nehru was a leader Jawaharlal Nehru was a leader of great of great statesmanship.statesmanship.
108108
The ClauseThe Clause
A sentence which is part of a larger sentence is A sentence which is part of a larger sentence is called a Clausecalled a Clause
Example:-Example:-He diedHe died / before / before he was triedhe was tried
The first part has a Subject (He) and a Predicate (died).The first part has a Subject (He) and a Predicate (died).Similarly, the second part has a Subject (he) and a Similarly, the second part has a Subject (he) and a Predicate (was tried)Predicate (was tried)
Each part is therefore a sentence, which is part of a Each part is therefore a sentence, which is part of a larger sentencelarger sentence
109109
Examples for ClausesExamples for Clauses
He did as He did as he was toldhe was toldPeople People who pay their debtswho pay their debts are trusted are trustedWe cannot start We cannot start while it is rainingwhile it is rainingI think I think that you have made a mistakethat you have made a mistakeHe has a chain He has a chain which is made of goldwhich is made of goldHe worked so hard that he succeededHe worked so hard that he succeededI am glad that he has recovered from his I am glad that he has recovered from his illnessillnessI did not pay him, as I had no money with meI did not pay him, as I had no money with me
110110
EXAMPLES FOR CLAUSESEXAMPLES FOR CLAUSES
When the sun set he returned homeWhen the sun set he returned homeWe have come so that we may help youWe have come so that we may help youAs soon as I saw the cobra I ran awayAs soon as I saw the cobra I ran awayThis exercise if so difficult that I cannot do This exercise if so difficult that I cannot do ititHe may go home after his work is finishedHe may go home after his work is finishedAs he was sick, he remained at homeAs he was sick, he remained at homeI took him because you recommended himI took him because you recommended him
111111
NOUNS : GENDERNOUNS : GENDER
There are four classes of Genders in There are four classes of Genders in EnglishEnglish
Masculine GenderMasculine Gender -for males -for males
Feminine GenderFeminine Gender -for females -for females
Common GenderCommon Gender -for males & females -for males & females
Neuter GenderNeuter Gender - for things which do - for things which do not have life not have life
112112
MASCULINE GENDERMASCULINE GENDER
All names of male animals or persons All names of male animals or persons are of the Masculine Genderare of the Masculine Gender
Examples:- boy, king, hero, father, lion, Examples:- boy, king, hero, father, lion, bull, man, tiger etcbull, man, tiger etc
113113
FEMININE GENDERFEMININE GENDER
All names of the female animals or All names of the female animals or persons are of the feminine Genderpersons are of the feminine Gender
Examples:- girl, Queen, heroine, mother, Examples:- girl, Queen, heroine, mother, lioness, tigress, cow etclioness, tigress, cow etc
114114
COMMON GENDERCOMMON GENDER
Nouns that can be applied to both male Nouns that can be applied to both male and female are of the common genderand female are of the common gender
Examples:- Child, pupil, friend, neighbour, Examples:- Child, pupil, friend, neighbour, servant, teacher, professor, lecturer etc servant, teacher, professor, lecturer etc
115115
NEUTER GENDERNEUTER GENDER
All things which do not have life, like All things which do not have life, like animals and human beings, are said to animals and human beings, are said to be of the Neuter Genderbe of the Neuter Gender
Examples:- Examples:-
tree, chair, room, stone, iron, meadow etctree, chair, room, stone, iron, meadow etc
all abstract nounsall abstract nouns
all collective nouns all collective nouns
116116
GENDERGENDER
MASCULINEMASCULINE FEMININEFEMININE
KingKing QueenQueen
CockCock HenHen
DogDog BitchBitch
sonson daughterdaughter
Groom Groom bridebride
boyboy girlgirl
sirsir madammadam
widowerwidower widowwidow
manman womanwoman
117117
GENDERGENDER
MASCULINEMASCULINE FEMININEFEMININE
LordLord LadyLady
HorseHorse MareMare
BachelorBachelor SpinsterSpinster
BullBull CowCow
NephewNephew NieceNiece
LandlordLandlord LandladyLandlady
Grand fatherGrand father Grand motherGrand mother
He-goatHe-goat She-goatShe-goat
He-bearHe-bear She-bearShe-bear
118118
GENDERGENDERMASCULINEMASCULINE FEMININEFEMININE
ActorActor ActressActress
MasterMaster MistressMistress
Host Host HostessHostess
LionLion LionessLioness
PriestPriest PriestessPriestess
TigerTiger TigressTigress
GovernorGovernor GovernessGoverness
DukeDuke DuchessDuchess
GodGod GoddessGoddess
WaiterWaiter WaitressWaitress
119119
GENDERGENDER
MASCULINEMASCULINE FEMININEFEMININE
MilkmanMilkman MilkmaidMilkmaid
PeacockPeacock PeahenPeahen
Bull CalfBull Calf Cow CalfCow Calf
washermanwasherman washerwomanwasherwoman
emperoremperor empressempress
JuliusJulius JuliaJulia
JosephJoseph JosephineJosephine
sultansultan sultanasultana
AuthorAuthor AuthoressAuthoress
120120
NOUNS:- NUMBERNOUNS:- NUMBER
There are two numbers in EnglishThere are two numbers in English
singular number & plural numbersingular number & plural number
Singular number denotes one person or thing. Singular number denotes one person or thing. E.g:- boy, girl, chair, table etcE.g:- boy, girl, chair, table etc
Plural number denotes more than one person or Plural number denotes more than one person or thing. E.g:- boys, girls, chairs, tables etcthing. E.g:- boys, girls, chairs, tables etc
121121
NOUNS-NUMBERSNOUNS-NUMBERS
SINGULAR NUMBERSINGULAR NUMBER PLURAL NUMBERPLURAL NUMBER
storystory storiesstories
dutyduty dutiesduties
tragedytragedy tragediestragedies
quantityquantity quantitiesquantities
bodybody bodiesbodies
fancyfancy fanciesfancies
whiskywhisky whiskieswhiskies
citycity citiescities
skysky skiesskies
122122
NOUNS-NUMBERSNOUNS-NUMBERS
SINGULARSINGULAR PLURALPLURAL
QualityQuality QualitiesQualities
mercymercy merciesmercies
comedycomedy comediescomedies
brushbrush brushesbrushes
classclass classesclasses
benchbench benchesbenches
gasgas gasesgases
boxbox boxesboxes
speechspeech speechesspeeches
123123
NOUNS-NUMBERSNOUNS-NUMBERS
SINGULARSINGULAR PLURALPLURAL
glassglass glassesglasses
foxfox foxesfoxes
dishdish dishesdishes
lilylily lilieslilies
follyfolly folliesfollies
Key Key keyskeys
journeyjourney journeysjourneys
valleyvalley valleysvalleys
photophoto photosphotos
124124
USE OF ‘WHAT’USE OF ‘WHAT’
What happened?What happened?What do you mean?What do you mean?What is your name?What is your name?What’s the matter?What’s the matter?What’s the trouble?What’s the trouble?What can I do for you?What can I do for you?What’s the menu for dinner?What’s the menu for dinner?What’s the news?What’s the news?
125125
Use of ‘What’Use of ‘What’
What are you looking for?What are you looking for?What should I wear in the party tonight?What should I wear in the party tonight?What movie is on today?What movie is on today?What should I do now?What should I do now?What do you say?What do you say?What did you say?What did you say?What is this?What is this?What was that?What was that?
126126
Use of ‘What’Use of ‘What’
What do you want?What do you want?What are you writing?What are you writing?What do you want to say?What do you want to say?What’s your father? (father’s job)What’s your father? (father’s job)What’s your mother?What’s your mother?What are you doing these days?What are you doing these days?What was she doing in Mumbai?What was she doing in Mumbai?What have you seen in Agra?What have you seen in Agra?What did you write to your father?What did you write to your father?What do you intend doing after passing High School? What do you intend doing after passing High School?
127127
USE OF ‘WHICH’USE OF ‘WHICH’
Which is your favourite movie?Which is your favourite movie?Which book are you reading?Which book are you reading?Which song did you prefer-Lata’s or Asha’sWhich song did you prefer-Lata’s or Asha’sWhich pen are you using?Which pen are you using?Which is your house?Which is your house?Which is your room?Which is your room?Which magazine are you reading?Which magazine are you reading?Which music did you like- Hindustani or Which music did you like- Hindustani or Carnatic?Carnatic?Which is your favourite dish? Which is your favourite dish?
128128
Use of ‘Which’Use of ‘Which’
Which of these two dresses will suit me better?Which of these two dresses will suit me better?Which animal gives us wool? (The Sheep)Which animal gives us wool? (The Sheep)Which animal has a long neck?Which animal has a long neck?Which animal barks?Which animal barks?Which animals give us milk?Which animals give us milk?Which animal has a trunk?Which animal has a trunk?Which animal has a hump on its back?Which animal has a hump on its back?Which animal has horns? (The cow) Which animal has horns? (The cow) Which animal pulls wagons? (The cart-horse)Which animal pulls wagons? (The cart-horse)
129129
Use of ‘Which’Use of ‘Which’
Which insect weaves webs? (The spider)Which insect weaves webs? (The spider)
Which bird hoots at night? (The owl)Which bird hoots at night? (The owl)
Which are the beasts of prey? (lion, tiger, wolf, Which are the beasts of prey? (lion, tiger, wolf, fox etc)fox etc)
Which animal resembles human beings? (The Which animal resembles human beings? (The ape resembles human beings)ape resembles human beings)
Which is India’s national animal?Which is India’s national animal?
Which is India’s national bird?Which is India’s national bird?
Which city is the capital of Rajasthan?Which city is the capital of Rajasthan?
130130
USE OF ‘WHO’USE OF ‘WHO’
Who are you?Who are you?Who are they?Who are they?Who sang the song?Who sang the song?Who will go to the market?Who will go to the market?Who can do this work?Who can do this work?Who is the owner of this house?Who is the owner of this house?Who can come with me?Who can come with me?Who is the prime minister of India?Who is the prime minister of India?Who did this?Who did this?Who paid the fees?Who paid the fees?
131131
Use of ‘WHO’Use of ‘WHO’
Who finished first in the competition?Who finished first in the competition?Who is the president of the congress party?Who is the president of the congress party?Who gave the book to Suresh?Who gave the book to Suresh?Who purchased this T-shirt?Who purchased this T-shirt?Who is the captain of the Indian Cricket team?Who is the captain of the Indian Cricket team?Who is he?Who is he?Who is she?Who is she?Who is that person?Who is that person?Who called me? Who called me?
132132
Use of ‘WHY’Use of ‘WHY’
Why do you worry?Why do you worry?Why do you drink milk daily?Why do you drink milk daily?Why is her teacher so strict?Why is her teacher so strict?Why are you standing here?Why are you standing here?Why don’t you apply for the exam?Why don’t you apply for the exam?Why are you speaking so loudly?Why are you speaking so loudly?Why are you sitting in the balcony?Why are you sitting in the balcony?Why did you pay for that?Why did you pay for that?Why do you think too much?Why do you think too much?
133133
Use of ‘WHY’Use of ‘WHY’
Why don’t you listen to me?Why don’t you listen to me?Why don’t you study well?Why don’t you study well?Why are you so serious?Why are you so serious?Why are you so gloomy?Why are you so gloomy?Why are you so careless?Why are you so careless?Why are you so strict?Why are you so strict?Why don’t you sing now?Why don’t you sing now?Why don’t you tell a story now?Why don’t you tell a story now?Why don’t you go to the class in time?Why don’t you go to the class in time?
134134
THANK YOUTHANK YOURAJENDRANRAJENDRAN
PRINCIPALPRINCIPAL
S.K.A.TTI(W) AUNDIPATTS.K.A.TTI(W) AUNDIPATT