Teacher's Guide for Math Grades 1-2

7/21/2019 Teacher's Guide for Math Grades 1-2

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/teachers-guide-for-math-grades-1-2 1/78

]dla`dr Vdshurad Jubmd

Ilt`diltbas - Jrlmds <-6

Fhkkbd L. Ndsndy, Dm.M.

www.kdwplt`ndlrkbkj.ahi

Ahpyrbj`t © 63<6 KdwSlt` Ndlrkbkj. Lnn Vbj`ts Vdsdrvdm.

Srbktdm bk t`d Tkbtdm Qtltds he Lidrbal

Ahpyrbj`t Khtbad - Sdribssbhk bs jrlktdm ehr t`d pura`lsdr th p`hthahpy hkny phrtbhks he t`bsfhhg bktdkmdm ehr khk-ahiidrabln anlssrhhi usd. @hwdvdr, t`bs pdribssbhk bs kht trlksedrlfnd lkmlppnbds hkny th t`d pura`lsbkj bkmbvbmuln hr bkstbtutbhk.



Lut`hr

Fhkkbd L. Ndsndy, Dm. M., t`d lut`hr, `hnms l fla`dnhr‒s mdjrdd bk Dkjnbs` erhi t`d Tkbvdrsbty he Khrt` ]dxls, l ilstdr‒s mdjrdd bk Dkjnbs` erhi Zdst ]dxls L&I, lmibkbstrlthr adrtbebaltbhk lkm

ht`dr ahursd ardmbts erhi t`d Tkbvdrsbty he ]dxls lt Dn Slsh, lkm l mhathrltd bk dmualtbhklmibkbstrltbhk erhi Flynhr Tkbvdrsbty. Q`d tluj`t lt t`d dndidktlry, ibmmnd, lkm `bj` sa`hhnndvdns ehr <: ydlrs, lkm s`d `ls lnsh tluj`t ls lk lmoukat prhedsshr lt t`d ukmdrjrlmultd lkmjrlmultd ndvdns bk ehur ukbvdrsbtbds. Q`d wls t`d a`bde bkstruatbhkln heebadr bk ebvd urflk sa`hhnmbstrbats lkm l stltd mdplrtidkt he dmualtbhk nhaltdm bk ]dxls, Mdnlwlrd, Glksls, lkm Lrglksls.

Nlyhut lkm mdsbjk? Ilrjlrdt Sdkad

:53A Alkkbkj Sgwy

Ubathr, KR <=45=(033) 43:-3255

www.kdwplt`ndlrkbkj.ahi



<

A`lptdr B. Surphsd lkm Hvdrvbdw

KdwSlt`‒s ]dla`dr Vdshurad Jubmd? ]`d Z`lt, @hw lkm Z`y...................................................4

Hvdrvbdw he KdwSlt` Iltdrblns ............................................................................................4

KdwSlt`‒s \ubag Bipndidktltbhk Jubmd ...................................................................................0

Qahpd, Qdqudkad, lkm Slabkj Jubmd.....................................................................................0

Tsd he KdwSlt` bk Dla` Qtljd he t`d Ndsshk Mdsbjk...........................................................<3

Qtumdkt Vdahrms Ilkljdidkt ...........................................................................................<=

Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlids...............................................................................................<4

Snlybkj t`d Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlid .........................................................................<5

Anlss Lssdssidkt A`lrts..............................................................................................<0

Qtumdkt Qahrd Q`ddts ...................................................................................................63

A`lptdr BB. Aurrbaunui Ahktdkt

Hvdrvbdw he Qtlkmlrms lkm Aurrbaunui...................................................................................6<

Ehr Ihrd Bkehriltbhk hk Aurrbaunui Ahktdkt Qtlkmlrms ...................................................6<

@hw KdwSlt` Alk @dnp Ilgd Qdksd he Ahktdkt Qtlkmlrms ................................................66

Ehr Ihrd Bkehriltbhk hk Qtlkmlrms-Flsdm Aurrbaunui......................................................61

Jrlmd < Aurrbaunui Qtlkmlrms Ahrrdnltbhk .......................................................................6=

Jrlmd 6 Aurrbaunui Qtlkmlrms Ahrrdnltbhk .......................................................................64

L Alutbhklry ]lnd? Bklpprhprbltd lkm Bklmdqultd Aurrbaunui ................................................65

@hw KdwSlt` Alk @dnp .....................................................................................................6:

Srhfndi Lrdls bk Ilt`diltbas ]dla`bkj/Ndlrkbkj..................................................................6:

@hw KdwSlt` Alk @dnp .....................................................................................................60

Ahrrdnltbhk he Arbtbaln ]hpbas lkm KdwSlt` Aurrbaunui Iltdrblns ......................................60

Ehr Ihrd Bkehriltbhk hk Arbtbaln ]hpbas bk Ilt`diltbas ....................................................16

]lfnd he Ahktdkts



6

A`lptdr BBB. Ndsshk Mdsbjk

Qdqudkabkj lkm Slabkj...........................................................................................................11

@hw KdwSlt` Alk @dnp .....................................................................................................11

Ehr Ihrd Bkehriltbhk hk Qdqudkabkj lkm Slabkj ...............................................................11

Lnbjkidkt he Aurrbaunui Vdshurads/Iltdrblns........................................................................1=

Ehr Ihrd Bkehriltbhk hk Iltdrblns Lnbjkidkt ....................................................................1=

Lssdssidkts ehr Ndlrkbkj .......................................................................................................1=

@hw KdwSlt` Alk @dnp .....................................................................................................14

Ehr Ihrd Bkehriltbhk hk Lssdssidkts ...............................................................................1:

Ndsshk Mdsbjk.........................................................................................................................10

@hw KdwSlt` Alk @dnp .....................................................................................................12

Ehr Ihrd Bkehriltbhk hk Ndsshk Mdsbjk.............................................................................=3

A`lptdr BU. Bkstruatbhkln Qtrltdjbds

]bid-hk-]lsg .........................................................................................................................=<

@hw KdwSlt` Alk @dnp .....................................................................................................=<

Ehr Ihrd Bkehriltbhk hk ]bid-hk-]lsg..............................................................................=6

Iuntb-Qdkshry Srhadssbkj Qtrltdjbds........................................................................................=1

@hw KdwSlt` Alk @dnp .....................................................................................................=1

Ehr Ihrd Bkehriltbhk hk Iuntb-Qdkshry Qtrltdjbds .............................................................==

Srlatbad lkm Vdpdtbtbhk ...........................................................................................................=4

@hw KdwSlt` Alk @dnp .....................................................................................................=4

Ehr Ihrd Bkehriltbhk hk Srlatbad/Vdpdtbtbhk .....................................................................=:

Ahrrdatbvd Eddmflag................................................................................................................=0

@hw KdwSlt` Alk @dnp .....................................................................................................=0

Ehr Ihrd Bkehriltbhk hk Ahrrdatbvd Eddmflag....................................................................=0

Zhrgdm Dxlipnds ...................................................................................................................=2

@hw KdwSlt` Alk @dnp .....................................................................................................=2

Ehr Ihrd Bkehriltbhk hk Zhrgdm Dxlipnds........................................................................=2

]lfnd he Ahktdkts



1

Vdlmbkj, Zrbtbkj, lkm Ahiiukbaltbkj Ilt`diltbas ...............................................................43

@hw KdwSlt` Alk @dnp .....................................................................................................43

Ehr Ihrd Bkehriltbhk hk Vdlmbkj, Zrbtbkj, lkm Ahiiukbaltbkj Ilt`diltbas....................4<

Bkmbvbmulnbzdm Ndlrkbkj...........................................................................................................4<

@hw KdwSlt` Alk @dnp .....................................................................................................4<

Ehr Ihrd Bkehriltbhk hk Bkmbvbmulnbzltbhk .........................................................................46

Ahhpdrltbvd Ndlrkbkj ..............................................................................................................46

@hw KdwSlt` Alk @dnp .....................................................................................................46

Ehr Ihrd Bkehriltbhk hk Ahhpdrltbvd Ndlrkbkj ..................................................................41

Bkstruatbhkln ]da`khnhjy.........................................................................................................41

@hw KdwSlt` Alk @dnp .....................................................................................................4=

Ehr Ihrd Bkehriltbhk hk Bkstruatbhkln ]da`khnhjy.............................................................44

Qtumdkt Ihtbvltbhk lkm Jlids...............................................................................................44

@hw KdwSlt` Alk @dnp .....................................................................................................44

Ehr Ihrd Bkehriltbhk hk Qtumdkt Ihtbvltbhk .....................................................................4:

Lvhbmbkj Md-Ihtbvltbhk...........................................................................................................4:

@hw KdwSlt` Alk @dnp .....................................................................................................4:

Ehr Ihrd Bkehriltbhk hk Md-Ihtbvltbhk .............................................................................40

A`lptdr U. Iddtbkj Kddms he Qpdabln Shpunltbhks

Bktdrvdktbhks ..........................................................................................................................42

@hw KdwSlt` Alk @dnp .....................................................................................................53

Dahkhibalnny Mbslmvlktljdm Qtumdkts...............................................................................53

Ehr Ihrd Bkehriltbhk hk Dahkhibalnny Mbslmvlktljdm Qtumdkts...................................56

Dkjnbs`-Nlkjuljd Ndlrkdrs ...............................................................................................51

Ehr Ihrd Bkehriltbhk hk ]dla`bkj DNNs .......................................................................5=

A`bnmrdk wbt` Ndlrkbkj Mbslfbnbtbds ....................................................................................54

Ehr Ihrd Bkehriltbhk hk ]dla`bkj A`bnmrdk wbt` Ndlrkbkj Mbslfbnbtbds .........................5:

]lfnd he Ahktdkts



=

Qtrujjnbkj Ndlrkdrs lkm V]B ...................................................................................................50

@hw KdwSlt` Alk @dnp .....................................................................................................50

Ehr Ihrd Bkehriltbhk hk V]B .............................................................................................:3

A`lptdr UB. ]hhns th Dk`lkad Deedatbvdkdss

Aurrbaunui Ilppbkj ..............................................................................................................:<

@hw KdwSlt` Alk @dnp .....................................................................................................:<

Ehr Ihrd Bkehriltbhk hk Aurrbaunui Ilppbkj...................................................................:<

Srhedssbhkln Mdvdnhpidkt .......................................................................................................:6

@hw KdwSlt` Alk @dnp .....................................................................................................:6

Ehr Ihrd Bkehriltbhk hk Srhedssbhkln Mdvdnhpidkt............................................................:6

Slrdkt Bkvhnvdidkt .................................................................................................................:1

@hw KdwSlt` Alk @dnp .....................................................................................................:1

Ehr Ihrd Bkehriltbhk hk Slrdkt Bkvhnvdidkt .....................................................................:1

Srhjrli Dvlnultbhk ................................................................................................................:=

@hw KdwSlt` Alk @dnp .....................................................................................................:=

Ehr Ihrd Bkehriltbhk hk Srhjrli Dvlnultbhk ....................................................................:4

A`lptdr UBB. Ahkanusbhk

Ahkanusbhk .............................................................................................................................:5

]lfnd he Ahktdkts



KdwSlt`‒s ]dla`dr Vdshurad Jubmd? ]`d Z`lt, @hw, lkm Z`y ]`d purphsd he KdwSlt` Ndlrkbkj‒s (KdwSlt`) ]dla`dr Vdshurad Jubmd? Ilt`diltbas, Jrlmds

<-6 bs th lssbst dmualthrs bk t`dbr deehrts th biprhvd stumdkt ndlrkbkj. ]`d Jubmd heedrs supphrtlkm rdahiidkmltbhks bk t`d bipndidktltbhk he KdwSlt` iltdrblns wbt`bk t`d ahktdxt he t`dsa`hhn‒s nlrjdr stlkmlrms-flsdm aurrbaunui/bkstruatbhk/lssdssidkt pnlks. Kht hkny wbnn rdlmdrsebkm bkehriltbhk lfhut lkm rdahiidkmltbhks hk `hw th bipndidkt KdwSlt` iltdrblns, fut t`dywbnn lnsh ebkm rdedrdkads erhi rdsdlra`-flsdm stumbds hk w`y t`d rdahiidkmdm prlatbads wbnn whrglkm wbt` w`ba` jrhups he stumdkts. Dmualthrs w`h andlrny sdd t`d rdlshks ehr w`lt t`dy lrd mhbkjlrd jdkdrlnny iua` ihrd deedatbvd bk biprhvbkj stumdkt ndlrkbkj. Lt KdwSlt` wd fdnbdvd t`lt t dahipndxbty he w`lt tdla`drs iust gkhw lkm fd lfnd th mh bk hrmdr th mdnbvdr aurrbaunuisuaadsseunny BQ rhagdt sabdkad. Zd gkhw bt bs mbeebaunt lkm ahipndx, lkm bt bs hur edrvdkt mdsbrd thilgd bt dlsbdr lkm ihrd deedatbvd.

Hvdrvbdw he KdwSlt` Iltdrblns

KdwSlt` Ndlrkbkj, ehukmdm bk 6335, `ls dstlfnbs`dm ls bts prbilry ibssbhk t`d mdvdnhpidkt he bkkhvltbvd, bktdrlatbvd iltdrblns ehr aurrbaunui ilstdry lkm lssdssidkt prdplrltbhk t`lt lrdlnbjkdm wbt` t`d ihst aurrdkt lalmdiba ahktdkt stlkmlrms. KdwSlt`‒s prhmuats lrd mdvdnhpdm fydxpdrbdkadm tdla`drs usbkj rdsdlra`-flsdm prbkabpnds lkm lrd anlssrhhi tdstdm.

Bk hrmdr th lmmrdss t`d kddms he t`d mbvdrsbty he ndlrkdrs bk lnihst dvdry sa`hhn, KdwSlt` `lslssdifndm, fy jrlmd-ndvdn, l ahiprd`dksbvd ahnndatbhk he fht` prbkt lkm mbjbtln iltdrblns lkm thhnsehr tdla`bkj Dkjnbs` nlkjuljd lrts, ilt`diltbas, sabdkad, lkm shabln stumbds.

4

A`lptdr B. Surphsd lkm Hvdrvbdw

KSN ]dla`dr Vdshurad Jubmd




5

]dla`bkj Vdshurads Bkanumdm? Tsd

• 6 Ilt diltbas Enbp A`lrt Qdts ‑ < pdr jrlmd

Dla` Aurrbaunui Ilstdry ® EnbpA`lrt Qdt edlturds

• <3 mhufnd-sbmdm nlibkltdm a`lrts,<0"x<6"

• <3 eunny bnnustrltdm ahnhreun a`lrtsahvdrbkj jrlmd-ndvdn spdabebaaurrbaunui ahktdkt

• <3 ahrrdsphkmbkj wrbtd-hk/wbpd-hee a`lrts hk rdvdrsd sbmd ehrstumdkt usd hr ehr silnn-jrhupbkstruatbhk

• Fubnt-bk, sturmy, erdd-stlkmbkjdlsdn ehr dlsy mbspnly

• Qpbrln-fhukm ehr dlsd he usd

• Latbvbty Jubmd

Aurrbaunui Ilstdry ® Enbp A`lrts prhvbmd ahiprd`dk-sbvd ahvdrljd he gdy stlkmlrms-flsdm aurrbaunui bk lkbnnustrltdm ehrilt t`lt bs vbsulnny lppdlnbkj, dkjljbkjlkm dlsy th usd. Aurrbaunui Ilstdry ® Enbp A`lrtsalk fd usdm wbt` t`d dktbrd anlssrhhi, wbt` silnnjrhups, hr fy stumdkts whrgbkj bkmdpdkmdktny. Qbmd <he dla` Enbp A`lrt prhvbmds jrlp`baln rdprdsdktltbhk he gdy ahkadpts bk l ahkabsd, jrlmd-lpprhprbltd rdlmbkjndvdn ehr bkstruatbkj stumdkts. ]`d rdvdrsd Qbmd 6 he dla` Enbp A`lrt lnnhws tdla`drs hr stumdkts th ebnn bkt`d lkswdrs lkm suiilrbzd gdy ahkadpts.

Dla` sdt bkanumds l jubmd w`ba` prhvbmds l jrlp`balnlatbvbty ahrrdsphkmbkj th dla` Enbp A`lrt w`ba`

stumdkts alk usd th ebnn bk fdehrd, murbkj, hr letdrbkstruatbhk. Hk t`d rdvdrsd sbmd he dla` latbvbty lrdqudstbhks ahrrdsphkmbkj th dla` Enbp A`lrt thpbaw`ba` alk fd usdm ls eurt`dr rdvbdw hr ls l idlks he lssdssidkt.

Enbp A`lrts lrd bmdln ehr ndlrkbkj adktdrs, silnn-jrhupbkstruatbhk, bkmdpdkmdkt stumdkt usd hr ls lrdedrdkad/tdla`bkj rdshurad.

• 1 Qdts he Ilt diltbas UbsulnNdlrkbkj Jubmds ehr dla` jrlmd

Srhvbmds l `lkms-hk rdvbdw he

jrlmd-spdabeba sgbnn thpbas.Iltdrblns bkanumd 1 sdts he <3nlibkltdm vbsuln ndlrkbkj jubmdsehr dla` jrlmd ehr l thtln he 53Ubsuln Ndlrkbkj Jubmds.

Vdsdlra` `ls s`hwk t`lt vbsuln ndlrkbkj bs lihkjt`d vdry fdst idt`hms ehr tdla`bkj stumdkts he lnnljds lkm bs dspdablnny lpprhprbltd th t`d lttlbkidkt

lkm ukmdrstlkmbkj he ilt` lkm sabdkad sgbnns ehr lwbmd rlkjd he ndlrkdrs. Sbaturds, mbljrlis lkm bnnus-trltbhks `dnp vbsuln ndlrkdrs ukmdrstlkm bmdls lkmbkehriltbhk fdttdr t`lk oust wrbttdk dxpnlkltbhks.Ubsuln Ndlrkbkj Jubmds nbkg vdrfln lkm vbsuln bkehr-iltbhk th `dnp stumdkts ilgd ahkkdatbhks,ukmdrstlkm rdnltbhks`bps lkm rdalnn rdnltdm mdtlbns.Ubsuln Ndlrkbkj Jubmds prhvbmd ahiprd`dksbvd ahv-drljd he gdy stlkmlrms-flsdm aurrbaunui bk lkbnnustrltdm ehrilt t`lt bs vbsulnny lppdlnbkj, dkjljbkjlkm dlsy th usd.

• 6 Ilt`diltbas AurrbaunuiIlstdry Jlids ‑ < pdr jrlmd

Ahipndtd stlkmlrms-flsdm

aurrbaunui ahvdrbkj 64 gdy thpbaspdr jrlmd, dla` bk fhlrm-jlidehrilt7 :43 qudstbhks ehr dla`jrlmd ndvdn7 <6 jlid fhlrms7 jlidpbdads7 ahipndtd iltdrblns ehr upth 15 stumdkts.

Dla` Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Ω Jlid prhvbmds ahipndtdahvdrljd he jrlmd-lpprhprbltd ilt` ahkadpts ehranlssrhhi lkm lssdssidkt suaadss. ]`d Aurrbaunui

Ilstdry Ω

Jlids alk fd usdm bk t`d anlssrhhi thlaahiihmltd ndlrkdrs he lnn mbeedrdkt ndvdns. Zbt`t`bs vdrsltbnd thhn, tdla`drs alk la`bdvd mbeedrdktbltdmbkstruatbhk, lssbjkbkj l stumdkt t`d ahktdkt lrdllkm gkhwndmjd ndvdn t`lt subt `bs/`dr plrtbaunlrkddms lkm ndlrkbkj plad. ]`d Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Ω

Jlids usd l `lkms-hk lpprhla` th dksurd stumdktsfdahid bkvhnvdm bk t`d ndlrkbkj prhadss. Qhablnmdvdnhpidkt bs lnsh kurturdm ls stumdkts ahipdtd,ahnnlfhrltd, lkm ahiiukbaltd wbt` hkd lkht`dr mur-bkj struaturdm pnly.

KdwSlt`‒s Aurrbaunui Ndlrkbkj Ihmund ehr ilt`diltbas, jrlmds <-6 bkanumds t`dehnnhwbkj tdla`bkj rdshurads?



:

• 6 Bktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm/Srlatbad AM-VHIs ‑ < pdr jrlmd

Dla` bkanumds :43 bktdrlatbvd,stlkmlrms-flsdm rdvbdw qudstbhks,ahvdrbkj t`d 64 stlkmlrms-flsdmthpbas ehr dla` jrlmd.

Bmdln ehr usd hk lk Bktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm ehr anlss-rhhi usd hr sdne-jubmdm bkstruatbhk fy stumdkts.

]`bs prhmuat `ls l sbtd nbadksd, lnnhwbkj bts usd hklky ahiputdr (Ila/Zbk) wbt`bk l sa`hhn fubnmbkj. Btily fd usdm hk bkmbvbmuln hr kdtwhrgdm ahiputdrs.

Qtumdkts alk usd t`d AM-VHI ehr bkmbvbmuln rdvbdw

wbt` mbjbtln enls`alrms. Qtumdkts lrd lfnd th rdvbdwlkm lssdss t`dbr gkhwndmjd he l a`hsdk thpba. ]`dqudstbhks alk lnsh fd prhodatdm hk lk bktdrlatbvdw`btdfhlrm ehr l jlid he prlatbad lkm rdvbdw w`ba`bkanumds plrtbabpltbhk erhi t`d dktbrd anlss.

\udstbhks erhi l sbkjnd thpba hr iuntbpnd thpbas alkfd slvdm ls l ndsshk pnlk7 prhjrli prhvbmds biidmb-ltd ahrrdatbvd eddmflag th stumdkt, lnhkj wbt` tbid hktlsg, kuifdr he lttdipts, pdradkt lkswdrdmahrrdatny, lkm kuifdr he qudstbhks rdilbkbkj.

]dla`bkj Vdshurads Bkanumdm? Tsd

• Qufsarbptbhk th KdwSlt ‒sHknbkd Ndlrkbkj Srhjrli

Bkanumds < tdla`dr sufsarbptbhklnhkj wbt` l sdt kuifdr he bkmbvbmuln stumdkt laahukts(mdpdkmbkj hk sufsarbptbhk typd)wbt` laadss th KdwSlt`‒saurrbaunui rdshurads lkm thhns.

KdwSlt`‒s Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj Srhjrli `ls fddk spdabe-balnny mdvdnhpdm th iddt aurrdkt kltbhkln lkm stltdstlkmlrms. Bt prhvbmds ahiprd`dksbvd aurrbaunuiahvdrljd laadssbfnd fy stltd stlkmlrm, sufodat, thpbalkm jrlmd ndvdn! Hvdr 13,333 stlkmlrms-flsdm rdvbdwqudstbhks lkm ht`dr aurrbaunui ahktdkt bs bkanumdmth ardltd, slvd, prbkt lkm lssbjk ndsshk pnlks, whrg-s`ddts, jlids, enls`alrms lkm lssdssidkts. Sdredatehr ilstdry he anlssrhhi ahktdkt hr prdplrltbhk ehrstlkmlrmbzdm tdsts!

• ]dla`dr Vdshurad Jubmd(t`bs mhauidkt)

Srhvbmds rdsdlra`-flsdm bkehriltbhk hk prhjrlibipndidktltbhk, lnhkj wbt` rdedrdkads ehr eurt`dr

rdlmbkj.



0

KdwSlt`‒s \ubag Bipndidktltbhk Jubmd

]`bs „\ubag Bipndidktltbhk Jubmd’ bs prhvbmdm ehr t`d tdla`dr w`h kddms th stlrt usbkj t`d kdwKdwSlt` iltdrblns biidmbltdny lkm kddms hkny th gkhw t`d flsbas he w`lt t`dy lrd, `hw t`dy ebtbkth l typbaln ilt`diltbas aurrbaunui, lkm w`ba` hkds lrd rdahiidkmdm ehr w`ba` purphsd.A`lptdrs BB”UB prhvbmd ihrd mdtlbndm dxpnlkltbhks, rdsdlra` suiilrbds, rdahiidkmltbhks, lkmshurads ehr ihrd bkehriltbhk hk t`d vlrbhus p`lsds he ilt`diltbas aurrbaunui bipndidktltbhkehr jdkdrln dmualtbhk ls wdnn ls prhjrlis ehr strujjnbkj ndlrkdrs.

Qahpd, Qdqudkad, lkm Slabkj JubmdQahpd/Qdqudkad. KdwSlt` jrhups lnn jrlmd-ndvdn stlkmlrms bkth 64 stlkmlrms-flsdm thpbas.

]`hsd 64 thpbaln lrdls ahkstbtutd t`d sahpd he t`d aurrbaunui. ]`d sdqudkad (hrmdr) bk w`ba` t`dy lrd nbstdm rdendats t`d fdst t`bkgbkj he t`d ilky shurads ahksuntdm, bkanumbkj sdvdrln stltdmdplrtidkts he dmualtbhk lkm tdxtfhhg pufnbs`drs. ]dla`drs mh, he ahursd, tdla` t`d alndkmlr lkmtdnnbkj tbid hk lk hk-jhbkj flsbs bk t`d dlrny jrlmds. Z`dk l kdw thpba (ahkadpt) bs bktrhmuadm,t`d tdla`dr usulnny fdjbks wbt` l rdvbdw he ahkadpts t`lt lrd prdrdqubsbtd th t`d hkd th fd tluj`t.

]`dy t`dk typbalnny tdla` t d kdw thpba lkm dksurd t`lt stumdkts mdvdnhp lt ndlst fdjbkkbkj-ndvdnilstdry. ]`dy t`dk ayand flag pdrbhmbalnny th rdbkehrad lkm prhvbmd ihrd prlatbad ehr enudkay mdvdnhpidkt. ]`dy lnsh ayand flag th rdvbdw kuifdr ahkadpts, ilt` elats, lnjhrbt`is, dta., sh t`dthpbas wdlvd bk lkm hut, ls t`dy s`hunm.

Slabkj. Mbstrbats bkardlsbkjny pufnbs` plabkj jubmds t`lt tdla`drs lrd dxpdatdm th lm`drd th bkhrmdr th dksurd t`lt prbhrbty hfodatbvds lrd tluj`t lkm ilstdrdm fdehrd t`d suiiltbvd lssdssidkts(stltd tdsts, dspdablnny). Qtumdkts wbnn, he ahursd, ndlrk lt mbeedrdkt rltds lkm th vlrybkj mdjrdds he ilstdry, sh shid thpbas wbnn rdqubrd ihrd tbid lkm ihrd rdvbdw hpphrtukbtbds t`lk ht`drs. ]`bsrdahiidkmdm plabkj jubmd bs l pnlad th stlrt bk t`d dvdkt rdqubrdm mhauidkts lrd kht lvlbnlfnd.Lssuibkj 15 wddgs he bkstruatbhk, t`d plabkj sujjdstbhks whunm rdqubrd lfhut 11 wddgs, ndlvbkjt`d dqubvlndkt he t`rdd wddgs ehr lssdssidkts lkm ht`dr latbvbtbds. Be hkd lssuids t`lt dla` thpbabs dqulnny a`lnndkjbkj, lkht`dr wly th plad whunm fd th lnnht lpprhxbiltdny hkd lkm hkd-`lne wddgshr sh ehr dla` thpba.

]`d latuln tbid lvlbnlfnd ehr bkstruatbhk ls th fd elathrdm bkth t`d hvdrlnn ydlr‒s pnlk. ]h ahkstruatl uslfnd plabkj jubmd spdabeba th l sa`hhn hr mbstrbat, KdwSlt` rdahiidkms t`d ehnnhwbkj?

• Laqubrd l ahpy he t`d mbstrbat/sa`hhn alndkmlr.

• Ahukt t`d kuifdr he mlys lvlbnlfnd ehr bkstruatbhk.

• Arhss hut t`d mlys rdqubrdm ehr jrlmbkj pdrbhm lssdssidkts, fdka`ilrg lssdssidkts, lkmstltd tdsts.

• Arhss hut t`d mlys w`dk stumdkts wbnn fd hk ebdnm trbps, bk lssdifnbds, dta.

• Lnnhw ehr shid snhw-mhwk be t`d tdla`dr bs hut lkm l sufstbtutd bs rdqubrdm.

• ]`dk ahukt ljlbk t`d kuifdr he mlys latulnny lvlbnlfnd ehr bkstruatbhk.

• Ilgd l mdtdribkltbhk he w`ba` thpbas wbnn rdqubrd t`d ihst tbid ehr ilstdry, `hw iua`tbid t`lt bs rdqubrdm fy thpba, lkm sdt lsbmd t`hsd mlys ebrst. ]`dk lssbjk ht`dr thpbas th

rdilbkbkj mlys.• Qa`dmund t`d prbhrbty thpbas th fd tluj`t FDEHVD t`d mbstrbat/stltd lssdssidkts, ndlvbkj

ht`dr thpbas th tdla` letdrwlrms.

• Ardltd l mly-fy-mly pnlk fy thpba. Ilgd bt l nbvbkj mhauidkt bk mbjbtln ehrilt, sufodat thlidkmidkt be stumdkts ihvd elstdr t`lk dxpdatdm”hr snhwdr t`lk dxpdatdm, hr be mlys lrdnhst ehr flm wdlt`dr, dta.



2

Qahpd/Qdqudkad Slabkj

Alndkmlr

• Mlys he t`d Zddg• Ihkt`s he t`d Rdlr

Hkjhbkj

Snlad Ulnud

• Snlad Ulnud

< wddg

Lmmbtbhk Ahkadpts/Elats

• Lmmbtbhk Elats

5 wddgs +

6 wddgs dqubvlndktt`rhuj` ydlr ehrrdvbdw/prlatbad

Kuifdrs

• Qdqudkabkj• Qgbp Ahuktbkj• Kuifdr Nbkd• Hkd Ndss, Hkd Ihrd• Hmm & Dvdk• Slttdrks• Hrmdrbkj• Hrmbkln Kuifdrs• Jrdltdr ]`lk/

Ndss ]`lk• Ahiiukbaltbvd

Srhpdrty

4 wddgs

bkstruatbhk +1 wddgs dqubvlndkt

t`rhuj` ydlr ehrrdvbdw/prlatbad

QuftrlatbhkAhkadpts/Elats

• Quftrlatbhk Elats

5 wddgs +

6 wddgs dqubvlndkt

t`rhuj` ydlr ehrrdvbdw/prlatbad

Erlatbhks

• Erlatbhks

< wddg

Ihkdy lkm ]bid

• Ahuktbkj Ahbks• ]dnnbkj ]bid

< wddg

Idlsurdidkt

• Idlsurdidkt• ]dipdrlturd

< wddg

Jdhidtry

• Qbipnd Q`lpds• Lttrbfutds he Hfodats• Vdnltbvd Shsbtbhk he

Hfodats• Qyiidtry

= wddgs

Srhfndi Qhnvbkj

• Qthry Srhfndis

< wddg

Jrlmd <

Qahpd/Qdqudkad Slabkj

Idlsurdidkt

• Idlsurdidkt• ]bid

< wddg + hkjhbkjbkstruatbhk hkidlsurdidkt,tbid, & alndkmlrlppnbaltbhks

Snlad Ulnud• Snlad Ulnud

<¹ wddgs

Lmmbtbhk Ahkadpts/Elats

• Lmmbtbhk Elats• Mhufnd Mbjbt

Lmmbtbhk wbt`hutVdjrhupbkj

= wddgs

Kuifdrs

• Ahuktbkj th 222• Qdqudkabkj• Qgbp Ahuktbkj• Hmm & Dvdk• Hkd Ihrd, Hkd Ndss• Kuifdr Zhrms• Ahiplrbkj Kuifdrs• Hrmbklns• Kuifdr Slttdrks

<3 wddgs

QuftrlatbhkAhkadpts/Elats

• Quftrlatbhk Elats• Quftrlatbhk Bs Kht

Ahiiutltbvd

= wddgs

Erlatbhks

• Erlatbhks• Erlatbhks Jrdltdr

t`lk hr Ndss t`lk ¹

= wddgs

Jdhidtry

• Ahiplrbkj Hfodats• Qhnbms

1 wddgs

Srhflfbnbty

• Srhflfbnbty

<¹ wddgs

AhiiukbaltbkjIlt`diltbas

• Jrlp`s

<¹ wddgs

Srhfndi Qhnvbkj

• Qthry Srhfndis

6 ¹ wddgs, pnushkjhbkj lppnbaltbhk

Jrlmd 6



Tsd he KdwSlt` Iltdrblns bk Dla` Qtljd he t`d Ndsshk Mdsbjk

Zbt` sh ilky mbeedrdkt prhmuats lvlbnlfnd bk t`d KdwSlt` fukmnd, tdla`drs `lvd rdqudstdmrdahiidkmltbhks erhi KdwSlt` hk w`ba` spdabeba rdshurads lrd lpprhprbltd ehr dla` stljd he t`dndsshk mdnbvdry. Bk lmmbtbhk th t`bs bkehriltbhk, A`lptdr BU, w`ba` ehausds hk BkstruatbhklnQtrltdjbds, mdnbkdltds t`d KdwSlt` iltdrblns t`lt alk fd usdm wbt` dla` he t`d rdsdlra`-flsdmbkstruatbhkln strltdjbds rdahiidkmdm.

<3

Ndsshk Qtdp Qujjdstdm IltdrblnsSrd-tdstbkj hr mbljkhstbalssdssidkt

Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj ”lmibkbstdr th w`hnd anlss th bmdktbey, fy stumdkt, strdkjt`s lkm wdlgkdssds sh t`lt bkstruatbhk alkfd lpprhprbltd. Lssdssidkts alk fd lmibkbstdrdm hknbkd hrprbktdm ehr stumdkts th ahipndtd.

Qphkjd Latbvbty

(fdehrd anlss fdjbks hr ehrdlrny ebkbs`drs)

Enbp A`lrt mbspnlydm hk lk dlsdn hr l Z`btdfhlrm be lvlbnlfnd ”ehr usd bk bktrhmuatbhk he kdw thpba7 stumdktsalk bkmbvbmulnny fdjbk th laadss flagjrhukm gkhwndmjd hr

ehriunltd qudstbhks lfhut thmly‒s thpba. Lt tbids t`d EnbpA`lrt prhvbmds l jhhm lmvlkad hrjlkbzdr ehr t`d ndsshk. ]`d tdla`dr alk phsd l qudstbhk hr twh ehr t`di th stlrtt`bkgbkj lfhut. L Enbp A`lrt alk lnsh fd usdm th rdvbdw

ydstdrmly‒s ndsshk. Ls l rdvbdw dxdrabsd, stumdkts ahunm usdt`d flagsbmd he t`d a`lrt th shnvd prhfndis bkmbvbmulnny.

]`d Enbp A`lrt ibj`t lnsh fd usdm th sujjdst lk dktry bk lilt` ndlrkbkj nhj hr fnhj.

Be t`drd bs sueebabdkt tbid, dlrny ebkbs`drs ily fd lfnd th pnly t`d Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlid.

Ndsshk Bktrhmuatbhk Ehr ahkadpt bktrhmuatbhk, t`d tdla`dr ily wbs` th usd t`d

lpprhprbltd Enbp A`lrt ”pnladm sh t`lt lnn t`d a`bnmrdk alksdd bt. ]`d lpprhprbltd Ubsuln Ndlrkbkj Jubmd alk fd usdmsh t`lt arbtbaln vhalfunlry ehr t`d ahkadpt mdvdnhpidkt alkfd tluj`t. (DNNs lkm ht`dr strujjnbkj ndlrkdrs wbnn kddmihrd rdpdtbtbhk lkm prlatbad.)

Bkstruatbhkln Qtrltdjbds Qdd A`lptdr BU ehr mdnbkdltbhk he w`ba` iltdrblns alk fdusdm wbt` dla` he t`d rdahiidkmdm rdsdlra`-flsdmbkstruatbhkln strltdjbds?

• ]bid-hk-]lsg

• Iuntb-sdkshry Srhadssbkj Qtrltdjbds

• Srlatbad lkm Vdpdtbtbhk

• Ahrrdatbvd Eddmflag

• Zhrgdm Dxlipnds

• Mbeedrdktbltdm/Bkmbvbmulnbzdm Bkstruatbhk

• Ahhpdrltbvd Ndlrkbkj

• Bkstruatbhkln ]da`khnhjy

• Qtumdkt Ihtbvltbhk lkm Jlids

• Lvhbmbkj Md-ihtbvltbhk

Ndsshk Snlkkbkj Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj



<<

Ndsshk Qtdp Qujjdstdm Iltdrblns

Ihmdnbkj he SrhadmurlnNdlrkbkj

]`d flagsbmd he t`d Enbp A`lrt prhvbmds iltdrbln ehr usbkj„whrgdm dxlipnds’ sh t`lt stumdkts alk ndlrk t`d lnjhrbt`ith shnvd l prhfndi. ]`d tdla`dr alk lnsh usd Hknbkd Ndlrk-bkj lkm t`d Bktdrlatbvd AM-VHI rdshurads th mbspnly ht`dr „whrgdm dxlipnds’ lkm th vdrflnny wlng stumdktst`rhuj` t`d stdps. Vdpdtbtbhk bs rdqubrdm.

Hkad t`d tdla`dr `ls ihmdndm t`d prhadmurd sdvdrln tbids,s`d ily wbs` th usd l edw qudstbhks erhi Hknbkd Ndlrkbkjhr t`d Bktdrlatbvd AM-VHI th whrg t`rhuj` lmmbtbhklnprhfndis wbt` t`d stumdkts.

Jubmdm Srlatbad ]`d tdla`dr ily a`hhsd l prdilmd ndsshk hr ardltd hkd he `dr hwk ehr jubmdm prlatbad usbkj Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj.Qtumdkts alk laadss t`d ndsshk hk ahiputdrs, hr t`dtdla`dr alk prbkt t`d latbvbtbds.

Qtumdkts alk fd mbvbmdm bkth silnn jrhups ehr jubmdm prla-tbad wbt` t`d tdla`dr enhltbkj lihkj t`d jrhups th a`dag ehrukmdrstlkmbkj lkm th jbvd biidmbltd ahrrdatbvd eddmflag.

]`d Ubsuln Ndlrkbkj Jubmds wbnn fd usdeun ehr lkht`drrdvbdw he t`d ahkadpt, ehr shid prhfndis th shnvd bk t`djrhup, lkm ehr vhalfunlry rdvbdw. Tsbkj t`d rdsunts he t`dprd-tdsts, t`d tdla`dr alk pnlad lt ndlst hkd stumdkt w`h bslnrdlmy strhkj bk t`d thpba lrdl bk dla` jrhup th sdrvd ls lpddr tuthr lkm th `dnp prhvbmd eddmflag th t`d ht`drstumdkts.

]`d qudstbhk alrms erhi t`d Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlidslrd sdne-ahrrdatbkj lkm alk fd usdm ls enls` alrms bk jrhupshr wbt` t`d w`hnd anlss bk t`d jubmdm prlatbad p`lsd.

]`d tdla`dr ily bkstdlm wbs` th prbkt shid prhfndis erhiHknbkd Ndlrkbkj hr t`d Bktdrlatbvd AM-VHI ehr stumdkts

th shnvd bk jrhups, ljlbk wbt` strhkj stumdkts bk dla`jrhup. ]`d stumdkts alk lnsh laadss t`dsd hk ahiputdrs.

Lkht`dr strltdjy ehr jubmdm prlatbad whunm fd t`d tdla`dr‒sanhsd hfsdrvltbhk he stumdkts pnlybkj t`d AurrbaunuiIlstdry Jlid ”pdr`lps prhodatdm hk th t`d Z`btdfhlrm sht`lt s`d alk jbvd biidmbltd ahrrdatbvd eddmflag. Qtumdktsily usd t`d Ubsuln Ndlrkbkj Jubmd w`dk pnlybkj t`dAurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlid.

Ehr ahktbkuhus prhjrdss ihkbthrbkj, t`d tdla`dr alk a`dagehr ukmdrstlkmbkj th mdtdribkd w`h bs rdlmy ehr bkmdpdkm-dkt prlatbad lkm w`h kddms ihrd rdvbdw lkm jubmdmprlatbad. Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj rdshurads alk fd usdm th mdsbjk

l qubag lssdssidkt lkm prbkt sahrds ehr lklnysbs. ]`d rdsunts he t`bs ehriltbvd lssdssidkt wbnn prhvbmd eurt`drbkehriltbhk (bk lmmbtbhk th t`d prd-tdstbkj hr mbljkhstbatdstbkj mhkd dlrnbdr) ehr t`d tdla`dr hk `hw th mbeedrdktbltdbkstruatbhk bk sufsdqudkt ndsshks. Z`dt`dr hr kht l sa`hhnbs bipndidktbkj V]B, t`bs bs t`d ebrst phbkt w`dk t`d tdla`drkddms th prhvbmd lk bktdrvdktbhk ehr lky a`bnm hr l jrhup he a`bnmrdk elnnbkj fd`bkm. Qdd A`lptdr U ehr ihrdbkehriltbhk.



<6


Mbeedrdktbltdm Ndsshks Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj lnnhws t`d tdla`dr th mdsbjk ndsshks lkmlatbvbtbds ehr bkmbvbmuln stumdkts, silnn jrhups, hr t`d anlssls l w`hnd. Qhid stumdkts wbnn rdqubrd th fd tluj`t ljlbkerhi t`d fdjbkkbkj, shid wbnn kddm ihrd tbid ehr rdvbdw lkmprlatbad, lkm ht`drs wbnn fd rdlmy ehr bkmdpdkmdkt prlatbad.Jrhupbkj lt t`bs phbkt, t`drdehrd, wbnn fd ihrd

`hihjdkdhus. ]`d tdla`dr alk mdsbjk sdplrltd ndsshks usbkj HknbkdNdlrkbkj, ehr dla` stumdkt‒s kddms. Lt tbids s`d wbnn wlktdla` stumdkt th whrg bkmbvbmulnny. Lt ht`dr tbids s`d ily wbs` th usd Enls` Alrms, t`d Enbp A`lrt, hr t`d UbsulnNdlrkbkj Jubmd th whrg wbt` l silnn jrhup bk mbrdatbkstruatbhk w`bnd ht`dr stumdkts whrg bkmbvbmulnny hr bk lsdne-mbrdatdm silnn jrhup. Ulrbhus jrhups ahunm pnly lAurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlid, usbkj l sgbnn sdt he t`dbr a`hbadwbt` nbttnd supdrvbsbhk hr kddm ehr eddmflag. L jrhup kddm-bkj ihrd hpphrtukbtbds ehr tdla`dr bkput ahunm pnly t`djlid wbt` t`d tdla`dr.

KdwSlt`‒s prhmuats lrd nlfdndm ls ndvdns, kht ls jrlmd ndv-dns, sh t`lt t`drd bs rdmuadm stbjil ehr usbkj t`d iltdrblnslt l nhwdr jrlmd ndvdn ehr stumdkts w`h lrd sbjkbebalktny fd`bkm lkm nlag prdrdqubsbtd gkhwndmjd lkm sgbnns th ihvdehrwlrm. Bk-anlss hr fdehrd/letdr sa`hhn tuthrblns hrbktdrvdktbhks alk ilgd usd he t`d lpprhprbltd ndvdn he iltd-rblns, bkanumbkj Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlids, Enbp A`lrts,Ubsuln Ndlrkbkj Jubmds, lkm lnn t`d latbvbtbds lkmrdshurads lvlbnlfnd hk t`d Bktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI lkm Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj.

Ahktbkuhus SrhjrdssIhkbthrbkj he QtumdktsKddmbkj Bktdrvdktbhk

Hkad t`d bktdrvdktbhks lrd prhvbmdm ehr t`d stumdkts elnnbkjfd`bkm, t`d tdla`dr alk usd `dr hfsdrvltbhks ls wdnn lslkht`dr lssdssidkt th a`dag hk prhjrdss. Hknbkd Ndlrkbkjwbnn lnnhw `dr th mdsbjk lkht`dr whrgs`ddt, latbvbty, enls`alrms, hr qubz hk t`d slid thpba wbt` mbeedrdkt qudstbhks thsdd be t`drd `ls fddk biprhvdidkt.

Qtumdkts alk fd dkahurljdm th usd l ahiputdr lt sa`hhn hrlt `hid th ahkmuat sdne-lssdssidkts.

Ndsshk Vdvbdw L tdla`dr ily wbs` th rdvbdw t`d ndsshk‒s ahkadpts lkmprhadmurds fy usbkj t`d Enbp A`lrt hr t`d Ubsuln NdlrkbkjJubmd.



<1


Bkmdpdkmdkt Srlatbad Bkmdpdkmdkt prlatbad ily fd mhkd bk t`d anlssrhhi hrlssbjkdm ls `hidwhrg. Lt t`bs phbkt t`d tdla`dr kddms thgkhw `hw a`bnmrdk lrd pdrehribkj bkmbvbmulnny”dspdablnny t`hsd w`h wdrd ehukm th fd elnnbkj fd`bkm bk t`d jubmdmprlatbad p`lsd.

Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj `ls iuntbtumds he rdshurads ehr bkmdpdkm-

dkt prlatbad. ]`d tdla`dr alk mdsbjk lk latbvbty, whrgs`ddt,hr qubz ls lpprhprbltd. Bk shid alsds t`d AurrbaunuiIlstdry Jlid (fhlrm hr hknbkd) btsdne bs l jhhm bkmdpdkm-dkt prlatbad latbvbty. Qhid tdla`drs wbnn slvd t`d UbsulnNdlrkbkj Jubmds ls supphrt ehr stumdkts pnlybkj t`dAurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlid murbkj jubmdm prlatbad, futt`dy ahunm lnsh (hr bkstdlm) fd usdm bk BkmdpdkmdktSrlatbad.

Be t`drd lrd stumdkts w`h ahktbkud th elnn fd`bkm, t`dtdla`dr alk ebkm wlys th dxtdkm ndlrkbkj tbid. Hkd phssb-fbnbty bs th usd t`d ]lgd-@hid Dmbtbhk (heedrdm sdplrltdny)he t`d Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlid (heedrdm sdplrltdny) lkm

t`d latbvbtbds erhi t`d hknbkd prhjrli sh t`lt plrdktsalk `dnp stumdkts rdvbdw lkm prlatbad.

Lkht`dr strltdjy whunm fd th usd t`d suppndidktln iltdrb-lns, sua` ls t`d Ilt` Elats Enbp A`lrt, Qtumy Alrms,Ubsuln Ndlrkbkj Jubmd, hr Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlid bk lfdehrd-sa`hhn, letdr-sa`hhn, hr bk-sa`hhn tuthrbkj sdssbhk.

]`d hfodat bk bkmdpdkmdkt prlatbad bs th prhvbmd t`d stumdktwbt` hpphrtukbtbds th pdredat `bs/`dr ndlrkbkj, th ihvdthwlrm enudkay lkm ilstdry, lkm th mdihkstrltd suaadss bkihvbkj ndlrkbkj th nhkj-tdri idihry.

Flsdm uphk stumdkt pdrehrilkad hk t`d bkmdpdkmdktprlatbad latbvbtbds, t`d tdla`dr alk mdabmd w`dt`dr ihrd

bkstruatbhk bs kddmdm hr be t`d stumdkts lrd rdlmy ehr lsuiiltbvd lssdssidkt he t`d thpba. Bk shid alsds t`dbkmdpdkmdkt prlatbad latbvbty btsdne ibj`t sdrvd ls t`dsuiiltbvd lssdssidkt.

Quiiltbvd Lssdssidkt ehrTkbt

Be l suiiltbvd lssdssidkt bs kddmdm, hkad ljlbk t`dtdla`dr alk usd t`d thhns bk Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj th mdsbjk lkmlmibkbstdr t`d lssdssidkt. Q`d ibj`t a`hhsd lt t`d slidtbid th lmm l sdt he mbljkhstba btdis th prhvbmd `dr wbt`bkehriltbhk hk stumdkts‒ strdkjt`s lkm wdlgkdssds hk t`dkdxt thpba.



<=

Qtumdkt Vdahrms Ilkljdidkt

KdwSlt` `ls ardltdm sdvdrln thhns th lssbst tdla`drs bk gddpbkj trlag he stumdkt pdrehrilkad. ]`dy lrd ls ehnnhws?

KdwSlt` Srhmuat Qtumdkt Sdrehrilkad Vdphrt

Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj

Qdd KdwSlt`‒s Hknbkd

Ndlrkbkj Tsdr‒s Jubmdlkm/hr laadss t`dtuthrblns nhaltdm ukmdrt`d @dnp-]uthrblnsidku.

Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj bkanumds lk hknbkd stumdkt rdahrms systdi thtrlag stumdkt latbvbty lkm pdrehrilkad

• Dla` stumdkt bs lssbjkdm l usdr klid lkm plsswhrm w`dk`d/s`d bs lmmdm th l anlss fy t`d tdla`dr.

• ]dla`drs, stumdkts, lkm plrdkts (ehr t`dbr a`bnm hkny) alk vbdwt`d stumdkt‒s hknbkd latbvbty”w`ba` spdabeba ndsshks hr latbvbtbdshr qubzzds t`lt `d hr s`d `ls whrgdm hk.

• ]dla`drs, stumdkts, lkm plrdkts (ljlbk, ehr t`dbr a`bnm hkny) alkvbdw t`d stumdkt‒s jrlmds hk dla` ahipndtdm latbvbty.

• Letdr l anlss tlgds l qubz, l sahrd wbnn fd mbspnlydm ehr dla` thpbalnhkj wbt` lk hvdrlnn pdradkt sahrd.

• Be l qubz wls l plrt he l ndsshk pnlk lssbjkdm th l anlss,bkmbvbmuln sahrds lrd rdahrmdm bk t`d Qtumdkt Srhjrdss Vdphrts.

• Qtumdkt Srhjrdss Vdphrts bkanumd?

Lnn anlss lvdrljds fy sufodat.

Anlss lvdrljds fy sufodat lkm thpba.

Anlss lvdrljds fy stumdkt, sufodat, lkm thpba.

Qtumdkt lvdrljds fy sufodat lkm thpba.

BktdrlatbvdZ`btdfhlrm AM-VHI

]`bs prhmuat bs rdlmy ehr stumdkts th usd ehr bkmbvbmuln rdvbdw hklky ahiputdr hr wbt` lky bktdrlatbvd w`btdfhlrm hr prhodatbhk sys-tdi ehr dktbrd anlss plrtbabpltbhk. ]`d tdla`dr alk a`hhsd thmbspnly qudstbhks erhi l sbkjnd hr iuntbpnd thpbas lkm slvdsdndatbhks ls l ndsshk pnlk ehr nltdr usd. Qtumdkt rdsphksds rdadbvdbiidmbltd ahrrdatbvd eddmflag, lnhkj wbt` t`d tbid-hk-tlsg, kui-

fdr he lttdipts, pdradkt lkswdrdm ahrrdatny, lkm kuifdr he qudstbhks rdilbkbkj.

Aurrbaunui IlstdryJlids

Qdd slipnds he Anlss Lssdssidkt A`lrt lkm Qtumdkt Qahrd Q`ddt hkehnnhwbkj pljds. Jlids alk fd usdm ls l rdvbdw, ehr prlatbad, hr ehrl qubz.

Qdd t`d Anlss Lssdssidkt A`lrt , l trlagbkj thhn ehr t`d tdla`dr.Dla` sdt he jlid alrms bs nbstdm, lkm dla` stumdkt‒s sahrd khtdm ehrt`lt sdt. ]`d tdla`dr t`dk `ls l sklps`ht he `hw bkmbvbmulnstumdkts lkm t`d w`hnd anlss lrd mhbkj bk rdtlbkbkj t`d gkhwndmjdlkm sgbnns.

]`d Qtumdkt Qahrd Q`ddt ily fd usdm ls l ehri he lssdssidkt he

t`d stumdkt‒s la`bdvdidkt wbt`bk t`d sgbnn rdvbdwdm. ]`d sahrds`ddt wbnn bkmbaltd t`d klid he t`d sgbnn ahvdrdm ls wdnn ls t`d kui-fdr he qudstbhks lkswdrdm ahrrdatny. L pdradktljd alk fd dlsbny mdtdribkdm lkm t`dk mhauidktdm bk t`d Lssdssidkt A`lrt .

Enbp A`lrts ]`d Enbp A`lrt Latbvbty Jubmd bkanumds fnlag-nbkd ilstdrs he t`da`lrts ehr stumdkts th ahipndtd, gdy vhalfunlry tdris, lkm ahrrd-sphkmbkj rdvbdw/qubz qudstbhks ehr dla` a`lrt, lnhkj wbt` lkswdrs.

Ubsuln NdlrkbkjJubmds

]`d Ubsuln Ndlrkbkj Jubmds alk fd usdm ehr rdvbdw, sdne-lssdssidkt,lkm ahktbkuhus prhjrdss ihkbthrbkj. Uhalfunlry lttlbkidkt alk fdlssdssdm, ls wdnn ls t`d thpba‒s ahkadpt(s) lkm sgbnns.



<4

Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlids

• Iltdrblns kddmdm ehr l jlid? < jlid fhlrm, < mbd, < sdt he jlid alrms, < pnlydr pbdadlkm < sahrd s`ddt ehr dla` pnlydr.

• Jlid Fhlrms? ]`d pnlydrs ily sdndat lky jlid fhlrm. ]`d jlid fhlrms `lvd twh sbmds thlnnhw ehr mbeedrdkt ndkjt`s he pnly. ]`d sbmd wbt` t`d ebjurd dbj`t plt` ily fd usdm ehr ltbid ndkjt` he 63 th 13 hr ihrd ibkutds. ]`d rdvdrsd sbmd wbt` t`d hvln plt` ily fd usdmehr l s`hrtdr tbid ndkjt` he 4 th <4 ibkutds.

• Jlid Alrms? ]`d jlid fhlrm alk fd ilta`dm wbt` lky sdt he jlid alrms prdedrrdm.Jlid alrm sgbnn sdts ily fd usdm bkmbvbmulnny hr alrm sdts ily fd ahifbkdm ehr rdvbdw.

]`d jlid alrms bkanumd t`d qudstbhk hk t`d erhkt lkm t`d lkswdr a`hbad nhaltdm hk t`dflag. ]`d flag sbmd he t`d alrm lnsh `ls t`d thpba klid lkm jrlmd ndvdn ls wdnn ls l thpbasyifhn. Dla` sdt he alrms `ls bts hwk ukbqud syifhn. ]`bs lnnhws t`d stumdkts th `dnpgddp t`d sdts hrjlkbzdm dlsbny.

• Jlid Mbad? ]`d mbad bkanumdm bk t`bs jlid lrd dla` ehur sbmdm. Hk dla`sbmd, t`drd lrd t`rdd kuifdrs. Z`dk t`d mbd bs rhnndm, t`d kuifdr rhnndmwbnn fd hk t`d fhtthi lkm bs t`d hkny kuifdr t`lt bs elabkj t`d rbj`t wly.

]`bs kuifdr wbnn fd t`d slid hk lnn sbmds.

• Qahrbkj Q`ddt? ]`d sahrd s`ddt ilstdr nhaltdm bk t`bs jubmd alk fd ahpbdm lkm aut lskddmdm ehr stumdkts th gddp trlag he t dbr phbkts ls t`dy pnly. Khtd t`lt t`d sahrd s`ddts

lrd mdsbjkdm sh t`lt t`d tdla`dr alk bmdktbey `hw ilky qudstbhks t`d pnlydr ibssdm bkt`d jlid.

Qlipnd - Hvln Slt` Jlid FhlrmQlipnd - Ebjurd Dbj`t Jlid Fhlrm

Qlipnd - Alrm Flag (Lkswdr)Qlipnd - Alrm Erhkt (\udstbhk)

JrlmdNdvdn

Qyifhn

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<5

<. Snlydrs a`hhsd t`d jlid fhlrm t`dy wbs` th usd, ls wdnn ls t`d sbmd he t`d jlidfhlrm th pnly hk, laahrmbkj th t`d lihukt he tbid t`dy `lvd th pnly. (Qdd lfhvd)

6. Dla` pnlydr a`hhsds t`d ahnhr jlid pbdad t`dy wbs` th usd.

1. Snlydrs a`hhsd l mbd th usd ehr jlid pnly ls wdnn.

=. ]dla`dr hr pnlydrs a`hhsd t`d thpba he t`d Jlid Alrms th fd usdm bk t`d jlid.

4. Snlydrs pnlad t`dbr jlid pbdads hk Q]LV]. Snlad t`d Jlid Alrms hk t`d SBAG TSalrm sdatbhk he t`d fhlrm, qudstbhk sbmd up.

5. Snlydrs t`dk rhnn t`d mbd th mdtdribkd w`h wbnn jh ebrst. ]`d pnlydr wbt` t`d `bj dst rhnn

jhds ebrst.:. ]`d ebrst pnlydr rhnns t`d mbd lkm ihvds t`d jlid pbdad t`lt kuifdr he splads hk

t`d fhlrm. ]`d kuifdr bk t`d splad bs t`d kuifdr he phbkts rdadbvdm ehr ahrrdatlkswdrs.

0. ]`d pnlydr t`dk pbags up t`d thp alrm erhi t`d pbnd lkm rdlms lkm lkswdrs t`dqudstbhk hk t`d alrm.

2. Be t`d qudstbhk bs lkswdrdm ahrrdatny , t`d pnlydr rdadbvds t`d phbkts erhi t`d spladt`dy nlkmdm hk. ]`dsd phbkts lrd wrbttdk hk t`d Qtumdkt Qahrd Q`ddt lkm t`d alrmbs pnladm hk t`d MBQALVM splad.

Be t`d qudstbhk bs lkswdrdm bkahrrdatny , t`d pnlydr sbipny wrbtds 3 hk `bs/`dr sahrds`ddt lkm t`d alrm bs pnladm ukmdrkdlt` t`d SBAG TS pbnd th fd lkswdrdm ljlbk.

Khtd lfhut phbkts? ]`d phbkts rlkjd erhi <-1 ehr jlid jrlmds < lkm 67 <-4 ehr jrlmds 1-0. Ehr jlid ndvdns 1-0, t`drd bs lnsh l FHKTQ splad bk t`d adktdr he t`d ebjurd dbj`t plt`. Lky pnlydr w`h nlkms hk t`bs splad dlrks lk dxtrl tdk phbkts!

<3. Snly t`dk prhaddms th t`d kdxt pnlydr.

<<. Snly ahktbkuds uktbn lnn pnlydrs `lvd rdla`dm EBKBQ@. L pnlydr ily rhnn l kuifdrnlrjdr t`lk kddmdm th ebkbs`.

<6. Snlydrs lmm up lnn he t`dbr phbkts. ]`d wbkkdr bs mdtdribkdm fy t`d pdrshk w`h lst`d ihst phbkts.

Qpdabln splads? Be l pnlydr nlkms hk l VHNN LJLBK splad, t`lt pnlydr bs lfnd th rhnn t`d mbd ljlbk th ihvd l`dlm. Be l pnlydr nlkms hk l IHUD L@DLM splad, t`lt pnlydr bs lfnd th ihvd l`dlm t`d kuifdr he splads bkmbaltdm.

Snlybkj t`d Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Ω Jlid

Kuifdr he pnlydrs? ilxbiui he 1 pdr jlid

Jlid ]bid? ]`d lihukt he tbid ehr jlid pnly alk fd lkyw`drd erhi 4 th 13 hr ihrd ibkutds.

Iltdrblns kddmdm ehr l jlid? < jlid fhlrm, < mbd, < sdt he jlid alrms, lkm < pnlydr pbdad lkmhkd sahrd s`ddt ehr dla` pnlydr.

Hfodatbvd he t`d Jlid? ]`d pnlydrs ahnndat phbkts w`dk t`dy lkswdr t`d aurrbaunui-flsdm

qudstbhks ahrrdatny. ]`d stumdkt wbt` t`d ihst phbkts lt t`d dkm he t`d jlid bs t`d wbkkdr!

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Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Ω Jlid Ulrbltbhks?

Kh Shbkts ‑

<. Snlydrs pnlad t`dbr jlid pbdads hk Q]LV]. Snlad t`d Jlid Alrms hk t`d SBAG TS alrmsdatbhk he t`d fhlrm, qudstbhk sbmd up.

6. ]`d ebrst pnlydr mrlws l alrm lkm lkswdrs l qudstbhk.

1. Be t`d qudstbhk bs lkswdrdm ahrrdatny, t`d pnlydr rhnns t`d mbad lkm ihvds t`lt kuifdrhe splads.

=. Snly t`dk prhaddms th t`d kdxt pnlydr.

4. Hkad l pnlydr `ls ihvdm hr lkswdrs l qudstbhk bkahrrdatny, pnly ihvds hk th t`dkdxt pnlydr.

5. Vdpdlt wbt` sufsdqudkt pnlydrs.

:. ]`d pnlydr w`h rdla`ds EBKBQ@ ebrst bs t`d wbkkdr.

]bidm Jlid Zbt` Shbkts ‑ Be t`drd bs l nbibtdm lihukt he tbid th pnly t`d jlid hr be yhu wbs` tha`lnndkjd l stumdkt, try t`bs hptbhk. Snlydrs gddp trlag he phbkts lkm t`d pnlydr wbt` t`d ihstphbkts w`dk t`d tbid bs up wbks t`d jlid.

]bidm Jlid Zbt`hut Shbkts ‑ ]`bs vdrsbhk erdds up pnlydrs th ehaus hk t`d qudstbhks bk t`d tbid

t`dy lvd, rlt`dr t`lk hk gddpbkj sahrd. Bk t`bs alsd, t`d wbkkdr whunm fd mdtdribkdm fy w`hdvdrbs anhsdst th EBKBQ@.

Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Ω Jlid/Latbvbty Dxtdksbhks

Zdnn-mdsbjkdm iltdrblns lrd l rba` rdshurad ehr t`d ardltbvd tdla`dr. @drd lrd shid eurt`dr usds ht`d Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Ω Jlids.

• Anlss ahipdtbtbhk? Qtumdkts ily ahipdtd bk tdlis. ]wh tdlis alk fd ehridm thahipdtd ljlbkst dla` ht`dr fy sbipny mbvbmbkj t`d anlss bk `lne hr iuntbpnd tdlis alkahipdtd fy ehribkj jrhups he twh, t`rdd, ehur, hr `hwdvdr ilky lrd mdsbrdm. ]`d stumdktsbk dla` tdli whrg thjdt`dr th lkswdr l qudstbhk hr tlgd turks. ]`d tdlis alk ahipdtd lnnlt hkad wbt` t`d slid jlid hr lrhukm t`d rhhi wbt` iuntbpnd jlids fdbkj pnlydm lt t`d

slid tbid. ]`d tdli wbt` t`d ihst phbkts lt t`d dkm he dla` jlid bs t`d wbkkdr.

• Bkmbvbmuln pnly? Qtumdkts ily pnly t`d Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Ω Jlids bkmbvbmulnny ls wdnn. ]`d stumdkt bs lfnd th sdne-a`dag `bs hr `dr rdsphksds wbt` t`d ahrrdat lkswdr hk t`d flaghe t`d alrm. ]`d stumdkt gddps trlag he rdsphksds hk l ahpy he t`d Qtumdkt Qahrd Q`ddt thfd `lkmdm bk th t`d tdla`dr.

• ]dst/qubz rdvbdw? ]`d alrms erhi t`d Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Ω Jlids alk fd usdm hk t`dbrhwk ehr tdst/qubz rdvbdw wbt` plrtkdrs, silnn jrhups, hr w`hnd anlss.

• Enls`alrms? ]`d alrms alk lnsh fd usdm ls enls`alrms fdtwddk tdla`dr lkm stumdkt(s) hrstumdkt lkm stumdkt hr th pnly l jlid he „Lrhukm t`d Zhrnm’ w`drd stumdkts ahipdtd wbt`hkd lkht`dr th lkswdr t`d qudstbhks. Z`hdvdr, lihkj t`d plbr, lkswdrs ahrrdatny ebrst

ihvds hk th ahipdtd wbt` lkht`dr stumdkt. ]`d jhln ehr dla` stumdkt bs th jh up ljlbkstdla` stumdkt lrhukm t`danlssrhhi. ]`d Anlss Lssdssidkt A`lrt t`lt ehnnhws bs l trlagbkjthhn ehr t`d tdla`dr. Dla` Jlid Alrm Qdt, w ba` bs tbdm th l plrtbaunlr jrhup he aurrbaunuistlkmlrms, alk fd nbstdm lkm dla` stumdkt‒s sahrd khtdm ehr t`lt sdt. ]`d tdla`dr t`dk `lsl sklps`ht he `hw wdnn t`d stumdkt bs mhbkj bk rdtlbkbkj ahktdkt bk t`d sufodat lrdl. ]`dQtumdkt Qahrd Q`ddt ehr l jbvdk jlid ily fd usdm ls l ehri he lssdssidkt he t`d stumdkt‒sla`bdvdidkt wbt`bk t`d sgbnn rdvbdwdm. ]`d sahrd s`ddt wbnn bkmbaltd t`d klid he t`d sgbnnahvdrdm ls wdnn ls t`d kuifdr he qudstbhks lkswdrdm ahrrdatny. L pdradktljd alk fd dlsbnymdtdribkdm lkm t`dk mhauidktdm bk t`d Lssdssidkt A`lrt . Be l stumdkt lkm/hr tdla`drsdts sahrbkj jhlns ehr t`d stumdkts, t`dsd lssdssidkt thhns alk jbvd fht` stumdkt lkmtdla`dr l vbdw he t`d stumdkt‒s prhjrdss bk iddtbkj `bs/`dr jhlns.



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63

Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Ω Jlids Qtumdkt Qahrd Q`ddts

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A`lptdr BB. Aurrbaunui Ahktdkt



Hvdrvbdw he Qtlkmlrms lkm AurrbaunuiLky mdebkbtbhk he aurrbaunui bk 6<st adktury sa`hhns fdjbks wbt` aurrbaunui ahktdkt stlkmlrms.Qbkad lnihst lnn stltds `lvd lmhptdm t`d Ahiihk Ahrd Qtlkmlrms bk Dkjnbs` Nlkjuljd Lrts lkmIlt`diltbas, t`d kltbhk‒s pufnba sa`hhns `lvd ihvdm vdry qubagny th w`lt shid mdebkd ls l„kltbhkln aurrbaunui,’ sbibnlr th t`d kltbhkln aurrbaunl he t`d whrnm‒s `bj`dst pdrehribkj ahuktrbds,laahrmbkj th bktdrkltbhkln lssdssidkts. ]`d Ahiihk Ahrd Qtlkmlrms lrd strhkjny bkenudkadm fy

• t`d ahktdkt stlkmlrms erhi ht`dr `bj`-pdrehribkj ahuktrbds7

• t`d kltbhkln stlkmlrms ardltdm fy prhedssbhkln sufodat-ilttdr hrjlkbzltbhks (d.j., KltbhklnAhukabn he ]dla`drs he Ilt`diltbas)7

• t`d stlkmlrms mddidm ihst lpprhprbltd lkm rbjhrhus t`lt `lvd fddk lmhptdm fy stltds7

• t`d stlkmlrms rdahiidkmdm fy mbsabpnbkd sa`hnlrs7 lkm• t`d rdahiidkmltbhks he G-<6 lkm ukbvdrsbty-flsdm prlatbtbhkdrs.

@lppbny, hkd he t`d fbj ahkenbats he t`d plst fdtwddk t`d lmvhaltds ehr l ahkadptuln dip`lsbs bktdla`bkj ilt`diltbas vdrsus t`d lmvhalay he lk dip`lsbs hk ndlrkbkj elats lkm lnjhrbt`issddis ebklnny th fd rdshnvdm? Qtumdkts kddm FH]@. Ndlrkbkj ahkadpts (ahkadptuln gkhwndmjd,bkanumbkj vhalfunlry) `dnps t`di ilgd sdksd hut he lnjhrbt`is lkm ehriunls, lkm t`dmdvdnhpidkt he prhadmurln enudkay `dnps stumdkts th mdvdnhp ahkadptuln ukmdrstlkmbkj.

Ehr ihrd bkehriltbhk hk `hw t`d aurrbaunui ahktdkt stlkmlrms lrd mdrbvdm lkm lssbjkdm thjrlmd ndvdns, KdwSlt` rdahiidkms t`d ehnnhwbkj?

Md`ldkd, Q. (<22:). ]`d kuifdr sdksd? @hw t`d ibkm ardltds ilt`diltbas . Kdw Rhrg Abty,KR? Hxehrm Tkbvdrsbty Srdss.

Mhkhvlk, I. Q. & Frlksehrm, O. M. (Dms.) (6334). @hw stumdkts ndlrk? Ilt`diltbas bk t`d anlssrhhi . Zls`bkjthk, MA? t`d Kltbhkln Lalmdibds Srdss. (Qdd A`lptdrs 4-0.)

Jrbeebk, Q. (6336). ]`d mdvdnhpidkt he ilt` ahipdtdkad bk t`d prdsa`hhn lkm dlrny sa`hhn ydlrs? Ahjkbtbvd ehukmltbhks lkm bkstruatbhkln strltdjbds. Bk O. I. Vhydr (Dm.), Ilt`diltbaln ahjkbtbhk? L vhnuid bk aurrdkt pdrspdatbvds hk ahjkbtbhk, ndlrkbkj, lkm bkstruatbhk (pp. <-16).Jrddkwba`, A]? Bkehriltbhk Ljd Sufnbs`bkj.

Gbnpltrbag, O., Qwleehrm, O. & Ebkmdnn, F. (Dms.) (633<). Lmmbkj bt up? @dnpbkj a`bnmrdk ndlrk ilt`diltbas . Zls`bkjthk, MA? Kltbhkln Lalmdiy Srdss. (Qdd dspdablnny A`lptdrs <-6.)

Kltbhkln Ilt`diltbas Lmvbshry Slkdn (6330). Ehukmltbhks ehr suaadss? ]`d ebkln rdphrt het`d Kltbhkln Ilt`diltbas Lmvbshry Slkdn . Vdtrbdvdm Olkulry 64, 63<6, erhi`ttp?//www6.dm.jhv/lfhut/fmsahii/nbst/ilt`plkdn/rdphrt/ebkln-rdphrt.pme(Qdd dspdablnny A`lptdr =.)

]h laadss t`d ahktdkt stlkmlrms bk aurrdkt lmhptbhk fy yhur stltd, jh th t`d wdfpljd he yhurstltd mdplrtidkt he dmualtbhk, lkm anbag hk aurrbaunui.

]h laadss t`d Ahiihk Ahrd Qtlkmlrms ehr ilt`diltbas fy jrlmd ndvdn, jh th`ttp?//www.ahrdstlkmlrms.hrj/t`d-stlkmlrms/ilt`diltbas

KA]I Srbkabpnds, Qtlkmlrms, lkm Ehaln Shbkts fy jrlmd ndvdn alk fd laadssdm lt`ttp?//www.kati.hrj/stlkmlrms



66

Bt bs biphrtlkt th gddp bk ibkm t`lt l nbst he aurrbaunui ahktdkt stlkmlrms bs kht aurrbaunui.Ahktdkt stlkmlrms idrdny spdabey w`lt stumdkts lt l jbvdk jrlmd ndvdn s`hunm gkhw lkm fd lfnd thmh” w`lt th tdla`. ]`d aurrbaunui bs t`d uifrdnnl ehr t`d w`hnd tdla`bkj-ndlrkbkj pnlk th dksurdstumdkts‒ ilstdry he t`d ahktdkt stlkmlrms. Bt bkanumds, he ahursd, t`d stlkmlrms t`disdnvds--pnus thpba mdnbkdltbhks, sahpd lkm sdqudkad, plabkj jubmds, ukbt/ihmund pnlks, bmdktbebaltbhk he rdshurads lkm iltdrblns, ndsshk mdsbjks, bkstruatbhkln strltdjbds, t`d rlkjd he lssdssidktsrdqubrdm, laahiihmltbhks ehr spdabln phpunltbhks, prhedssbhkln mdvdnhpidkt, plrdkt bkvhnvdidkt,lkm prhjrli dvlnultbhk.

Dmualthrs lt t`d mbstrbat lkm sa`hhn ndvdns typbalnny lvd lk hkjhbkj ahkvdrsltbhk lfhut stlkmlrms-flsdm tdla`bkj lkm ndlrkbkj lkm t`d bipnbaltbhks he t`lt ahkadpt ehr lnn plrts he t`dtdla`bkj/ndlrkbkj dxpdrbdkads. Bk mbsaussbkj ahktdkt stlkmlrms, t`d ehnnhwbkj thpbas lrd usulnny bkanumdm?

• Aurrbaunui ahktdkt stlkmlrms (flsdm hk Ahiihk Ahrd Qtlkmlrms, t`hsd pufnbs`dm fy KA]I, lkm/hr stltd-lmhptdm stlkmlrms).

• Bmdktbebaltbhk he ahktdkt stlkmlrms th fd lssdssdm bk kltbhkln/stltd lssdssidkts.

• Bmdktbebaltbhk he prbhrbty stlkmlrms (ehukmltbhkln gkhwndmjd lkm sgbnns, sua` ls KA]I‒sEhaln Shbkts7 lrdls w`ba` tdkm th fd mbeebaunt th tdla`/ndlrk, sua` ls t`d flsd-<3 systdilkm pnlad vlnud7 lkm lrdls w`drd t`drd lrd sbjkbebalkt la`bdvdidkt jlps, sua` ls prhfndi-

shnvbkj).• Mdnbkdltbhk he ukbts, ihmunds, hr jdkdrln thpbas th fd tluj`t t`lt wbnn prhvbmd dvdry stumdkt

wbt` t`d hpphrtukbty th ilstdr t`d ahktdkt stlkmlrms.

]`d ahktdkt stlkmlrms sdndatdm ehr suiiltbvd lssdssidkt fy t`d stltd lrd lvlbnlfnd hk t`d wdfsbtdshe t`d stltd mdplrtidkts he dmualtbhk. ]`d bmdktbebaltbhk he prbhrbty stlkmlrms ehr t`d sa`hhn‒sdip`lsbs wbnn mdpdkm, ebrst, hk t`d tdla`drs‒ dxpdrt hfsdrvltbhks he stumdkt pdrehrilkad bk t`dplst lkm, sdahkm, hk t`dbr lklnysds he mltl erhi prbhr ydlrs‒ lssdssidkts t`lt wbnn rdvdln w`drdstumdkts lrd wdlg lkm t`d thpbas hr stlkmlrms t`lt rdqubrd jrdltdr lttdktbhk.

@hw KdwSlt` Alk @dnp Ilgd Qdksd he Ahktdkt Qtlkmlrms

]`d jrlmds <-6 ilt`diltbas ahrrdnltbhks he t`d KdwSlt` thpbas wbt` t`d ilt`diltbasahktdkt stlkmlrms mdvdnhpdm fy t`d Kltbhkln Ahukabn he ]dla`drs he Ilt`diltbas (KA]I)

prhvbmd dmualthrs wbt` arbtbaln bkehriltbhk lfhut `hw KdwSlt` iltdrblns rdendat lnn t`d ahktdktstlkmlrms lkm `hw t`dy ebt ukmdr t`d aurrbaunui uifrdnnl. ]`d KdwSlt` iltdrblns lrd mdsbjkdmth prhvbmd ahiprd`dksbvd ahvdrljd he lnn t`d ahktdkt stlkmlrms. Eurt`dr, lnn ebvd KdwSlt` prhmuatslrd lnbjkdm, kht hkny wbt` dla` ht`dr, fut lnsh wbt` t`d ahktdkt stlkmlrms. (Qdd A`lptdr < ehr ihrdspdabeba bkehriltbhk lfhut t`d iltdrblns lpprhprbltd ehr jrlmds <-6.)

• Ilt`diltbas <-6 Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlids. Tkmdr dla` KdwSlt` thpba (lkm dla` bsahrrdnltdm th hkd hr ihrd ahktdkt stlkmlrms), t`drd lrd 64 stlkmlrms-flsdm qudstbhks ehrstumdkts th usd bk ilstdrbkj fht` ahkadpts (bkanumbkj vhalfunlry), lkm prhadmurlngkhwndmjd.

• Ilt`diltbas <-6 Enbp A`lrts. Dla` sdt he Enbp A`lrts ehr jrlmds <-6 bkanumds tdk `bj`-prbhrbty, stlkmlrms-flsdm ilt`diltbas ahkadpts bktdrwhvdk wbt` prhadmurln sgbnns, pnusprlatbad hpphrtukbtbds (wbpd-hk, wbpd-hee) hk t`d enbp a`lrts t`disdnvds, suppndidktdm fy lk Latbvbty Jubmd edlturbkj fnlag-nbkd ahpy-ilstdrs lkm dxdrabsds.

• Ilt`diltbas <-6 Ubsuln Ndlrkbkj Jubmds. KdwSlt`‒s nlibkltdm Ubsuln Ndlrkbkj Jubmdsedlturd t`d slid tdk `bj`-prbhrbty, stlkmlrms-flsdm ilt`diltbas ahkadpts ls bkanumdm bkt`d Enbp A`lrts. ]`d ebrst pljd ehausds hk t`d ilt`diltbaln ahkadpt, t`d sdahkm pljd hkprhadmurln gkhwndmjd, t`d t`brm hk ilt`diltbas vhalfunlry (dk`lkabkj ukmdrstlkmbkj he t`d ahkadpt), lkm t`d ehurt` bkanumds prlatbad btdis, fht` sthry prhfndis lkm „klgdm’prhfndis.



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• Bktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHIs. ]`bs KdwSlt` prhmuat edlturds t`d slid stlkmlrms-flsdm qudstbhks ls lrd t`d flsbs ehr t d Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlids. ]dla`drs alk a`hhsdqudstbhks erhi hkd thpba hr iuntbpnd thpbas, slvd t`di ehr l ndsshk pnlk hr l ehriltbvdlssdssidkt, lkm stumdkts alk whrg bkmdpdkmdktny hr bk jrhups w`drdvdr t`drd bs lahiputdr.

• Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj. ]dla`drs lrd prhvbmdm thhns lkm rdshurads (bkanumbkj dvdryt`bkj bk t`dprbkt iltdrblns) th ardltd lkm slvd stlkmlrms-flsdm austhi jlids, lssdssidkts, lkmbktdrlatbvd prlatbad latbvbtbds th lssbjk th t`d w`hnd anlss, silnn jrhups, hr bkmbvbmuln

stumdkts. Qtumdkts alk lnsh ilgd sdndatbhks he jlids, latbvbtbds, lkm lssdssidkts thrdbkehrad t`dbr ndlrkbkj lkm dksurd ilstdry he stlkmlrms. ]`dy alk laadss lnn rdshurads ltsa`hhn, `hid, hr w`drdvdr t`drd bs l ahiputdr. Slrdkts alk rdvbdw t`d ahktdkt stlkmlrmsehr t`dbr a`bnm‒s jrlmd ndvdn, ihkbthr t`dbr prhjrdss bk ilstdrbkj t`hsd stlkmlrms, usdrdshurads th tuthr hr rdbkehrad ndlrkbkj lt `hid, lkm ahiiukbaltd wbt` t`d tdla`dr.

KdwSlt`‒s iltdrblns lkm rdshurads prhvbmd sbjkbebalkt supphrt th tdla`drs bk mdnbvdry he lstlkmlrms-flsdm aurrbaunui. ]`d hrjlkbzltbhk he ndlrkbkj latbvbtbds fy stlkmlrms-flsdm thpbaslssbsts dmualthrs bk t`d mdnbkdltbhk lkm hrjlkbzltbhk he ukbts hr ihmunds lkm t`d ardltbhk hstlkmlrms-flsdm ndsshk pnlks lkm lssdssidkts bk hrmdr th dksurd kht hkny ahvdrljd, fut lnsh thdksurd dvdry stumdkt‒s hpphrtukbty th ndlrk.

Ehr ihrd bkehriltbhk hk stlkmlrms-flsdm aurrbaunui, KdwSlt` rdahiidkms t`d ehnnhwbkj?

Lbkswhrt`, N. (63<3). Vbjhrhus aurrbaunui mdsbjk? @hw th ardltd aurrbaunlr ukbts he stumy t`lt lnbjk stlkmlrms, bkstruatbhk, lkm lssdssidkt . Dkjndwhhm, AH? Ndlm+Ndlrk Srdss.

Olahfs, @. @. (63<3). Aurrbaunui 6<? Dssdktbln dmualtbhk ehr l a`lkjbkj whrnm . Lndxlkmrbl,UL? Lsshabltbhk ehr Qupdrvbsbhk lkm Aurrbaunui Mdvdnhpidkt.

Ilrzlkh, V. O. (<226). L mbeedrdkt gbkm he anlssrhhi? ]dla`bkj wbt` mbidksbhks he ndlrkbkj .Lndxlkmrbl, UL? Lsshabltbhk ehr Qupdrvbsbhk lkm Aurrbaunui Mdvdnhpidkt.

Zbjjbks, J. & Ia]bj`d, O. (<220). Tkmdrstlkmbkj fy mdsbjk . Lndxlkmrbl, UL? Lsshabltbhk ehrQupdrvbsbhk lkm Aurrbaunui Mdvdnhpidkt.

KA]I Srbkabpnds, Qtlkmlrms, lkm Ehaln Shbkts alk fd laadssdm lt

`ttp?//www.kati.hrj/stlkmlrms.



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65

L Alutbhklry ]lnd? Bklpprhprbltd lkm Bklmdqultd Aurrbaunui

L rdvbdw he t`d rdsdlra` nbtdrlturd hk rdlmbkj wbnn adrtlbkny ndlm th ilky rdedrdkads th t`d dxbstdkadhe bklmdqultd hr bklpprhprbltd bkstruatbhk fdbkj t`d alusd ehr ihst stumdkt elbnurd bk ndlrkbkj thrdlm. Bk elat, Nyhk (<225), hkd he t`d ilohr lmvhaltds ehr sabdktbebalnny-flsdm dvbmdkad bkdmualtbhk”bk rdlmbkj lkm bk t`d Vdsphksd-th-Bktdrvdktbhk ihmdn, ilbktlbks t`lt bklmdqultd lkmbklpprhprbltd bkstruatbhk bs t`d alusd ehr ilssbvd hvdr-bmdktbebaltbhk he a`bnmrdk ehr spdablndmualtbhk. ]`d lfukmlkad he t`dsd rdedrdkads bk rdlmbkj rdsdlra`, `hwdvdr, lnihst plnds bkahiplrbshk th t`hsd ehukm bk ilt`diltbas rdsdlra`. Bt bs mbeebaunt th ebkm l stumy t`lt mhds kht lt

ndlst lnnumd th t`d kddm ehr prdsa`hhn dmualtbhk bk ilt`diltbas, ehr fdttdr tdla`dr prdplrltbhk thtdla` ilt`diltbas, ehr fdttdr aurrbaunui, ehr ihrd deedatbvd tdla`bkj strltdjbds, ehr fdttdrlssdssidkts th idlsurd prhjrdss, lkm hk lkm hk. Andlrny, ilky prhibkdkt rdsdlra`drs,ilt`diltbablks, lkm ilt`diltbas dmualthrs fdnbdvd t`lt t`d vlst ilohrbty he stumdkt elbnurd thndlrk ilt`diltbas bs t`d rdsunt he bklpprhprbltd hr bklmdqultd bkstruatbhk, dspdablnny jbvdk t`ltihst a`bnmrdk lrd ihrd mdpdkmdkt hk t`d sa`hhn th tdla` t`di ilt`diltbas t`lk t`dy lrd ehrnbtdrlay mdvdnhpidkt.

Lihkj t`d rdlshks ehr phhr ilt`diltbas la`bdvdidkt t`lt rdsdlra`drs sly ndlm th „bklmdqultd’bkstruatbhk lrd t`d ehnnhwbkj?

• Nbibtdm dxphsurd th kuifdrs fdehrd dktdrbkj sa`hhn.

• Zdlg dmualtbhkln flagjrhukm he plrdkts.• @dlnt` prhfndis t`lt alusd stumdkts th ibss sa`hhn.

• Qtumdkt strdss, lkjdr, lkxbdty, lkm edlr rdsuntbkj erhi myseukatbhkln `hids lkm/hr uksledkdbj`fhr`hhms.

• Qtumdkts‒ fd`lvbhrln prhfndis.

• Nlag he tdla`dr gkhwndmjd bk ilt`diltbas.

• Nlag he lmdqultd aurrbaunui iltdrblns.

• Nlag he lmdqultd prlatbad/rdpdtbtbhk bk aurrbaunui iltdrblns.

• Nlag he lmdqultd tda`khnhjy th elabnbtltd bkstruatbhk, lssdssidkt, lkm rdahrm-gddpbkj,dspdablnny.

• Nlag he lmdqultd tbid th ndlrk ilt`diltbas, dspdablnny ehr t`hsd a`bnmrdk w`h stlrt sa`hhnsbjkbebalktny fd`bkm t`dbr pddrs7 w`h lrd kht ydt prhebabdkt bk Dkjnbs`7 lkm/hr w`h `lvdndlrkbkj mbslfbnbtbds.

• Nlag he lmdqultd tbid th tdla` ilt`diltbas bk t`d sa`hhn sa`dmund.

„Bklpprhprbltd’ bkstruatbhk haaurs ls wdnn. Dxlipnds ehnnhw?

• Shhr hr khk-dxbstdkt aurrbaunui pnlkkbkj.

• Nlag he lttdktbhk th t`d biphrtlkad he sdqudkabkj (ehr dxlipnd, stumdkts iust `lvd elatenudkay lkm lk ukmdrstlkmbkj he t`d ahkadpt he nhkj mbvbsbhk bk hrmdr th ndlrk erlatbhks).

• Shhr lssdssidkts lkm t`dbr usd.

• Hkd-sbzd-ebts-lnn lpprhla`ds.

• Nlag he tdla`dr gkhwndmjd lkm usd he rdsdlra`-flsdm bkstruatbhkln strltdjbds.• Aurrbaunui iltdrblns t`lt mh kht lnbjk wbt` stlkmlrms.

• Aurrbaunui iltdrblns t`lt mh kht `dnp stumdkts idrjd ahkadptuln gkhwndmjd wbt`prhadmurln gkhwndmjd.

• Dip`lsbs hk enudkay bk elats/lnjhrbt`is lt t`d dxpdksd he ahkadpt mdvdnhpidkt lkmdip`lsbs he ahkadpt mdvdnhpidkt wbt` nbttnd lttdktbhk th mdvdnhpidkt he enudkay.

• Bksbstbkj t`lt stumdkts lnn usd t`d slid lnjhrbt`is th shnvd prhfndis.

• Elbnurd th ukmdrstlkm t`d nlkjuljd kddms he DNNs bk ndlrkbkj ilt`diltbas.

• Elbnurd th ukmdrstlkm t`d kddms he stumdkts wbt` mysalnaunbl.

• Elbnurd th ukmdrstlkm `hw mysndxbl leedats ilt`diltbas pdrehrilkad.



6:

@hw KdwSlt` Alk @dnp

]`d iuntbpnbabty he wlys bk w`ba` KdwSlt`‒s prbkt lkm mbjbtln iltdrblns alk fd usdm thmdnbvdr aurrbaunui bs l ilohr supphrt ehr tdla`drs w`h ht`drwbsd alk fd hvdrw`dnidm

@lvbkj w`lt hkd kddms bk t`d anlssrhhi, rdjlrmndss he bkmbvbmuln stumdkt kddms, elabnbtltds t`dgbkm he lmdqultd lkm lpprhprbltd bkstruatbhk t`lt dvdryhkd dxpdats erhi sa`hhns.

Ilky he t`d bssuds lrhukm „bklmdqultd’ bkstruatbhk lvdth fd shnvdm bk ahnnlfhrltbhk wbt` plrdkts, t`d

kdbj`fhr`hhm, t`d sa`hhn/mbstrbat lmibkbstrltbhk, lkm t`dnlrjdr ahiiukbty. ]dla`drs alk dksurd t`lt stumdkts`lvd hpphrtukbtbds th ilgd up ibssdm ndsshks, t`lt t`dy `lvd dkjljbkj `hidwhrg th `dnp t`di alta` up, t`ltplrdkts lrd prhvbmdm rdshurads th `dnp t`di `dnp t`dbra`bnmrdk, t`lt stumdkts w`h rdqubrd dxtdkmdmprlatbad/rdpdtbtbhk `lvd t`hsd hpphrtukbtbds, lkm t`lt t`danlssrhhi bs l kurturbkj lkm sled `lvdk. KdwSlt`‒siltdrblns dklfnd lkm elabnbtltd t`dsd latbhks.

KdwSlt`‒s iltdrblns lnsh dnp th rdihvd t`d phssbfbnbty he „bklpprhprbltd’ ndlrkbkj rdshurads. ]`dykdltny lnbjk wbt` lky ht`dr stlkmlrms-flsdm iltdrblns t`lt ily fd bk usd, t`dy suppndidkt wbt`

pndkty he vlrbdm prlatbad/rdpdtbtbhk, lkm t`dy prhvbmd t`d iua`-kddmdm bkstruidkts ehr ahktbkuhusprhjrdss ihkbthrbkj. ]`dy lrd lnsh strhkj bk lnn p`lsds he t`d ndsshk mdnbvdry, bk elabnbtltbkjmbeedrdktbltbhk hr bkmbvbmulnbzltbhk he bkstruatbhk, lkm bk ihtbvltbhk he stumdkts. Be tdla`dgkhwndmjd bs wdlg, KdwSlt` alk prhvbmd trlbkbkj bk t`d usd he bts iltdrblns, ls wdnn ls spdabln-thpbasdssbhks th strdkjt`dk tdla`drs.

Srhfndi Lrdls bk Ilt`diltbas ]dla`bkj/Ndlrkbkj

]`d ohf he t`d tdla`dr bs th mdnbvdr l aurrbaunui ehr lnn a`bnmrdk wbt` lpprhprbltd bkstruatbhklstrltdjbds lkm iltdrblns sh t`lt, laahrmbkj th t`d kdurhsabdktbsts, kdurln plt`wlys alk fdmdvdnhpdm lkm strdkjt`dkdm lkm ahkkdatbhks alk fd ilmd fdtwddk mbeedrdkt lrdls he t`d frlbk thilgd rlpbm rdalnn lkm lppnbaltbhk phssbfnd. Bk ht`dr whrms, t`d jhln bs th ihvd kdw gkhwndmjd bkth

nhkj-tdri idihry. Md`ldkd (<22:) slys bt t`bs wly? „L jhhm tdla`dr bs lk lna`dibst w`h jbvds leukmlidktlnny ihmunlr `uilk frlbk t`d sdifnlkad he lk bktdrlatbvd kdtwhrg.’

Bk t`d ilt`diltbas ahktdkt stlkmlrms, t`hsd rdnltbkj th w`hnd kuifdrs lkm hpdrltbhks lrd jrhupdmthjdt`dr ls „Kuifdr Qdksd.’ Jdrstdk lkm A`lrm (<222) sdd „kuifdr sdksd’ th fd ehr ilt`diltbasw`lt „p`hkdiba lwlrdkdss’ bs ehr rdlmbkj”l arbtbalnny biphrtlkt, fut bksueebabdkt, prdrdqubsbtd thndlrkbkj t`d mhilbk. ]`dy `ypht`dsbzd t`lt, oust ls lk ukmdrstlkmbkj t`lt ilky rdlmbkj prhfndislrd mud th elunty sdkshry prhadssbkj ls ndm th biprhvdm prdvdktbhk, rdidmbltbhk, lkm bktdrvdktbhkrdlmbkj strltdjbds, t`d slid ahunm `lppdk ehr ilt`diltbas be t`d rhnd he kuifdr sdksd bsukmdrsthhm fy dmualthrs). ]`dy lmm?

Ihrdhvdr, wd sufibt t`lt sbiuntlkdhusny bktdjrltbkj kuifdr sdksd latbvbtbds wbt` bkardlsdm

kuifdr elat luthiltbabty rlt`dr t`lk tdla`bkj t`dsd sgbnns sdqudktblnny”lmvhaltdm fy dlrnbdrspdabln dmualtbhk ilt`diltbas rdsdlra`drs sua` ls Sdnndjrbkh lkm Jhnmilk (<20:)”lppdlrsth fd biphrtlkt ehr fht` rdmuatbhk he mbeebauntbds bk ilt` ehr t`d jdkdrln phpunltbhk lkm ehrbkstruatbhk he stumdkts wbt` ndlrkbkj mbslfbnbtbds. Bt bs lnsh nbgdny t`lt shid stumdkts w`h lrdmrbnndm hk kuifdr elats lkm t`dk tluj`t vlrbhus lnjhrbt`is ehr ahiputltbhks ily kdvdrmdvdnhp iua` kuifdr sdksd, oust ls shid spdabln dmualtbhk stumdkts, mdspbtd shid p`hkbasbkstruatbhk lkm whrg hk rdpdltdm rdlmbkjs/enudkay lkm laaurlay, elbn th mdvdnhp jhhmp`hkdiba lwlrdkdss hr lky sdksd he t`d pndlsurd he rdlmbkj.

]`drdehrd, „kuifdr sdksd’ bs hkd he t`d ahktdkt stlkmlrms t`lt bs ihst arbtbaln ehr stumdkt suaadssbk ndlrkbkj ilt`diltbas fdyhkm t`d prbilry ndvdns. Vdsdlra`drs, bkanumbkj kdurhsabdktbsts, lvdbmdktbebdm sdvdrln ahktdkt thpbas bk ilt`diltbas t`lt typbalnny lrd mbeebaunt ehr stumdkts.



60

Bt bs biphrtlkt, t`drdehrd, ehr tdla`drs th gkhw w`lt t`dy lrd lkm th tlrjdt t`di ehr spdablnlttdktbhk. ]`dy ehnnhw?

• Ahuktbkj

• Snlad vlnud lkm t`d flsd-<3 systdi

• Kuifdr sdksd

• Idlsurdidkt

• Dstbiltbhk

• Elat enudkay

• Lnjhrbt`is

• Qdqudkabkj (biphrtlkt th ndlrkbkj lkm rdidifdrbkj lnjhrbt`is)

• Shsbtbhk lkm mbrdatbhk

• Srhfndi-shnvbkj

• Erlatbhks (prdrdqubsbtds lrd elat enudkay lkm ukmdrstlkmbkj t`d ahkadpt he nhkj mbvbsbhk)

]`d ilohr rdsphksbfbnbty, t`dk, he jrlmds <-6 tdla`drs he ilt`diltbas bs th dksurd ilstdry he t`dahkadpts lkm prhadmurln sgbnns rdnltbkj th stumdkt laqubsbtbhk he kuifdr sdksd.

@hw KdwSlt` Alk @dnpKdwSlt` `ls t d dmualthr‒s flag! Dla` he t`dsd prhfndi-lrdl thpbas bs bkanumdm bkiuntbpnd lkm vlrbdm latbvbtbds. ]`d tlfnd fdnhw nbsts bk t`d ndet ahnuik t`d prhfndi lrdls

lkm bk t`d rbj`t ahnuik t`d KdwSlt` thpbas, fy prhmuat, t`lt lmmrdss t`hsd prhfndi lrdls.

Ahrrdnltbhk he Arbtbaln ]hpbas lkm KdwSlt` Aurrbaunui Iltdrblns

Arbtbaln ]hpba bkIlt`diltbas

KdwSlt` Aurrbaunui Iltdrblns(sdndat iltdrblns heedrdm sdplrltdny)

Ahuktbkj Jrlmd <

• ]hpba 6 (Qgbp Ahuktbkj) bk Jrlmd < Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlid lkmBktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI

• ]hpba 1 (Kuifdr Nbkd) bk Jrlmd < Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlid lkmBktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI

• ]hpba = (Hkd Ndss, Hkd Ihrd) bk Jrlmd < Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlidlkm Bktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI

• A`lrt < (Kuifdrs) bk Jrlmd < Enbp A`lrt

• ]hpba < (Kuifdrs) bk Jrlmd < Ubsuln Ndlrkbkj Jubmds

• Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj

Jrlmd 6

• ]hpba < (Ahuktbkj th 222) bk Jrlmd 6 Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlid lkm

Bktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI• ]hpba = (Qgbp Ahuktbkj) bk Jrlmd 6 Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlid lkmBktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI

• ]hpba 5 (Hkd Ihrd, Hkd Ndss) bk Jrlmd 6 Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlidlkm Bktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI

• ]hpba : (Kuifdr Zhrms) bk Jrlmd 6 Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlid lkmBktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI

• A`lrt 1 (@ukmrdm Ahuktbkj A`lrt) bk Jrlmd 6 Enbp A`lrt

• ]hpba 1 (@ukmrdm Ahuktbkj A`lrt) bk Jrlmd 6 Ubsuln Ndlrkbkj Jubmd

• Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj



62



Snlad vlnud lkmflsd-<3

Jrlmd <

• ]hpba 4 (Snlad Ulnud) bk Jrlmd < Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlid lkmBktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI



• Hknbkd NdlrkbkjJrlmd 6

• ]hpba 1 (Snlad Ulnud) bk Jrlmd 6 Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlid lkmBktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI

• A`lrt = (Snlad Ulnud) bk Jrlmd 6 Enbp A`lrt

• ]hpba = (Snlad Ulnud) bk Jrlmd 6 Ubsuln Ndlrkbkj Jubmd

• Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj

Kuifdr sdksd Jrlmd <

• ]hpba < (Qdqudkabkj) bk Jrlmd < Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlid lkmBktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI

• ]hpba 5 (Hmm lkm Dvdk) bk Jrlmd < Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlidlkm Bktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI

• ]hpba <4 (Slttdrks) bk Jrlmd < Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlid lkmBktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI

• ]hpba 66 (Jrdltdr ]`lk/Ndss ]`lk) bk Jrlmd < AurrbaunuiIlstdry Jlid lkm Bktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI

• ]hpba 61 (Ahiiutltbvd Srhpdrty) bk Jrlmd < Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlid lkm Bktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI



• Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj

Jrlmd 6• ]hpba 6 (Qdqudkabkj) bk Jrlmd 6 Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlid lkm

Bktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI

• ]hpba 4 (Hmm & Dvdk) bk Jrlmd 6 Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlid lkmBktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI

• ]hpba <: (Kuifdr Slttdrks) bk Jrlmd 6 Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlid lkm Bktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI

• Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj

Idlsurdidkt Jrlmd <

• ]hpba 0 (]dnnbkj ]bid) bk Jrlmd < Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlid lkmBktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI

• ]hpba 2 (Ahuktbkj Ahbks) bk Jrlmd < Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlid lkmBktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI

• ]hpba <0 (Mlys he t`d Zddg) bk Jrlmd < Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlidlkm Bktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI

• ]hpba <2 (Ihkt`s he t`d Rdlr) bk Jrlmd < Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlidlkm Bktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI

• ]hpba 63 bk Jrlmd < Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlid

• ]hpba 6< (]dipdrlturd) bk Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlid lkmBktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI

• A`lrt = (]dnnbkj ]bid) bk Jrlmd < Enbp A`lrt



13



Idlsurdidkt Jrlmd < (ahktbkudm)

• A`lrt : (Ihkdy) bk Jrlmd < Enbp A`lrt

• A`lrt 2 (Alndkmlr) bk Jrlmd < Enbp A`lrt

• A`lrt <3 (Idlsurbkj) bk Jrlmd < Enbp A`lrt

• ]hpba = (]dnnbkj ]bid) bk Jrlmd < Ubsuln Ndlrkbkj Jubmds

• ]hpba : (Ihkdy) bk Jrlmd < Ubsuln Ndlrkbkj Jubmds

• ]hpba 2 (Alndkmlr) bk Jrlmd < Ubsuln Ndlrkbkj Jubmds

• ]hpba <3 (Idlsurbkj) bk Jrlmd < Ubsuln Ndlrkbkj Jubmds

• Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj

Jrlmd 6

• ]hpba <3 (Ihkdy) bk Jrlmd 6 Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlid lkmBktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI

• ]hpba <2 (]bid) bk Jrlmd 6 Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlid lkmBktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI

• ]hpba 61 (Alndkmlr) bk Jrlmd 6 Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlid lkmBktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI

• A`lrt : (Ndkjt`, Alplabty, Zdbj`t, lkm ]dipdrlturd) bk Jrlmd 6Enbp A`lrts

• ]hpba : (Ndkjt`, Alplabty, Zdbj`t, lkm ]dipdrlturd) bk Jrlmd 6Ubsuln Ndlrkbkj Jubmds

• ]bid lkm Ihkdy Qgbnns Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlid, Jrlmds 6-=

• ]bid lkm Ihkdy Qgbnns Qtumy Alrms, Jrlmds 6-=

• ]bid lkm Ihkdy Qgbnns Bktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI, Jrlmds 6-=

• Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj

Dstbiltbhk Jrlmd <

• ]hpba 66 (Jrdltdr ]`lk/Ndss ]`lk) bk Jrlmd < Aurrbaunui

Ilstdry Jlid lkm Bktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI• A`lrt < (Kuifdrs) bk Jrlmd < Enbp A`lrt


• Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj

Jrlmd 6

• ]hpba << (Ahiplrbkj Kuifdrs) bk Jrlmd 6 Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlid lkm Bktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI

• Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj

Qdqudkabkj Jrlmd <

• ]hpba < (Qdqudkabkj) bk Jrlmd < Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlid lkm


• ]hpba <5 (Hrmdrbkj) bk Jrlmd < Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlid

• Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj

Jrlmd 6

• ]hpba 6 (Qdqudkabkj) bk Jrlmd 6 Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlid lkmBktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI

• Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj



1<



Elat enudkay/Lnjhrbt`is

Jrlmd <

• ]hpba <3 (Lmmbtbhk Elats th <3) bk Jrlmd < Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlid lkm Bktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI

• ]hpba << (Quftrlatbhk Elats th <3) bk Jrlmd < Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlid lkm Bktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI

• A`lrt 4 (Lmmbtbhk Elats) bk Jrlmd < Enbp A`lrt• A`lrt 5 (Quftrlatbhk Elats) bk Jrlmd < Enbp A`lrt

• Ilt` Elats Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlid, Jrlmds 6-4

• Ilt` Elats Enbp A`lrts, Jrlmds 6-4

• Ilt` Elats Ubsuln Ndlrkbkj Jubmds, Jrlmds 6-4

• Ilt` Elats Qtumy Alrms, Jrlmds 6-4

• Ilt` Elats Bktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm, Jrlmds 6-4

• Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj

Jrlmd 6

• ]hpba <1 (Lmmbtbhk Elats) bk Jrlmd 6 Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlid lkmBktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI

• ]hpba <= (Quftrlatbhk Elats) bk Jrlmd 6 Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlidlkm Bktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI

• ]hpba <5 (Mhufnd Mbjbt Lmmbtbhk wbt`hut Vdjrhupbkj) bk Jrlmd 6Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlid lkm Bktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI

• ]hpba <0 (Quftrlatbhk Bs Kht Ahiiutltbvd) bk Jrlmd 6 AurrbaunuiIlstdry Jlid lkm Bktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI

• A`lrt < (Lmmbkj 6-Mbjbt Kuifdrs) bk Jrlmd 6 Enbp A`lrts

• ]hpba < (Lmmbkj 6-Mbjbt Kuifdrs) bk Jrlmd 6 Ubsuln Ndlrkbkj Jubmds

• A`lrt < (Quftrlatbkj 6-Mbjbt Kuifdrs) bk Jrlmd 6 Enbp A`lrts

• ]hpba 6 (Quftrlatbkj 6-Mbjbt Kuifdrs) bk Jrlmd 6 Ubsuln NdlrkbkjJubmds

• Ilt` Elats Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlid, Jrlmds 6-4• Ilt` Elats Enbp A`lrts, Jrlmds 6-4

• Ilt` Elats Ubsuln Ndlrkbkj Jubmds, Jrlmds 6-4

• Ilt` Elats Qtumy Alrms, Jrlmds 6-4

• Ilt` Elats Bktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm, Jrlmds 6-4

• Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj

Shsbtbhk lkmmbrdatbhk

Jrlmd <

• ]hpba <4 (Slttdrks) bk Jrlmd < Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlidlkm Bktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI

• Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj

Srhfndi-shnvbkj Jrlmd <

• ]hpba <6 (Qthry Srhfndis) bk Jrlmd < Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlid lkmBktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI

• Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj

Jrlmd 6

• ]hpba <4 (Qthry Srhfndis) bk Jrlmd 6 Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlid lkmBktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI

• Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj



16

Ehr ihrd bkehriltbhk hk arbtbaln thpbas bk ilt`diltbas, KdwSlt` rdahiidkms t`d ehnnhwbkj?

Alipfdnn, O. B. M. (Dm.) (6334). @lkmfhhg he ilt`diltbaln ahjkbtbhk . Kdw Rhrg Abty, KR?Ssya`hnhjy Srdss.

Mdnldkd, Q. (<22:). ]`d kuifdr sdksd? @hw t`d ibkm ardltds ilt`diltbas . Kdw Rhrg Abty,KR? Hxehrm Tkbvdrsbty Srdss.

Jutbdrrdz, L. & Fhdrh, S. (Dms.) (6335). @lkmfhhg he rdsdlra` hk t`d psya`hnhjy he ilt`diltbas dmualtbhk? Slst, prdsdkt lkm euturd . Vhttdrmli, ]`d Kdt`drnlkms? QdksdSufnbs`drs.

@dlthk, V. I. (6333). ]dla`bkj ilt`diltbas th t`d kdw stlkmlrms? Vdndlrkbkj t`d mlkad .

Kdw Rhrg Abty, KR? ]dla`drs Ahnndjd, Ahnuifbl Tkbvdrsbty.

Ndlrkbkj Ebrst Lnnblkad (<220, Khvdifdr). Dvdry a`bnm ilt`diltbalnny prhebabdkt? Lk latbhk pnlk he t`d Ndlrkbkj Ebrst Lnnblkad . `ttp?//www.ndlrkbkjebrst.hrj

Il, N. (<222). Gkhwbkj lkm tdla`bkj dndidktlry ilt`diltbas? ]dla`drs‒ ukmdrstlkmbkj he eukmlidktln ilt`diltbas bk A`bkl lkm t`d Tkbtdm Qtltds . Il`wl`, KO? Nlwrdkad DrnfluiLsshabltds, Sufnbs`drs.

Kltbhkln Ahukabn he ]dla`drs he Ilt`diltbas (6335). Aurrbaunui ehaln phbkts ehr prdgbkmdrjlrtdk t`rhuj` jrlmd 0 ilt`diltbas? L qudst ehr ah`drdkad . Vdsthk, UL? KltbhklnAhukabn he ]dla`drs he Ilt`diltbas.

Kltbhkln Ilt`diltbas Lmvbshry Slkdn (6330). Ehukmltbhks ehr suaadss? ]`d ebkln rdphrt he t`d Kltbhkln Ilt`diltbas Lmvbshry Slkdn . Zls`bkjthk, MA? T. Q. Mdplrtidkt he Dmualtbhk.

Kltbhkln Vdsdlra` Ahukabn (6333). @hw pdhpnd ndlrk? Frlbk, ibkm, dxpdrbdkad, lkm sa`hhn .Zls`bkjthk, MA? Kltbhkln Lalmdibds Srdss.

Kltbhkln Vdsdlra` Ahukabn (633<). Lmmbkj bt up? @dnpbkj a`bnmrdk ndlrk ilt`diltbas .Zls`bkjthk, MA? Kltbhkln Lalmdibds Srdss.

Vhydr, O. I. (Dm.) (6331). Ilt`diltbaln ahjkbtbhk? L vhnuid bk aurrdkt pdrspdatbvds hk ahjkbtbhk, ndlrkbkj, lkm bkstruatbhk . Jrddkwba`, A]? Bkehriltbhk Ljd Sufnbs`bkj.



Erlatbhks Jrlmd <

• ]hpba : (Erlatbhks) bk Jrlmd < Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlid lkmBktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI

• A`lrt 0 (Erlatbhks) bk Jrlmd < Enbp A`lrt

• ]hpba 0 (Erlatbhks) bk Jrlmd < Ubsuln Ndlrkbkj Jubmds

• Hknbkd NdlrkbkjJrlmd 6

• ]hpba 0 (Erlatbhks) bk Jrlmd 6 Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlid lkmBktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI

• ]hpba 0 (Erlatbhks Jrdltdr ]`lk hr Ndss ]`lk ¹) bk Jrlmd 6Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlid lkm Bktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI

• A`lrt 4 (Tkmdrstlkmbkj Erlatbhks) bk Jrlmd 6 Enbp A`lrts

• ]hpba 4 (Tkmdrstlkmbkj Erlatbhks) bk Jrlmd 6 Ubsuln Ndlrkbkj Jubmd

• Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj



11

Qdqudkabkj lkm SlabkjLihkj t`d ebrst stdps bk aurrbaunui mdvdnhpidkt lrd t`d mdsbjk he t`d ehnnhwbkj jubmds ehr tdla`drsusd?

• Qahpd lkm sdqudkad jubmd ehr pnlkkbkj ndsshk mdnbvdry th dksurd lpprhprbltd sdqudkabkjlkm ahvdrljd he t`d ahktdkt stlkmlrms lkm sueebabdkt tbid ehr stumdkt ilstdry.

• Slabkj jubmds th dksurd t`lt lnn stlkmlrms lrd tluj`t th ilstdry ndvdn lkm t`lt lnnstlkmlrms th fd ehrilnny lssdssdm ehr laahuktlfbnbty lrd tluj`t prbhr th t`d dkm he jrlmbkjpdrbhms lkm prbhr th t`d mltds ehr suiiltbvd lssdssidkt.

Dvdry ilt`diltbas tdla`dr gkhws t`lt sdqudkabkj bs vdry biphrtlkt bk tdla`bkj t`bs sufodat lrdl

Qhid ilt`diltbas thpbas sbipny alkkht fd ukmdrsthhm wbt`hut ilstdry he prdrdqubsbtd gkhwndmjdlkm sgbnns. Vbttdr lkm Kdrf (633:) stltd t`lt

]`d hrmdr bk w`ba` iltdrbln bs prdsdktdm alk strhkjny bkenudkad w`lt bs ndlrkdm, `hw elst pdrehrilkad bkardlsds, lkm shidtbids dvdk w`dt`dr t`d iltdrbln bs ndlrkdm lt lnn. ]`bs bs trud ehr fht` sgbnns lkm elats lkm rdilbks trud w`dt`dr t`d iltdrbln bs prdsdktdm fy lk bkstruathr hr dxpnhrdm lnhkd fy l ndlrkdr.

]`d plabkj jubmd alkkht fd mhkd dxtdrklnny hr fy l t`brm plrty wbt`hut laadss th t`d sa`hhn mbstrbat‒silstdr alndkmlr. ]`hsd a`lrjdm wbt` t`bs rdsphksbfbnbty iust gkhw prdabsdny w`ba` mlys lrdlvlbnlfnd ehr bkstruatbhk, fnhagbkj hut mlys nhst mud th mbstrbat fdka`ilrgbkj, stltd tdstbkj`hnbmlys, prhedssbhkln mdvdnhpidkt mlys, lkm ht`dr prbhrbtbds. ]`d plabkj jubmd, t`dk, wbn

rdahiidkm th tdla`drs t`d kuifdrs he mlys th pnlk ehr tdla`bkj dla` ukbt, lssdssbkj, rd-tdla`bkjlkm rdlssdssbkj ndlrkbkj. ]`d stlkmlrms (lnhkj wbt` prdrdqubsbtd gkhwndmjd lkm sgbnns) bkanumdmbk t`d stltd lssdssidkt s`hunm fd prbhrbtbzdm sh t`lt t`dy lrd tluj`t th ilstdry fdehrd t`d tdstbkjmltds. ]`dk ht`dr stlkmlrms alk ebkbs` hut t`d sa`hhn ydlr.


Hkad tdla`drs `lvd t`dbr plabkj jubmd (w`ba` rdendats t`d sahpd lkm sdqudkad jubmdmdabsbhks), t`dk t`dy alk fdjbk th ahkstruat ndsshks ehr dla` ukbt/ihmund usbkj

KdwSlt`‒s Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj. L fdjbkkbkj stdp ibj`t fd th bmdktbey w`ba` KdwSlt` thpbas wbnn fdusdm bk dla` ukbt.

Be tdla`drs `lvd KdwSlt` ndsshks slvdm erhi prdvbhus ydlrs t`lt t`dy whunm nbgd th rdusd, t`dkt`dsd ndsshks alk fd laadssdm, dmbtdm, lkm t`dk slvdm ljlbk ehr rdtrbdvln.

Ehr ihrd bkehriltbhk hk sdqudkabkj, t`d ehnnhwbkj fhhg bs `dnpeun? Vbttdr, E. D. & Kdrf, O.(633:). Alnn th hrmdr? @hw sdqudkad deedats bk `uilks lkm lrtbebabln systdis bnnuibkltd dla`ht`dr. Bk E. D. Vbttdr, O. Kdrf, D. Nd`tbkdk, & ]. I. H‒Q`dl (Dms.), Bk hrmdr th ndlrk? @hw t`d sdqudkads he thpbas bkenudkad ndlrkbkj (pp. 1-<2). Kdw Rhrg Abty, KR? Hxehrm Tkbvdrsbty Srdss.

Ehr ihrd bkehriltbhk hk sdqudkabkj lkm ahkstruatbkj l plabkj jubmd, sdd A`lptdr 0 he t`dehnnhwbkj fhhg? Lbkswhrt`, N. (63<3). Vbjhrhus aurrbaunui mdsbjk? @hw th ardltd aurrbaunlr ukbts he stumy t`lt lnbjk stlkmlrms, bkstruatbhk, lkm lssdssidkt (pp. :2-25). Dkjndwhhm, AH?Ndlm+Ndlrk Srdss. (Lbkswhrt` prhvbmds l slipnd ilt`diltbas plabkj jubmd hk pp. 00-23.)

A`lptdr BBB. Ndsshk Mdsbjk





1=

Lnbjkidkt he Aurrbaunui Vdshurads/Iltdrblns

]`d kdxt biphrtlkt stdp bk mdvdnhpbkj t`d jrlmd-ndvdn aurrbaunui bs th bmdktbey t`d lpprhprbltdaurrbaunui iltdrblns lkm rdshurads t`lt lrd lvlbnlfnd ehr aurrbaunui mdnbvdry”fy ukbt/ihmund lkmt`dk fy spdabeba ndsshk. ]`d nbst s`hunm bkanumd dvdryt`bkj t`lt bs usdm, bkanumbkj stltd/mbstrbat-lmhptdm tdxtfhhgs, sdts he ilkbpunltbvds, mbjbtln rdshurads, vbmdh, prbkt iltdrblns, nbfrlry iltdrblns,lkm, he ahursd, lnn t`d KdwSlt` iltdrblns. Ilky dxpdrts rdahiidkm t`lt l iltrbx fd mdvdnhpdmth lnbjk lvlbnlfnd rdshurads wbt` t`d ukbts/ihmunds th fd tluj`t.

Ehr ihrd bkehriltbhkhk t`d lnbjkidkt he aurrbaunui ahktdkt stlkmlrms lkm iltdrblns, KdwSlt`

rdahiidkms t`d ehnnhwbkj?

Lbkswhrt`, N. (63<3). Vbjhrhus aurrbaunui mdsbjk? @hw th ardltd aurrbaunlr ukbts he stumdkt t`lt lnbjk stlkmlrms, bkstruatbhk, lkm lssdssidkt . Dkjndwhhm, AH? Ndlm+Ndlrk Srdss.

Lssdssidkts ehr Ndlrkbkj

Jhhm ndsshk mdsbjk bs arbtbaln th deedatbvd tdla`bkj. Bt mdpdkms, bk bts bkbtbln stljd, hk ukmdrstlkmbkjt`d ehnnhwbkj?

• Ahktdkt stlkmlrms mdebkd w`lt bs th fd tluj`t lt dla` jrlmd ndvdn.

• Srhebabdkay (hr pdrehrilkad) stlkmlrms mdebkd w`lt s`hunm fd lssdssdm lkm `hw.

Bk ht`dr whrms, prhebabdkay stlkmlrms mdebkd w`lt ilstdry he t`d ahktdkt stlkmlrms s`hunm nhhgnbgd bk tdris he stumdkt fd`lvbhr.

Z`lt dmualthrs `lvd ndlrkdm bk rdadkt ydlrs bs t`lt `lvbkj uperhkt l andlr pbaturd he w`lt t`dsuiiltbvd lssdssidkt wbnn fd bs rdqubrdm bk hrmdr th bkehri t`d mdsbjk he bkmbvbmuln ndsshks. Bkht`dr whrms, tdla`drs kddm th tdla` wbt` t`d dkm bk ibkm. Z`dk t`dy mh, t`dbr tdla`bkj bsihrd deedatbvd, lkm stumdkts lrd ihrd nbgdny th fd fdttdr prdplrdm ehr t`d lssdssidkts.

Bk lmmbtbhk th t`d suiiltbvd lssdssidkt ehr l ukbt/ihmund, t`drd s`hunm lnsh fd kuidrhusehriltbvd lssdssidkts ”hr ahktbkuhus prhjrdss ihkbthrbkj”sh t`lt t`d tdla`dr gkhws dvdry mly w`drd dla` a`bnm bs bk `bs hr `dr plt` th ilstdry he t`d ahktdkt stlkmlrms. Vdsdlra`drs lrd

ebkmbkj t`lt ehriltbvd lssdssidkts lrd elr ihrd phwdreun bk biprhvbkj stumdkt ndlrkbkj t`lksuiiltbvd lssdssidkts. ]`dbr purphsd bs kht sh iua` th jrlmd stumdkts‒ whrg, fut th bkehritdla`dr mdabsbhks lfhut w`lt th mh bk t`d kdxt ndsshk th dksurd t`lt ilstdry bs lttlbkdm. Tsbkjrdsunts he lssdssidkts th pnlk kdxt ndsshks bs w`lt bs alnndm mltl-mrbvdk mdabsbhk-ilgbkj.

Lkht`dr purphsd ehr ehriltbvd lssdssidkts bs th ihtbvltd stumdkts. Z`dk t`dy gkhw hw t`dy lrdmhbkj lkm lrd jbvdk lpprhprbltd supphrt, t`dy tdkm th pdrsdvdrd lkm ilgd prhjrdss. Vdsdlra`lnsh bkmbaltds t`lt sdne-lssdssidkt bs nbgdny th ihtbvltd stumdkts lkm, t`us, biprhvd ndlrkbkj.

@drdthehrd, fdehrd t`d whkmdrs he ihmdrk tda`khnhjy, ahkstruatbkj t`hsd lssdssidkts,lmibkbstdrbkj t`di, a`dagbkj t`d rdsphksds, trlagbkj bkmbvbmuln stumdkt prhjrdss, prhvbmbkjiuntbpnd lkm vlrbdm hpphrtukbtbds ehr prlatbad, prhvbmbkj dla` stumdkt wbt` idlkbkjeun ahrrdatbvd

eddmflag, lkm t`dk rdlssdssbkj lkm rd-dvlnultbkj wdrd sbipny biphssbfnd bk lnihst lky anlssrhhi.Kh tdla`dr `lm dkhuj` `hurs bk t`d mly th ahipndtd lnn t`hsd tlsgs. KdwSlt` gkdw lt t`d hksdthe t`dbr mdsbjk he aurrbaunui prhjrlis t`d biphrtlkad he lssdssidkt, sh t`dy lrd difdmmdm bk dla`prhmuat. ]dla`drs ily usd shid ehr mbljkhsbs hr prd-tdla`bkj th mdtdribkd w`lt t`d stumdktslnrdlmy gkhw. Lt ht`dr tbids t`d iltdrblns alk fd usdm ehr prlatbad lkm rdvbdw lkm/hr ehrstumdkts‒ sdne-lssdssidkt. Ilky tdla`drs wbnn wlkt th usd t`d iltdrblns ehr ahktbkuhus prhjrdssihkbthrbkj. Lkm shid he t`d latbvbtbds alk sdrvd ls suiiltbvd lssdssidkts ehr t`d ukbt/ihmundprdvbhusny tluj`t.



14


L ilohr strdkjt` he t`d KdwSlt` iltdrblns bs lttdktbhk th t`d biphrtlkad he lssdssidktw`dt`dr ehr bkmbvbmuln stumdkts, silnn jrhups, hr t`d w`hnd anlss. KdwSlt` iltdrblns

`lvd l wbmd vlrbdty he stlkmlrms-flsdm lssdssidkts t`lt lrd usdeun lkm tbidslvbkj th tdla`drs ehrt`dbr eunn rlkjd he lssdssidkt rdsphksbfbnbtbds. ]`dy bkanumd, bk jdkdrln, t`d ehnnhwbkj?

• prd-lssdssidkts th bmdktbey w`lt stumdkts lnrdlmy gkhw lfhut l thpba7

• mbljkhstba lssdssidkts th bmdktbey stumdkt strdkjt`s lkm wdlgkdssds rdnltbkj th t`d

lssdssdm thpbas7

• ahktbkuhus-prhjrdss ihkbthrbkj th idlsurd ndlrkbkj ls l stumdkt ihvds t`rhuj` lukbt/ihmund7

• stumdkts‒ sdne-lssdssidkts th ndt t`di gkhw `hw t`dy lrd mhbkj7

• ihrd ehriln, tdla`dr-supdrvbsdm ehriltbvd lssdssidkts th mdtdribkd ilstdry he prdrdqubsbtd sgbnns fdehrd ihvbkj ehrwlrm7 lkm

• suiiltbvd lssdssidkts ehr l ukbt-ihmund.

Ehnnhwbkj bs l suiilry he t`d spdabeba lssdssidkts difdmmdm bk t`d ebvd KdwSlt` prhmuats.

Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlids. Dla` jlid bkanumds stlkmlrms-flsdm qudstbhks, hrjlkbzdm fy thpba. Snlybkj t`d jlid prhvbmdsprlatbad/ rdpdtbtbhk hk ahkadpts (bkanumbkj vhalfunlry) lkmprhadmurln gkhwndmjd. Snus, tdla`dr hfsdrvltbhk he stumdkts‒ pdrehrilkad ls t`dy pnly lkm tdla`dr rdvbdw he stumdktsahrds lrd lnsh ahktbkuhus prhjrdss ihkbthrbkj. Qtumdktskddmbkj ihrd tbid hk tlsg ehr prlatbad ily pnly t`d slidjlid iuntbpnd tbids.

Enbp A`lrts. ]dla`drs wbnn usdt`d Enbp A`lrts th bktrhmuad

lkm/hr rdvbdw gdy stlkmlrms-flsdm ahkadpts lkm prhadmurlngkhwndmjd wbt` t`d w`hnd anlss hr wbt` l jrhup. Qtumdktrdsphksds th t`d latbvbtbds hk t`d rdvdrsd sbmd he dla` pljdalk fd usdm ls l gbkm he ehriltbvd lssdssidkt th ihkbthrstumdkt ukmdrstlkmbkj.

Bkmbvbmuln stumdkts alk usd t`d Enbp A`lrts ehr bkmdpdkmdktndlrkbkj, prlatbad, rdvbdw, lkm sdne-dvlnultbhk. ]`dy ily lnshfd lnnhwdm th rdedr th t`di w`dk pnlybkj t`d AurrbaunuiIlstdry Jlids.

]`d Latbvbty Jubmd bkanumds kuidrhus latbvbtbds t`lt tdla`drsalk usd th a`dag ukmdrstlkmbkj, dbt`dr bkmbvbmulnny, bkjrhups, hr ehr t`d w`hnd anlss.

Ubsuln Ndlrkbkj Jubmds. ]`d Ubsuln Ndlrkbkj Jubmds edlturd t`d slid tdk thpbas ls lrdbkanumdm bk t`d Enbp A`lrts. ]`dy lrd mdsbjkdm th fd usdm bkmbvbmulnny ehr rdvbdw he ahkadptslkm prhadmurln gkhwndmjd”lkm t`dk th lssdss ukmdrstlkmbkj. ]`dsd ehriltbvd lssdssidkts(hr, pdr`lps, ahktbkuhus prhjrdss ihkbthrbkj) bkanumd prhfndis th shnvd usbkj vbsulnrdprdsdktltbhks, ilt`diltbaln vhalfunlry th mdebkd lkm usd bk ahktdxt, lkm fht` sthry lkm„klgdm’ prhfndis.

Bktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI. ]`d Bktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm/Vdvbdw AM-Vhi lnnhws ehr t`dqudstbhks th fd lkswdrdm hk t`d ahiputdr. ]`d tdla`dr alk prhodat t`d jlid qudstbhks hk lsarddk hr w`btdfhlrm ehr jrhup hr w`hnd-anlss prlatbad lkm rdvbdw.



15

Qtumdkts alk lnsh rdvbdw ahktdkt usbkj t`d mbjbtln enls`alrms,bkmbvbmulnny, bk jrhups, hr ls l anlss. ]`d AM lnsh leehrms lstumdkt ilky hpphrtukbtbds ehr sdne-lssdssidkt.

Lmmbtbhklnny, t`d tdla`dr alk sdndat qudstbhks erhi hkd thpba hriuntbpnd thpbas th ahkstruat l austhi lssdssidkt (bkmdpdkmdktprlatbad, ahktbkuhus prhjrdss ihkbthrbkj, ehriltbvd lssdssidkt,hr suiiltbvd lssdssidkt). ]`bs lssdssidkt alk fdlmibkbstdrdm hk t`d ahiputdr hr wbt` prbkthuts (hknbkd prhjrli)

th bkmbvbmuln stumdkts, silnn jrhups, hr t`d w`hnd anlss.

]`d shetwlrd prhvbmds stumdkts wbt` biidmbltd ahrrdatbvd eddmflag, rdphrts hk dla` stumdkt‒stbid hk tlsg, kuifdr he lttdipts, pdradkt lkswdrdm ahrrdatny, lkm kuifdr he qudstbhksrdilbkbkj. Qtumdkts‒ sahrds alk lnsh fd prbktdm fy thpba ehr lklnysbs usbkj t`d hknbkd prhjrli.

Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj. Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj bkanumds dvdryt`bkj l tdla`dr kddms th ardltd mbljkhstbatdsts, ahktbkulnny ihkbthr stumdkt prhjrdss, prhvbmd ehr sdne-lssdssidkt, prhvbmd suiiltbvdlssdssidkts, lkm gddp trlag he stumdkt jrlmds”ehr bkmbvbmuln stumdkts, silnn jrhups, hr t`ddktbrd anlss?

h Srdilmd ndsshks, dla` hkd bkanumbkj l jlid fhlrm, whrgs`ddt, enls` alrm latbvbty, lkm l qubz.

h ]dla`dr-ardltdm ndsshks, w`ba` ily bkanumd mbljkhstba qubzzds, jubmdm lkm bkmdpdkmdktprlatbad, a`dagbkj ehr ukmdrstlkmbkj, ahktbkuhus prhjrdss ihkbthrbkj, suiiltbvd qubzzds,lkm trlagbkj thhns th ihkbthr. ]`dsd ndsshks alk fd slvdm ehr rdpdltdm hr nltdr usd, hr t`dy ily fd ardltdm ehr biidmbltd usd hkny”ehr bkmbvbmulns, jrhups, hr w`hnd anlss.

h ]dla`drs ily ardltd whrgs`ddts ehr usd ls mbljkhstba thhns, jubmdm prlatbad, bkmdpdkmdktprlatbad, ahktbkuhus prhjrdss ihkbthrbkj, hr suiiltbvd qubzzds.

h ]dla`drs alk sdndat l thpba (lnbjkdm wbt` stltd stlkmlrms) ehr l fhlrm jlid, w`ba` alk fdusdm ehr stumdkts th prlatbad hr ls ahktbkuhus prhjrdss ihkbthrbkj.

h ]dla`drs alk sdndat l stlkmlrm hr l thpba (lnbjkdm wbt` stltd stlkmlrms) th ardltd l sdt he enls` alrms ehr mbljkhsbs, prlatbad, lkm/hr ahktbkuhus prhjrdss ihkbthrbkj. ]dla`drs alksdndat t`d qudstbhks th usd, hr t`d ahiputdr wbnn sdndat qudstbhks rlkmhiny erhi t`d

mdsbjkltdm thpba.h ]dla`drs alk sdndat l stlkmlrm hr l thpba (lnbjkdm wbt` stltd stlkmlrms) th ardltd qubzzds.

]dla`drs alk sdndat t`d qudstbhks th fd bkanumdm, hr t`d ahiputdr alk sdndat rlkmhiqudstbhks rdnltdm th t`d mdsbjkltdm thpba hr stlkmlrm. Qtumdkt sahrds lrd rdahrmdm bk t`d„Qtumdkt Srhjrdss Vdphrts.’

h Qtumdkts alk „Vdvbdw t`d \ubz,’ „Vdtlgd t`d \ubz,’ hr „Srbkt t`d \ubz’ fy anbagbkj hklpprhprbltd nbkgs. Lky he t`dsd hptbhks prhvbmd lk hpphrtukbty ehr rdvbdw, lkm/hrprdplrltbhk ehr t`d kdxt lssdssidkt.

h „Srlatbad wbt` Ilt Elats’ alk fd usdm fy t`d tdla`dr ls mbljkhsbs, ahktbkuhus prhjrdssihkbthrbkj, hr ls l qubz. ]`bs latbvbty prhvbmds laadss th l vlrbdty he bktdrlatbvd ilt`jlids tlrjdtbkj gdy ilt` ahkadpts.

h Qtumdkts alk ahkmuat sdne-lssdssidkt usbkj „Vdvbdw t`d \ubz,’ „Vdtlgd t`d \ubz’ hr„Srbkt t`d \ubz.’ ]`dy alk lnsh sdndat lkm pnly jlids, latbvbtbds, whrgs`ddts, lkm qubzzdsehr prlatbad lkm sdne-lssdssidkt.

h ]dla`drs ily ihkbthr stumdkt prhjrdss fy anbagbkj hk t`d „Qtumdkt Srhjrdss Vdphrts.’Vdphrts bkanumd

• lnn anlss lvdrljds fy stumdkt7

• anlss lvdrljds fy sufodat lkm thpba7

• anlss lvdrljds fy stumdkt, sufodat, lkm thpba7 lkm

• stumdkt lvdrljds fy sufodat lkm thpba.



1:

]`dsd mltl ily fd usdm

• th mdtdribkd w`dt`dr rd-tdla`bkj he l ahkadpt bs kdadsslry lkm, be sh, ehr w`hi”t`dw`hnd anlss8 l silnn jrhup8 hr lk bkmbvbmuln stumdkt8

• th bkmbaltd w`ba` stumdkts kddm ihrd prlatbad lkm rdpdtbtbhk7

• th prhvbmd bkehriltbhk th l tuthr hr bktdrvdktbhk tdla`dr lfhut l stumdkt‒s kddms”hr ehr t`dtuthr hr bktdrvdktbhk tdla`dr th prhvbmd bkehriltbhk flag th t`d anlssrhhi tdla`dr7

• th prhvbmd bkehriltbhk th plrdkts lfhut stumdkt prhjrdss7

• th fd usdm ls stumdkt jrlmds lkm/hr ls suiiltbvd rdphrts th plrdkts7 lkm• th bkehri prhjrli dvlnultbhk.

Ehr ihrd bkehriltbhk hk lssdssidkts he lnn gbkms, KdwSlt` rdahiidkms t`d ehnnhwbkj?

Fbj Sbaturd.

Lbkswhrt`, N. (63<3). Vbjhrhus aurrbaunui mdsbjk? @hw th ardltd aurrbaunlr ukbts he stumy t`lt lnbjk stlkmlrms, bkstruatbhk, lkm lssdssidkt . Dkjndwhhm, AH? Ndlm+Ndlrk Srdss. (Qdddspdablnny A`lptdr <6.)

Kltbhkln Vdsdlra` Ahukabn (633<). Lmmbkj bt up? @dnpbkj a`bnmrdk ndlrk ilt`diltbas . O.Gbnpltrbag, O. Qwleehrm, & F. Ebkmdnn (Dms.). Ilt`diltbas Ndlrkbkj Qtumy Ahiibttdd, Adktdrehr Dmualtbhk, Mbvbsbhk he Fd`lvbhrln lkm Qhabln Qabdkads lkm Dmualtbhk. Zls`bkjthk, MA?Kltbhkln Lalmdiy Srdss. (Qdd pp. ==6-=61 ehr rdsdlra` sykt`dsbs.)

Vddvds, M. F. (<220). Ilgbkj stlkmlrms whrg? @hw th bipndidkt stlkmlrms-flsdm lssdssidkts bk t`d anlssrhhi, sa`hhn, lkm mbstrbat . Mdkvdr, Ah? Adktdr ehr SdrehrilkadLssdssidkt. (Qdd A`lptdrs =-4, 2.)

Zbjjbks, J. & Ia]bj`d (<220). Tkmdrstlkmbkj fy mdsbjk . Lndxlkmrbl, UL? Lsshabltbhk ehrQupdrvbsbhk lkm Aurrbaunui Mdvdnhpidkt.

Ehriltbvd Lssdssidkt lkm Ahktbkuhus Srhjrdss Ihkbthrbkj.

Lbkswhrt`, N. & A`rbstbkshk, O. (6333). Ebvd dlsy stdps th l flnlkadm ilt` prhjrli? L

prlatbaln jubmd ehr G-0 anlssrhhi tdla`drs . Mdkvdr, AH? Lmvlkadm Ndlrkbkj Srdss. (QddA`lptdr =.)

Ahtthk, G. (6333). ]`d sa`hhnbkj prlatbads t`lt ilttdr ihst . Lndxlkmrbl, UL? Lsshabltbhk ehrQupdrvbsbhk lkm Aurrbaunui Mdvdnhpidkt. (Qdd pp. <6-<1.)

Ilrzlkh, V. O. (63<3). Ehriltbvd lssdssidkt lkm stlkmlrms-flsdm jrlmbkj . Fnhhibkjthk, BKQhnutbhk ]rdd.

Idradr, A. M. & Idradr, L. V. (6334). ]dla`bkj stumdkts wbt` ndlrkbkj prhfndis (:t` dm.) .Tppdr Qlmmnd Vbvdr, KO? Sdlrshk. (Qdd dspdablnny A`lptdr 1, „Lssdssbkj Qtumdkts ehrBkstruatbhk’ lkm A`lptdr <<, „Lssdssbkj Ilt`.’)

Sls`ndr, @., Flbk, S., Fhttjd, F., Jrldssdr, L., Ghdmbkjdr, G., IaMlkbdn, I., & Idtalned, O.

(633:). Hrjlkbzbkj bkstruatbhk lkm stumy th biprhvd stumdkt ndlrkbkj (KADV 633:-633=).Zls`bkjthk, MA? Kltbhkln Adktdr ehr Dmualtbhk Vdsdlra`, Bkstbtutd he Dmualtbhk Qabdkads,T.Q. Mdplrtidkt he Dmualtbhk. Vdtrbdvdm erhi `ttp?//kadr.dm.jhv. (Qdd Vdahiidkmltbhk 4?Tsd qubzzbkj th prhihtd ndlrkbkj. Vdsdlra` supphrts tdla`drs‒ usd he prd-tdstbkj hr mbljkhsbslkm t`dk ahktbkuhus prhjrdss ihkbthrbkj.)

Sdjj, O. (6336). Lssdssidkt bk ilt`diltbas? L mdvdnhpidktln lpprhla`. Bk O. I. Vhydr (Dm.),Ilt`diltbaln ahjkbtbhk (pp. 66:-653). Jrddkwba`, A]? Bkehriltbhk Ljd Sufnbs`bkj. (Qdd t`bslrtband ehr l suiilry he rdsdlra` hk ilt`diltbas lssdssidkt lkm lnsh ehr bksbj`t hk `hwa`bnmrdk‒s mdvdnhpidkt erhi ndlrkbkj wbt` ahkardtd ilkbpunltbvds thwlrm lfstrlatbhk s`hunmleedat `hw lssdssidkts lrd mdsbjkdm lkm lmibkbstdrdm.)



10

Shp`li, Z. O. (6330). ]rlksehriltbvd lssdssidkt . Lndxlkmrbl, UL? Lsshabltbhk ehrQupdrvbsbhk lkm Aurrbaunui Mdvdnhpidkt.

Zhned, I. O. (6334). Tsbkj lssdssidkt th supphrt ndlrkbkj (pp. <::-<24). Bk Q. Zljkdr (Dm.),SVBID. H`bh Mdplrtidkt he Dmualtbhk. (]`bs dxadnndkt mbsaussbhk he ehriltbvd lssdssidkt bsstrhkjny rdahiidkmdm. ]`d ehnnhwbkj quhtltbhk erhi t`d mhauidkt wbnn tdnn yhu w`y.„]dla`bkj wbt`hut lssdssbkj bs nbgd mrbvbkj wbt` yhur dyds anhsdm. Gkhwbkj w`dk th sthp lkmw`dk th prhaddm, khtbabkj wlrkbkj sbjks, lkm lvhbmbkj hfstlands lrd lnn gdy ahiphkdkts thsuaadsseun tdla`bkj lkm sled mrbvbkj. Dvdryhkd bs lwlrd he t`d biphrtlkad he rdln tbid

eddmflag w`bnd mrbvbkj, fut kht dvdryhkd ukmdrstlkms t`d biphrtlkad he rdln tbid lssdssidktbk bkstruatbhk.’ A`dag wbt` yhur hwk stltd mdplrtidkt he dmualtbhk th sdd be t`drd lrd sbibnlrmhauidkts t`lt alk fd he lssbstlkad th tdla`drs bk pnlkkbkj `hw th mdsbjk, lmibkbstdr, lkmdvlnultd lssdssidkts.)

Qdne-Lssdssidkt.

Mhkhvlk. I. Q. & Frlksehrm, O. M. (6334). Sunnbkj t`rdlms. Bk I. Q. Mhkhvlk & O. M.Frlksehrm (Dms.), @hw stumdkts ndlrk? Ilt`diltbas bk t`d anlssrhhi . Zls`bkjthk, MA? ]`dKltbhkln Lalmdibds Srdss.

Jnlssdr, Z. (<223). ]`d qulnbty sa`hhn? Ilkljbkj stumdkts wbt`hut ahdrabhk . Kdw Rhrg, KR?@lrpdr lkm Vhw. (Jnlssdr bs l ilohr lmvhaltd ehr t`d biphrtlkad he sdne-lssdssidkt.)

Quiiltbvd Lssdssidkt.

Lbkswhrt`, N. & A`rbstbkshk, O. (6333). Ebvd dlsy stdps th l flnlkadm ilt` prhjrli? L prlatbaln jubmd ehr G-0 anlssrhhi tdla`drs . Mdkvdr, AH? Lmvlkadm Ndlrkbkj Srdss. (QddA`lptdr 4.)

Ndsshk Mdsbjk

Lkm shid sly tdla`bkj bsk‒t rhagdt sabdkad! Hkd kddms hkny th rdvbdw lnrdlmy bk t`dsd pljds t`dlihukt he gkhwndmjd lkm sgbnn t`lt l tdla`dr bs rdqubrdm th `lvd bk hrmdr th plrtbabpltd ls lkdxpdrt bk aurrbaunui pnlkkbkj, lkm `d hr s`d wbnn sdd t`d ahipndxbty. Fdehrd l sbkjnd ndsshk bs

mdsbjkdm, t`d tdla`dr iust t`hrhuj`ny gkhw lkm ukmdrstlkm t`d ahktdkt lkm prhebabdkaystlkmlrms t`lt jubmd mdabsbhks hk w`lt th tdla`. Q`d `ls lnrdlmy, ls wdnn, ilmd dxpdrt mdabsbhkshk w`lt t`d mbljkhstba, ehriltbvd, sdne-dvlnultbvd, lkm suiiltbvd lssdssidkts wbnn fd sht`lt s`d gkhws w`y s`d bs ilgbkj t`d mdabsbhks s`d bs ilgbkj lfhut ndsshk mdsbjk, a`hbad he iltdrblns, lkm sdndatbhk he bkstruatbhkln strltdjbds. ]hh, fdalusd `dr ebrst ohf bs stumdkthfsdrvltbhk, s`d ls th fd rdlmy th a`lkjd ahursd qubagny be t`d mdabsbhks s`d ilmd lrd kht lvbkjt`d deedat rdqubrdm, be stumdkts lrd kht ndlrkbkj.

Be tdla`bkj bs rhagdt sabdkad, t`dk ndsshk pnlks lrd t`d rhagdt‒s nluka` lkm ibssbhk pnlks. Ndsshkpnlks shidtbids alrdeunny rdendat t`d „mbrdat bkstruatbhk’ ihmdn. Qhid sdd t bs ihmdn ls fd`lvbhrbstlkm lrd arbtbaln be t`dy lrd lihkj t`hsd w`h supphrt „ahkstruatbvbst’ ndsshks. ]`d trut` bs t`lt t`d

tdla`dr iust fd t`d ilstdr he fht` lpprhla`ds lkm usd t`di shidtbids sdplrltdny, lkm

shidtbids fndkmdm, mdpdkmbkj uphk t`d ndsshk th fd tluj`t. ]`drd lrd mbstbkat lmvlktljds lkmlpprhprbltdkdss ehr dla` lpprhla`, fut kh jhhm tdla`dr usds hkny hkd. Qlmny, ilky dmualthrs `lvdfddk aluj`t up bk t`d ilt` wlrs, lkm t`dy whrry t`lt mbrdat bkstruatbhk hvdr-dip`lsbzdselat/lnjhrbt`i laqubsbtbhk lt t`d dxpdksd he ukmdrstlkmbkj ahkadpts mddpny, w`ba` bs ihrd nbgdny th`lppdk wbt` l ahkstruatbvbst ndsshk. Ht`drs whrry t`lt t`d hvdr-dip`lsbs he ahkstruatbvbsi bjkhrdst`d arbtbaln biphrtlkad he elat/lnjhrbt`i enudkay lkm t`lt stumdkts mh kht mddpny ndlrk ahkadpts hrfdahid lmdpt lt prhfndi shnvbkj be t`dy mh kht lnsh laqubrd enudkt prhadmurln gkhwndmjd. Jhhmprlatbad bs erdqudktny shidw`drd bk t`d ibmmnd he t`d dxtrdid phbkts he vbdw.

Lkht`dr mdfltd bs hk w`ba` ihmdn th usd wbt` w`ba` stumdkts. Ljlbk, lnn stumdkts kddm fht` lpprhla`ds . Qhid stumdkts, `hwdvdr, strujjnd th ndlrk ehr l vlrbdty he rdlshks. Z`bnd shid



12

stumdkts ily qubagny laqubrd enudkay, ht`drs ily rdqubrd l `ukmrdm hr ihrd rdpdtbtbhks fdehrd t`dylaqubrd luthiltbabty. Ehrabkj t`di th ihvd ehrwlrm fdehrd t`dy `lvd enudkay wbnn mhhi t`di thelbnurd. Qtumdkts wbt`hut elat enudkay, ehr dxlipnd, usd up lnn t`dbr whrgbkj idihry mhbkjalnaunltbhks, ndlvbkj kh tbid ehr prhfndi shnvbkj. ]`dy lrd drrhr-prhkd fdalusd t`dy `lvd thilkulnny mh t`d hpdrltbhks ls qubagny ls phssbfnd w`bnd t`dbr pddrs hkny `lvd th qubagny rdalnn t`dlkswdr. ]`dsd strujjnbkj stumdkts lrd t`d hkds w`h kdvdr jdt t`dbr whrg mhkd ls qubagny ls ht`drslkm t`dy mhk‒t ebkbs` t`d tdst. ]`dy fdahid sh erustrltdm t`lt t`dy jbvd up lkm qubt. Ehrabkj t`dibkth l ahkstruatbvbst ndsshk rdqubrbkj l ndvdn he prbhr gkhwndmjd fdehrd t`dy lrd rdlmy bs khtlpprhprbltd. Lt t`d slid tbid tdla`drs iust kht wbt``hnm erhi t`di lpprhprbltd ahkstruatbvbsbkstruatbhk ehr mddp ukmdrstlkmbkj he t`d arbtbaln ilt`diltbas ahkadpts.

]`d hutnbkd he l jhhm ndsshk, rdjlrmndss he t`d strltdjbds th fd usdm, bs ls ehnnhws?

• Hpdkbkj? Vdvbdw prdvbhus ndsshk. @dnp stumdkts laadss t`d prbhr gkhwndmjd t`lt t`dy `lvd bk hrmdr th mh wdnn bk t`d ndsshk he t`d mly. Qtltd andlrny t`d ndlrkbkj jhln ehr t`d mly lkm rdnltd bt th t`d hvdrlnn jhln he t`d ukbt/ihmund. ]dla` vhalfunlry t`lt wbnn fdkdadsslry ehr ukmdrstlkmbkj. Srhvbmd lmvlkad hrjlkbzdrs ls lpprhprbltd.

• Tsd lpprhprbltd strltdjbds ehr tdla`bkj ahkadpts lkm ehr tdla`bkj prhadmurln gkhwndmjd.Ehr prhadmurds, ihmdn t`d mdsbrdm fd`lvbhr. ]`dk `lvd stumdkts pdrehri lnhkj wbt` yhu.A`dag ehr ukmdrstlkmbkj.

• Srhvbmd hpphrtukbtbds ehr jubmdm prlatbad (ahktbkuhus prhjrdss ihkbthrbkj), jbvbkjbiidmbltd ahrrdatbvd eddmflag. Qtumdkts s`hunm fd pdrehribkj wdnn bk jubmdm prlatbadfdehrd bkmdpdkmdkt prlatbad bs rdqubrdm (sua` ls `hidwhrg).

• Anhsbkj? Vdvbdw t`d laahipnbs`idkts he t`d ndsshk. Srdvbdw t`d jhln he t`d kdxt ndsshk.Lssbjk bkmdpdkmdkt prlatbad.

• Srhvbmd hpphrtukbtbds ehr bkmdpdkmdkt prlatbad (bk anlss lkm/hr ls `hidwhrg), w`ba` bs, bkrdlnbty, l gbkm he ehriltbvd lssdssidkt.

• Lssdss prhjrdss lkm rd-tdla` ls kdadsslry (w`hnd anlss, silnn jrhups, hr bkmbvbmulns).

Bt bs biphrtlkt th khtd t`lt l ndsshk ily tlgd ihrd t`lk hkd anlss pdrbhm th ahipndtd. Lk dktbrdanlss pdrbhm hr ihrd ibj`t fd rdqubrdm oust ehr dxpnlkltbhks lkm ihmdnbkj”fdehrd jubmdm prlatbad

lkm adrtlbkny fdehrd bkmdpdkmdkt prlatbad. Jubmdm prlatbad”lkm t`dk bkmdpdkmdkt prlatbad”s`hunm fd mbrdatny rdnltdm th t`d prhebabdkay stlkmlrms lkm s`hunm fd prdplrbkjstumdkts ehr suaadss hk t`d suiiltbvd pdrehrilkad tlsgs.

Ihrd bkehriltbhk lfhut t`d mdsbjk he ndsshks alk fd ehukm bk Jltth‒s (6332)Adktdrbkj t`d Anlssrhhi? Quaadsseun Tsd he Ndlrkbkj Adktdrs bk t`d Anlssrhhi (pp. <=-<0).


Vdlmdrs lrd rdibkmdm t`lt A`lptdr B bkanumds l tlfnd, „Tsd he KdwSlt` Iltdrblns bkDla` Qtljd he t`d Ndsshk Mdsbjk.’ Qujjdstbhks lrd prhvbmdm hk w`ba` KdwSlt` iltdrblns

lrd lpprhprbltd ehr dla` p`lsd he t`d ndsshk.

]dla`drs lrd dkahurljdm th fdahid sgbnndm bk t`d usd he t`dsd thhns, ehr t`dy hpdk up ilkyhpphrtukbtbds ehr stumdkt ndlrkbkj. Ndsshk pnlks alk fd ardltdm ehr bkmbvbmuln stumdkts, ehrstumdkts bk silnn jrhups wbt` sbibnlr kddms, hr ehr t`d w`hnd anlss.

]dla`drs alk eddn ahkebmdkt t`lt t`d KdwSlt` iltdrblns bkanumd l flnlkadm lpprhla`”ahvdrbkjfht` ahkadptuln lkm prhadmurln gkhwndmjd.



=3

Ehr ihrd bkehriltbhk hk ndsshk mdsbjk, KdwSlt` rdahiidkms t`d ehnnhwbkj?

Lbkswhrt`, N. (63<3). Vbjhrhus aurrbaunui mdsbjk? @hw th ardltd aurrbaunlr ukbts he stumy t`lt lnbjk stlkmlrms, bkstruatbhk, lkm lssdssidkt . Dkjndwhhm, AH? Ndlm+Ndlrk Srdss. (QddA`lptdr <5.)

Alwdntb, J. (Dm.) (<222). @lkmfhhg he rdsdlra` hk biprhvbkj stumdkt la`bdvdidkt . Lrnbkjthk,UL? Dmualtbhkln Vdsdlra` Qdrvbad. (Qdd p. <=.)

Dnnbs, L. G. & Ehuts, O. ]. (<22:). Vdsdlra` hk dmualtbhkln bkkhvltbhks (6km dm.) . Nlra`ihkt,KR? Dyd hk Dmualtbhk.

Jljkhk, J. Z., & Ahnnly, I. (633<). Mdsbjkbkj ehr ndlrkbkj? Qbx dndidkts bk ahkstruatbvbst anlssrhhis . ]`huslkm Hlgs, AL? Ahrwbk Srdss.

Jrbeebk, Q. (6334). Ehstdrbkj t`d mdvdnhpidkt he w`hnd-kuifdr sdksd. ]dla`bkj ilt`diltbasbk t`d prbilry jrlmds. Bk I. Q. Mhkhvlk & O. M. Frlksehrm (Dms.). @hw stumdkts ndlrk? Ilt`diltbas bk t`d anlssrhhi . Zls`bkjthk, MA? Kltbhkln Lalmdibds Srdss.

@lttbd, O. (6332). Ubsbfnd ndlrkbkj? L sykt`dsbs he hvdr 033 idtl-lklnysds rdnltbkj th la`bdvdidkt . Kdw Rhrg Abty, KR? Vhutndmjd. (Qdd pp. 65-62, 63=-63:, 6<:-6<0, 6=1-6==.)

Gbrsa`kdr, S. L., Qwdnndr, O., & Anlrg, V. D. (6335). Z`y ibkbiln jubmlkad murbkj bkstruatbhk

mhds kht whrg? Lk lklnysbs he t`d elbnurd he ahkstruatbvbst, mbsahvdry, prhfndi-flsdm,dxpdrbdktbln, lkm bkqubry-flsdm tdla`bkj. Dmualtbhkln Ssya`hnhjbst , =<(6), :4-05.

IaDwlk, D. G. (6333). ]`d prbkabpln‒s jubmd th rlbsbkj ilt` la`bdvdidkt . ]`huslkm Hlgs,AL? Ahrwbk Srdss.

Idradr, A. M. & Idradr, L. V. (6334). ]dla`bkj stumdkts wbt` ndlrkbkj prhfndis (:t` dm.) .Tppdr Qlmmnd Vbvdr, KO? Sdlrshk. (Qdd dspdablnny A`lptdr 6, „Snlkkbkj lkm HrjlkbzbkjBkstruatbhk’ lkm A`lptdr <6, „]dla`bkj Ilt`.’)

Qhusl, M. L. (633<). @hw t`d spdabln kddms frlbk ndlrks . ]`huslkm Hlgs, AL? Ahrwbk Srdss,Bka.



=<

]`d tdla`dr‒s sdndatbhks he rdsdlra -flsdm bkstruatbhkln strltdjbds lrd, pdr`lps, dr ihst biphrtlkt(lkm ardltbvd) mdabsbhks. ]`dsd mdabsbhks `lvd th fd ilmd gddpbkj t`d w`hnd anlss bk ibkm, ls wdnls t`d kddms he bkmbvbmuln stumdkts, dspdablnny t`hsd w`h lrd dahkhibalnny mbslmvlktljdm, w`h lrdkht ydt prhebabdkt bk Dkjnbs`, lkm/hr w`h `lvd ndlrkbkj mbslfbnbtbds”lkm t`hsd w`h lrdjbetdm/tlndktdm. Lwdshid rdsphksbfbnbtbds! Bkstruatbhkln strltdjy mdabsbhks lrd w`lt l rhagdt s`bpahiilkmdr mhds dvdry mly bk enbj`t th dksurd t`d suaadss he t`d ibssbhk. ]`dy lrd, t`drdehrd, t`deudn t`lt phwdrs aurrbaunui mdnbvdry lkm t`d eudn t`lt phwdrs stumdkt ndlrkbkj fdalusd, bk plrt,t`dy lrd anhsdny ahkkdatdm th t`d rdnltbhks`bp t`lt l tdla`dr `ls wbt` `dr stumdkts.

]`d ehnnhwbkj bkstruatbhkln strltdjbds rdendat t`d ebkmbkjs he sabdktbeba stumbds, bkanumbkj t`hsd erhidmualtbhk, ahjkbtbvd psya`hnhjy, lkm kdurhsabdkad. ]`dbr bkahrphrltbhk bkth ukbt/ndsshk mdsbjksprdmbat `bj`dr ndvdns he stumdkt ndlrkbkj, lkm, letdr lnn, ihvbkj kdw ndlrkbkj bkth nhkj-tdriidihry bs t`d jhln he lnn bkstruatbhk.

]bid-hk-]lsg

Hkd he t`d ihst stumbdm lkm hnmdst thpbas he dmualtbhk rdsdlra` supphrts t`d hfvbhus? t`lt t`dihrd tbid t`lt stumdkts spdkm stumybkj, ht`dr t`bkjs fdbkj dquln, t`d ihrd t`dy ndlrk (Alwdntb,<222, p. <1). Dmualthrs `lvd ndlrkdm, `hwdvdr, t`lt tbid lnhkd ily kht rdsunt bk `bj`dr ndvdns hndlrkbkj. ]`d tbid iust rdendat dmualtbhkln jhlns, lkm stumdkts iust fd dkjljdm.

Idradr lkm Idradr (6334) sykt`dsbzd t`d rdsdlra` hk dkjljdm tbid-hk-tlsg ls ehnnhws?

]`d ebkmbkj t`lt lalmdiba ndlrkbkj tbid bs rdnltdm phsbtbvdny th ihrd stumdkt ndlrkbkj bs

ahksbstdkt bk t`d rdsdlra` ehr fht` jdkdrln dmualtbhk stumdkts lkm stumdkts wbt` ndlrkbkjprhfndis. ]h ehstdr l phsbtbvd lkm prhmuatbvd ndlrkbkj dkvbrhkidkt, stumdkts s`hunm spdkmls iua` tbid ls phssbfnd dkjljdm bk idlkbkjeun lalmdiba tlsgs.


Jbvdk t`d vlrbdty he KdwSlt` prhmuats, t`drd lrd iyrblms he wlys t`lt tdla`drs alk usdt`di th dxtdkm dkjljdm ndlrkbkj tbid?

• Qtumdkts alk pnly t`d Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlids hr usd t`d Ilt`diltbas Ubsuln NdlrkbkjJubmds fdehrd sa`hhn fdjbks dla` ihrkbkj.

• ]dla`drs alk usd t`d jlid qudstbhk alrms ls enls` alrms, Ubsuln Ndlrkbkj Jubmds, Hknbkd

Ndlrkbkj latbvbtbds, hr Bktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI latbvbtbds ls sphkjd latbvbtbds thdkjljd stumdkts w`bnd t`dy tlgd alrd he t`dbr lmibkbstrltbvd rdsphksbfbnbtbds. ]`dsd slidlatbvbtbds alk fd usdm ehr a`bnmrdk w`h ebkbs` t`dbr whrg dlrny.

• ]`d Ilt`diltbas Enbp A`lrts alk fd usdm th rdvbdw ahkadpts prdvbhusny tluj`t lkm thlssbst stumdkts bk rdalnnbkj flagjrhukm gkhwndmjd t`lt bs prdrdqubsbtd ehr t`d mly‒s ndsshk.

• Qtumdkts w`h `lvd lnrdlmy ndlrkdm l ahkadpt alk fd lssbjkdm latbvbtbds erhi HknbkdNdlrkbkj, erhi t`d Bktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI, t`d Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlid, hr t`dUbsuln Ndlrkbkj Jubmds th prhvbmd prlatbad ehr enudkay w`bnd t`d tdla`dr whrgs wbt` lsilnn jrhup he stumdkts bk t`d flag he t`d anlssrhhi.

A`lptdr BU. Bkstruatbhkln Qtrltdjbds





=6

• ]`d tdla`dr ily wbs` th usd t`d Enbp A`lrts th rdvbdw l ahkadpt wbt` l silnn jrhup he stumdkts t`lt rdqubrds tuthrbkj hr rd-tdla`bkj. Q`d ily lnsh wbs` th usd t`d Enls` Alrms,Zhrgs`ddts, hr ht`dr rdshurads erhi Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj th dksurd t`lt stumdkts lrd hk t`dbrwly th ilstdry.

• Bktdrvdktbhk prhjrlis t`lt lmm lmmbtbhklntbid ehr strujjnbkj stumdkts (sua` ls DQN,

]btnd B tuthrbkj, lkm/hr Qpdabln Dmualtbhk)ily lnsh usd t`d KdwSlt` iltdrblns,

dspdablnny t`hsd bkahrphrltbkj rdvbdwlatbvbtbds, vlrbdm prlatbad hpphrtukbtbds, tdstprdplrltbhk, lkm ahktbkuhus prhjrdssihkbthrbkj lssdssidkts. Be rd-tdla`bkj bsrdqubrdm, t`dk t`d Enbp A`lrts, UbsulnNdlrkbkj Jubmds, Srdilmd Ndsshks, lkm

]dla`dr Ardltdm Ndsshks wbnn fd `dnpeun.

• Letdr-sa`hhn prhjrlis prhvbmd ht`dr hpphrtukbtbds th dxtdkm tbid hk tlsg. Mdpdkmbkj hkstumdkt kddms, lky he t`d KdwSlt` iltdrblns ily fd lpprhprbltd ehr l nlrjd jrhup, silnnjrhup, hr bkmbvbmuln stumdkt.

• Qtumdkts ily fd lssbjkdm KdwSlt` latbvbtbds ehr `hidwhrg th dxtdkm dkjljdm ndlrkbkj

tbid, ehr bkmdpdkmdkt prlatbad, lkm ehr sdne-lssdssidkt. Be stumdkts `lvd ahiputdrlaadss lt `hid hr dnsdw`drd letdr sa`hhn, t`dk t`d w`hnd rlkjd he Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj bslvlbnlfnd th t`di. Be kht, t`dk tdla`drs alk prbkt ndsshks, latbvbtbds, whrgs`ddts, dta. ehrstumdkts th ahipndtd lt `hid.

• Quiidr sa`hhn prhjrlis prhvbmd dvdk ihrd hpphrtukbtbds th dxtdkm tbid hk tlsg.Mdpdkmbkj hk stumdkt kddms, lky he t`d KdwSlt` iltdrblns ily fd lpprhprbltd ehr l nlrjdjrhup, silnn jrhup, hr bkmbvbmuln stumdkt.

• Slrdkts alk lnsh laadss t`d Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj sbtd th lssbstt`dbr a`bnm bk rdvbdwbkj ndsshks, bk ilgbkj up whrg mud thlfsdkads, bk tuthrbkj l a`bnm, bk `dnpbkj l a`bnm la`bdvdenudkay, lkm dvdk bk lmibkbstdrbkj l qubz th a`dag ehrukmdrstlkmbkj.

• KdwSlt`‒s ]lgd-@hid Dmbtbhk he t`d Aurrbaunui IlstdryJlids (lvlbnlfnd sdplrltdny) alk lnsh dxtdkm ndlrkbkj tbid.

Ehr ihrd bkehriltbhk hk tbid-hk-tlsg, KdwSlt` rdahiidkms t`d ehnnhwbkj?

Alwdntb, J. (Dm.) (<222). @lkmfhhg he rdsdlra` hk biprhvbkj stumdkt la`bdvdidk t. Lrnbkjthk,UL? Dmualtbhkln Vdsdlra` Qdrvbad.

Ahtthk, G. (6333). ]`d sa`hhnbkj prlatbads t`lt ilttdr ihst . Lndxlkmrbl, UL? Lsshabltbhk ehrQupdrvbsbhk lkm Aurrbaunui Mdvdnhpidkt. (Qdd pp. <3-<6.)

@lttbd, O. (6332). Ubsbfnd ndlrkbkj? L sykt`dsbs he hvdr 033 idtl-lklnysds rdnltbkj th

la`bdvdidkt . Kdw Rhrg Abty, KR? Vhutndmjd.

Idradr, A. & Idradr, L. V. (6334). ]dla`bkj stumdkts wbt` ndlrkbkj prhfndis (:t` dm.) . TppdrQlmmnd Vbvdr, KO? Sdlrshk/Idrrbnn Srdktbad @lnn.

Sls`ndr, @., Flbk, S., Fhttjd, F., Jrldssdr, L., Ghdmbkjdr, G., IaMlkbdn, I. & Idtalned, O.(633:). Hrjlkbzbkj bkstruatbhk lkm stumy th biprhvd stumdkt ndlrkbkj (KADV 633:-633=).Zls`bkjthk, MA? Kltbhkln Adktdr ehr Dmualtbhk Vdsdlra`, Bkstbtutd he Dmualtbhk Qabdkads,T. Q. Mdplrtidkt he Dmualtbhk. (Qdd Vdahiidkmltbhk 5, pp. =3-=<.)



=1

Iuntb-Qdkshry Srhadssbkj Qtrltdjbds

Iuntb-sdkshry prhadssbkj strltdjbds lrd ljlbk lkm ljlbk vlnbmltdm ls phwdreun bkstruatbhk fy t`drdsdlra` he ahjkbtbvd sabdktbsts, kdurhfbhnhjbsts, nbkjubsts, lkm ht`dr dxpdrts w`h stumy hw pdhpndndlrk, rdidifdr, rdtrbdvd, lkm lppny gkhwndmjd lkm sgbnns. ]`dy lrd, laahrmbkj th Idradr lkmIdradr (6334), „flsdm hk t`d prdibsd t`lt shid stumdkts ndlrk fdst w`dk ahktdkt bs prdsdktdm bksdvdrln ihmlnbtbds. Iuntb-sdkshry prhadssbkj usds iuntbpnd ndvdns he prhadssbkj sh t`lt ndlrkbkj bsrdtlbkdm lkm sh t`lt bt alk fd rdtrbdvdm, rdjlrmndss he t`d sdkshry ihmlnbty bk w`ba` bt wls hrbjbklnnydkahmdm.

]`d phwdr he iuntb-sdkshry prhadssbkj strltdjbds, bk ahkoukatbhk wbt` prlatbad/rdpdtbtbhk dxdrabsdsbs t`lt t`dy strdkjt`dk wdlg kdurln plt`wlys lkm fubnm kdw hkds th ahipdksltd w`dk l kdurlnplt`wly bs lfsdkt hr mliljdm. Glkmdn (6335), t`d Khfdn Srbzd wbkkdr, dxpnlbks?

. . . frlbk abraubtry `ls l fubnt-bk rdmukmlkay. Ilky sdkshry, ihthr, lkm ahjkbtbvd eukatbhks lrd sdrvdm fy ihrd t`lk hkd kdurln plt`wly”t`d slid bkehriltbhk prhadssdm sbiuntlkdhusny lkmbk plrlnndn bk mbeedrdkt rdjbhks he t`d frlbk. Z`dk hkd rdjbhk hr plt`wly bs mliljdm, ht`drs ily fd lfnd th ahipdksltd, lt ndlst plrtblnny, ehr t`d nhss.

Vdsdlra` hk t`d deebalay he iuntb-sdkshry prhadssbkj strltdjbds `ls fddk fubnmbkj ehr lnihst ladktury. ]`dsd strltdjbds lrd shidtbids mdsarbfdm usbkj ht`dr nlfdns. Qtdp`dk Grls`dk bs lklmvhaltd ehr w`lt `d alnns „ahiprd`dksbfnd bkput,’ lkm ht`drs usd t`d tdri „khknbkjubstba

dkahmbkj.’ Biphrtlktny, iuntb-sdkshry lpprhla`ds th bkstruatbhk lrd kht t`d slid ls ndlrkbkjstynds. Bkstdlm he laahiihmltbkj l stumdkt‒s sh-alnndm ndlrkbkj prdedrdkad (l ndlrkbkj styndlpprhla`), iuntb-sdkshry strltdjbds lrd prhvbmdm th lnn stumdkts sh t`lt dkahmbkj haaurs bkiuntbpnd ihmlnbtbds, kht bk oust t`d hkd lk bkmbvbmuln stumdkt ily prdedr. Iuntb-sdkshrybkstruatbhk bs, t`drdehrd, hkd he t`d ihst phwdreun tdla`bkj/ndlrkbkj strltdjbds.


KdwSlt` ahksabhusny bkahrphrltdm iuntb-sdkshry prhadssbkj strltdjbds bk t`d mdsbjk hdla` he bts prhmuats. Lumbthry, vbsuln, lkm gbkdst`dtba ihmlnbtbds, lt l ibkbiui

lrd dipnhydm bk dla` ndsshk.

Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlids

• ]`d tdla`dr‒s hrln bkstruatbhk lkm mbrdatbhks prhvbmd lumbthry stbiunltbhk, ls mh stumdkts‒ rdlmbkj he t`d jlid qudstbhks lkm prhvbmbkj lkswdrs ls t`d jlid ihvds ehrwlrm.

• ]`d jlid‒s qudstbhks lrd laahiplkbdm fy mrlwbkjs bk frbj`t ahnhrs, t`drdfy prhvbmbkjvbsuln stbiunltbhk. Jlid fhlrms lrd lnsh frbj`tny ahnhrdm lkm bnnustrltdm.

• Qtumdkts jlt`dr bk l abrand, lssdifnd t`d jlid, rhnn l mbd, ihvd l jlid pbdad, pbag upalrms lkm t`dk pnlad t`di lt t`d fhtthi he t`d stlag, wrbtd mhwk t`dbr sahrds, lkm rdpnladt`d jlid pbdads bk t`d fhx”lnn gbkdst`dtba/tlatbnd latbvbtbds.

Enbp A`lrts

• ]`d tdla`dr‒s hrln bkstruatbhk lkm mbrdatbhks prhvbmd lumbthry stbiunltbhk.• Dla` Enbp A`lrt bnnustrltds t`d tlrjdtdm ilt`diltbas ahkadpt wbt` ahnhreun

mrlwbkjs, sbiunltbhks he ilkbpunltbvds, elat tlfnds, dta., prhvbmbkj vbsulnstbiunltbhk.

• ]dla`drs alk bkahrphrltd gbkdst`dtba stbiunltbhk bk t`d Enbp A`lrt latbvbty fy lsgbkj stumdkts th ahid ehrwlrm lkm phbkt th lk bnnustrltbhk, th rlbsdt`dbr `lkms be t`dy ukmdrstlkm hr `lvd l qudstbhk, th tlgd khtds hr wrbtdt`d prhfndis ehr shnutbhk hk t`dbr hwk plpdr, dta. Be t`d Enbp A`lrt bs usdmwbt` lk bkmbvbmuln stumdkt hr wbt` silnn jrhups he stumdkts tlgbkj turks,lkswdrs th qudstbhks lrd wrbttdk hk t`d flagsbmd he dla` a`lrt”lkm t`dkdrlsdm ehr rd-usd, prhvbmbkj lkht`dr hpphrtukbty ehr gbkdst`dtba stbiunltbhk.



==

Ubsuln Ndlrkbkj Jubmds

• ]`d tdla`dr‒s hrln bkstruatbhk lkm mbrdatbhksprhvbmd lumbthry stbiunltbhk.

• ]`d Ubsuln Ndlrkbkj Jubmd dklfnds stumdktsth vbsulnbzd ilt`diltbaln bmdls, ilgbkjt`di sdib-ahkardtd. Qtumdktsmdvdnhpidktlnny ihvd erhi ahkardtd(ilkbpunltbvds), th sdib-ahkardtd (mdpbatbhks

he t`d ahkardtd, sua` ls mrlwbkjs,bnnustrltbhks, mbljrlis, hr p`hthjrlp`s), lkmt`dk th t`d lfstrlat (ilt`diltbaln khtltbhkshr kuifdrs lkm sbjks). ]`d Ubsuln NdlrkbkjJubmds prhvbmd phwdreun stdps thwlrm stumdkts‒ laqubsbtbhk he lfstrlat ukmdrstlkmbkjs.Ubsuln Ndlrkbkj Jubmds lrd bnnustrltdm bk frbj`t ahnhrs lkm lttrlatbvd nlyhuts ehr t`dahkadpt rdvbdw, t`d prlatbad dxdrabsds, lkm t`d whrgs`ddt/qubz hk t`d flag.

• ]`d Ubsuln Ndlrkbkj Jubmds lnsh rdqubrd gbkdst`dtba stbiunltbhk. Qtumdkts wrbtd lkswdrs tht`d prlatbad qudstbhks lkm t`d whrgs`ddt/qubz. ]`dy lnsh wrbtd t d mdebkbtbhks ehr t dtlrjdtdm vhalfunlry whrms/p`rlsds lkm mrlw lk dxlipnd, bnnustrltbhk, hr kuifdr prhfndi thmdpbat t`d idlkbkjs. ]`dsd pljds, sbibnlr th t`d Enbp A`lrts, lrd lnsh drlslfnd ehr rd-usd.


• ]`d tdla`dr‒s bkstruatbhk lkm mbrdatbhks prhvbmd lumbthrystbiunltbhk.

• Lnn he t`d qudstbhks lkm latbvbtbds hk t`d AM-VHI usd t`dslid bnnustrltbhks, mrlwbkj, mbljrlis, hr p`hthjrlp`susdm bk t`d Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlids, prhvbmbkj vbsulnstbiunltbhk.

• Qtumdkts usd t`d ihusd lkm gdyfhlrm ehr bkput, hr t`dy wrbtd lkswdrs hk prbkthuts, prhvbmbkj gbkdst`dtbastbiunltbhk th t`d ndlrkbkj latbvbty.

Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj

• ]`d tdla`dr‒s bkstruatbhk lkm mbrdatbhks prhvbmd lumbthry stbiunltbhk.

• Lnn t`d latbvbtbds bkahrphrltd t`d ahnhreun bnnustrltbhks, mrlwbkjs, mbljrlis, hr p`hthjrlp`susdm bk t`d `lrm-ahpy iltdrblns, prhvbmbkj vbsuln stbiunltbhk.

• Qtumdkts usd t`d ihusd, gdyfhlrm, hr t`dy wrbtd hk prbkthuts th ahipndtd t`d latbvbtbds,prhvbmbkj gbkdst`dtba stbiunltbhk.

Ehr ihrd bkehriltbhk hk iuntb-sdkshry prhadssbkj strltdjbds, KdwSlt` rdahiidkms t`d ehnnhwbkj?

Drnludr, N. (6331). ]`d frlbk-ahipltbfnd anlssrhhi? Tsbkj w`lt wd gkhw lfhut ndlrkbkj th

biprhvd tdla`bkj . Lndxlkmrbl, UL? Lsshabltbhk ehr Qupdrvbsbhk lkm Aurrbaunui Mdvdnhpidkt.

Glkmdn, D. V. (6335). Bk sdlra` he idihry? ]`d didrjdkad he l kdw sabdkad he ibkm . Kdw RhrgAbty, KR? Z. Z. Khrthk lkm Ahiplky.

Ilrzlkh, V. O. (<220, Mdadifdr). L t`dhry-flsdm idtl-lklnysbs he rdsdlra` hk bkstruatbhk .Lurhrl, AH? IaVDN.

Idradr, A. M. & Idradr, L. V. (6334). ]dla`bkj stumdkts wbt` ndlrkbkj prhfndis (:t` dm.) .Tppdr Qlmmnd Vbvdr, KO? Sdlrshk/Idrrbnn Srdktbad @lnn.



=4

Sls`ndr, @., Flbk, S., Fhttjd, F., Jrldssdr, L., Ghdmbkjdr, G., IaMlkbdn, I. & Idtalned, O.(633:). Hrjlkbzbkj bkstruatbhk lkm stumy th biprhvd stumdkt ndlrkbkj (KADV 633:-633=).Zls`bkjthk, MA? Kltbhkln Adktdr ehr Dmualtbhk Vdsdlra`, Bkstbtutd he Dmualtbhk Qabdkads,T. Q. Mdplrtidkt he Dmualtbhk. (Qdd Vdahiidkmltbhks 1 lkm =, pp. 1:-12.)

Vhkbs, M. (633:). Frlbk-ahipltbfnd ilt`diltbas (6km dm.). ]`huslkm Hlgs, AL? Ahrwbk Srdss.

Vhsd, M. @. & Idydr, L. (6336). ]dla`bkj dvdry stumdkt bk t`d mbjbtln ljd? Tkbvdrsln mdsbjk ehr ndlrkbkj . Lndxlkmrbl, UL? Lsshabltbhk ehr Qupdrvbsbhk lkm Aurrbaunui Mdvdnhpidkt.

Qhusl, M. L. (633<). @hw t`d spdabln kddms frlbk ndlrks . ]`huslkm Hlgs, AL? Ahrwbk Srdss.

Qtdrkfdrj, V. O. (6331). Ahjkbtbvd psya`hnhjy (1rm dm.) . Fdnihkt, AL? Zlmswhrt`/]`hipshkNdlrkbkj.

Zbnnbs, O. (6335). Vdsdlra`-flsdm strltdjbds th bjkbtd stumdkt ndlrkbkj? Bksbj`ts erhi l kdurhnhjbst lkm anlssrhhi tdla`dr . Lndxlkmrbl, UL? Lsshabltbhk ehr Qupdrvbsbhk lkmAurrbaunui Mdvdnhpidkt.

Srlatbad lkm Vdpdtbtbhk

Iuntbpnd lkm vlrbdm prlatbads lkm rdpdtbtbhks lrd kdadsslry kht hkny th ihvd kdw ndlrkbkj bkth

nhkj-tdri idihry ehr laadss, rdalnn, lkm lppnbaltbhk, fut lnsh th mdvdnhp enudkay, luthiltbabtyilstdry, lkm/hr prhebabdkay bk ilt`diltbas. Edw bkstruatbhkln iltdrblns bkanumd dkhuj` prlatbaddvdk ehr jdkdrln dmualtbhk stumdkts, iua` ndss ehr t`hsd w`h `lvd ndlrkbkj mbeebauntbds hrmbslfbnbtbds. Srlatbad iust lnsh fd vlrbdm lkm dkjljbkj, hr stumdkts nhsd bktdrdst lkm ihtbvltbhkKdwSlt` iltdrblns bkanumd ls iua` rdpdtbtbhk/prlatbad ls lky stumdkt whunm rdqubrd, lkm t`drdbs jrdlt vlrbdty lihkj t`d latbvbtbds.

Glkmdn (6335) dxpnlbks t`d mbeedrdkad fdtwddk dxpnbabt idihry lkm bipnbabt idihry, fht` dxtrdidnybiphrtlkt bk ilstdrbkj ilt`diltbas. Dxpnbabt idihry, `d slys, „bs t`d ahksabhus rdalnn he pdhpndpnlads, hfodats, elats, lkm dvdkts.’ Dxpnbabt idihry bs jdkdrlnny t`d idihry rdqubrdm ehr ahkadpmdvdnhpidkt bk ilt`diltbas. Glkmdn eurt`dr dxpnlbks t`lt „bipnbabt idihry hetdk `ls lkluthiltba qulnbty. Bt bs rdalnndm mbrdatny t`rhuj` pdrehrilkad, wbt`hut lky ahksabhus deehrt hr

dvdk lwlrdkdss t`lt wd lrd mrlwbkj hk idihry.’ Bipnbabt idihry, t`dk, bk ilt`diltbas bs t`dmdvdnhpidkt he elat enudkay. Glkmdn jhds hk th dxpnlbk? „Ahkstlkt rdpdtbtbhk alk trlksehri dxpnbabidihry bkth bipnbabt idihry.’

Qtumdkts mh kht ilstdr ilt`diltbas t`rhuj` t`d mdvdnhpidkt he dxpnbabt idihry he ahkadptslnhkd, khr t`rhuj` t`d mdvdnhpidkt he bipnbabt idihry he elats lkm lnjhrbtìs lnhkd. ]`dahifbkltbhk he t`d twh, wbt` hkd dssdktbln th t`d mdvdnhpidkt he t`d ht`dr, bs l ilohr jhln hmdvdnhpbkj ilt`diltbaln ukmdrstlkmbkj.

\udstbhks lrbsd lfhut `hw ilky rdpdtbtbhks hr dxphsurds lrd rdqubrdm fdehrd l stumdkt alk dxpnlbkl ilt`diltbaln ahkadpt hr luthiltbalnny rdalnn (wbt` spddm lkm laaurlay) l sdt he ilt`diltbalelats. Vdsdlra` bkmbaltds t`lt ilky he us alk „hwk’ l whrm hr ahkadpt bk lpprhxbiltdny <4

dxphsurds. Qtumdkts wbt` ndlrkbkj mbeebauntbds hr mbslfbnbtbds, `hwdvdr, rdqubrd ilky ihrdshidtbids hkd ùkmrdm hr ihrd!


Srhvbmbkj t`hsd vlrbdm, iuntbpnd, lkm dkjljbkj rdpdtbtbhks lkm hpphrtukbtbds ehr prlatbadbs l ilohr strdkjt` he KdwSlt`. ]`d usd he KdwSlt` iltdrblns erdds tdla`drs erhi t`d

tdmbui he ahkstruatbkj t`hsd ùkmrdms he dxphsurds hk dvdry thpba, lkm t`d bkahrphrltbhk htda`khnhjy dklfnds t`di th trlag stumdkt prhjrdss hk t`d iuntbpnd latbvbtbds wbt` nbttnd deehrt, ljlbkslvbkj ùkmrdms he `hurs.



=5

]`drd lrd ahuktndss wlys bk w`ba` l stumdkt alk fd dxphsdm th l ilt`diltbaln ahkadpt hr elat bkt`d ebvd KdwSlt` prhmuats. Dvdry sbkjnd qudstbhk hr prhfndi bs lnbjkdm fy thpba lkm lnsh th t`d stltdaurrbaunui stlkmlrms. Ehr dxlipnd, bk jrlmds <-6 ilt`diltbas, l stumdkt bs dxphsdm th ahkadptssua` ls w`hnd kuifdrs, pnlad vlnud, erlatbhks, tbid, alndkmlrs, ihkdy, hrmbkln kuifdrs, s`lpds,lkm syiidtry. ]`dy lnsh ndlrk ahuktbkj lkm lmmbtbhk lkm suftrlatbhk lnjhrbt`is lkm elats.

Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlids. Lnn t`d jrlmds <-6 thpbas lrd lmmrdssdm, ehr dxlipnd, bk t`dAurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlids. Dla` thpba bkanumds 64 qudstbhks. Ls l a bnm pnlys t`d jlid, `dkht hkny bs „dxphsdm’ th t`d qudstbhks `d `ls th lkswdr th plrtbabpltd bk t`d jlid, fut `d lnsh

bs dxphsdm th lnn t`d qudstbhks, sbkad stumdkts rdlm t`d qudstbhks lkm lkswdr t`di hrlnny. Be t`d anlss bs whrgbkj, t`dk, hk t`d ahkadpt he „pnlad vlnud,’ ehr dxlipnd, t`dk pnlybkj t`d jliddklfnds dla` stumdkt th `lvd 64 phssbfnd dxphsurds th t`lt a`lnndkjbkj ahkadpt.

Enbp A`lrts. ]`d tdk thpbas ahvdrdm bk t`d Enbp A`lrts lnsh bkanumd „pnlad vlnud’ ls hkd he tdkthpbas. ]`d stumdkt dxphsdm th t`bs rdshurad, t`drdehrd, sdds lkm `dlrs l rdvbdw he „pnladvlnud’ wbt` iuntbpnd dxlipnds, bkanumbkj sbiunltdm ilkbpunltbvds, iuntbpnd prhfndis th shnvd,whrms rdnltdm th t`d ahkadpt th mdebkd lkm bnnustrltd, lkm t`dk l whrgs`ddt. Lkht`dr <4 hr shdxphsurds whunm fd phssbfnd bk usbkj t`d Enbp A`lrts. Qpdabln thpba Enbp A`lrts lrd lnshlvlbnlfnd ehr Ilt` Elats, Jrlmds 6-4.

Ubsuln Ndlrkbkj Jubmds. ]`d Ubsuln Ndlrkbkj Jubmd ehr jrlmd 6 lnsh bkanumds „pnlad vlnud’ ls

l dxlipnd he l tlrjdtdm ahkadpt. Ljlbk, t`d stumdkt ily phssbfny fd dxphsdm th t`lt ahkadpt,wbt` dxdrabsds, lkht`dr tdk hr ihrd tbids. Quppndidktln Ubsuln Ndlrkbkj Jubmds ehr lmmbtbhklnrdbkehradidkt he tlrjdtdm gkhwndmjd lkm sgbnns lrd lvlbnlfnd bk Ilt` Elats, Jrlmds 6-4.

Bktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI. ]`bs rdshurad bkanumds t`d 64 qudstbhks lfhut „pnladvlnud’ t`lt t`d stumdkt ily `lvd dkahuktdrdm bk t`d Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlid lkm bk t`dEnbp A`lrts lkm Ubsuln Ndlrkbkj Jubmds. ]`d tdla`dr ily vlry t`d latbvbtbds bk w`ba` t`dy lrd usdm.

Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj. „Snlad vlnud’ qudstbhks, enls` alrms, latbvbtbds, whrgs`ddts, jlids, lkmqubzzds lmm ls ilky ht`dr prlatbad/rdpdtbtbhk dxphsurds ls lrd kddmdm ehr lky stumdkt thla`bdvd ilstdry. Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj bkanumds lnn t`d prbkt iltdrblns, pnus lmmbtbhkln rdshuradslkm thhns ehr tdla`drs, stumdkts, lkm plrdkts.

Zbt` t`d mbjbtln rdshurads (Bktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI lkm Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj), t`dtdla`dr `ls laadss th lnn jrlmd ndvdns lvlbnlfnd bk t`d dvdkt l stumdkt hr l jrhup he stumdktskddms prlatbad/rdpdtbtbhk he ahkadpts lkm/hr sgbnns tluj`t bk dlrnbdr jrlmd ndvdns hr be lstumdkt pdrehribkj lt `bj` ndvdns kddms th fd lfnd th ihvd ehrwlrm.

Dvdry tdla`dr kddms t`d w`hnd fukmnd he KdwSlt`iltdrblns th iddt lnn t`d bkmbvbmuln kddms he t`dmbvdrsd stumdkts bk `dr anlss. Q`d ily lnsh kddmihrd t lk hkd jrlmd ndvdn he iltdrblns. Ihststumdkts wbnn kht kddm dvdry phssbfnd prlatbadlatbvbty hr rdpdtbtbhk t`lt bs phssbfnd. ]`d tdla`dr

wbnn wlkt th usd shid he t`d iltdrblns ehr shidthpbas, pdr`lps, lkm ht`drs ehr ht`dr thpbas. Q`dwbnn, `hwdvdr, kddm t`di lnn ehr t`d stumdkts w`hlrd dahkhibalnny mbslmvlktljdm, w`h lrd kht ydtprhebabdkt bk Dkjnbs`, lkm/hr w`h `lvd ndlrkbkjmbslfbnbtbds. @lvbkj t`di lnn dklfnds `dr th `lvdt`d iuntbpnd lkm vlrbdm latbvbtbds t`lt lrd kddmdm thsustlbk ihtbvltbhk, ls wdnn ls ehr w`lt bs kdadsslry ehr ilstdry.



=:

@lvbkj t`di lnn lnsh dklfnds dr th lvd hkd systdi he iltdrblns th usd bk t`d anlssrhhi, ehr silnnjrhups, ehr bktdrvdktbhks, ehr tuthrs th usd, ehr plrdkts th usd lt `hid wbt` t`dbr a`bnmrdk, lkm ehrdxtdkmdm ndlrkbkj tbid. Hkd he t`d t`bkjs wd gkhw bs t`lt w`dk tdla`drs `lvd thh ilky mbeedrdktsdts he iltdrblns th ndlrk, bipndidktltbhk wbt` ebmdnbty rlrdny haaurs. ]dla`drs mh kht `lvd t`d tbidth ndlrk iuntbpnd prhjrlis lkm th usd iuntbpnd lssdssidkt lkm trlagbkj prhjrlis.

Ehr ihrd bkehriltbhk hk prlatbad/rdpdtbtbhk, KdwSlt` rdahiidkms t`d ehnnhwbkj?

Ahtthk, G. (6333). ]`d sa`hhnbkj prlatbads t`lt ilttdr ihst . Lndxlkmrbl, UL? Lsshabltbhk ehrQupdrvbsbhk lkm Aurrbaunui Mdvdnhpidkt. (Qdd pp. 64-65.)

Glkmdn, D. V. (6335). Bk sdlra` he idihry? ]`d didrjdkad he l kdw sabdkad he ibkm . Kdw RhrgAbty, KR? Z. Z. Khrthk lkm Ahiplky.

Ilrzlkh, V. O., Khrehrm, O. Q., Slyktdr, M. D., Sbagdrbkj, M. O., Jlmmy, F. F. (633<).L `lkmfhhg ehr anlssrhhi bkstruatbhk t`lt whrgs . Lndxlkmrbl, UL? Lsshabltbhk ehr Qupdrvbsbhklkm Aurrbaunui Mdvdnhpidkt. (Qdd Ihmund <3, pp. <13-<=6, bkanumbkj rufrbas ehr sgbnns lkmprhadssds, pnlkkbkj thhns, dta.)

Ilrzlkh, V. O., Sbagdrbkj, M. O. & Shnnhag, O. D. (633<). Anlssrhhi bkstruatbhk t`lt whrgs? Vdsdlra`-flsdm strltdjbds ehr bkardlsbkj stumdkt la`bdvdidkt . Lndxlkmrbl, UL? Lsshabltbhk ehr

Qupdrvbsbhk lkm Aurrbaunui Mdvdnhpidkt.Kltbhkln Vdsdlra` Ahukabn (<222). @hw pdhpnd ndlrk? Frlbk, ibkm, dxpdrbdkad, lkm sa`hhn .Zls`bkjthk, MA? Kltbhkln Lalmdiy Srdss.

Kltbhkln Vdsdlra` Ahukabn (633<). Lmmbkj bt up? @dnpbkj a`bnmrdk ndlrk ilt`diltbas . O. Gbnpltrbag, O. Qwleehrm, & F. Ebkmdnn (Dms.). Ilt`diltbas Ndlrkbkj Qtumy Ahiibttdd.Adktdr ehr Dmualtbhk. Mbvbsbhk he Fd`lvbhrln lkm Qhabln Qabdkads lkm Dmualtbhk.Zls`bkjthk, MA? Kltbhkln Lalmdiy Srdss. (Qdd sdatbhks hk „prhadmurln enudkay.’)

Sls`ndr, @., Flbk, S., Fhttjd, F., Jrldssdr, L., Ghdmbkjdr, G., IaMlkbdn, I. & Idtalned, O. (633:). Hrjlkbzbkj bkstruatbhk lkm stumy th biprhvd stumdkt ndlrkbkj (KADV 633:-633=).Zls`bkjthk, MA? Kltbhkln Adktdr ehr Dmualtbhk Vdsdlra`, Bkstbtutd he Dmualtbhk Qabdkads,

T. Q. Mdplrtidkt he Dmualtbhk. (Qdd Vdahiidkmltbhk <, pp. 14-15.)

Qprdkjdr, I. (<222). Ndlrkbkj lkm idihry? ]`d frlbk bk latbhk . Lndxlkmrbl, UL? Lsshabltbhkehr Qupdrvbsbhk lkm Aurrbaunui Mdvdnhpidkt.

]bndsthk, M. Z. (6333). <3 fdst tdla`bkj prlatbads . ]`huslkm Hlgs, AL? Ahrwbk Srdss.(Qdd A`lptdr =.)



=0

Ahrrdatbvd Eddmflag

Srlatbad ilgds pdredat”BE t`d prlatbad bs pdredat. Qtumdkts w`h rdpdltdmny prlatbad t`d wrhkjmdebkbtbhk he t`d ahkadpt he iuntbpnbaltbhk hr t`d wrhkj lkswdr th : x 0 wbnn lvd l vdry mbeebaunt tbidbk ukndlrkbkj lkm t`dk rdndlrkbkj t`d ahkadpt lkm iuntbpnbaltbhk elat. Laahrmbkj th Ilrzlkh,Khrehrm, Slyktdr, Sbagdrbkj, lkm Jlmmy (633<), „prhvbmbkj eddmflag bs t`d ihst biphrtlkt t`bkj t`ltl anlssrhhi tdla`dr alk mh th dk`lkad stumdkt la`bdvdidkt.’ @lttbd (6332) mrlws l sbibnlrahkanusbhk? „eddmflag bs lihkj t`d ihst phwdreun bkenudkads hk la`bdvdidkt. Ihst prhjrlis lkmidt`hms t`lt whrgdm fdst wdrd flsdm hk `dlvy mhnnhps he eddmflag.’


Biidmbltd ahrrdatbvd eddmflag bs fubnt bkth dla` he KdwSlt`‒s prhmuats.

• Qtumdkts rdadbvd biidmbltd eddmflag w`dk t`dy lkswdr qudstbhks bk t`dAurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlids. ]`d flag he dla` qudstbhk alrm prhvbmds t`d ahrrdat lkswdr.Be t`d stumdkt lkswdrdm ahrrdatny, `d/s`d sdne-ahkjrltunltds lkm rdadbvds t`d a`ddrs he `bs/`dr pddrs. Be t`d lkswdr wls bkahrrdat, sddbkj t`d ahrrdat lkswdr biidmbltdny prhvbmdsbiidmbltd ahrrdatbvd eddmflag.

• Qtumdkts ls bkmbvbmulns hr bk silnn jrhups rdadbvd biidmbltd ahrrdatbvd eddmflag erhi t`dtdla`dr ls t`dy rdsphkm th t`d qudstbhks lkm prhfndis hk t`d Enbp A`lrts. Be t`d fnlag-nbkdahpy-ilstdrs lrd usdm ehr eurt`dr prlatbad, t`dk t`d tdla`dr prhvbmds eddmflag w`dk s`da`dags t`d whrg lkm rdturks bt th t`d stumdkt.

• Bkmbvbmuln stumdkts wbnn rdadbvd biidmbltd ahrrdatbvd eddmflag be usbkj t`d Ubsuln NdlrkbkjJubmd wbt` l tdla`dr, pddr, tuthr, hr plrdkt. Be whrgbkj bkmdpdkmdktny, t`d stumdkt wbnnrdadbvd eddmflag w`dk t`d latbvbtbds lrd ahipndtdm lkm a`dagdm ehr laaurlay.

• Qtumdkts usbkj t`d Bktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI wbnn rdadbvd biidmbltd ahrrdatbvdeddmflag erhi t`d ahiputdr ls t`dy whrg t`rhuj` latbvbtbds. Bk lmmbtbhk, l prbkthutprhvbmds t`d stumdkt lkm tdla`dr wbt` tbid hk tlsg, kuifdr he lttdipts, pdradkt lkswdrdmahrrdatny, lkm kuifdr he qudstbhks rdilbkbkj.

• Lnn he t`d latbvbtbds lvlbnlfnd hk Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj prhvbmd biidmbltd ahrrdatbvd eddmflag ls

t`d stumdkt whrgs t`rhuj` t`di. Bk lmmbtbhk, t`d hknbkd anlssrhhi ilkljdr prhvbmds lprbkthut wbt` eurt`dr bkehriltbhk.

Ehr ihrd bkehriltbhk hk ahrrdatbvd eddmflag, KdwSlt` rdahiidkms t`d ehnnhwbkj?

Frhhg`lrt, Q. I. (6330). @hw th jbvd deedatbvd eddmflag th yhur stumdkts . Lndxlkmrbl, UL?Lsshabltbhk ehr Qupdrvbsbhk lkm Aurrbaunui Mdvdnhpidkt.

Ahtthk, G. (6333). ]`d sa`hhnbkj prlatbads t`lt ilttdr ihst . Lndxlkmrbl, UL? Lsshabltbhk ehrQupdrvbsbhk lkm Aurrbaunui Mdvdnhpidkt. (Qdd 6=-64.)

@lttbd, O. (6332). Ubsbfnd ndlrkbkj? L sykt`dsbs he hvdr 033 idtl-lklnysds rdnltbkj th la`bdvdidkt . Kdw Rhrg Abty, KR? Vhutndmjd. (Qdd pp. <:1-<:0)

Ilrzlkh, V. O., Khrehrm, O. Q., Slyktdr, M. D., Sbagdrbkj, M. O., Jlmmy, F. F. (633<).L `lkmfhhg ehr anlssrhhi bkstruatbhk t`lt whrgs. Lndxlkmrbl, UL? Lsshabltbhk ehr Qupdrvbsbhklkm Aurrbaunui Mdvdnhpidkt. (Qdd Ihmund <=, pp. <04-<25, bkanumbkj rdahiidkmltbhks ehranlssrhhi prlatbad, slipnd rufrbas, sdne-lssdssidkt jubmdnbkds, pnlkkbkj thhns, dta.)

Ilrzlkh, V. O., Sbagdrbkj, M. O., & Shnnhag, O. D. (633<). Anlssrhhi bkstruatbhk t`lt whrgs? Vdsdlra`-flsdm strltdjbds ehr bkardlsbkj stumdkt la`bdvdidkt . Lndxlkmrbl, UL? Lsshabltbhk ehrQupdrvbsbhk lkm Aurrbaunui Mdvdnhpidkt.



43

Vdlmbkj, Zrbtbkj, lkm Ahiiukbaltbkj Ilt`diltbas

KA]I ls bkanumdm bk bts stlkmlrms ehr tdla`bkj ilt`diltbas t`d biphrtlkad he stumdkts ndlrkbkjth ahiiukbaltd t`dbr ilt`diltbas ndlrkbkj”lkm bt `ls rdahjkbzdm t`lt rdlmbkj lkm wrbtbkjstrltdjbds alk `dnp stumdkts ndlrk ilt`diltbas. ]`d Ahiiukbaltbhk Qtlkmlrm lkm bkmbalthrs ehrjrlmds prdgbkmdrjlrtdk t`rhuj` jrlmd <6 lrd ls ehnnhws?

Bkstruatbhkln prhjrlis erhi prdgbkmdrjlrtdk t`rhuj` jrlmd <6 s`hunm dklfnd lnn stumdkts th

• Hrjlkbzd lkm ahkshnbmltd t`dbr ilt`diltbaln t`bkgbkj t`huj` ahiiukbaltbhk.

• Ahiiukbaltd t`dbr ilt`diltbaln t`bkgbkj ah`drdktny lkm andlrny th pddrs.

• Lklnyzd lkm dvlnultd t`d ilt`diltbaln t`bkgbkj lkm strltdjbds he ht`drs.

• Tsd t`d nlkjuljd he ilt`diltbas th dxprdss ilt`diltbaln bmdls prdabsdny.


Hkd he t`d strdkjt`s he KdwSlt` iltdrblns bs t`d dip`lsbs hk mdvdnhpidkt he LalmdibaDkjnbs`, biphrtlkt kht hkny th Dkjnbs` Nlkjuljd Ndlrkdrs (DNNs), fut lnsh th stumdkts

w`h lrd dahkhibalnny mbslmvlktljdm lkm stumdkts wbt` ndlrkbkj mbslfbnbtbds. Ilrzlkh (<220) khtds,flsdm hk sahrds he sabdktbeba stumbds, t`lt „Lt l prlatbaln ndvdn, bt bs elbrny hfvbhus t`lt stumdkts iust

ukmdrstlkm l adrtlbk lihukt he t`d flsba vhalfunlry bk l sufodat lrdl fdehrd t`dy alk ukmdrstlkmelats, jdkdrlnbzltbhks, lkm ahkadpts wbt`bk l ahktdkt lrdl’ (p. 62).

Qhid he t`d wlys bk w`ba` KdwSlt` usds Dkjnbs` nlkjuljd lrts strltdjbds bk bts latbvbtbds ehnnhw?

• KdwSlt` bs ahksbstdkt bk bts usd he ilt`diltbaln tdris larhss lnn bts prhmuats.

• ]`d iltdrblns rdendat t`d tdris ihst ahksbstdktny usdm bk ilt`diltbas stlkmlrms sh t`ltstumdkts lrd kht ahkeusdm.

• Ilky he t`d qudstbhks usdm bk t`d Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlids, t`d Bktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrmAM-VHIs, lkm Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj lrd lsgbkj stumdkts dbt`dr th mdebkd l whrm hr p`rlsd hr thrdendat lk ukmdrstlkmbkj he l mdebkbtbhk bk t`dbr rdsphksds.

• Ahkadpt mdvdnhpidkt, rdvbdw, rd-tdla`bkj, lkm prlatbad latbvbtbds bk t`d Enbp A`lrts

bktrhmuad, rdbkehrad, lkm prhvbmd lmmbtbhkln dxphsurds th arbtbaln ilt`diltbaln vhalfunlry hr ahkadpts.

• ]`d Ubsuln Ndlrkbkj Jubmds lnn bkanumd l pljd w`drd stumdkts lrd lsgdm th wrbtdmdebkbtbhks he gdy whrms hr tdris lkm th mrlw bnnustrltbhks he t`di.

• ]`d vlrbdty he prlatbad/rdpdtbtbhk latbvbtbds bk KdwSlt` iltdrblns dklfnds stumdkts thilstdr arbtbaln ilt`diltbas vhalfunlry.

• ]dla`drs ily rdqubrd stumdkts th lkswdr t`d qudstbhks phsdm bk t`d Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlids bk ahipndtd sdktdkads th rdbkehrad t`dbr ahiiukbaltbhk he ilt`diltbas lkm th `dnpt`di th ukmdrstlkm lkm rdidifdr.

• ]dla`drs ily haalsbhklnny rdqubrd stumdkts th wrbtd lfhut t`d strltdjbds t`dy `lvd usdm bk

shnvbkj l ilt`diltbas prhfndi.• Qtumdkts alk fd lsgdm th wrbtd d-ilbns th t`dbr plrdkts dxpnlbkbkj w`lt t`dy lrd ndlrkbkj.

• Bkmbvbmuln stumdkts alk fd lssbjkdm th wrbtd l ndsshk suiilry ehr l stumdkt w`h wlslfsdkt.

• Qtumdkts alk fd lsgdm th gddp ilt`diltbas ndlrkbkj nhjs (ohurklns hr fnhjs) ls pnlads ehrt`di th rdendat hk t`dbr ndlrkbkj, th mrlw bnnustrltbhks, th hrjlkbzd, lkm th gddp trlag he t`dbr hwk prhjrdss, ls wdnn ls th t`bkg mddpny lfhut t`d ahkadpts t`lt t`dy lrd ndlrkbkj.



4<

Lmmbtbhklnny, bk jrlmds <-6, t`d KdwSlt` iltdrblns bkanumd latbvbtbds rdnltbkj th t`d jrlp`baln mbspnlyhe bkehriltbhk?

• ]hpba 61 bk Jrlmd 6 Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlid

• ]hpba 0 bk t`d Jrlmd 6 Enbp A`lrts lkm Ubsuln Ndlrkbkj Jubmds

• ]`dsd qudstbhks lkm iltdrblns lrd bkanumdm bk fht` t`d Bktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHIlkm Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj

Ehr ihrd bkehriltbhk hk rdlmbkj, wrbtbkj, lkm ahiiukbaltbkj ilt`diltbas, KdwSlt`rdahiidkms t`d ehnnhwbkj?

Lbkswhrt`, N. (63<3). Vbjhrhus aurrbaunui mdsbjk? @hw th ardltd aurrbaunlr ukbts he stumy t`lt lnbjk stlkmlrms, bkstruatbhk, lkm lssdssidkt . Dkjndwhhm, AH? Ndlm+Ndlrk Srdss.

Flrthk, I. N. & @dbmdil, A. (6336). ]dla`bkj rdlmbkj bk ilt`diltbas (6km dm.) . Lurhrl, AH?IaVDN.

Gdkkdy, O. I., @lkadwbaz, D., @dudr, N., Idtsbsth, M., & ]uttnd, A. (6334). Nbtdrlay strltdjbds ehr biprhvbkj ilt`diltbas bkstruatbhk . Lndxlkmrbl, UL? Lsshabltbhk ehr Qupdrvbsbhk lkmAurrbaunui Mdvdnhpidkt.

KA]I Srbkabpnds, Qtlkmlrms lkm Ehaln Shbkts alk fd laadssdm lt `ttp?//www.kati.hrj/stlkmlrms.

Sujlndd, M. G. (6334). Zrbtbkj th mdvdnhp ilt`diltbaln ukmdrstlkmbkj . Khrwhhm, IL?A`rbsthp`dr-Jhrmhk Sufnbs`drs, Bka.

Ilrzlkh, V. O. (633=). Fubnmbkj flagjrhukm gkhwndmjd ehr lalmdiba la`bdvdidkt .Lndxlkmrbl, UL? Lsshabltbhk ehr Qupdrvbsbhk lkm Aurrbaunui Mdvdnhpidkt.

Ilrzlkh, V. O. & Sbagdrbkj, M. O. 6334). Fubnmbkj lalmdiba vhalfunlry? ]dla`dr‒s ilkuln .Lndxlkmrbl, UL? Lsshabltbhk ehr Qupdrvbsbhk lkm Aurrbaunui Mdvdnhpidkt.

Bkmbvbmulnbzdm Ndlrkbkj

Jbvdk t`d mbvdrsbty bk thmly‒s anlssrhhis, lkm bt ahktbkuds th jrhw, tdla`drs iust ebkm wlys th mhihrd lkm ihrd mbeedrdktbltbhk/bkmbvbmulnbzltbhk/ pdrshklnbzltbhk/austhibzltbhk bk mdnbvdrbkj t`daurrbaunui. Vhsd lkm Idydr stltd t`lt „Tkbvdrsln Mdsbjk ehr Ndlrkbkj prhvbmds l erlidwhrg ehrbkmbvbmulnbzbkj ndlrkbkj bk l stlkmlrms-flsdm dkvbrhkidkt t`rhuj` endxbfnd pdmljhjy lkm thhns. Ba`lnndkjds tdla`drs th bkahrphrltd endxbfbnbty bkth bkstruatbhkln idt`hms lkm iltdrblns ls l wly thlaahiihmltd dvdry stumdkt bk t`d anlssrhhi’ (p. 01). ]`d jhln bs ehr dla` stumdkt th fd tluj`t bk`bs hr `dr „zhkd he prhxbiln mdvdnhpidkt’ (Mbxhk-Grluss, <225, p. <=).


]`d jhhm kdws bs t`lt tda`khnhjy ilgds bkmbvbmulnbzltbhk ihrd lkm ihrd phssbfnd. Ehrdxlipnd, letdr l ahkadpt bs bkbtblnny tluj`t fy t`d tdla`dr, lnn t`d kdadsslry

rdbkehradidkt, rdvbdw, rdpdtbtbhk, lkm prlatbad alk fd thtlnny bkmbvbmulnbzdm. Lky jbvdk stumdktalk fd lssbjkdm lpprhprbltd whrgs`ddts, enls` alrms, latbvbtbds, jlids, lkm qubzzds erhi HknbkdNdlrkbkj th prhvbmd lmdqultd lkm vlrbdm prlatbad uktbn ilstdry bs lttlbkdm. L pddr, tuthrbktdrvdktbhk tdla`dr, plrdkt, hr t`d anlssrhhi tdla`dr alk lssbst ls kddmdm.

Z`dk sdvdrln stumdkts `lvd t`d slid kddms hr shid he t`d slid kddms, silnn jrhups alk fdlssdifndm, lkm t`d tdla`dr alk usd t`d Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlids, Enbp A`lrts, Ubsuln NdlrkbkjJubmds, LKM t`d tda`khnhjbaln rdshurads (Bktdrlatbhk Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI lkm Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj)th mdsbjk bkmbvbmuln/silnn jrhup ndlrkbkj pnlks.



46

]dla`drs wbnn lnsh wlkt th ahksunt KdwSlt`‒s dxadnndkt plpdr fy Nykk Jltth (6332), Adktdrbkj t`d Anlssrhhi? Quaadsseun Tsd he Ndlrkbkj Adktdrs bk t`d Anlssrhhi . ]`bs rdshurad bkanumds mhzdks he rdsdlra`-flsdm rdahiidkmltbhks ehr prlatbad, bkanumbkj usbkj adktdrs ls lkht`dr wly thmbeedrdktbltd/austhibzd/pdrshklnbzd hr bkmbvbmulnbzd bkstruatbhk bk idlkbkjeun wlys.

Ehr ihrd bkehriltbhk hk bkmbvbmulnbzltbhk, KdwSlt` rdahiidkms t`d ehnnhwbkj?

Mbxhk-Grluss, N. (<225). Uyjhtsgy bk t`d anlssrhhi . Z`btd Snlbks, KR? Nhkjilk Sufnbs`drs.


Mhwgdr, L. (633=). Z`lt whrgs ehr a`bnmrdk wbt` ilt`diltbaln mbeebauntbds8 Vdsdlra` VdphrtVV44=. Mdplrtidkt ehr Dmualtbhk lkm Qgbnns. Tkbvdrsbty he Hxehrm.

]hinbkshk, A. L. (633<). @hw th mbeedrdktbltd bkstruatbhk bk ibxdm-lfbnbty anlssrhhis (6km dm.) .Lndxlkmrbl, UL? Lsshabltbhk ehr Qupdrvbsbhk lkm Aurrbaunui Mdvdnhpidkt.

Ahhpdrltbvd Ndlrkbkj

Hkd he t`d strltdjbds t`lt bs ihtbvltbhkln ehr stumdkts bs ahhpdrltbvd ndlrkbkj. ]`drd bs lnihst

ukbvdrsln ljrddidkt, slys @lttbd (6332), t`lt ahhpdrltbvd ndlrkbkj bs deedatbvd, dspdablnny w`dkahiplrdm th ahipdtbtbvd lkm bkmbvbmulnbstba ndlrkbkj (p. 6<6). Lihkj t`d rdlshks ehr btsdeedatbvdkdss lrd t`d prhihtbhk he la`bdvdidkt, phsbtbvd bktdrpdrshkln rdnltbhks`bps, shabln supphrt,lkm sdne-dstddi (p. 6<1).


]dla`drs w`h wbs` th bkahrphrltd ahhpdrltbvd ndlrkbkj strltdjbds bk t`dbr usd he t`dKdwSlt` iltdrblns wbnn ebkm t`di vdry ahipltbfnd.

• Qtumdkts pnlybkj t`d Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlidsusd ahhpdrltbvd ndlrkbkj bk whrgbkj t`rhuj` t`djlid. ]`dy iust ahhpdrltd, tlgd turks, anlrbey t`d runds, gddp trlag he prhjrdss, fdrdspdateun he ht`drs bk t`d jrhup, rdbkehraddla` ht`dr, lkm dvdk tuthr dla` ht`dr. ]`dy lnsh iust fd ahhpdrltbvd bk gddpbkj t`d jlidfhx hrjlkbzdm lkm bk sthrbkj bt letdr usd.

• Tsd he ahhpdrltbvd ndlrkbkj strltdjbds alk lnshelabnbtltd t`d usd he t`d Enbp A`lrts lkm rdnltdm latbvbtbds,dspdablnny be t`dy lrd usdm wbt` silnn jrhups.

• ]`d Ubsuln Ndlrkbkj Jubmds ily fd usdm bkmbvbmulnny hr bk, pdr`lps, plbrs, ehr lahhpdrltbvd ndlrkbkj latbvbty. A`bnmrdk alk whrg ahnnlfhrltbvdny th mbsauss t`d kdadsslry strltdjbds lkm stdps th shnvd t`d prhfndi lkm t`dk th shnvd t`d prhfndis. ]`dy alk lnshtuthr lkm qubz dla` ht`dr.

• A`bnmrdk ily lnsh whrg bk plbrs hr bk vdry silnn jrhups bk t`dbr usd he t`d latbvbtbdsbkanumdm bk t`d Bktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI.

• A`bnmrdk ily fd lnnhwdm th whrg bk plbrs hr bk vdry silnn jrhups bk t`dbr dkjljdidkt he t`d latbvbtbds bk Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj.

• Ahhpdrltbvd ndlrkbkj tdlis ahunm fd lsgdm th mdsbjk l jlid hr ht`dr ndlrkbkj latbvbtbds th`dnp stumdkts ndlrk l ahkadpt, usbkj t`d iltdrblns lvlbnlfnd bk Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj hr bk t`dBktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI.



41

Ehr ihrd bkehriltbhk hk ahhpdrltbvd ndlrkbkj, KdwSlt` rdahiidkms t`d ehnnhwbkj?

Ahtthk, G. (6333). ]`d sa`hhnbkj prlatbads t`lt ilttdr ihst . Lndxlkmrbl, UL? Lsshabltbhk ehrQupdrvbsbhk lkm Aurrbaunui Mdvdnhpidkt. (Qdd pp. <1-<:.)

Jnlssdr, Z. (<223). ]`d qulnbty sa`hhn? Ilkljbkj stumdkts wbt`hut ahdrabhk . Kdw Rhrg Abty,KR? @lrpdr lkm Vhw.

@lttbd, O. (6332). Ubsbfnd ndlrkbkj? L sykt`dsbs he hvdr 033 idtl-lklnysds rdnltbkj th la`bdvdidkt . Kdw Rhrg Abty, KR? Vhutndmjd. (Qdd pp. 6<6-6<=.)

Ilrzlkh, V. O. (633:). ]`d lrt lkm sabdkad he tdla`bkj? L ahiprd`dksbvd erlidwhrg ehr deedatbvd tdla`bkj . Lndxlkmrbl, UL? Lsshabltbhk ehr Qupdrvbsbhk lkm Aurrbaunui Mdvdnhpidkt.(Qdd p. 06.)

Ilrzlkh, V. O., Khrehrm, O. Q., Slyktdr, M. D., Sbagdrbkj, M. O., Jlmmy, F. F. (633<).L `lkmfhhg ehr anlssrhhi bkstruatbhk t`lt whrgs . Lndxlkmrbl, UL? Lsshabltbhk ehr Qupdrvbsbhklkm Aurrbaunui Mdvdnhpidkt. (Qdd Ihmund <6, pp. <5<- <:=, bkanumbkj rufrbas, pnlkkbkjtdipnltds, lkm stumdkt sdne-lssdssidkt ehri.)

Vhkbs, M. (633:). Frlbk-ahipltbfnd ilt`diltbas (6km dm.) . ]`huslkm Hlgs, AL? Ahrwbk Srdss(Qdd A`lptdr 6, pp. 04-24, lkm pp. <30-<32.)

Bkstruatbhkln ]da`khnhjy

Tkbvdrsln Mdsbjk ehr Ndlrkbkj (TMN) bs l sdt he prbkabpnds t`lt ls lm lk dkhrihus biplat hk t`dmdsbjk he bkstruatbhkln iltdrblns he lnn gbkms, bkanumbkj bkstruatbhkln tda`khnhjy. Bts purphsd bs thmdsbjk fht` ndsshk prdsdktltbhks lkm bkstruatbhkln iltdrblns endxbfny sh t`lt t`dy laahiihmltd lnt`d mbeedrdkt wlys t`lt stumdkts ndlrk”th ilgd ahktdkt ihrd laadssbfnd. ]`d hrbjbkln ahkadptalid erhi spdabln dmualtbhk, fut dmualthrs bk jdkdrln khw sdd t`d lmvlktljds he sua` iltdrblnswbt` lnn gbkms he stumdkts. ]`d t`rdd prbkabpnds lrd ls ehnnhws?

• Srhvbmd iuntbpnd, endxbfnd idt`hms he prdsdktltbhk t`ltjbvd stumdkts vlrbhus wlys th laqubrd bkehriltbhk.

• Srhvbmd iuntbpnd, endxbfnd idt`hms he dxprdssbhk t`ltheedr stumdkts lntdrkltbvds ehr mdihkstrltbkj w`ltt`dy gkhw.

• Srhvbmd iuntbpnd, endxbfnd hptbhks ehr dkjljdidkt th`dnp stumdkts jdt bktdrdstdm, fd a`lnndkjdm, lkm stly ihtbvltdm. (Vhsd lkm Idydr, 6336)

Qdvdrln rdsdlra`drs (@lttbd, 63327 A`rbstdksdk, @hrk, & Oh`kshk, 63307 Adktdr ehr Shnbay Qtumbdslkm @linbkd Tkbvdrsbty, Edf. 63307 lkm Mdmd, Oukd 63<3) ebkmbkj phsbtbvd deedats ehr t`d usd hetda`khnhjy bk bkstruatbhk lnsh sdd tda`khnhjy ls `lvbkj t`d phtdktbln th trlksehri bkstruatbhk sht`lt bt bs kht hkny ihrd deedatbvd, fut lnsh sh t`lt ndlrkbkj bs dxtdkmdm fdyhkm sa`hhn. Qtumbds

s`hw t`lt tda`khnhjy alk?

• ilgd trud bkmbvbmulnbzltbhk phssbfnd7

• elabnbtltd laadndrltbhk he ndlrkbkj7

• a`lkjd t`d rhnd he tdla`drs th ndlrkbkj ahla`ds7

• ilgd rba` mbljkhstba lssdssidkts laadssbfnd7 lkm

• fd l shurad ehr bkkhvltbhks kddmdm th ardltd 6<st adktury sa`hhns.



4=

Qdvdrln biphrtlkt rdsdlra` stumbds‒ ebkmbkjs lrd biphrtlkt bk ukmdrstlkmbkj t`d phtdktblndeedatbvdkdss he usbkj KdwSlt`‒s Bktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHIs lkm Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj prhmuatswbt` lnn typds he ndlrkdrs?

• L 6333 stumy ehukm sbjkbebalkt jlbks bk la`bdvdidkt larhss t`d aurrbaunui w`dk stumdktserhi prdsa`hhn t`rhuj` `bj` sa`hhn wdrd tluj`t bk l tda`khnhjy-rba` dkvbrhkidkt. (Khrt`Adktrln Vdjbhkln Dmualtbhkln Nlfhrlthry, 6334).

• Tsbkj ahiputdrs th shnvd sbiunltbhks sbjkbebalktny biprhvdm ilt` sahrds. (Khrt` AdktrlnVdjbhkln Dmualtbhkln Nlfhrlthry, 6334).

• Ahiputdr tda`khnhjy bs l phwdreun thhn ehr tdla`bkj nbibtdm-Dkjnbs`-prhebabdkt stumdkts.(Khrt` Adktrln Vdjbhkln Dmualtbhkln Nlfhrlthry, 6334)

• ]dla`drs‒ usd he mltl bk ilgbkj bkstruatbhkln mdabsbhks biprhvds stumdkt ndlrkbkj. ]da`khnhjy pnlys l vbtln rhnd bk dklfnbkj mltl-mrbvdk mdabsbhk-ilgbkj. (Khrt` AdktrlnVdjbhkln Dmualtbhkln Nlfhrlthry, 6334)

• „Fndkmdm bkstruatbhk,’ l ahifbkltbhk he elad-th-elad lkm hknbkd bkstruatbhk prhmuadsjrdltdr ndlrkbkj t`lk elad-th-elad hkny hr hknbkd hkny. (Idlks, ]hylil, Iurp`y, Flgbl, &

Ohkds, 6332)

• Ihrd tbid-hk-tlsg bk hknbkd ahursds prhmuads t`d ihst phsbtbvd hutahids. (Idlks, ]hylil, Iurp`y, Flgbl, & Ohkds, 6332)

• ]dla`drs w`h lrd deedatbvd bk biprhvbkj t`d la`bdvdidkt he mbslmvlktljdm a`bnmrdk tdkm thusd tda`khnhjy th tlrjdt bkstruatbhk ihrd deedatbvdny7 th bkahrphrltd l vlrbdty he strltdjbds7th supphrt tdla`dr-jubmdm bkstruatbhk7 th bkardlsd stumdkt bkvhnvdidkt bk bkstruatbhk7 thelabnbtltd rdidmbltbhk lkm rdbkehradidkt7 th prhihtd lmvlkadm t`bkgbkj strltdjbds7 thbkardlsd laadss th rdshurads7 th ihtbvltd stumdkts7 lkm th iddt t`d kddms he t`d w`hnda`bnm. (Dmiukms, 6330)

Bk 6330, Anlythk A`rbstdksdk, wbt` ahnndljuds Iba`ldn @hrk lkm Aurtbs Oh`kshk, wrhtd lkbiphrtlkt fhhg? Mbsruptbkj Anlss? @hw Mbsruptbvd Bkkhvltbhk Zbnn A`lkjd t`d Zly t`d Zhrnm Ndlrks .@d `ls sufsdqudktny fddk `lbndm ls l vbsbhklry bk t`d wlys bk w`ba` tda`khnhjy ahunm fd usdm thpdrshklnbzd hr austhibzd ndlrkbkj ehr lnn stumdkts. Ilky he t`d kltbhkln dmualtbhk prhedssbhklnhrjlkbzltbhks biidmbltdny lsgdm `bi th gdykhtd t`dbr kdxt lkkuln ahkedrdkad. ]`d ehnnhwbkjplrljrlp` erhi t`lt fhhg prdmbatbkj t`d euturd latulnny mdsarbfdm dxlatny t`d ibssbhk he KdwSlt`,lkm bts iltdrblns lkm shetwlrd wdrd lnrdlmy bk usd bk Lidrbal‒s sa`hhns. Kh hkd kddms th wlbt ehrt`d euturd.

]`d thhns he t`d shetwlrd pnltehri wbnn ilgd bt sh sbipnd th mdvdnhp hknbkd ndlrkbkj prhmuats t`lt stumdkts wbnn fd lfnd th mdvdnhp prhmuats t`lt dnp t`di tdla` dla` ht`dr. Slrdkts wbnn fd lfnd th lssdifnd thhns th tuthr t`dbr a`bnmrdk. Lkm tdla`drs wbnn fd lfnd th ardltd thhns th `dnp t`d mbeedrdkt typds he ndlrkdrs bk t`dbr anlssrhhis. ]`dsd bkstruatbhkln thhns wbnn nhhg ihrd nbgd tuthrbln prhmuats t`lk ahursdwlrd. Fut rlt`dr t`lk fdbkj „pus`dm’ bkth anlssrhhis t`rhuj` l adktrlnbzdm sdndatbhk prhadss, t`dy wbnn fd punndm bkth usd t`rhuj` sdne-mbljkhsbs”fy tdla`drs, plrdkts, lkm stumdkts.


Bt bs biphrtlkt th khtd t`lt KdwSlt` lktbabpltdm t`d rdsdlra` hk t`d deedatbvdkdss he „fndkmbkj’ bkstruatbhk. ]dla`drs alk ardltd ndsshks t`lt fndkm t`dbr hwk prdsdktltbhks,

tdxtfhhg bkehriltbhk, ilkbpunltbvds, KdwSlt`‒s prbkt iltdrblns, lkm KdwSlt`‒s mbjbtln ahiphkdkts.KdwSlt`‒s Bktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI lkm Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj bkanumd kht hkny mbjbtlnrdprhmuatbhks he lnn t`d prbkt iltdrblns, fut lnsh thhns th ardltd lk bkebkbty he ndsshk pnlks,whrgs`ddts, jlids, latbvbtbds, lkm qubzzds ehr bkmbvbmulns, silnn jrhup hr w`hnd-anlss usds. ]`dy lnsh bkanumd thhns ehr rdahrmbkj lkm rdphrtbkj stumdkt prhjrdss, w`ba` alk slvd tdla`drs lkdkhrihus kuifdr he `hurs. Bk lmmbtbhk, t`dy dklfnd t`d tdla`dr th ahiiukbaltd wbt` plrdktslkm ehr plrdkts th laadss t`d ndsshk pnlks, latbvbtbds, lkm rdsunts he t`dbr a`bnm‒s lssdssidkts.



44

Ehr ihrd bkehriltbhk hk bkstruatbhkln tda`khnhjy, KdwSlt` rdahiidkms t`d ehnnhwbkj?

A`rbstdksdk, A. I., @hrk, I. F., & Oh`kshk, A. Z. (6330). Mbsruptbkj anlss? @hw mbsruptbvd bkkhvltbhk wbnn a`lkjd t`d wly t`d whrnm ndlrks . Kdw Rhrg Abty, KR? IaJrlw @bnn.

@lttbd, O. (6332). Ubsbfnd ndlrkbkj? L sykt`dsbs he hvdr 033 idtl-lklnysds rdnltbkj th la`bdvdidkt . Kdw Rhrg Abty, KR? Vhutndmjd. (Qdd pp. 666-664, 66:-662, 612-61<, 61=-615.)

@hrk, I. F. & Qtlgdr, @. (63<<, Olkulry). ]`d rbsd he G-<6 fndkmdm ndlrkbkj . Ihuktlbk Ubdw,AL? Bkkhsbj`t Bkstbtutd.

Idlks, F., ]hylil, R., Iurp`y, V., Flgbl, I., & Ohkds, G. (6332). Dvlnultbhk he dvbmdkad- flsdm prlatbads bk hknbkd ndlrkbkj? L idtl-lklnysbs lkm rdvbdw he hknbkd ndlrkbkj stumbds .Zls`bkjthk, MA? Tkbtdm Qtltds Mdplrtidkt he Dmualtbhk.

Khrt` Adktrln Vdjbhkln Dmualtbhkln Nlfhrlthry (KAVDN) (6334). Arbtbaln bssud? Tsbkj tda`khnhjy th biprhvd stumdkt la`bdvdidkt. Vdtrbdvdm Edfrulry <=, 63<6, erhi`ttp?//kardn.hrj/smrs/lrdls/bssuds/idt`hms/tda`knjy/td033.`ti


Qtumdkt Ihtbvltbhk lkm Jlids

Asbgszdktib`lnyb (<22<), hkd he t`d ehrdihst lut`hrbtbds hk ihtbvltbhk, slys t`lt wd lnn wlkt ihrdhe w`lt `d alnns „enhw,’ hr „t`d hptbiln dxpdrbdkad’ t`lt bs t`d rdsunt he l sdrbds he ahkmbtbhks?

Z`dk pdhpnd rdendat hk `hw bt eddns w`dk t`dbr dxpdrbdkad bs ihst phsbtbvd, t`dy idktbhk lt ndlst hkd, lkm hetdk lnn he t d ehnnhwbkj? Ebrst, t`d dxpdrbdkad usulnny haaurs w`dk wd ahkerhkt tlsgs t`lt wd `lvd l a`lkad he ahipndtbkj. Qdahkm, wd iust fd lfnd th ahkadktrltd hk w`lt wd lrd mhbkj. ]`brm lkm ehurt`, t`d ahkadktrltbhk bs usulnny phssbfnd fdalusd t`d tlsg ukmdrtlgdk `ls andlr jhlns lkm prhvbmds biidmbltd eddmflag. Ebet`, hkd lats wbt` l mddp fut deehrtndss bkvhnvdidkt t`lt rdihvds erhi lwlrdkdss t`d whrrbds lkm erustrltbhks he dvdrymly nbed. Qbxt`,dkohylfnd dxpdrbdkads lnnhw pdhpnd th dxdrabsd l sdksd he ahktrhn hvdr t`dbr latbhks. Qdvdkt`,

ahkadrk ehr t`d sdne mbslppdlrs, ydt plrlmhxbalnny t`d sdksd he sdne didrjds strhkjdr letdr t`d enhw dxpdrbdkad bs hvdr. Ebklnny, t`d sdksd he t`d murltbhk he tbid bs lntdrdm7 `hurs plss fy bk ibkutds, lkm ibkutds alk strdta` hut th sddi nbgd `hurs. ]`d ahifbkltbhk he lnn t`dsd dndidkts alusds l mddp dkohyidkt t`lt bs sh rdwlrmbkj pdhpnd eddn t`lt dxpdkmbkj l jrdlt mdln he dkdrjy bs whrt`w`bnd sbipny th fd lfnd th eddn bt (p. =2).

@d lmms, t`dk, t`lt be sa`hhns wbs` th bkardlsd ndlrkbkj, t`dy kddm th ardltd ihrd enhw-nbgddxpdrbdkads ehr stumdkts.


KdwSlt`‒s jlid-flsdm ndlrkbkj bs hkd he t`d wlys th prhvbmd enhw dxpdrbdkads lt sa`hhn

Jrdmndr (633=) `ls sdvdrln pufnbaltbhks rdnltbkj th t`d rdsdlra` hk usbkj jlids lkmt`dbr rdnltbhks`bps th ndlrkbkj. Q`d khtds t`lt „Dmualtbhkln jlids lkm sbiunltbhks lrd dxpdrbdktbldxdrabsds t`lt trlksphrt ndlrkdrs th lkht`dr whrnm’ w`drd t`dy alk lppny „t`dbr gkhwndmjd, sgbnnslkm strltdjbds.’ ]`d usd he jlids bk ndlrkbkj mltds flag th t`d <533‒s, s`d slys, w`dk wlr jlidswdrd bkvdktdm. ]`d ljrddm-uphk mdebkbtbhk he jlids fy ilky rdsdlra`drs ehnnhws?

„Frbdeny, jlids lrd ahipdtbtbvd dxdrabsds bk w`ba` t`d hfodatbvd bs th wbk lkm pnlydrs iust lppny sufodat ilttdr hr ht`dr rdndvlkt gkhwndmjd bk lk deehrt th lmvlkad bk t`d dxdrabsd lkm wbk.’

„Lalmdiba jlids,’ stltds Jrdmndr, „ily eunebnn lky he ehur purphsds? (l) th prlatbad lkm/hr rdebkdlnrdlmy-laqubrdm gkhwndmjd lkm sgbnns, (f) th bmdktbey jlps lkm wdlgkdssds bk gkhwndmjd hr sgbnns(a) th sdrvd ls l suiiltbhk hr rdvbdw, lkm (m) th mdvdnhp kdw rdnltbhks`bps lihkj ahkadpts lkm



45

prbkabpnds.’ Q`d lmms t`lt jlids ily lnsh fd usdm ls„l rdwlrm ehr stumdkts ehr whrgbkj `lrm hr ls l a`lkjdhe plad bk t`d anlssrhhi.’

@dr rdsdlra` sykt`dsbs lnsh bkanumds mdsbjk arbtdrbl ehrjlids. „Zdnn-mdsbjkdm jlids lrd a`lnndkjbkj lkmbktdrdstbkj ehr t`d pnlydrs w`bnd, lt t`d slid tbid,rdqubrbkj t`d lppnbaltbhk he plrtbaunlr gkhwndmjd hrsgbnns.’ Q`d eurt`dr ahkanumds t lt „Lmvlktljds he

jlids bk t`d anlssrhhi lrd t`lt t`dy alk bkardlsdstumdkt bktdrdst lkm prhvbmd hpphrtukbtbds th lppny ndlrkbkj bk l kdw ahktdxt.’ Jlrrbs, L`ndrs lkm Mrbsgdnn(6336) ahkaur bk t`dbr rdsdlra` sykt`dsbs?

Bk l rdvbdw he rdsdlra` hk dmualtbhkln jlids, Vlkmdn, Ihrrbs, Zdtzdn, lkm Z`btd`bnn (<226)ahkanumdm t`lt jlids lrd ahksbstdktny pdradbvdm ls ihrd bktdrdstbkj t`lk trlmbtbhklnbkstruatbhk. Ehr dxlipnd, Ah`dn (<252) ehukm t`lt 0:% he stumdkts tdstdm rdphrtdm jrdltdrbktdrdst ehr dmualtbhkln jlids t`lk ehr anlssrhhi lpprhla`ds. Sdrey (<2::) ehukm t`lt sdvdkhe dbj`t stumbds t`lt idlsurdm stumdkt bktdrdst rdphrtdm jrdltdr bktdrdst erhi jlid usd t`lkahkvdktbhkln bkstruatbhk.

Bt bs andlr t`lt KdwSlt`‒s jlids dklfnd l „enhw’ dxpdrbdkad?• ]`d Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlids (lkm t`dbr sbiunltbhks bk t`d Bktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-

VHIs lkm Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj) alk fd ahipndtdm bk l rdlshklfnd lihukt he tbid.

• Qtumdkts lrd sueebabdktny dkjljdm th fd lfnd th ahkadktrltd hk w`lt t`dy lrd mhbkj.

• ]`d purphsd he t`d jlid bs th ilstdr t`d stlkmlrms-flsdm ahktdkt, lkm t`lt jhln bs andlr tht`d stumdkts.

• ]`d stumdkt ndlrks biidmbltdny w`dt`dr `d hr s`d `ls laaurltdny rdalnndm t`d kddmdmbkehriltbhk, sh eddmflag bs biidmbltd lkm ahrrdatbvd.

• Slrtbabpltbhk bk t`d jlids bs euk lkm mbeedrdkt erhi ihst ht`dr anlssrhhi latbvbtbds lkmlssdssidkts, sh t`d stumdkt ehrjdts t`d erustrltbhks t`lt ily fd `bs hr `dr usuln

dxpdrbdkads.• Qtumdkts dkohy t`d jlids lkm eddn l sdksd he ahktrhn.

• ]`d stumdkt mhds kht `lvd th ehaus hk sdne, fut `bs hr `dr jrhwbkj sdksd he ilstdry ahktrbfutds th lk hvdrlnn sdksd he sltbselatbhk lkm pndlsurd hkad t`d latbvbty bs ahipndtdm.

• ]bid ukmhuftdmny plssds elstdr ehr stumdkts plrtbabpltbkj bk l jlid bk ahktrlst th `hwt`dy ily eddn lfhut usuln anlssrhhi latbvbtbds.

]`d jlids lnsh eunebnn lnn ehur he t`d rdsdlra`-flsdm purphsds ehr lalmdiba jlids? prlatbad,sarddkbkj, rdvbdw/lssdssidkt, lkm mdvdnhp ukmdrstlkmbkjs.

Ht`dr KdwSlt` latbvbtbds ehr stumdkts lnsh alk rdsunt bk „enhw’ dxpdrbdkads, ehr t`dy thh alk fd

ahipndtdm, lnnhw ehr ahkadktrltbhk, lvd andlr jhlns, prhvbmd eddmflag, lnnhw deehrtndss bkvhnvdidkt,prhvbmd ehr l sdksd he ahktrhn, pdribt sdne th mbslppdlr, lkm lntdr t`d sdksd he tbid. ]`dlttrlatbvdkdss he t`d iltdrblns, t`dbr lfbnbty th `hnm stumdkts‒ lttdktbhk, t`dbr nhjbaln prdsdktltbhkhe bkehriltbhk, t`d prhvbsbhk he lmdqultd lkm vlrbdm prlatbad sh t`lt suaadss bs lttlbkdm, lkm t`deddmflag t`lt bs lvlbnlfnd lnn ahktrbfutd th lk dkvbrhkidkt t`lt ilgds ndlrkbkj phssbfnd.



4:

Ehr ihrd bkehriltbhk hk ihtbvltbhk, KdwSlt` rdahiidkms t`d ehnnhwbkj?

Asbgszdktib`lnyb, I. (<22<). Enhw? ]`d psya`hnhjy he hptbiln dxpdrbdkad. Qtdps thwlrm dk`lkabkj t`d qulnbty he nbed . Kdw Rhrg Abty, KR? @lrpdr lkm Vhw.

Jlrrbs, V., L`ndrs, V, & Mrbsgdnn, O. D. (6336). Jlids, ihtbvltbhk, lkm ndlrkbkj? L rdsdlra`lkm prlatbad ihmdn Qbiunltbhk Jlibkj , 11?==<.

Jnlssdr, Z. (<223). ]`d qulnbty sa`hhn? Ilkljbkj stumdkts wbt`hut ahdrabhk . Kdw Rhrg Abty,KR? @lrpdr lkm Vhw.

Jrdmndr, I. D. (633=). Jlids lkm sbiunltbhks lkm t`dbr rdnltbhks`bps th ndlrkbkj. Bk@lkmfhhg he rdsdlra` hk dmualtbhkln ahiiukbaltbhks (pp 4:<-40<). LAD].

@lttbd, O. (6332). Ubsbfnd ndlrkbkj? L sykt`dsbs he hvdr 033 idtl-lklnysds rdnltbkj th la`bdvdidkt . Kdw Rhrg Abty, KR? Vhutndmjd. (Qdd pp. =:-=2 hk ihtbvltbhk lkm pp. 613-61<hk sbiunltbhks/jlibkj.)

Lvhbmbkj Md-Ihtbvltbhk

Kdurhsabdkad `ls ehukm t`lt kdjltbvd ndlrkbkj dkvbrhkidkts t`lt ilgd stumdkts eddn bshnltdm`uibnbltdm, strdssdm, lkjry, lkxbhus, lkm/hr lerlbm latulnny fnhag stumdkts‒ lfbnbty th ndlrk. Oumy

Zbnnbs (6335) dxpnlbks? „Z`dk t`d liyjmlnl bs bk t`bs stltd he strdss, edlr, hr lkxbdty-bkmuadm hvdr-latbvltbhk, kdw bkehriltbhk ahibkj t`rhuj` t`d sdkshry bktlgd lrdls he t`d frlbk alkkht plsst`rhuj` t`d liyjmlnl th jlbk laadss th t`d idihry abraubts.’ Ahkvdrsdny, w`dk t`d dkvbrhkidkbs phsbtbvd wbt` eddnbkjs he ahktdktidkt, ohy, pnly, lkm l ahiehrtlfnd, fut stbiunltbkj, lihukt hea`lnndkjd, a`bnmrdk ndlrk ihrd. Zbnnbs slys t`dy s`hw fdttdr whrgbkj idihry, biprhvdm vdrflenudkay, fdttdr dpbshmba idihry, ihrd endxbfnd t`bkgbkj, lkm lrd ihrd ardltbvd lt shnvbkj prhfndis

]`d flrrbdr th ndlrkbkj t`lt haaurs bk strdsseun sbtultbhks bs shidtbids rdedrrdm th ls t`d „leedatbvdebntdr.’ Zbnnbs slys t`lt t`bs leedatbvd ebntdr bs „lk dihtbhkln stltd he strdss bk stumdkts murbkj w`ba`t`dy lrd kht rdsphksbvd th prhadssbkj, ndlrkbkj, lkm sthrbkj kdw bkehriltbhk.’ Q`d ahktbkuds thdxpnlbk t`lt „murbkj pdrbhms he `bj` strdss, kdw ndlrkbkj oust mhdsk‒t jdt bk th t`d bkehriltbhkprhadssbkj adktdrs he t`d frlbk.’


KdwSlt`‒s iltdrblns alk ahktrbfutd th l phsbtbvd ndlrkbkj dkvbrhkidkt bk ilky wlys?

• ]`d iltdrblns prdsdkt lmdqultd a`lnndkjd, ydtlrd kht sh mbeebaunt ehr stumdkts t`lt t`dy fdahid erustrltdm lkm lkxbhus.

• Jlids lrd euk lkm, t`drdehrd, ilgd t`danlssrhhi ihrd ahiehrtlfnd.

• Qtumdkts alk fd lssbjkdm latbvbtbds lkm

prhfndis bk t`dbr zhkd he prhxbilnmdvdnhpidkt sh t`lt suaadss bs lnihstjulrlktddm.

• Iltdrblns lrd dkjljbkj lkm, t`drdehrd, `hnmstumdkts‒ lttdktbhk, ilgbkj ndlrkbkj ihrddkohylfnd.

• Biidmbltd ahrrdatbvd eddmflag ndts stumdkts gkhw `hw t`dy lrd mhbkj, mdardlsbkj lkxbdty.

• Qtumdkts alk sdne-dvlnultd w`dkdvdr t`dy wlkt.



40

• ]`d iltdrblns erdd up tdla`dr tbid erhi `lvbkj th ardltd ndsshks, sdlra` ehr hr ardltdndlrkbkj latbvbtbds, ahkstruat lssdssidkts, dvlnultd lssdssidkts, lkm gddp trlag he stumdkt prhjrdss. ]`dy `lvd ihrd tbid, t`dk, th ahkadktrltd hk ihtbvltbkj lkm supphrtbkjstumdkts bk l ihrd phsbtbvd anlssrhhi.

• KdwSlt`‒s jlids supphrt ahhpdrltbhk, ahnnlfhrltbhk, lkm phsbtbvd shabln rdnltbhks`bps bkt`d anlssrhhi.

Ehr ihrd bkehriltbhk hk md-ihtbvltbhk, KdwSlt` rdahiidkms t`d ehnnhwbkj?

Ahtthk, G. (6333). ]`d sa`hhnbkj prlatbads t`lt ilttdr ihst . Lndxlkmrbl, UL? Lsshabltbhk ehrQupdrvbsbhk lkm Aurrbaunui Mdvdnhpidkt.

@lttbd (6332). Ubsbfnd ndlrkbkj? L sykt`dsbs he hvdr 033 idtl-lklnysds rdnltbkj th la`bdvdidkt .Kdw Rhrg Abty, KR? Vutndmjd. (Qdd pp. =0-=2.)

Idradr, A. M. & Idradr, L. V. (6334). ]dla`bkj stumdkts wbt` ndlrkbkj prhfndis (:t` dm.).Tppdr Qlmmnd Vbvdr, KO? Sdlrshk. (Qdd dspdablnny A`lptdr <, „Ardltbkj Vdsphksbvd NdlrkbkjDkvbrhkidkts’ lkm A`lptdr 4, „Srhihtbkj Qhabln, Dihtbhkln, lkm Fd`lvbhrln Mdvdnhpidkt.’)

Zbnnbs, O. (6335). Vdsdlra`-flsdm strltdjbds th bjkbtd stumdkt ndlrkbkj? Bksbj`ts erhi l kdurhnhjbst lkm anlssrhhi tdla`dr . Lndxlkmrbl, UL? Lsshabltbhk ehr Qupdrvbsbhk lkm

Aurrbaunui Mdvdnhpidkt.

Zhne, S. (633<). Frlbk ilttdrs? ]rlksnltbkj rdsdlra` bkth anlssrhhi prlatbad . Lndxlkmrbl, UL?Lsshabltbhk ehr Qupdrvbsbhk lkm Aurrbaunui Mdvdnhpidkt.



42



A`lptdr U. Iddtbkj Kddms he Qpdabln Shpunltbhks

Bktdrvdktbhks ]`d typbaln dndidktlry sa`hhn bkanumds bk bts prhjrliibkj sdvdrln mbeedrdkt gbkms he bktdrvdktbhksth iddt t`d kddms he spdabln phpunltbhks, ihst he w`hi lrd dahkhibalnny mbslmvlktljdm, lrd kht

ydt prhebabdkt bk Dkjnbs`, lkm/hr `lvd ndlrkbkj mbslfbnbtbds rlkjbkj erhi ibnm th sdvdrd. Elibnblrprhjrlis, t`dk, bkanumd ]btnd B, DQN, lkm Qpdabln Dmualtbhk. Lmmbtbhklnny, sa`hhns ily prhvbmdtuthrbkj fdehrd lkm/hr letdr sa`hhn, Qlturmly sdssbhks, suiidr sa`hhn, hr ht`dr dxtdkmdm-tbidhpphrtukbtbds th ndlrk.

Zbt` t`d nltdst rdlut`hrbzltbhk he t`d Bkmbvbmulns wbt` Mbslfbnbtbds Dmualtbhk Lat (BMDL) alidlkht`dr bkbtbltbvd th supphrt spdabln-kddms stumdkts, Vdsphksd-th-Bktdrvdktbhk (V]B). Qa`hhns lrdkhw rdqubrdm th bmdktbey lt t`d ebrst phssbfnd hpphrtukbty lky stumdkt w`h bs elnnbkj fd`bkm `bs hr`dr pddrs bk ndlrkbkj, th mbljkhsd t`d prhfndi, lkm th prhvbmd lk lpprhprbltd bktdrvdktbhk. Ilky

dmualthrs lrd khw ahibkj th sdd t`lt V]B sdrvds ls l gbkm he uifrdnnl ehr lnn bts bktdrvdktbhkprhjrlis sbkad bt bs kdbt`dr lpprhprbltd khr phssbfnd th mh fht`.

V]B rdqubrds sa`hhns th prhvbmd l stlkmlrms-flsdm, `bj` qulnbty aurrbaunui ehr lnn stumdkts lt lnnjrlmd ndvdns lkm bk lnn sufodat lrdls, fut dspdablnny bk rdlmbkj/nlkjuljd lrts lkm ilt`diltbasQua` l prhjrli s`hunm fd suaadsseun wbt` lpprhxbiltdny 03 pdradkt he t`d stumdkts. ]`drdilbkbkj 63 pdradkt, t`dk, lrd prhvbmdm bktdrvdktbhks bk tbdrs, mdpdkmbkj hk t`dbr kddmsLssdssidkts mbljkhsd bktdrvdktbhk kddms, idlsurd prhjrdss, mdtdribkd w`dt`dr l stumdkt `lsrdsphkmdm phsbtbvdny lkm lmdqultdny th t`d lssbjkdm bktdrvdktbhk, lkm bkehri mdabsbhks lfhutw`dt`dr l stumdkt rdturks th t`d rdjunlr anlssrhhi, stlys bk l tbdr ehr lk dxtdkmdm pdrbhm he tbidhr bs lssbjkdm th t`d kdxt ndvdn ehr ihrd bktdksd bktdrvdktbhk.

]bdr B bs t`d rdjunlr anlssrhhi. ]dla`drs, he ahursd, ahktbkulnny prhvbmd bktdrvdktbhks ls l plrt ht`dbr rdjunlr bkstruatbhk. ]`dy rd-tdla` bkmbvbmulns, silnn jrhups, hr dvdk t`d w`hnd anlss, lskdadsslry. ]`dy punn bkmbvbmulns hr silnn jrhups he stumdkts lsbmd ehr tuthrbkj, prlatbad, rdvbdwhr rd-tdla`bkj wbt` l mbeedrdkt lpprhla`. ]`dy ilgd spdabln lssbjkidkts ehr shid stumdkts th mhlt sa`hhn lkm/hr lt `hid”usulnny ihrd prlatbad. ]`dy lsg pddrs th `dnp tuthr. Be t`dsd deehrtslrd kht suaadsseun bk frbkjbkj l stumdkt hk plr wbt` `bs hr `dr pddrs, t`dk mltl erhi ahktbkuhusprhjrdss ihkbthrbkj lrd dxlibkdm fy l tdla`dr ahiibttdd, lkm t`d stumdkt bs nbgdny th fd lssbjkdmth l ]bdr BB bktdrvdktbhk.

Bk ]bdr BB l silnn jrhup he stumdkts wbt` sbibnlr kddms bs prhvbmdm lk lmmbtbhkln 13 ibkutds hebktdrvdktbhk bkstruatbhk mlbny (lfhvd t`d tbid lnnhttdm ehr jdkdrln bkstruatbhk) ehr l pdrbhm he sdvdrlwddgs. Vdsdlra`-flsdm lntdrkltbvd strltdjbds lkm iltdrblns lrd usdm”hr t`d tbid bs spdkt bk vlrbdmprlatbad latbvbtbds sbkad ilky a`bnmrdk kddm rdpdltdm dxphsurds th kdw bkehriltbhk fdehrd t`dy hwkbt. Ahktbkuhus prhjrdss ihkbthrbkj bs mhkd th idlsurd dla` stumdkt‒s rdsphksd th t`d bktdrvdktbhklkm th mdtdribkd be bt bs phsbtbvd lkm lmdqultd sh t`lt `d hr s`d alk rdturk th t`d rdjunlr anlssrhhiLt t`d dkm he t`d lssbjkdm bktdrvdktbhk pdrbhm, t`d tdla`dr ahiibttdd dbt`dr rdturks t`d stumdktth t`d rdjunlr anlssrhhi sa`dmund, ilbktlbks `bi hr `dr bk t`d ]bdr BB bktdrvdktbhk ehr lmmbtbhklwddgs, hr lssbjks `bi hr `dr th ]bdr BBB ehr pdrshklnbzdm lkm ihrd bktdksd bktdrvdktbhk.

Kh ihrd t`lk lfhut sbx pdradkt he l sa`hhn‒s phpunltbhk s`hunm dvdr kddm ]bdr BBB bktdrvdktbhkslaahrmbkj th t`d V]B dxpdrts. ]`dsd lrd t`d a`bnmrdk w`h ihst nbgdny `lvd shid mdjrdd he ndlrkbkjmbslfbnbty, lkm t`hsd kht suaadsseun bk ]bdr BBB lrd t`dk rdedrrdm th spdabln dmualtbhk



53

]bdr BBB bs pdrshklnbzdm, hkd-hk-hkd, lkm t`d lmmbtbhkln tbid prhvbmdm dla` mly bs 53 ibkutds” lfhvd t`d rdjunlr anlssrhhi bkstruatbhk.

Qbkad stumdkts kddmbkj ]bdr BB bktdrvdktbhks lrd lnihst adrtlbkny th fd t`hsd ehridrny fdbkj sdrvdmbk ]btnd B, DQN, lkm/hr Qpdabln Dmualtbhk prhjrlis, sa`hhns lrd rdstruaturbkj t`hsd hnmdr prhjrlislkm ehnmbkj t`di bk th t`d V]B struaturd.


Ehr t`hsd a`bnmrdk w`h nlag prdrdqubsbtd gkhwndmjd lkm sgbnnsmud th ndlrkbkj mbeebauntbds hr mbslfbnbtbds hr sbipny kht lvbkj

jhhm prdsa`hhn dmualtbhk, KdwSlt` `ls lvlbnlfnd t`d ehnnhwbkj Dlrny Ilt` Vdlmbkdss Enbp A`lrt sdts (ardltdm ehr dlrny a`bnm`hhm prhjrlis)t`lt ily fd `dnpeun bk bktdrvdktbhks ehr strujjnbkj jrlmd<-6 stumdkts?

• Lnn Lfhut Ahnhrs

• Dxpnhrbkj Q`lpds

• Kuifdr Qdksd

• Kuifdrs <-<3

• Shsbtbhks/Hpphsbtds

• Slttdrks lkm Qhrtbkj

• ]bid, Ihkdy, lkm Idlsurdidkt

Lkht`dr rdshurad ehr ]bdrs B-BB bs KdwSlt`‒s Adktdrbkj t`d Dndidktlry Anlssrhhi (]dla`dr VdshuradZhrgfhhg) fy Nykk Jltth. ]`bs ahiprd`dksbvd, stdp-fy-stdp whrgfhhg bs mdsbjkdm th tdla` lkmbkspbrd tdla`drs th mdvdnhp dkjljbkj lkm deedatbvd ndlrkbkj adktdrs, fht` ehr jdkdrln dmualtbhkstumdkts lkm ehr strujjnbkj ndlrkdrs. ]`d whrgfhhg trlksnltds t`dhry bkth prlatbad lkm prhvbmdsidt`hms t`lt lrd anlssrhhi-tdstdm lkm rdsdlra`-flsdm.

Qtumy Jrhup Dmbtbhks he t`d Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlids, mdsbjkdm ehr ndlrkbkj adktdrs hr ehr

bkmbvbmulns, lrd lnsh khw lvlbnlfnd.

Lnn KdwSlt` iltdrblns ily fd usdm bk iuntbpnd wlys ehr iuntbpnd purphsds bk l sa`hhn wbt` hr wbt`hutlk V]B bipndidktltbhk sbkad t`d slid a`bnmrdk wbt` t`d slid kddms dxbst bk l sa`hhn, rdjlrmndss he t`dprhjrlis th w`ba` t`dy lrd lssbjkdm. Bt bs lnsh biphrtlkt th rdidifdr t`lt dvdk t`huj` rdsdlra` `lsbmdktbebdm shid prdmbatlfnd kddms he dahkhibalnny mbslmvlktljdm a`bnmrdk, DNNs, lkm a`bnmrdk wbt`mbslfbnbtbds, t`dsd jrhups lrd kht `hihjdkdhus, lkm wbmd vlrbltbhks bk ihtbvltbhk, flagjrhukm, aunturd,lkm lalmdiba pdrehrilkad dxbst. ]`d ehnnhwbkj rdahiidkmltbhks ehr dla` he t`d t rdd jrhups lrdprhvbmdm wbt` alutbhk t`lt t`dy wbnn ukmhuftdmny fd bklpprhprbltd ehr lt ndlst shid idifdrs he dla`jrhup. ]dla`dr oumjidkt prdvlbns.

Dahkhibalnny Mbslmvlktljdm Qtumdkts. Qtumdkts jrhwbkj up bk phvdrty `lvd sdvdrln mbeebauntbds

th hvdrahid bk ndlrkbkj ilt`diltbas. Aunturlnny, ilt`diltbas bs kht bj`ny vlnudm lihkj ilky dahkhibalnny mbslmvlktljdm elibnbds (lkm dvdk ibmmnd lkm uppdr-anlss elibnbds). A`bnmrdk ily khtdvdr sdd idlsurdidkt mdvbads. ]`dbr elibnbds ily nlag rundrs, tlpdnbkds, ylrmstbags, salnds,idlsurdidkt aups lkm sphhks, anhags, alnaunlthrs, lkm/hr t`drihidtdrs. ]`dy ily kht `lvdfhlrm jlids t`lt rdqubrd pnlydrs th rhnn kuifdr aufds, th ahukt splads ls t`dy ihvd lrhukm t`dfhlrm, th lmm up t`dbr sahrds, th ahukt ihkdy (ls bk Ihkhphny), lkm th suftrlat mbeedrdkads bksahrds. ]`dy ily kht `lvd ndlrkdm th pnly alrm jlids. ]`dy ily kht sdd t`dbr plrdkts flnlkadt`dbr a`dagfhhgs, ahiputd t`dbr tlxds, ilgd fumjdts, hr alnaunltd bktdrdst rltds. Qbkad t`dy sddedw lppnbaltbhks he ilt`diltbas, t`dy ily stlrt sa`hhn wbt`hut fdbkj lfnd th ahukt, wbt` hkny rumbidktlry kuifdr sdksd, lkm/hr wbt`hut fdbkj lfnd th klid flsba jdhidtrba s`lpds.



5<

Bt bs biphrtlkt th rdidifdr t`lt oust fdalusd dahkhibalnny mbslmvlktljdm a`bnmrdk ahid th sa`hhwbt`hut prdrdqubsbtd gkhwndmjd th ndlrk ilt`diltbas mhds kht idlk t`lt t`dy alkkht ndlrkilt`diltbas. Biphrtlkt bkstruatbhkln strltdjbds ehr dahkhibalnny mbslmvlktljdm a`bnmrdk lrd lsehnnhws?

• Srhvbmd hpphrtukbtbds th ndlrk fy dxtdkmbkj bkstruatbhkln tbid lkm difdmmbkjilt`diltbaln ukmdrstlkmbkjs t`rhuj`hut t`d mly‒s latbvbtbds. WQdd prbhr mbsaussbhk hk„tbid-hk-tlsg’ ehr wlys th dxtdkm ndlrkbkj tbid lkm ehr rdedrdkads ehr ihrd bkehriltbhk.Y

• Tsd he iuntb-sdkshry (shidtbids rdedrrdm th ls khknbkjubstba) dkahmbkj lkm usd he vbsulnsth bnnustrltd idlkbkj. WQdd prbhr mbsaussbhk he „Iuntbsdkshry Srhadssbkj Qtrltdjbds’ ehr `hwKdwSlt` iltdrblns alk fd usdm lkm ehr rdedrdkads ehr ihrd bkehriltbhk.Y

• Dip`lsbs hk ahkadpts, usbkj ahksbstdktny lalmdiba vhalfunlry ehr ilt`diltbaln tdris.WQdd prbhr mbsaussbhk he „Vdlmbkj, Zrbtbkj lkm Ahiiukbaltbkj Ilt`diltbas’ ehr `hwKdwSlt` iltdrblns alk fd usdm lkm ehr rdedrdkads ehr ihrd bkehriltbhk.Y

• Dxpnbabt tdla`bkj (mbrdat bkstruatbhk) he lnjhrbt`is/prhadmurds. WLnjhrbt`is/prhadmurdslrd tluj`t dxpnbabtny w`dk usbkj KdwSlt`‒s Enbp A`lrts, Ubsuln Ndlrkbkj Jubmds, lkmHknbkd Ndlrkbkj.Y

• Lmdqultd lkm vlrbdm prlatbad th mdvdnhp ilstdry lkm th mdvdnhp enudkay/luthiltbabty.WLmdqultd lkm vlrbdm prlatbad bs l ilohr strdkjt` he lnn t`d KdwSlt` iltdrblns. Qdd prbhr

mbsaussbhk hk „Srlatbad/Vdpdtbtbhk’ ehr `hw KdwSlt` iltdrblns alk fd usdm lkm ehrrdedrdkads ehr ihrd bkehriltbhk.Y

• Lnnhw lkm dkahurljd yhukj a`bnmrdk‒s „ebkjdr ahuktbkj’ ls l „ahipdkslthry strltdjy’ lkmls l wly th mdvdnhp ukmdrstlkmbkj he t`d „flsd tdk’ systdi. Lnsh usd Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlids hetdk th prhvbmd hpphrtukbtbds ehr ahuktbkj splads ls pnlydrs ihvd t`rhuj` t`djlid.

• Tsd ahkardtd (ilkbpunltbvds) lkm sdib-ahkardtd strltdjbds (sua` ls sbiunltbhks he ilkbpunltbvds) th mdvdnhp ukmdrstlkmbkj he „pnlad vlnud.’ WKdwSlt` bkahrphrltds sdib-ahkardtd strltdjbds bk t`d Enbp A`lrts, Ubsuln Ndlrkbkj Jubmds, lkm Hknbkd Ndlrkbkjrdshurads. Qdd prbhr mbsaussbhk hk „Iuntb-sdkshry Srhadssbkj Qtrltdjbds’ ehr ihrdbkehriltbhk.Y

• Ehr stumdkts w`h lrd sbjkbebalktny fd`bkm t`dbr pddrs, t`d rdshurads hk t`d Bktdrlatbvd AM-VHI lkm Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj dklfnd t`d tdla`dr th ardltd lkm lssbjk lpprhprbltd nhwdr-ndvdnlatbvbtbds ehr t`d stumdkt.



56

Ehr ihrd bkehriltbhk hk rdsdlra`-flsdm bkstruatbhkln strltdjbds ehr stumdkts w`h ahid erhidahkhibalnny-mbslmvlktljdm `hids, KdwSlt` rdahiidkms t`d ehnnhwbkj?

Alipfdnn, S. E. & Qbnvdr, D. L. (<222, Edfrulry). ]dla`bkj lkm ndlrkbkj ilt`diltbas bk phhr ahiiukbtbds. Slpdr prdsdktdm Ilra` 2, 6333, lt Mbvdrsbty, Dqubty, lkm Qtlkmlrms? Lk TrflkLjdkml bk Ilt`diltbas Dmualtbhk ahkedrdkad, Kdw Rhrg Tkbvdrsbty Qa`hhn he Dmualtbhk.

Edrjushk, V. E. (<220). Alk sa`hhns klrrhw t`d fnlag-w`btd tdst sahrd jlp8 Bk A. Odkags &I. S`bnnbps (Dms.). ]`d fnlag-w`btd tdst sahrd jlp (pp. 1<0-1:=). Zls`bkjthk, MA? Frhhgbkjs

Bkstbtutbhk Srdss.Erlkgnbk, O. (6331, Elnn). Tknhagbkj ilt`diltbas ehr ibkhrbty stumdkts. Aurrbaunui Tpmltd .Lndxlkmrbl, UL? Lsshabltbhk ehr Qupdrvbsbhk lkm Aurrbaunui Mdvdnhpidkt.

Odksdk, D. (6332). ]dla`bkj wbt` phvdrty bk ibkm? Z`lt fdbkj phhr mhds th gbms‒ frlbks lkm w`lt sa`hhns alk mh lfhut bt . Lndxlkmrbl, UL? Lsshabltbhk ehr Qupdrvbsbhk lkm AurrbaunuiMdvdnhpidkt.

Nbpbkl, Q. O. & Ahnhifh, O. L. (6332). Shvdrty lkm frlbk mdvdnhpidkt murbkj a`bnm`hhm? Lk lpprhla` erhi ahjkbtbvd psya`hnhjy lkm kdurhsabdkad . Zls`bkjthk, MA? LidrbalkSsya`hnhjbaln Lsshabltbhk.


Kduilk, Q. F. (6330). Dmualtbkj t`d ht`dr Lidrbal? ]hp dxpdrts tlagnd phvdrty, nbtdrlay, lkm la`bdvdidkt bk hur sa`hhns . Flntbihrd, IM? Slun @. Frhhgds Sufnbs`bkj Ah.

Kduilk, Q. F. (6332). A`lkjbkj t`d hmms ehr a`bnmrdk lt rbsg? Qdvdk dssdktbln prbkabpnds he dmualtbhkln prhjrlis t`lt frdlg t`d ayand he phvdrty . Kdw Rhrg Abty, KR? ]dla`drs Ahnndjd,Ahnuifbl Tkbvdrsbty.

Vht`stdbk, V. (633=). Anlss lkm sa`hhns? Tsbkj shabln, dahkhiba, lkm dmualtbhkln rdehri th anhsd t`d fnlag-w`btd la`bdvdidkt jlp . Kdw Rhrg Abty, KR? Dahkhiba Shnbay Bkstbtutd lkm

]dla`drs Ahnndjd, Ahnuifbl Tkbvdrsbty.

Qibt`, E. (6336). ]`d jnlss wlnn? Z`y ilt`diltbas alk sddi mbeebaunt . Kdw Rhrg Abty, KR? ]dla`drs Ahnndjd, Ahnuifbl Tkbvdrsbty.



51

Dkjnbs` Nlkjuljd Ndlrkdrs. Qtumdkts kht ydt prhebabdkt bkDkjnbs` `lvd l ilssbvd ùrmnd th hvdrahid. ]`dy iust ndlrkilt`diltbas lkm ht`dr ahktdkt lrdls lt t`d slid tbid t`ltt`dy lrd whrgbkj th fdahid prhebabdkt bk Dkjnbs`. ]`dy dspdablnny kddm whrg bk vhalfunlry mdvdnhpidkt. Lnt`huj`t`dy ily gkhw l jrdlt mdln he ilt`diltbas erhi sa`hhnbkj bkt`dbr `hid ahuktrbds, t`dy ily kht ukmdrstlkm LalmdibaDkjnbs`. Lnsh, ilky ilt`diltbaln tdris lrd kdvdr usdm bkdvdrymly ahkvdrsltbhk, lkm t`hsd t`lt lrd `lvd ahipndtdny mbeedrdkt idlkbkjs (dxlipnds? idmblk, idlk, ihmd).Lkht`dr prhfndi t`lt bs uklktbabpltdm fy ilky Lidrbalktdla`drs bs t`lt DNNs wbt` prbhr sa`hhnbkj bk t`dbr `hidahuktrbds lrd shidtbids tluj`t lnjhrbtìs t`lt lrd mbeedrdkterhi t`d hkds typbalnny tluj`t bk Lidrbalk sa`hhns. Z`dktdla`drs sdd t`di usbkj t`hsd lnjhrbtìs, t`dy ily, wbt`hutt`bkgbkj, tdnn t`d stumdkts t`lt t`dy lrd wrhkj, alusbkjahkeusbhk lkm erustrltbhk.

Bkstruatbhkln strltdjbds t`lt lrd ihst biphrtlkt, laahrmbkj th rdsdlra`, ehr DNNs bkanumd t`dehnnhwbkj?

• Dip`lsbs hk ahkadpts, usbkj ahksbstdktny lalmdiba vhalfunlry ehr ilt`diltbaln tdris.WQdd prbhr mbsaussbhk he „Vdlmbkj, Zrbtbkj, lkm Ahiiukbaltbkj Ilt`diltbas’ ehr `hwKdwSlt` iltdrblns alk fd usdm lkm ehr rdedrdkads ehr ihrd bkehriltbhk.Y

• Tsd he ilkbpunltbvds bk tdla`bkj ahkadpts. WQbiunltbhks he ilkbpunltbvds”sdib-ahkardtdndvdn--lrd usdm t`rhuj`hut t`d KdwSlt` iltdrblns.Y

• Tsd he ihmdnbkj lt t`d sdib-ahkardtd ndvdn lkm bk prhfndi-shnvbkj ndsshks (whrgdmdxlipnds). WQdd prbhr mbsaussbhks he „Iuntb-sdkshry Srhadssbkj Qtrltdjbds’ lkm „ZhrgdmDxlipnds’ ehr `hw KdwSlt` iltdrblns alk fd usdm lkm ehr rdedrdkads ehr ihrdbkehriltbhk.Y

• Tsd he iuntb-sdkshry (shidtbids rdedrrdm th ls ahiprd`dksbfnd bkput hr khknbkjubstba)dkahmbkj lkm usd he vbsulns th bnnustrltd idlkbkj. WQdd prbhr mbsaussbhk he „Iuntbsdkshry

Srhadssbkj Qtrltdjbds’ ehr `hw KdwSlt` iltdrblns alk fd usdm lkm ehr rdedrdkads ehr ihrdbkehriltbhk.Y

• Ihmdnbkj he Dkjnbs` prhkukabltbhk he ilt`diltbaln tdris. W]`d tdla`dr lkm stumdkts wbnnihmdn t`d ahrrdat prhkukabltbhk bk t`d usd he KdwSlt` iltdrblns. Hkd dxlipnd bs bk`lvbkj stumdkts rdlm t`d qudstbhks lnhum w`dk pnlybkj t`d Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlid.Lkht`dr bs bk t`d usd he t`d Enbp A`lrts w`dk t`d tdla`dr lkm/hr stumdkts wbnn rdlm t`dilt`diltbaln tdris lnhum.Y

• Dxpnbabt tdla`bkj he lnjhrbtìs/prhadmurds. WLnjhrbtìs/prhadmurds lrd tluj`t dxpnbabtny w`dk usbkj t`d Enbp A`lrts, Ubsuln Ndlrkbkj Jubmds, lkm Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj.Y

• Lmdqultd lkm vlrbdm prlatbad th mdvdnhp ilstdry lkm th mdvdnhp enudkay/luthiltbabty.WLmdqultd lkm vlrbdm prlatbad bs l ilohr strdkjt` he lnn t`d KdwSlt` iltdrblns.Y

• Vdbkehradidkt he Dkjnbs` nlkjuljd lrts ndlrkbkj sh t`lt stumdkts alk rdlm ilt`diltbastdxts lkm lssdssidkts lkm sh t`lt ilt`diltbas ndlrkbkj alk fd ahiiukbaltdm. WQdd prbhrmbsaussbhk he „Vdlmbkj, Zrbtbkj, lkm Ahiiukbaltbkj Ilt`diltbas’ ehr `hw KdwSltìltdrblns alk fd usdm lkm ehr rdedrdkads ehr ihrd bkehriltbhk.Y

• Bkmbvbmulnbzdm/mbeedrdktbltdm ndlrkbkj, w`dk kddmdm. WQdd prbhr mbsaussbhk he „Bkmbvbmulnbzdm Bkstruatbhk’ ehr `hw KdwSlt` iltdrblns alk fd usdm lkm ehr rdedrdkads ehrihrd bkehriltbhk.Y



Ehr ihrd bkehriltbhk hk tdla`bkj DNNs, KdwSlt` rdahiidkms t`d ehnnhwbkj?

Fdra`, M. F. & Ilzzhaah, I. I. I. (633:). Z`y bs ilt` sh `lrm ehr shid a`bnmrdk8 ]`d klturd lkm hrbjbks he ilt`diltbaln ndlrkbkj mbeebauntbds lkm mbslfbnbtbds . Flntbihrd, IM? Slun@. Frhhgds Sufnbs`bkj Ah.

Da`dvlrrbl, O., Uhjt, I, & Q`hrt, M. O. (6333). Ilgbkj ahktdkt ahiprd`dksbfnd ehr Dkjnbs` nlkjuljd ndlrkdrs? ]`d QBHS ihmdn . Fhsthk, IL? Lnnyk lkm Flahk.

Ebsa`dr, O. (Dm.) (633:). Ilt`diltbas ehr Dkjnbs` nlkjuljd ndlrkdrs (IDNN)? Anlssrhhi prlatbads erlidwhrg . Qlk Ilrahs, ]P? Mdplrtidkt he Ilt`diltbas, ]dxls Qtltd Tkbvdrsbty.

Jlrabl, D. D. & Erdmd, D. A. (Dms.) (63<3). Rhukj Dkjnbs` nlkjuljd ndlrkdrs? Aurrdkt rdsdlra` lkm didrjbkj mbrdatbhks ehr prlatbad lkm phnbay . ]dla`drs Ahnndjd, Ahnuifbl Tkbvdrsbty.

Jdkdssdd, E., Nbkm`hni-Ndlry, G., Qlukmdrs, Z. I., A`rbstblk, M. (6335). Dmualtbkj Dkjnbs` nlkjuljd ndlrkdrs? L sykt`dsbs he rdsdlra` dvbmdkad . Kdw Rhrg Abty, KR? AlifrbmjdTkbvdrsbty Srdss.

Jdrstdk, V. & Flgdr, Q. (6331). Dkjnbs`-nlkjuljd ndlrkdrs wbt` ndlrkbkj mbslfbnbtbds. Bk @. N.Qwlkshk, G. V. @lrrbs, & Q. Jrl`li. @lkmfhhg he ndlrkbkj mbslfbnbtbds . Kdw Rhrg Abty, KR?

]`d Jubnehrm Srdss.


Kduilk, Q. F. (6330). Dmualtbkj t`d ht`dr Lidrbal? ]hp dxpdrts tlagnd phvdrty, nbtdrlay, lkm la`bdvdidkt bk hur sa`hhns . Flntbihrd, IM? Slun @. Frhhgds Sufnbs`bkj Ah.

Vhkbs, M. (633:). Frlbk-ahipltbfnd ilt`diltbas . ]`huslkm Hlgs, AL? Ahrwbk Srdss.

Q`drilk, @. O., Vba`lrmshk, N. B., & Rlrm, J. O. (6334). ]dla`bkj a`bnmrdk w`h strujjnd wbt` ilt`diltbas? L systdiltba lpprhla` th lklnysbs lkm ahrrdatbhk . Tppdr Qlmmnd Vbvdr, KO?Sdlrshk/Idrrbnn Srdktbad @lnn.

Qibt`, E. (6336). ]`d jnlss wlnn? Z`y ilt`diltbas alk sddi mbeebaunt . Kdw Rhrg Abty, KR?

]dla`drs Ahnndjd, Ahnuifbl Tkbvdrsbty.

Qhusl, M. L. (63<<). @hw t`d DNN frlbk ndlrks . ]`huslkm Hlgs, AL? Ahrwbk Srdss.

5=



A`bnmrdk wbt` Ndlrkbkj Mbslfbnbtbds. Ilky pdhpnd ilgd t`d ibstlgd bk t`bkgbkj t`lt l ndlrkbkjmbslfbnbty bs hkd „t`bkj.’ Bk trut`, t`drd lrd sh ilky mbeedrdkt gbkms, ilkbedstbkj t`disdnvds bk shilky mbeedrdkt wlys, t`lt t`bs lrdl he dmualtbhk bs hkd he t`d ihst ahipndx th ukmdrstlkmmbljkhsd, lkm mdsbjk lpprhprbltd aurrbaunui, bkstruatbhk, lkm lssdssidkts ehr ls ilky ls lfhuttdk pdradkt he t`d jdkdrln phpunltbhk.

]`drd lrd, he ahursd, vlrbltbhks he ilt diltbas ndlrkbkj mbslfbnbtbds (vbsuln-spltbln vs. nlkjuljd, ehrdxlipnd), lkm t`drd lrd mdjrdds (ibnm th sdvdrd). ]`drd lrd lnsh l vlrbdty he hrbjbks. Jdlry lkm@hwlrm (6334, p. 653) `lvd ahkstruatdm l usdeun ihmdn ehr ukmdrstlkmbkj t`d ahipndxbty h

ilt`diltbas mbslfbnbtbds, ls ehnnhws?

54

Ahkadptuln(d.j., Flsd-<3 Gkhwndmjd)

BkehriltbhkVdprdsdktltbhk

BkehriltbhkIlkbpunltbhk

BkehriltbhkVdprdsdktltbhk

BkehriltbhkIlkbpunltbhk

Srhadmurln(d.j., Ahnuiklr ]rlmbkj)

Ilt`diltbaln Mhilbk(d.j., Flsd-<3 Lrbt`idtba)

Qupphrtbkj Ahipdtdkabds

Tkmdrnybkj Ahjkbtbvd Qystdis

Adktrln Dxdautbvd(Lttdktbhk lkm Bk`bfbthry Ahktrhn he Bkehriltbhk Srhadssbkj)

Nlkjuljd Qystdi Ubsuhspltbln Qystdi

]`d mbeebauntbds t`lt a`bnmrdk wbt` mbslfbnbtbds `lvd, t`drdehrd, ily haaur bk prhfndis rdnltbkj thahkadpts lkm/hr th prhadmurds. ]`dsd prhfndis lrd ilkbedstdm bk mbeedrdkt wlys lkm rdqubrdmbeedrdkt strltdjbds th hvdrahid t`di.

]`d hrbjbk he mbslfbnbtbds ily kht fd l rdsunt he l prhfndi wbt` ahkadpt ukmdrstlkmbkj hr prhadmurlenudkay, fut wbt` t`d Adktrln Dxdautbvd lrdl he t`d frlbk, w`drd lttdktbhk, sdne-ahktrhn, sdqudkabkjpnlkkbkj, hrjlkbzbkj, lkm sbibnlr fd`lvbhrs rdsbmd.

]`d hrbjbk ily lnsh fd l prhfndi bk t`d nlkjuljd systdi hr t d vbsuln-spltbln systdi he t`d frlbkdla` mbeedrbkj ls th w`dt`dr bt bs bkehriltbhk rdprdsdktltbhk hr bkehriltbhk ilkbpunltbhk.

]`d mbeebaunty bk ukmdrstlkmbkj ilt`diltbas mbslfbnbtbds bs t`lt l a`bnm rlrdny ls oust hkd prhfndifut, rlt`dr, l ahifbkltbhk he prhfndis (ahihrfbmbty). @d/s`d ily lnsh `lvd lt t`d slid tbid lrdlmbkj mbslfbnbty, ilgbkj trdltidkt dvdk ihrd mluktbkj. Ebklnny, bt bs biphrtlkt th rdidifdt`lt l a`bnm wbt` ndlrkbkj mbslfbnbtbds ily lnsh fd l a`bnm w`h bs dahkhibalnny mbslmvlktljdm hr la`bnm kht ydt prhebabdkt bk Dkjnbs`”hr lnn t`rdd.



Ilt`diltbas mbslfbnbtbds, shidtbids jdkdrlnny rdedrrdm th ls mysalnaunbl, ihst erdqudktny ilkbedstt`d ehnnhwbkj prhfndis?

• Ndlrkbkj ahkadpts (ilt`diltbas vhalfunlry7 hrbjbkltds usulnny bk t`d nlkjuljd systdi).

• Elat rdtrbdvln, hr enudkay bk prhadmurln gkhwndmjd (usulnny lk lumbthry prhfndi bk t`dnlkjuljd systdi sbkad rd`dlrsln he ilt` elats lnihst lnwlys bs mhkd lnhum, lumbthrbny).

• Vdlmbkj ilt`diltbas (mdahmbkj whrms lkm kuifdrs bs lnsh usulnny lk lumbthry prhadssbkjprhfndi).

• Qdqudkabkj (rdidifdrbkj `hw th ahukt, stdps he prhfndi-shnvbkj, dta.7 ily fd lkdxdautbvd eukatbhk prhfndi hr l prhfndi wbt` s`hrt-tdri idihry).

• Mbrdatbhk (lnt`huj` rdlmbkj bs mhkd ndet th rbj`t, ilt`diltbas rdqubrds endxbfbnbty” shidtbids rdlmbkj rbj`t th ndet hr up-th-mhwk7 ily fd lk dxdautbvd eukatbhk prhfndi hr lprhfndi bk vbsuh-spltbln systdi).

• Mbsadrkbkj fdtwddk „>’ idlkbkj „ndss t`lk’ lkm „;’ idlkbkj „ihrd t`lk’ (rdnltdm thprhfndis wbt` mbrdatbhk).

• Shsbtbhk (fdbkj lfnd th nbkd kuifdrs up ehr prhfndi-shnvbkj7 ukmdrstlkmbkj t`d biphrtlkadhe t`d ahiil bk mbvbmbkj t`huslkms7 ukmdrstlkmbkj t`d phsbtbhk he t`d mdabiln bk mdabilnerlatbhks lkm bk ihkdy7 lkm ukmdrstlkmbkj t`lt l kuifdr‒s phsbtbhk bk l nlrjdr kuifdr bsrdnltdm th pnlad vlnud. Hrbjbk ily fd bk vbsuh-spltbln systdi.)

Fdalusd ilky a`bnmrdk wbt` mysalnaunbl lnsh lrd mysndxba (rdlmbkj mbslfbnbty), biprhvbkj bkstruatbhkbk rdlmbkj/nlkjuljd lrts wbnn nbgdny lnsh biprhvd ilt`diltbas pdrehrilkad. IaDwlk (6333, p. :6)suiilrbzds l stumy mhkd bk Alnbehrkbl lfhut t`d rbsd bk ilt`diltbas la`bdvdidkt sahrds w`dkt`drd `lm fddk kh spdabln deehrts bk t`lt lrdl. Vlt`dr, t`d tdla`drs `lm fddk dkjljdm ehr ihrd t`lktwh ydlrs bk l ilssbvd rdlmbkj biprhvdidkt bkbtbltbvd, lkm t`lt whrg kht hkny biprhvdm rdlmbkjpdrehrilkad, fut lnsh ilt`diltbas pdrehrilkad.

Vdahiidkmdm bkstruatbhkln strltdjbds ehr a`bnmrdk wbt` ndlrkbkj mbslfbnbtbds bkanumd t`d ehnnhwbkj?

• Bkardlsd tbid hk tlsg sbkad a`bnmrdk wbt` ndlrkbkj mbslfbnbtbds ily ndlrk iua` snhwdr t`lkjdkdrln dmualtbhk stumdkts. WQdd prbhr mbsaussbhk hk „tbid-hk-tlsg’ ehr ihrd bkehriltbhk.Y

• Tsd iuntb-sdkshry prhadssbkj strltdjbds. WQdd prbhr mbsaussbhk hk „iuntbsdkshry prhadssbkjstrltdjbds’ ehr ihrd bkehriltbhk. ]`dsd strltdjbds bkanumd usd he ilkbpunltbvds lkm sdib-ahkardtd bnnustrltbhks sua` ls t`hsd ehukm bk KdwSlt`‒s Enbp A`lrts, Ubsuln NdlrkbkjJubmds, lkm Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj.Y

• Bkardlsd prlatbad lkm rdpdtbtbhk sbkad ihrd sdvdrd ndlrkbkj mbslfbnbtbds ily rdqubrd hkd`ukmrdm hr ihrd dxphsurds fdehrd gkhwndmjd bs ihvdm th nhkj-tdri idihry. WQdd prbhrmbsaussbhk hk „prlatbad/rdpdtbtbhk’ ehr ihrd bkehriltbhk. L ilohr strdkjt he KdwSlt`iltdrblns bs bk t bs lrdl. ]`d prhmuats `lvd ihrd t`lk lmdqultd lkm vlrbdm iltdrblns thlaahiihmltd t`d kddms he lnn a`bnmrdk, bkanumbkj t`hsd wbt` mbslfbnbtbds.Y

• Mdvdnhp elat enudkay, w`ba` haaurs, he ahursd, erhi prlatbad lkm rdpdtbtbhk. Bk hrmdr th mhprhfndi-shnvbkj, stumdkts iust `lvd rlpbm lkm laaurltd rdalnn he ilt` elats. WKdwSlt`‒s

vlrbdty he iltdrblns dklfnds lkm elabnbtltds t`d mdvdnhpidkt he elat enudkay, lkm t`dy lnshilgd bt dlsy ehr tdla`drs th bipndidkt l gbkm he ayanbaln aurrbaunui sh t`lt stumdkts lrdahkstlktny rdvbdwbkj prbhr gkhwndmjd lt t`d slid tbid t`dy lrd whrgbkj hk aurrdktndlrkbkj jhlns. A`bnmrdk wbt` ndlrkbkj mbslfbnbtbds kddm t bs mbstrbfutdm prlatbad sh t`ltt`dy mh kht nhsd t`dbr prdvbhusny ndlrkdm sgbnns.Y

• Dksurd t`lt stumdkts ndlrk fht` ahkadpts lkm prhadmurln gkhwndmjd”lkm t`d ahkkdatbhksfdtwddk t`di. WKdwSlt` iltdrblns bkanumd ilky latbvbtbds t`lt rdbkehrad fht` gbkms he ndlrkbkj lkm t`d rdnltbhks`bps fdtwddk t`di. ]`d ihst mbrdat lrd bk t`d Enbp A`lrts,Ubsuln Ndlrkbkj Jubmds, lkm Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj iltdrblns. ]`d qudstbhks bk t`d AurrbaunuiIlstdry Jlids lkm t`d Bktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI `dnp a`bnmrdk ilgd t`d kdadsslry ahkkdatbhks.Y

55



5:

• Bkahrphrltd t`d usd he „whrgdm dxlipnds’ bk tdla`bkj stumdkts wbt` ndlrkbkj mbslfbnbtbds.WQdd prbhr mbsaussbhk he whrgdm dxlipnds ehr ihrd bkehriltbhk. KdwSlt`‒s Enbp A`lrts lkmUbsuln Ndlrkbkj Jubmds lrd dspdablnny jhhm bk t bs lrdl. Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj dklfnds l tdla`drth ahkstruat ndsshk pnlks wbt` t`d lntdrkltd usd he whrgdm dxlipnds lkm prhfndis th fdshnvdm.Y

• Lnnhw lkm dkahurljd „ebkjdr ahuktbkj’ lihkj yhukj a`bnmrdk, dspdablnny t`hsd w`h `lvdndlrkbkj mbslfbnbtbds. WQdd prbhr mbsaussbhk bk t`d mbsaussbhk he a`bnmrdk nbvbkj bk phvdrty.

]`d Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlids wbnn `dnp a`bnmrdk wbt` mbslfbnbtbds bk ilky wlys, bkanumbkj

ahuktbkj t`d splads th ihvd hk t`d fhlrm.Y• Tsd mbrdat bkstruatbhk ehr fdst rdsunts wbt` a bnmrdk w`h `lvd ndlrkbkj mbslfbnbtbds. WQdd

prbhr mbsaussbhk hk ndsshk mdsbjk lkm ehr ihrd bkehriltbhk. KdwSlt` iltdrblns ndkmt`disdnvds wdnn th mbrdat bkstruatbhk lpprhla`ds, bkanumbkj t`d ndsshk pnlk ihmdn t`lt bslvlbnlfnd bk Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj.Y

• Ehr stumdkts w`h lrd sbjkbebalktny fd`bkm t`dbr pddrs, t`d rdshurads hk t`d BktdrlatbvdAM-VHI lkm Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj dklfnd t`d tdla`dr th ardltd lkm lssbjk lpprhprbltd nhwdr-ndvdn latbvbtbds.

Ehr ihrd bkehriltbhk hk tdla`bkj ilt`diltbas th a`bnmrdk wbt` ndlrkbkj mbslfbnbtbds, KdwSlt`rdahiidkms t`d ehnnhwbkj?

Fdra`, M. F. & Ilzzhaah, I. I. I. (633:). Z`y bs ilt` sh `lrm ehr shid a`bnmrdk8 ]`d klturlkm hrbjbks he ilt`diltbaln ndlrkbkj mbeebauntbds lkm mbslfbnbtbds . Flntbihrd, IM? Slun @.Frhhgds Sufnbs`bkj Ah.

Futtdrwhrt`, F. (6334). Mdvdnhpidktln mysalnaunbl. Bk O. B. M. Alipfdnn (Dm.). @lkmfhhg he ilt`diltbaln ahjkbtbhk . Kdw Rhrg Abty, KR? Ssya`hnhjy Srdss.

Jdlry, M. A. & @hwlrm, I. G. (6334). Ndlrkbkj mbslfbnbtbds bk lrbt`idtba lkm ilt`diltbas.Bk O. B. M. Alipfdnn (Dm.). @lkmfhhg he ilt`diltbaln ahjkbtbhk (pp. 641-650). Kdw Rhrg Abty,KR? Ssya`hnhjy Srdss.

Idntzdr, N. (Dm.) (633:). Dxdautbvd eukatbhk bk dmualtbhk? Erhi t`dhry th prlatbad . Kdw Rhrg

Abty, KR? ]`d Jubnehrm Srdss.

Vhkbs, M. (633:). Frlbk-ahipltbfnd ilt`diltbas . ]`huslkm Hlgs, AL? Ahrwbk Srdss.

Q`drilk, @. O., Vba`lrmshk, N. B., & Rlrm, J. O. (6334). ]dla`bkj a`bnmrdk w`h strujjnd wbt` ilt`diltbas? L systdiltba lpprhla` th lklnysbs lkm ahrrdatbhk . Tppdr Qlmmnd Vbvdr, KO?Sdlrshk/Idrrbnn Srdktbad @lnn.

Qibt`, E. (6336). ]`d jnlss wlnn? Z`y ilt`diltbas alk sddi mbeebaunt . Kdw Rhrg Abty, KR? ]dla`drs Ahnndjd, Ahnuifbl Tkbvdrsbty.

Qhusl, M. L. (633<). @hw t`d spdabln kddms frlbk ndlrks . ]`huslkm Hlgs, AL? Ahrwbk Srdss.

Qwlkshk, @. N., @lrrbs, G. V., & Jrl`li, Q. (6331). @lkmfhhg he ndlrkbkj mbslfbnbtbds . KdwRhrg Abty, KR? ]`d Jubnehrm Srdss



50

BDQ Vdahiidkmltbhks” ]bdr B

KdwSlt`

BDQ Vdahiidkmltbhks” ]bdrs BB-BBB

KdwSlt`

<. Qarddk lnn stumdkts th bmdktbey t`hsd lt rbsg ehr phtdktblnilt`diltbas mbeebauntbds lkmprhvbmd bktdrvdktbhks thstumdkts bmdktbebdm ls lt-rbsg.

6. Bkstruatbhkln iltdrblns ehrstumdkts rdadbvbkj bktdrvdktbhkss`hunm ehaus bktdksdny hk bk-

mdpt` trdltidkt he w`hndkuifdrs bk gbkmdrjlrtdkt`rhuj` jrlmd 4 lkm hk rltbhklnkuifdrs bk jrlmds = t`rhuj` 0.

Bk lmmbtbhk th lky ilkmltdm sarddkbkj lssdssidkt,sa`hhns alk mdsbjk hkd hr ihrd stlkmlrms-flsdmlssdssidkts usbkj KdwSlt`‒s Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj thprhvbmd lkht`dr mltl sdt ehr bmdktbeybkj stumdkts ehrbktdrvdktbhk bk ]bdr B.

Lnn ebvd he KdwSlt`‒s prhmuats bkanumd lk dip`lsbs hkw`hnd kuifdrs bk gbkmdrjlrtdk t`rhuj` jrlmd 4 lkm hkrltbhkln kuifdrs bk jrlmds =-0?

Aurrbaunui Ilstdry JlidsBktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI

Enbp A`lrt

Ubsuln Ndlrkbkj Jubmds

Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj

1. Bkstruatbhk murbkj bktdrvdktbhks`hunm fd dxpnbabt lkmsystdiltba. ]`bs bkanumdsprhvbmbkj ihmdns he prhebabdktprhfndi shnvbkj, vdrflnbzltbhk he

t`huj`t prhadssds, jubmdmprlatbad, ahrrdatbvd eddmflag,lkm erdqudkt auiunltbvd rdvbdw.

Qdd sdjidkts he t`bs ]dla`dr Vdshurad Jubmd ehr wlyst`lt KdwSlt` bkanumds t`dsd bkstruatbhkln dip`lsds?

Dxpnbabt lkm systdiltba”sdd mbsaussbhk hk NdsshkMdsbjk, dspdablnny t`d sdatbhk hk Mbrdat Bkstruatbhk.

Ihmdns he prhebabdkt prhfndi shnvbkj”sdd mbsaussbhk

he Zhrgdm Dxlipnds, ls wdnn ls t`d sdatbhk hk Iuntb-sdkshry Srhadssbkj Qtrltdjbds.

Udrflnbzltbhk he t`huj`t prhadssds”sdd mbsaussbhk hkVdlmbkj, Zrbtbkj, lkm Ahiiukbaltbkj Ilt`diltbas.

Jubmdm prlatbad”sdd mbsaussbhk hk Ndsshk Mdsbjklkm hk Srlatbad/Vdpdtbtbhk.

Ahrrdatbvd eddmflag”sdd mbsaussbhk hk AhrrdatbvdEddmflag.

Erdqudkt auiunltbvd rdvbdw”sdd mbsaussbhk hk Ehri-ltbvd Lssdssidkt hr Ahktbkuhus Srhjrdss Ihkbthrbkj.

Qtrujjnbkj Ndlrkdrs lkm V]B

Qbkad a`bnmrdk bk kddm he bktdrvdktbhks bk ]bdr B, BB, hr BBB he l Vdsphksd-th-Bktdrvdktbhkbipndidktltbhk lrd ihst nbgdny th fd a`bnmrdk w`h lrd dahkhibalnny mbslmvlktljdm, kht ydtprhebabdkt bk Dkjnbs`, lkm/hr wbt` ndlrkbkj mbslfbnbtbds, t`d spdabeba bkehriltbhk prhvbmdm lfhutdla` he t`dsd jrhups whunm lppny bk ilgbkj mdabsbhks lfhut bkstruatbhk ehr a`bnmrdk bk lk V]Bbipndidktltbhk. ]`dy whunm lnsh lppny be a`bnmrdk lrd stbnn bk trlmbtbhkln prhjrlis, sua` ls ]btndB, DQN, lkm/hr Qpdabln Dmualtbhk, w`dt`dr ilbkstrdlidm, bk rdshurad rhhis, hr bk sdne-ahktlbkdmanlssrhhis. Bk lky alsd, KdwSlt` `ls lpprhprbltd iltdrblns ehr t`dsd bktdrvdktbhks lt lky ndvdn.

]`d lfukmlkad lkm t`d vlrbdty he prlatbad/rdpdtbtbhk latbvbtbds dksurds t`lt w`dt`dr l a`bnm kddmshkny hkd rd-tdla`bkj hr oust hkd ihrd sdssbhk he prlatbad th l a`bnm w`h ily kddm sdvdrln ydlrs he DQN bkstruatbhk hr sdvdrln ydlrs bk l spdabln dmualtbhk sdttbkj, KdwSlt` alk iddt t`d kddms bk lmdvdnhpidktlnny lpprhprbltd wly.

Bk 6332, t`d Tkbtdm Qtltds Mdplrtidkt he Dmualtbhk‒s Bkstbtutd he Dmualtbhk Qabdkads (BDQ)pufnbs`dm l jubmd ehr sa`hhns bipndidktbkj V]B bk ilt`diltbas. ]`d ehnnhwbkj tlfnd mbspnlys liltrbx he t`dbr rdsdlra`-flsdm rdahiidkmltbhks (ndet ahnuik) lkm `hw KdwSlt` iltdrblns alksupphrt t`d sa`hhn‒s bipndidktltbhk (rbj`t ahnuik).



52

BDQ Vdahiidkmltbhks” ]bdrs BB-BBB (ahktbkudm)

KdwSlt`

=. Bktdrvdktbhks s`hunm bkanumdbkstruatbhk hk shnvbkj whrmprhfndis t`lt bs flsdm hkahiihk ukmdrnybkj struaturds.

Bk lmmbtbhk th lky ilkmltdm sarddkbkj lssdssidkt,sa`hhns alk mdsbjk hkd hr ihrd stlkmlrms-flsdmlssdssidkts usbkj KdwSlt`‒s Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj thprhvbmd lkht`dr mltl sdt ehr bmdktbeybkj stumdkts ehrbktdrvdktbhk bk ]bdr B.

4. Bktdrvdktbhk iltdrblns s`hunmbkanumd hpphrtukbtbds ehrstumdkts th whrg wbt` vbsulnrdprdsdktltbhks he ilt`diltbalnbmdls lkm bktdrvdktbhkbstss`hunm fd prhebabdkt bk t`d usdhe vbsuln rdprdsdktltbhks he ilt`diltbaln bmdls.

Lnn ebvd he KdwSlt`‒s prhmuats bkanumd vbsuln rdprdsdktl-tbhks he ilt`diltbaln bmdls. ]`d Enbp A`lrts, UbsulnNdlrkbkj Jubmds, lkm HkNbkd Ndlrkbkj lrd strhkjdst bkt`bs lrdl. Iltdrblns lnsh bkanumd t`d „]`bkgbkj Jrlp`b-alnny lfhut Ilt`’ Enbp A`lrts ehr Jrlmds <-0.

5. Bktdrvdktbhks lt lnn jrlmd ndvdnss`hunm mdvhtd lfhut <3 ibkutdsbk dla` sdssbhk th fubnmbkjenudkt rdtrbdvln he flsba

lrbt`idtba elats.

Lnn ebvd he KdwSlt`‒s prhmuats bkanumd elat enudkay latbv-btbds lkm prlatbad.

Quppndidktln iltdrblns bk t`bs lrdl bkanumd t`d Ilt`Elats Aurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlid, Enbp A`lrts, UbsulnNdlrkbkj Jubmds, Qtumy Alrms, Bktdrlatbvd AM-V3I,lkm Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj

:. Ihkbthr t`d prhjrdss he stumdkts rdadbvbkj suppndidktlnbkstruatbhk lkm ht`dr stumdktsw`h lrd lt rbsg.

L pndt`hrl he bkstruidkts ehr ihkbthrbkj stumdktprhjrdss (ahktbkuhus prhjrdss ihkbthrbkj) lrd lvlbnlfndbk lnn ebvd he KdwSlt`‒s prhmuats. ]dla`drs alk usd t`dlssdssidkts lnrdlmy ardltdm, hr t`dy alk usd t`d Bktdr-latbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI lkm/hr Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj thardltd t`dbr hwk. Qdd sdatbhk hk lssdssidkts.

0. Bkanumd ihtbvltbhkln strltdjbdsbk tbdr 6 lkm 1 bktdrvdktbhk.

KdwSlt`‒s usd he jlid ehrilts, ahhpdrltbvd ndlrkbkj,vbsulnny dkjljbkj iltdrblns, biidmbltd ahrrdatbvd eddm-

flag, lkm tda`khnhjy lrd lnn ihtbvltbhkln strltdjbds,laahrmbkj th sabdktbeba stumbds. Qdd lnsh t`d sdjidkt bkt`bs jubmd hk ihtbvltbhk lkm lvhbmbkj md-ihtbvltbhk.



:3

Ehr ihrd bkehriltbhk hk bipndidktbkj V]B prhjrlis, KdwSlt` rdahiidkms t`d ehnnhwbkj?

Frhwk-A`bmsdy, V. & Qtddjd, I. Z. (6334). Vdsphksd th bktdrvdktbhk? Srbkabpnds lkm strltdjbds ehr deedatbvd prlatbad . Kdw Rhrg Abty, KR? ]`d Jubnehrm Srdss.

Jnhvdr, ]. L. & Uluj`k, Q. (Dms.) (63<3). ]`d prhibsd he Vdsphksd th Bktdrvdktbhk? Dvlnultbkj aurrdkt sabdkad lkm prlatbad . Kdw Rhrg Abty, KR? ]`d Jubnehrm Srdss.

Bkstbtutd he Dmualtbhk Qabdkads (BDQ) (6332, Lprbn). Lssbstbkj stumdkts strujjnbkj wbt`

ilt`diltbas? Vdsphksd th bktdrvdktbhk (V]B) ehr dndidktlry lkm ibmmnd sa`hhns . Zls`bkjthk,MA? T. Q. Mdplrtidkt he Dmualtbhk.

Nlkd, G. N. & Fddfd-Erlkgdkfdrjdr, I. (633=). Qa`hhn-flsdm bktdrvdktbhks? ]`d thhns yhu kddm th suaaddm . Fhsthk? Sdlrshk.

Idnnlrm, M. E. & Oh`kshk, D. (6330). V]B? L prlatbtbhkdr‒s jubmd th bipndidktbkj Vdsphksd th Bktdrvdktbhk . ]`huslkm Hlgs, AL? Ahrwbk Srdss lkm Kltbhkln Lsshabltbhk he Dndidktlry Qa`hhn Srbkabplns.

Kltbhkln Lsshabltbhk he Qtltd Mbrdathrs he Qpdabln Dmualtbhk, Bka. (6335). Vdsphksd th bktdrvdktbhk? Shnbay ahksbmdrltbhks lkm bipndidktltbhk . Lndxlkmrbl, UL? Kltbhkln Lsshabltbhkhe Qtltd Mbrdathrs he Qpdabln Dmualtbhk, Bka.

Vbndy-]bnnilk, ]. A. & Furks, I. G. (6332). Dvlnultbkj dmualtbhkln bktdrvdktbhks? Qbkjnd-alsd mdsbjk ehr idlsurbkj Vdsphksd th Bktdrvdktbhk . Kdw Rhrg Abty, KR? ]`d Jubnehrm Srdss.

]bndsthk, M. Z. (63<<). Anhsbkj t`d V]B jlp? Z`y phvdrty lkm aunturd ahukt . Fnhhibkjthk, BK?Qhnutbhk ]rdd Srdss lkm Kltbhkln Lsshabltbhk he Dndidktlry Qupdrvbshrs lkm Srbkabplns.



Aurrbaunui IlppbkjBk hrmdr th dvlnultd t`d sa`hhn‒s aurrbaunui/bkstruatbhk/lssdssidkt prhjrli, ilky sa`hhns usdaurrbaunui ilppbkj ls hkd thhn. Bt bs l strltdjy mdsbjkdm th mdtdribkd be t`d aurrbaunui pnlk `lslatulnny fddk bipndidktdm, be bt bs truny lnbjkdm wbt` stlkmlrms, bkstruatbhkln iltdrblns, lkmlssdssidkts, lkm w`dt`dr bt bs iddtbkj t`d kddms he t`d stumdkts.


KdwSlt` prhvbmds bk bts pufnbaltbhks t`d ahrrdnltbhks he bts iltdrblns wbt` t`dstltd/kltbhkln stlkmlrms ehr dla` mbsabpnbkd. ]`dsd stlkmlrms `lvd fddk jrhupdm bkth

bkstruatbhkln thpbas fy jrlmd ndvdn, w`ba` lrd lnsh rdlmbny lvlbnlfnd bk t`d plagdts laahiplkybkjdla` prhmuat lkm bk t`d mbjbtln iltdrblns. ]`bs ]dla`dr Vdshurad Jubmd bs lkht`dr thhn ehr tdla`drsth usd bk l aurrbaunui-ilppbkj prhodat.

Eurt`dr, KdwSlt` ilgds lvlbnlfnd vlrbhus prhedssbhkln mdvdnhpidkt sdssbhks t`lt lrd lnsh lnbjkdmwbt` stlkmlrms. Qa`hhns dndatbkj th plrtbabpltd bk t`dsd sdssbhks alk ilp t`di th t`dbr aurrbaunui.

Ehr ihrd bkehriltbhk hk aurrbaunui ilppbkj, KdwSlt` rdahiidkms t`d ehnnhwbkj?

Olahfs, @. @. (Dm.) (633=). Jdttbkj rdsunts wbt` aurrbaunui ilppbkj . Lndxlkmrbl, UL?Lsshabltbhk ehr Qupdrvbsbhk lkm Aurrbaunui Mdvdnhpidkt.

Olahfs, @. @. & Oh`kshk, L. Z. (6332). ]`d aurrbaunui ilppbkj pnlkkdr? ]dipnltds, thhns,

lkm rdshurads ehr deedatbvd prhedssbhkln mdvdnhpidkt . Lndxlkmrbl, UL? Lsshabltbhk ehrQupdrvbsbhk lkm Aurrbaunui Mdvdnhpidkt.

:<



A`lptdr UB. ]hhns th Dk`lkad Deedatbvdkdss



Srhedssbhkln Mdvdnhpidkt

Hkd he t`d ihst biphrtlkt t`bkjs lfhut prhedssbhkln mdvdnhpidkt rdnltbkj th t`d usd he aurrbaunuiiltdrblns bs t`lt wbt`hut bt, tdla`drs rlrdny `lvd t`d bkehriltbhk t`dy kddm th bipndidkt t`diltdrblns bk t`d wlys bk w`ba` t`dy wdrd mdsbjkdm. Vdsdlra`drs khw `lvd dvbmdkad t`lt t`d fbjjdstrdlshk t`lt ilky dmualtbhkln bkkhvltbhks elbn bs t`lt t`dy wdrd kdvdr rdlnny bipndidktdm. Lnsh,wbt`hut trlbkbkj, tdla`drs ily kht gkhw t`d ilky hptbhks t`lt lrd lvlbnlfnd th t`di bk `hw t`diltdrblns alk fd usdm lkm wbt` w`lt gbkms he stumdkts.


KdwSlt` heedrs prhedssbhkln mdvdnhpidkt/trlbkbkj bk t`d usd he t`dbr iltdrblns, ls wdnnls trlbkbkj hk spdabln thpbas. KdwSlt` heedrs trlbkbkj sdssbhks hk ahktdkt gkhwndmjd,

iltdrblns usd lkm ilkljdidkt, usd he KdwSlt`‒s Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj prhjrli, lmibkbstdrbkj prd- lkmphst-tdsts, lkm mltl lklnysbs. ]`dsd sdssbhks lrd austhibzdm th iddt t`d kddms he t`hsd bklttdkmlkad. ]`d ehnnhwbkj nbst hutnbkds t`d KdwSlt` prhedssbhkln mdvdnhpidkt prhjrli usulnny rdqudstdm fy sa`hhns?

• Iddt wbt` stlee th lklnyzd lkm mdtdribkd spdabeba kddms lkm dxpdatltbhks

• Ljrdd hk spdabeba tbidnbkds lkm fdkaìlrgs

• Mdsbjk l trlbkbkj prhjrli t`lt ebts t`d spdabeba kddms he t`d stlee

• Srhvbmd hksbtd trlbkbkj ahksbstdkt wbt` t`d bmdktbebdm kddms

• Srhvbmd tdndp`hkd lkm wdf-flsdm hkjhbkj supphrt ls kddmdm

• Hfsdrvd lkm lklnyzd prhjrli bipndidktltbhk lkm fdkaìlrgs

KdwSlt` lnsh suppndidkts t`dbr trlbkbkj wbt` rdshurads hk t`d wdfsbtd, wbt` jubmds t`ltlaahiplky dla` prhmuat, lkm wbt` pufnbaltbhks sua` ls t`bs hkd, KdwSlt`‒s ]dla`dr Vdshurad Jubmd . ]`d rdlmbkj nbsts bk t`bs jubmd prhvbmd lkht`dr ndvdn he prhedssbhkln mdvdnhpidkt t`lt alkfd mhkd bkmbvbmulnny hr bk stumy jrhups.

Ehr ihrd bkehriltbhk hk prhedssbhkln mdvdnhpidkt, KdwSlt` rdahiidkms t`d ehnnhwbkj?

Nhuags-@hrsndy, Q., Nhvd, K., Qtbnds, G. D., Iukmry, Q., & @dwshk, S. Z. (6331). Mdsbjkbkj prhedssbhkln mdvdnhpidkt ehr tdla`drs he sabdkad lkm iltìltbas (6km dm.) . ]`huslkm Hlgs,AL? Ahrwbk Srdss.

Iurp`y, A. T. & Nbag, M. Z. (<220). Z`hnd-elaunty stumy jrhups? L phwdreun wly th a`lkjd sa`hhns lkm dk`lkad ndlrkbkj . ]`huslkm Hlgs, AL? Ahrwbk Srdss.

]`d Lsshabltbhk ehr Qupdrvbsbhk lkm Aurrbaunui Mdvdnhpidkt `ls l wdlnt` he prhedssbhklnmdvdnhpidkt pufnbaltbhks, bkanumbkj Dm Ndlmdrs`bp, t`dbr ohurkln, lkm ilky fhhgs hk l w`hndrlkjd he thpbas he bktdrdst th dmualthrs. ]`dbr wdfsbtd bs `ttp?//www.lsam.hrj/Mdelunt.lspx.

]`d Kltbhkln Qtlee Mdvdnhpidkt Ahukabn bs khw gkhwk ls Ndlrkbkj Ehrwlrm. ]`dbr wdfsbtd

alk fd laadssdm lt `ttp?//www.ndlrkbkjehrwlrm.hrj/bkmdx.aei . ]`bs hrjlkbzltbhk `ls lnngbkms he prhedssbhkln mdvdnhpidkt rdshurads, bkanumbkj l rdlnny jhhm ohurkln lkm fhhgs.

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Slrdkt Bkvhnvdidkt

Laahrmbkj th l 6333 pufnbaltbhk he t`d Kltbhkln S]L,

. . . t`d ihst laaurltd prdmbathrs he stumdkt la`bdvdidkt bk sa`hhn lrd kht elibny bkahid hr shabln stltus, fut t`d dxtdkt th w`ba` l stumdkt‒s elibny bs lfnd th (<) ardltd l `hid dkvbrhkidktt`lt dkahurljds ndlrkbkj7 (6) ahiiukbaltds `bj`, ydt rdlshklfnd dxpdatltbhks ehr t`d a`bnm‒s la`bdvdidkt lkm euturd alrddr7 lkm (1) fdahids bkvhnvdm bk t`d a`bnm‒s dmualtbhk lkm bk t`d ahiiukbty.

Dvdry sa`hhn, t`dk, bs supphrtbvd he plrdkt bkvhnvdidkt lkm dmualthrs lrd bktdrdstdm bk `hw thbiprhvd t`d qulnbty he t`lt bkvhnvdidkt.


KdwSlt` alk lssbst tdla`drs bk bkvhnvbkj plrdkts bk t`dbr a`bnmrdk‒s ilt`diltbasdmualtbhk bk t`d ehnnhwbkj wlys?

• ]dla`drs alk usd t`d Bktdrlatbvd Z`btdfhlrm AM-VHI lkm Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj rdshurads thprbkt latbvbtbds lkm whrgs`ddts ehr a`bnmrdk th tlgd `hid ls `hidwhrg.

• ]dla`drs alk sdkm t`d ]lgd-@hid Dmbtbhk he t`d AurrbaunuiIlstdry Jlids `hid wbt` stumdkts th prhvbmd t`d a`bnmrdkwbt` ihrd prlatbad hpphrtukbtbds lkm lnsh th bkvhnvd t`dplrdkts bk pnlybkj t`d jlids wbt` t`dbr a`bnm. Dla` jrlmd-ndvdndm ]lgd-@hid Dmbtbhk he t`d Ilt`diltbasAurrbaunui Ilstdry Jlids (Bkanumds 64 bkmbvbmulnny plagljdm jlids7 dla` jlid bkanumds l jlid fhlrm, sdt he 13 rdvbdw alrms lkm iltdrblns ehr ehur pnlydrs, l ]dla`drJubmd, lkm l vbrtuln enls` alrm AM bk l murlfnd vbkyn ehnmdr.)

• Be plrdkts `lvd l ahiputdr, t`dy alk laadss t`dbr a`bnm‒sprhjrdss rdphrts, rdvbdw stumdkt whrg, ardltd lt-`hid tuthrbkjsdssbhks ehr t`dbr a`bnm, lkm ahiiukbaltd wbt` t`d tdla`dr.

• ]dla`drs alk mbspnly t`d prbkt iltdrblns lkm mdihkstrltd t`d usd he t`d BktdrlatbvdZ`btdfhlrm AM-Vhi lkm Hknbkd Ndlrkbkj lt plrdkt iddtbkjs lkm hpdk `husds sh t`ltplrdkts ukmdrstlkm w`lt, `hw, lkm w`y t`dbr a`bnmrdk lrd usbkj t`dsd iltdrblns.

• Qa`hhns alk usd t`d iltdrblns bk tdla`bkj ilt`diltbas th plrdkts wbt` wdlg sgbnns,bkanumbkj shid biibjrlkt plrdkts, sh t`lt t`dy bk turk alk `dnp t`dbr a`bnmrdk ndlrk lkmvlnud ilt`diltbas.

Ehr ihrd bkehriltbhk hk plrdkt bkvhnvdidkt, KdwSlt` rdahiidkms t`d ehnnhwbkj?

Kltbhkln S]L (6333). Fubnmbkj suaadsseun plrtkdrs`bps? L jubmd th mdvdnhpbkj plrdkt lkm elibnybkvhnvdidkt prhjrlis . Fnhhibkjthk, BK? Kltbhkln Dmualtbhkln Qdrvbads.

]`d Kltbhkln S]L‒s wdfsbtd hk plrdktln bkvhnvdidkt bs `ttp?//www.ptl.hrjQtdbk, Q. & ]`hrgbnmsdk, V. O. (<222). Slrdkt bkvhnvdidkt bk dmualtbhk? Bksbj`ts lkm lppnbaltbhks erhi t`d rdsdlra` . Fnhhibkjthk, BK? S`b Mdntl Glppl Bktdrkltbhkln.

_didnilk, Q., Mlkbdns, @. & @ymd, L. (<220). Fdst prlatbad? Kdw stlkmlrms ehr tdla`bkj lkm ndlrkbkj bk Lidrbal‒s sa`hhns (6km dm.) . Shrtsihut`, K@? @dbkdilkk.



Srhjrli Dvlnultbhk

Zd `dlr l nht t`dsd mlys lfhut „bipndidktltbhk wbt` bktdjrbty’ hr „bipndidktltbhk wbt` ebmdnbty’ bkt`d ahktdxt he bipndidktbkj V]B prhjrlis, fut, bk trut`, t`dsd tdris lppny th t`d bipndidktltbhkhe lky lalmdiba pnlk. Z`lt dmualthrs `lvd ahid th sdd bs t`lt l prhjrli dvlnultbhk t`lt dxlibkdshkny hutahids (tdst sahrds) lkm mhds kht lnsh nhhg th sdd w`dt`dr t`d hvdrlnnaurrbaunui/bkstruatbhk/iltdrblns/lssdssidkt pnlk wls ahksbstdktny bipndidktdm bs hkny tdnnbkjplrt he t`d sthry”lkm kht`bkj lfhut `hw th biprhvd. Ebrst, l sa`hhn iust `lvd l rdsdlra`-flsdmpnlk wbt` lnn he t`d pbdads lnbjkdm wbt` t`d prhebabdkay stlkmlrms. Be bt bs lpprhprbltdny bipndidktdm,

t`d hutahids s`hunm s`hw t`d vlnud lmmdm lkm, t`drdehrd, biprhvdm pdrehrilkad. Be t`d pnlk wlsahksbstdktny bipndidktdm lkm t`d hutahids wdrd mbslpphbktbkj, t`dk t`d prhfndi bs ihst nbgdny wbt` hkd hr ihrd pbdads he t`d pnlk. ]`d hutahid mltl wbnn rdvdln wdlgkdssds lihkj bkmbvbmulnslkm jrhups he stumdkts, lkm t`dsd mltl rdqubrd lklnysbs. ]`dsd lklnysds alk t`dk fd usdm th rdebkdt`d pnlk, th ilgd bt ihrd rdsphksbvd th stumdkt kddms.


Srhfndis bk usbkj mltl hkny erhi suiiltbvd lssdssidkts bk dvlnultbkj l sa`hhn‒silt`diltbas prhjrli lrd ls ehnnhws?

• Lmoustidkts alkkht fd ilmd dxadpt hk lk lkkuln flsbs, ilgbkj bt thh nltd th biprhvd t`d

pdrehrilkad he t`d stumdkts fdehrd t`d kdxt ydlr.• Hkd-s`ht lssdssidkts lrd kht ls rdnblfnd ls iuntbpnd mltl shurads sbkad lky stumdkt ily

kht pdrehri wdnn hk t`d tdstbkj mly ehr l vlrbdty he rdlshks.

• Quiiltbvd lssdssidkts lrd rdstrlbkdm bk t`d kuifdr lkm vlrbdty he qudstbhks t`lt ily fdlsgdm, sh t`d rdsunts mh kht lnwlys bkehri t`d mly-th-mly aurrbaunui mdabsbhks t`lttdla`drs iust ilgd.

• Kht lnn t`d stlkmlrms lrd lssdssdm, ndlvbkj tdla`drs th judss lfhut t`dbr deedatbvdkdss he t`d hkds kht lssdssdm.

]`d shnutbhk th t`dsd prhfndis bs th usd t`d rdsunts he ahktbkuhus prhjrdss ihkbthrbkj, w`ba` bs lilohr edlturd he t`d KdwSlt` iltdrblns. ]dla`drs alk vbdw lssdssidkt rdsunts fy stumdkt, fy

jrhup, lkm fy t`d w`hnd anlss. ]`dy alk sdd lnsh t`hsd rdsunts fy sufodat lkm thpba. ]`drdehrd,t`dy alk, ls erdqudktny ls kdadsslry, ilgd lmoustidkts th t`d aurrbaunui pnlk sh t`lt bkmbvbmulnslkm jrhups pdrehri fdttdr.

Lkht`dr thhn t`lt sa`hhns alk usd bk prhjrli dvlnultbhk bs survdys he t`d tdla`drs, stumdkts, lkmplrdkts”bkanumbkj anbiltd bkmbalthrs ls wdnn ls spdabeba bkehriltbhk lfhut t`d wly ilt`diltbaswls tluj`t lt jrlmds <-6.

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Ehr ihrd bkehriltbhk hk prhjrli dvlnultbhk, KdwSlt` rdahiidkms t`d ehnnhwbkj?

Frbj`t, J. Z., Tprba`lrm, L. D., & Odtthk, O. @. (<221). Ilt`diltbas prhjrlis? L jubmd th

dvlnultbhk . ]`huslkm Hlgs, AL? Ahrwbk Srdss.

Ohkds, I. & Iunvdrkhk, Q. (6331). Ndlvbkj kh a`bn m fd` bkm? @hw mltl mrbvdk mdabsbhk-ilgbkj

alk `dnp sa`hhns iddt t`d a`lnndkjd . S`hdkbx, L_? Lnn Qtlr Sufnbs`bkj.

Ndwbs, A. A. (6336). Ndsshk stumy? L `lkmfhhg he tdla`dr-ndm bks truat bhkln a`lkjd .

S`bnlmdnp`bl, SL? Vdsdlra` ehr Fdttdr Qa`hhns.

IaKbee, O., Nhilx, S., & Z`btd`dlm, O. (6331). Rhu lkm yhur latbhk rdsdlra` p rhodat (6km dm.) .

Kdw Rhrg Abty, KR? Vhutndmjd.

H‒Qunnbvlk, V. J. & ]dkklkt, A. U. (<221). Srh jrlis ehr lt-rbsg stumdkts? L jubmd th dvlnultbh k

]`huslkm Hlgs, AL? Ahrwbk Srdss.

Sdnerd y, V. (6335). ]`d ilt`diltbas prhjrli biprhvdi dkt rd vbdw? L ahiprd`dksbvd dvlnultbhk

prhadss ehr G-<6 sa`hhns . Lndxlkmrbl, UL? Lsshabltbhk ehr Qupdrvbsbhk lkm Aurrbaunui

Mdvdnhpidkt.

Qlkmdrs, O. V. (6333). Dvlnultbkj sa`hhn prhjrlis? Lk dmu althr ‒s jubmd (6km dm.). ]`huslkm

Hlgs, AL? Ahrwbk Srdss.

]`d Ohbkt Ahiibttdd hk Qtlkmlrms ehr Dmualtbhkln Dvlnultbhk (<22=). ] d p rhjrli

dvlnultbhk s tlkm lrms (6km dm.) . ]`huslkm Hlgs, AL? Qljd Sufnbaltbhks.

Ulnndahrsl, L. N., mdFdttdkahurt, N. T., & Jlrrbss, D. (<226). Qpdabln dmualtbhk prhjrli s? L

jubmd th dvlnultbhk . ]`huslkm Hlgs, AL? Ahrwbk Srdss.



KdwSlt` Ndlrkbkj hpds t`lt t`bs jubmd wbnn prhvbmd tdla`drs wbt` bkehriltbhk, bmdls,supphrt, dkahurljdidkt, lkm ahkebmdkad bk tdla`bkj ilt`diltbas bk jrlmds <-6. Hurprhmuat mdsbjks rdendat KdwSlt`‒s ahiibtidkt th l trud plrtkdrs`bp wbt` tdla`drs.Bk dla` prhmuat wd `lvd difdmmdm supphrt ehr aurrbaunui stlkmlrms lnbjkidkt7 ehr

lnn ehris he lssdssidkt, dvdk sdne-lssdssidkt7 lkm ehr ndsshk mdsbjks. Zd `lvd whrgdm `lrm bkels`bhkbkj hur prhmuats th elabnbtltd yhur lmhptbhk he rdsdlra`-flsdm bkstruatbhkln strltdjbds thprhvbmd rdln hpphrtukbtbds th ndlrk ehr lnn stumdkts. Zd `lvd lnsh lttdkmdm th t`d kddms he strujjnbkj ndlrkdrs, bkanumbkj t`d rdshurads t`dy kddm th gddp t`di hk trlag wbt` t`dbr pddrs.Ebklnny, wd `lvd lnsh prhvbmdm lssbstlkad th yhu bk vlrbhus edlturds he prhjrli bipndidktltbhk,bkanumbkj sufstlktbln thhns ehr plrdktln bkvhnvdidkt lkm bkardlsbkj tbid-hk-tlsg.

Zd trust t`lt tdla`drs wbnn usd t`d prhmuats ls t`dy `lvd fddk mdsbjkdm th fd usdm”

bipndidktltbhk wbt` ebmdnbty. ]`lt mhds kht idlk, `hwdvdr, t`lt t`drd bs kh rhhi ehr tdla`drardltbvbty. Bk elat, KdwSlt` dkahurljds tdla`drs th ebkm wlys th bkahrphrltd t`d iltdrblns bk lvlrbdty he tdla`bkj latbvbtbds t`lt lrd kht bkanumdm bk t`bs jubmd”latbvbtbds t`lt wd mbm kht t`bkgth bkanumd. Bk elat, wd `hpd yhu wbnn fd wbnnbkj th s`lrd wbt` ht`dr tdla`drs w`lt yhu ebkm t`ltwhrgs bk biprhvbkj stumdkt ndlrkbkj, lkm wd `hpd th `dlr erhi yhu lfhut t`hsd bmdls, ls wdnnls bmdls ehr kdw prhmuats.

Zd `lvd trbdm th prhvbmd yhu wbt` l ahiprd`dksbvd ahursd bk aurrbaunui/bkstruatbhk/lssdssidkt, lnhkj wbt` t`d wlys t`lt KdwSlt` alk supphrt yhu bk dvdry p`lsd he aurrbaunuimdnbvdry, suppndidktdm wbt` l rdlmbkj nbst ehr eurt`dr bkehriltbhk. Ily yhur ohurkdy fd lsuaadsseun hkd!

Lkm, ehr t`d rdahrm, tdla`drs LVD, andlrny, sdrbhusny, rdlnny, rhagdt sabdktbsts!



A`lptdr UBB. Ahkanusbhk

Teacher's Guide for Math Grades 1-2

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