Teacher Education-I

1. f'k{kd f'k{kk dh ladYiuk 1
2. f'k{kd f'k{kk osQ vfHkdj.k 31
3. iwoZ&lsok vkSj bu&lfoZl f'k{kd f'k{kk 119
4. f'k{kd O;kolkf;drk 152
5. vuqiz;qDr 'kks/ vkSj f'k{kd f'k{kk 191
Syllabus
UNIT-I Concept, Aims and General objectives of Teacher Education Objectives of Teacher Education at various Levels Schools of Philosophy, Psychology and their Implications for Teacher Education: Behaviorist Humanistic Constructivist System Approach Ethics of shaping another Person’s Behavior
UNIT-II History of Teacher Education in West and India: Qualitative and quantitative growth Reports of National Commissions on Education - (with reference to Teacher Education
only) Reports of International Commissions on Education - (with reference to Teacher
Education only) Agencies of Teacher Education, their functions and role with reference to NCTE, UGC,
NAAC, NCERT, SCERT, University Faculty of Education, Academic Staff Colleges, Open Universities.
UNIT-III Pre-service and In-service Teacher Education: Meaning, rationale, need. Structure and content of Pre-service and In-service Teacher Education at various levels. General Components: Theory, Practical activities, Laboratory experiences, Practice
Teaching, Field Experiences and Internal assessment: Nature, need, interrelations , constraints and quality management.
UNIT-IV Contexts of Becoming a Teacher: Personal Context Teacher Educator’s Context Client Context Research Context Teacher Professionalism – Roles, Attitudes, Values, Job Satisfaction Role of Teacher Education in shaping the behavior Teacher and Professionalizing a Teacher Role of In service Teacher Education in shaping the teachers behavior and
professionalizing a teacher UNIT-V Fundamental and applied researches in Teacher Education in India and in other countries Areas of researches: Teaching Effectiveness, Criteria of admission, Modification of
Teacher behaviour, School effectiveness, classroom processes, teacher competencies & Values.
Practicum (any one) Prepare a tool for observation or measurement of any one field activity like practice
teaching, internship etc. Critical analysis of curriculum of teacher education program at various level.
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1Lo;a lh[kus dh lkexzh
vè;k;&1
(Structure) 1.1 mís';
1.5 f'k{kd dh voèkkj.kk
1.6 f'k{kd O;ogkj
1.8 f'k{kd O;ogkj fl¼kar dh vkèkkjHkwr voèkkj.kk,¡
1.9 d{kkxr O;ogkj osQ izdkj
1.10 vkèkqfud vè;kid f'k{kk osQ vk;ke
1.11 lkjka'k
bl bdkbZ osQ vè;;u osQ i'pkr~ fo|kFkhZ ;ksX; gksaxsμ
zz vè;kid f'k{kk osQ vFkZ ls ifjfpr gksaxs_
zz vè;kid f'k{kk osQ ,sfrgkfld ifjn`'; ls ifjfpr gksaxs_
zz izHkkoh vkSj izfr;ksfxrk vkèkkfjr vè;kid f'k{kk ls ifjfpr gksaxsA
1.2 izLrkouk
vè;kid f'k{kk ,d O;kid izfØ;k gS] ftls ek=k fdlh dkS'ky ;k dk;Z osQ fu"iknu rd lhfer
ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ;g ,d ,slh izfØ;k gS ftlesa O;fDr esa fufgr vkarfjd {kerkvksa dk
fodkl lexz :i ls djus osQ lkFk gh oS;fDr] lkekftd] jk"Vªh; n`f"V ;k lanHkZ esa mi;ksxh rFkk
lalkèku laiUu O;fDrRo osQ fy, iz;Ru fd;k tkrk gSA
vkt vè;kid f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa d{kk vUr%izfØ;k ij 'kksèk dk;ks± dks vfèkd egRo ,oa
izkFkfedrk nh tk jgh gSA d{kk vUr%izfØ;k dks blfy, egRo fn;k tkrk gS] D;ksafd blesa
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2 Lo;a lh[kus dh lkexzh
Nk=kksa dh miyfCèk (Achievement) ,d ek=k izHkko'khyrk dk ekun.M gksrh gSA bl fn'kk esa
'kksèk dk;ks± dk fu;kstu fd;k x;k gS] ftudh voèkkj.kk ;g gS fd lEiw.kZ O;ogkj ifjorZu esa
ekun.M dh Hkwfedk gh vge~ gksrh gSA blfy, ;g vko';d gS fd f'k{kd dks f'k{kd izR;;
,oa f'k{kd&O;ogkj dk cksèk gksuk pkfg,A bl vè;k; esa f'k{kd izR;;] f'k{kd izHkko'khyrk ,oa
f'k{kd O;ogkj dk foospu fd;k x;k gSA
1.3 vè;kid f'k{kk dk vFkZ
vè;kid f'k{kk osQ varxZr fuEu fcanqvksa dk vFkZ Li"V djuk vko';d gSA
izf'k{k.k (Training) dk vFkZ
lu~ 1911 esa yUnu esa jkstxkj foHkkx }kjk izdkf'kr izf'k{k.k osQ dfBu 'kCnksa dh lwph esa Training 'kCn dks fuEu izdkj ls ifjHkf"kr fd;k x;k vkSj bldh O;k[;k dh xbZμ
¶fdlh fn;s x;s dk;Z dks mfpr <ax ls laikfnr djus osQ fy;s fdlh O;fDr fo'ks"k osQ
n`f"Vdks.k (vfHko`fÙk)] Kkr] dkS'ky ,oe~ O;ogkj osQ Øec¼ fodkl dk uke izf'k{k.k gSA¸
Kku (Knowledge) dk vFkZ
cwuj us vuqns'ku rduhdh esa bl in dh o;k[;k bl izdkj dh gSA ¶vè;kid osQ fy;s mi;ksxh
rF;] izR;;] in] fl¼kUr] lkekU;hdj.k vkfn dk lfEefyr :i Kku gSA¸ vè;kid dks vius
fo"k; esaa ikjaxr gksuk pkfg;sA mls vè;kiu dh fofèk;ksa ,oa izfofèk;ksa rFkk mu dkjdksa dk Hkh Kku
gksuk pkfg;s tks vè;kiu dks izHkkfor djrh gSaA mlosQ fy;s cky euksfoKku dk Kku egÙoiw.kZ
gksrk gSA izf'k{k.k osQ fy;s ;g tkuuk vko';d gS fd dk;Z dh izo`Qfr osQ vuqlkj Kku dk
dkSu&lk Hkkx vko';d gSA
f'k{kk (Education) dk vFkZ
os leLr fØ;kdyki f'k{kk dks cksèk djkrs gSa tks thou dk;Z osQ fy;s vko';d Kku] uSfrd ewY;ksa
vkSj cksèk osQ fodkl ls lEcfUèkr gksaA f'k{kk dk mís'; iwoZ lwpuk;qDr rFkk lqlfTtr ukxfjdksa
dk fodkl djuk gSA ;g osQoy O;fDr dk oS;fDrd fodkl gh ugha cfYd oqQN lkekU; izo`Qfr
osQ xq.kksa dk Hkh fodkl gS ftudh gj O;fDr dks mlosQ O;olk; osQ lEcUèk esa vko';drk gksrh
gSA oqQN f'k{kk osQ }kjk ,sls xq.k Hkh fodflr fd;s tkrs gSa ftudh izR;sd O;fDr osQ thou esa
vko';drk gksrh gS vkSj mUgha }kjk og lek;ksftr ,oe~ lkeUtL;;qDr thou thrk gSA
f'k{kk ,d O;kid 'kCn gS ftls O;olk; fo'ks"k dh lhek esa ckaèkk ugha tk ldrkA ;g Kku]
dkS'ky vkSj vfHko`fÙk ij cy nsrh gS] tks lkekU; izo`Qfr ls lEcfUèkr gS rFkk ftudk mi;ksx ,d
ls vfèkd O;ol; esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g foLr`r leqnk; ,oe~ lekt osQ n`f"Vdks.k ls Hkh
egÙoiw.kZ gSA f'k{kk O;ogkj esa lqèkkj ,oe~ ifjektZu ij cy nsrh gS] rFkk O;fDrRo dk fodkl
djrh gSA og ,sls O;fDr dk fodkl djrh gS tks vius okrkoj.k esa #fp j[krk gSA f'k{kk Kku]
cksèk] ewY; ,oe~ O;ogkj dk fodkl djrh gS tksfd thou esa lHkh {ks=kksa esa vko';d gksrh gSaA
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XySlj (1962) us fiYlcjh fo'ofo|ky; }kjk izdkf'kr viuh iqLrd îzf'k{k.k vuqlaèkku
,oa f'k{kk ,oe~ izf'k{k.k* esa vUrj fd;k tk ldrk gSμ
(v) mís'; dh fof'k"Vrk dh ek=kkA
(c) O;fDrxr Hksnksa dh vYirk ,oa vfèkdrkA
izf'k{k.k osQ mís'; vfr fof'k"V gksrs gSa rFkk O;fDrxr Hksnksa dks de djus dk iz;kl djrs
gSaA nwljh vksj 'kSf{kd mís'; vfr lkekU; gksrs gSa] vkSj O;fDrxr foHksnksa dks c<+kok nsrs gSaA tc
yksxksa dks f'kf{kr fd;k tkrk gS rks muosQ eè; vUrj c<+rk gS] ysfdu tc izf'kf{kr fd;k tkrk
gS rks muosQ eè; dk vUrj de gksrk gSA nksuksa esa vUrj fuEufyf[kr gSμ
1- izo`Qfr dk vUrjμf'k{kk thou osQ izR;sd dk;Z osQ fy;s vko';d Kku rFkk uSfrd
ewY;ksa osQ fodkl ls lEcfUèkr fozQ;kvksa ij vfèkd cy nsrh gSA izf'k{k.k fdlh dk;Z
osQ mfpr lEiknu osQ fy;s vko';d fof'k"V Kku] vfHko`fÙk] dkS'ky ,oe~ O;ogkj
osQ fodkl ij cy nsrk gSA izf'k{k.k ls O;ogkj ,d dk;Z ls nwljs dk;Z osQ fy;s
vyx&vyx gksrs gSaA ;fn ge fdlh O;fDr dks vè;kid osQ :i esa izf'kf{kr djrs gSa
rks ge ml O;fDr osQ dkS'kyksa dk fodkl djrs gSa] tks ,d vPNk vè;kid gksus osQ
fy;s vko';d gSA
2- mís'; dk vUrjμf'k{kk dk mís'; cPpksa ,oe~ izkS<+ksa dks ,slh vko';d ifjfLFkfr;k¡
iznku djuk gS] tks mUgsa mu lkekftd ijEijkvksa ,oa fopkjksa dk cksèk djk,] tks ml
lekt dks izHkkfor djrs gSa] nwljh laLo`Qfr;ksa rFkk izko`Qfrd fu;eksa dk Kku djk;s rFkk
muesa Hkk"kk;h Kku ,oa vU; dkS'kyksa dks fodflr dj losQ tksfd vfèkxe rFkk O;fDrxr
fodkl vkSj l`tukRedrk dk vkèkkj gSA izf'k{k.k dk mís'; fdlh O;olk; fo'ks"k esa
fuiq.krk izkIr djuk gS] ftlosQ fy;s O;fDr dks izf'kf{kr fd;k tkrk gSA izf'k{k.k dk
lEcUèk tu vfèkxe ls gksrk gS rkfd dk;Z dk lEiknu mfpr izdkj ls fof'k"Vrk osQ
lkFk fd;k tk losQA
1.4 vè;kid f'k{kkμ ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{;
Hkkjr esa vè;kid f'k{kk O;oLFkk dk tUe f'k{kk osQ lkFk gh 2500 'krkCnh iwoZ gqvkA vè;kid
f'k{kk O;oLFkk dks ik¡p Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gSμ
1- izkphu vkSj eè;dkyhu f'k{kkμ2500 bZ- iw- ls 500 bZ- iw-
2- cq¼dkyhu f'k{kkμ500 bZ- iw- ls 1200 bZ-
3- eqfLye dkyhu f'k{kkμ1200 ls 1700 bZ-
4- fczfV'k dkyhu f'k{kkμ1700 ls 1947 rd
5- LorU=k Hkkjr esa vè;kid f'k{kkμ1947 ls vc rd
1- izkphu vkSj eè;dkyhu f'k{kk (Ancient and Medieval Education)μbl dky
esa f'k{kd dh O;oLFkk osQ lEcUèk esa vfèkd lk{; miyCèk ugha gSaA Hkkjrh; lH;rk
osQ izkjfEHkd dky esa f'k{kk O;oLFkk osnksa ls lEcfU/r FkhA lekt osQ pkj o.kks± esa ls
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osQoy czkã.k oxZ gh lekt dks f'kf{kr cukus dk dk;Z djrk FkkA og KkuktZu rFkk
Kku iznku djuk viuk eq[; dÙkZO; le>rk FkkA Kku dk foLrkj vFkok f'k{kk] Nk=k
vkSj f'k{kd osQ eè; f}eq[kh izfozQ;k FkhA
oSfnd dky esa f'k{kk tkfr O;oLFkk ij vkèkkfjr FkhA gj tkfr vius O;oLkk; osQ izfr
lefiZr FkhA czkã.k f'k{kk nsdj viuk thfodksiktZu djrs FksA ml le; izf'k{k.k iznku
djus okyh dksbZ vkSipkfjd laLFkk ugha FkhA Nk=k vius xq#] ekrk&firk ;k vfHkHkkod
osQ }kjk gh izf'kf{kr gksrs FksA ;g ,d vkuqoaf'kd izfozQ;k FkhA f'k{k.k dyk dks f'k{kd
vius ifjokj osQ ekè;e ls lh[krk FkkA f'k{k.k O;olk; ,d ih<+h ls nwljh ih<+h dks
izkIr gksrk FkkA
oSfnd dkyhu f'k{k.k dh fofèk;k¡ rFkk izfofèk;k¡ ljy FkhaA Nk=k dks mPp f'k{kk izkIr
djus osQ fy, f'k{kd ij fuHkZj jguk iM+rk FkkA f'k{kd vkSj f'k{kkFkhZ osQ eè; cgqr
gh ?kfu"B lEcUèk FkkA MkW- vkj- ih- flag osQ vuqlkj bl dky esa czkã.k ifjokjksa esa
oa'kkuqozQe ls gh f'k{k.k dk;Z gksrk FkkA ;|fi bl ckr dk dksbZ lk{; ugha gS fd
vè;kid izf'k{k.k nsus osQ fy, dksbZ vkSipkfjd O;oLFkk dh x;h Fkh ijUrq ;g lR;
gS fd f'k{kd vius fo"k;ksa dk Kku izkIr djrs FksA Li"V gS fd bl dky esa f'k{kd
izf'k{k.k dh dksbZ vkSipkfjd O;oLFkk ugha FkhA
2- cq¼dkyhu f'k{kk (Education in Buddha Period)μcq¼dky osQ izkjEHk esa 2500
bZ- iw- ls 500 bZ- iw- rd f'k{k.k ,d oa'kkuqozQfer izfozQ;k FkhA bl dky esa vè;kid
f'k{kk osQ egÙo dks tku fy;k x;k FkkA blh le; ;g èkkj.kk cuh fd f'k{k.k dk
O;olk; osQoy czkã.kksa dh gh èkjksgj ugha gS vfirq fdlh Hkh oxZ ;k leqnk; dk dksbZ
Hkh izfrHkk'kkyh O;fDr izf'k{k.kksijkUr vè;kid dk ntkZ izkIr dj ldrk gSA bl izdkj
vkSipkfjd vè;kid izf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk bl dky esa 'kq: gqbZA vè;kid izf'k{k.k
dh O;oLFkk osQ }kjk f'k{k.k O;olk; fodflr fd;k x;kA vè;kidksa osQ fy, izf'k{k.k
dh O;oLFkk Hkh cuhA ;g f'k{kk cq¼ dh èkeZ f'k{kk osQ izpkj vkSj izlkj osQ fy,
f'k{kdksa dks izf'kf{kr djus osQ fy, Fkh u fd fo|ky;ksa osQ f'k{kdksa osQ fy, nh x;h
FkhA izf'k{k.k izkIrdÙkkZ fHk{kq Fks ftUgksaus cq¼ osQ èkeZ izpkj osQ fy, dk;Z fd;kA
nks voLFkkvksa dks ikj djosQ fHk{kq vè;kid Lrj osQ ;ksX; ekus tkrs FksA mUgsa nks vè;kidksa
dh ns[k&js[k esa tkrk FkkA os uSfrdrk osQ vkpj.k rFkk èkeZ vkSj vuq'kklu dk izf'k{k.k
izkIr djrs FksA os bu rÙoksa dks osQoy lS¼kfUrd :i ls gh ugha oju~ thoup;kZ esa
Hkh djrs Fks] tc rd fd muosQ fujh{k.kdÙkkZ lUrq"V u gks tk;saA os vè;kid O;olk;
dks viukus osQ fy, ;ksX;rk izek.k&i=k rFkk ykblsUl izkIr dj ysrs FksA
ckS¼dkyhu izf'k{k.k fofèk vkSj rduhdh cgqr lkèkkj.k FkhA izf'kf{kr Hkq{kqvksa dh fofèk
,d fo'ks"k izdkj dh O;oLFkk ij vkèkkfjr Fkh tksfd eksuhVksfj;y O;oLFkk dgh tkrh
FkhA bl izdkj ls vè;kid f'k{kk dh vkSipkfjd O;oLFkk lkeus vk;hA bl izdkj
f'k{k.k ,d vPNs O;olk; osQ :i esa le>k x;kA
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3- eqfLye dkyhu f'k{kk (Education in Muslim Period)μeqfLye dky esa vè;kid
f'k{k.k dh dksbZ vkSipkfjd O;oLFkk ugha FkhA f'k{kk ,d tudk;Z FkhA 'kSf{kd laLFkk;sa
ênjlksa* osQ :i esa FkhaA osQoy êkSyoh* gh vè;kid osQ :i esa dk;Z djrs FksA f'k{kk
èkkfeZd FkhA eq[; :i ls ôqQjku* dh f'k{kk vyx ls nh tkrh FkhA f'k{kdksa osQ fy,
dksbZ vkSipkfjd izf'k{k.k ugha FkkA ekSyoh gh etfyl vkSj enjlksa esa vè;kid osQ :i
esa dk;Z djrs FksA oqQN izxfr'khy vjch LowQy Hkh Fks ftuesa vfèkd mPprj ikB~;ozQeksa
dh f'k{kk nh tkrh FkhA vkSipkfjd f'k{kk dh vko';d eglwl ugha dh x;h FkhA fdlh
Hkh in dh fu;qfDr osQ fy, dksbZ O;kolkf;d izf'k{k.k vko';d ugha le>k tkrk FkkA
'kSf{kd ;ksX;rkvksa dh vis{kk nwljh fopkjkèkkjkvksa osQ vkèkkj ij fu;qfDr;k¡ dh tkrh
FkhaA f'k{k.k] vkS"kfèk] lkfgR;] dyk vkSj laxhr fo}rkiw.kZ O;olk;ksa osQ :i esa LFkkfir
fd;s x;s Fks] fdUrq bu O;olk;ksa dh fu;fer f'k{kk vkSj izf'k{k.k osQ fy, laLFkk;sa
ugh Fkha] u gh muosQ egÙo dks bl dky esa igpkuk x;k FkkA vjc rFkk Hkkjr osQ
osQoy i<+s&fy[ks O;fDr;ksa dks gh ekSyfo;ksa osQ in ij fu;qDr fd;k tkrk FkkA 'kSf{kd
laLFkkvksa esa osQoy eqfLye oxZ osQ O;fDr gh etfyl vkSj enjlksa esa i<+kus osQ fy,
;ksX; le>s tkrs FksA
4- fczfV'k dkyhu f'k{kk (Education in British Period)μfczfV'k dkyhu 'kSf{kd O;oLFkk
baXySaM dh 'kSf{kd O;oLFkk osQ vuqlkj LFkkfir dh xbZA ;g f'k{kk dh izxfr'khy O;oLFkk
FkhA f'k{kdksa osQ izf'k{k.k dh eksuhVksfj;y O;oLFkk vkSj f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dh vkSipkfjd
O;oLFkk Hkkjr esa vHkh ugh vkbZ FkhA tc vaxzst vk;s rks f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa mudk eq[;
mís'; Hkkjrh; cPpksa dks fczfV'k O;oLFkk osQ vuq:i f'k{kk nsuk FkkA Hkkjr esa vè;kid
f'k{kk dh vkSipkfjd O;oLFkk osQ :i esas loZizFke MsuekoZQ osQ fe'kufj;ksa us lhjkeiqj
(if'pe caxky) esa ,d vkSipkfjd izf'k{k.k osQanz LFkkfir fd;kA ;g fe'kujht dh
O;fDrxr laLFkk FkhA Hkkjr esa vè;kidksa osQ izf'k{k.k osQ lEcUèk esa ;g igyk dne FkkA
bl izdkj rhu vkSj O;fDrxr laLFkk;sa [kksyh xb± ftudks ukWeZy fo|ky; dgk x;kA ;s
enzkl] cEcbZ vkSj dydÙkk esa FkhaA bu laLFkkvksa esa dk;Z 'kq: gksus osQ ckn ljdkj us
buesa Hkkx fy;kA bl izdkj osQ LowQy iwuk vkSj lwjr esa Hkh [kksys x;sA ckn esa vè;kidksa
dh vfèkd vko';drk eglwwl dh x;h vkSj izkbejh LowQyksa dh la[;k esa o`f¼ gqbZA
rhu vkSj ukWeZy laLFkk;sa vkxjk] esjB vkSj okjk.klh esa LFkkfir dh x;haA 1824 esa bu
laLFkkvksa dh la[;k c<+dj 26 igq¡p x;hA
fczfV'k dky es vè;kid f'k{kk dk bfrgkl
bfrgkl dh n`f"V ls fczfV'k dky esa vè;kid f'k{kk dks rhu Lrjksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gSμ
1- eksuhVksfj;y O;oLFkkμ1800&1880
3- vè;kid f'k{kkμ1940 ls vc rd
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1- eksuhVksfj;y O;oLFkk
lu~ 1800&1880 osQ izkjfEHkd fczfV'k dky esa Hkkjrh; fo|ky;ksa dh O;oLFkk rFkk f'k{kk dk dksbZ
foLrkj ugha gqvk Fkk] blfy;s vè;kid izf'k{k.k dh f'k{kk dh dksbZ O;oLFkk ugha FkhA bl dky
es fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks osQoy i<+k;k tkrk Fkk vkSj vuq'kklu ij tksj fn;k tkrk FkkA os vè;kidksa }kjk
funsZf'kr fd;s tkrs FksA lu~ 1787 esa MkW- ,sfUMª;wt cSy us enzkl esa izkbejh Lrj ij bl O;oLFkk
dks LFkkfir fd;kA bUgha LFkkuksa ij vijsfUVlf'ki O;oLFkk LowQyksa esa Hkh LFkkfir dh x;hA bldk
iz;ksx d{kk esa vuq'kklu dks cuk;s j[kus osQ fy;s fd;k tkrk FkkA
ySudkLVªh;u O;oLFkk
lu~ 1819 esa caxky osQ ^dydÙkk LowQy lekt* esa ySudkLVªh;u O;oLFkk dks f'k{kdksa dks izf'k{k.k
nsus osQ fy;s 'kq: fd;k x;kA loZizFke Fkkel equjks us lu~ 1826 esa f'k{kd izf'k{k.k osQ {ks=k esa
;kstukc¼ iz;kl fd;kA lu~ 1857 eas mÙkj izns'k esa vkxjk] esjB] cukjl vkSj bykgkckn esa oqQN
LowQyksa dks LFkkfir fd;k x;kA lu~ 1954 esa vè;kid izf'k{k.k osQ foLrkj osQ fy;s cq¼ dh
laLrqfr;k¡ izLrkfor dh x;haA ml le; 106 ukWeZy LowQyksa esa 4000 Nk=kkè;kidksa dks ukekafdr
fd;k x;k] bl ij djhc pkj yk[k #i;ksa dk [kpZ vk;kA ml le; enzkl vkSj ykgkSj esa
ekè;fed Lrj osQ fy, nkss izf'k{k.k dkWyst FksA bu izf'k{k.k dkWystksa esa Lukrd rFkk vLukrd
Nk=k ukekafdr fd;s tkrs FksA
2- vè;kid izf'k{k.k 1882&1940)
gVk±x deh'ku us lu~ 1882 esa izkFkfed f'k{kk esa lqèkkj rFkk f'k{kdksa osQ fy;s izf'k{k.k fo|ky;ksa
dh O;oLFkk ij cy fn;kA oqQN ukWeZy LowQyksa dks LFkkfir fd;k x;k] ijUrq ekè;fed izf'k{k.k
laLFkkvksa dh vksj dksbZ fo'ks"k è;ku ugha fn;k x;kA
19oha 'krkCnh osQ vUr rd ns'k esa ekè;fed f'k{kdksa osQ fy;s 6 izf'k{k.k fo|ky; enzkl]
ykgkSj] jkteqUnjh] djlksek] tcyiqj vkSj bykgkckn esa FksA
fo'ofo|ky; ,sDV 1904 us ekè;fed Lrj osQ izf'k{k.k fo|ky;ksa osQ fodkl osQ fy;s
laLrqfr;k¡ dha] ftlls izf'k{k.k dkyst [kksys x;sA bu fo|ky;ksa osQ fy;s izn'kZu LowQy [kksys x;sA
lu~ 1906 esa cEcbZ esa ,d izf'k{k.k fo|ky; [kksyk x;kA lu~ 1912 esa ljdkj us laLrqfr dh fd
vkèkqfud f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa mfpr ;ksX;rk izek.k&i=k osQ vHkko esa fdlh Hkh f'k{kd dks i<+kus
dh vuqefr ugha gksuh pkfg;sA
lu~ 1917 esa dydÙkk fo'ofo|ky; vk;ksx us fo'ofo|ky; esa f'k{kk foHkkx dh O;oLFkk
ij cy fn;k] tksfd izf'k{k.k fo|ky;ksa dh leL;kvksa dks gy djsaxsA blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i lu~
1921 rd 13 f'k{kk foHkkxksa dh LFkkiuk dh x;hA
izkFkfed f'k{kd izf'k{k.k
lu~ 1929 esa gVksZx desVh us izkbejh f'k{kk osQ osQUnzksa osQ fy;s fuEufyf[kr laLrqfr;k¡ dhaμ
1- izkbejh f'k{kk osQ Lrj dks mQij mBkukA
uksV
2- vPNs vkSj izf'kf{kr f'k{kdksa dh fu;qfDr djukA
3- fjizsQ'kj dkslZ dk izkoèkku djukA
4- izkbejh f'k{kk dh leL;kvksa dh [kkst djukA
bl le; rd f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk iz'kklfud Lrj bl izdkj Fkkμ
1- Lukrd Lrj (,y- Vh-)
2- bUVj Lrj (lh- Vh-)
3- izkbejh Lrj (,p- Vh- lh-)
lu~ 1854 es oqM fMLiSp us f'k{kdksa osQ izf'k{k.k vkSj f'k{kk osQ egÙo ij cy fn;kA oqM
fMLiSp us vè;kid f'k{kk dh voLFkk dk rqyukRed vè;;u fd;k vkSj vius fopkj fn;s]
ftudk lUnHkZ osQoy Hkkjr rd gh lhfer FkkA bl fjiksVZ osQ vkèkkj ij vuqnku nsus osQ fy;s ,d
u;k fl¼kUr cuk;k x;kA vuqnku nsus dk vkèkkj fdlh LowQy esa izf'kf{kr f'k{kdksa dh la[;k dks
ekuk x;kA blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i izf'kf{kr vè;kidksa dh ek¡x c<+hA blls vè;kidksa osQ izf'k{k.k
dks vfèkd egÙkk feyhA
lu~ 1881&82 esa Hkkjr esa 106 ukWeZy LowQy [kksys x;s vkSj bu LowQyksa esa 38886 Nk=kkè;kidksa
dks izf'k{k.k fn;k x;kA ;s lHkh laLFkk;sa osQoy izkbejh vè;kidksa dks gh rS;kj djrh FkhaaA
lu~ 1881 ls 1882 rd osQoy oqQN izkFkfed fo|ky; vkSj oqQN ekè;fed fo|ky; gh
[kksys x;sA bl le; ekè;fed LowQyksa osQ fy;s vè;kidksa dh ek¡x esa o`f¼ gqbZA vLrq ekè;fed
fo|ky;ksa osQ fy;s Hkh izf'k{k.k fo|ky; [kksys x;sA lu~ 1856 esa enzkl esa izFke ekè;fed
izf'k{k.k LowQy LFkkfir gqvk tksfd jktdh; ukWeZy LowQy dgyk;kA blesa izkbejh rFkk ekè;fed
nksuksa gh Lrjksa osQ vè;kidksa dks izf'kf{kr fd;k x;kA lu~ 1880 esa ykgkSj esa blh osQ leku
ekè;fed f'k{kdksa osQ izf'k{k.k osQ fy;s ,d laLFkku 'kq: gqvkA ,l- ,u- eq[kthZ osQ 'kCnksa esa]
¶bu fo|ky;ksa esa Lukrd rFkk vLukrd dks ,d gh d{kk es fy;k x;k] ikB~;ozQeksa dk osQoy
oqQN Hkkx gh O;kolkf;d f'k{kk ls lEcfUèkr Fkk vU;Fkk iw.kZ ikB~;ozQe bl ij vkèkkfjr Fkk
fd f'k{kdksa dks d{kk esa D;k i<+uk gS\ enzkl dk ukWeZy LowQy bl le; ,d lkFkZd dne Fkk
D;ksafd mlesa ekWMy LowQy dh O;oLFkk Hkh dh x;h FkhA¸
izR;sd pkj&ik¡p o"kZ osQ vUrjky osQ ckn] izf'k{k.k dk;ZozQeksa esa lqèkkj vkSj fodkl dh
laLrqfr;ksa osQ lkFk ,d fjiksVZ yk;h x;h vkSj iwjh O;oLFkk dks iqufoZpkfjr fd;k x;k] ftlesa
f'k{kd osQ xq.k vkSj la[;k osQ chp lglEcUèk fn[kk;k x;kA
Hkkjrh; f'k{kk vk;ksx
lu~ 1882 esa Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dh vfu;ferrkvksa dh tk¡p osQ fy;s] Hkkjrh; f'k{kk vk;ksx dk
xBu fd;k x;kA tk¡p djus osQ i'pkr~ vk;ksx us Hkkjrh; f'k{kk esa lqèkkj Loho`Qr fd;sA vk;ksx
us vfu;ferrkvksa dks nwj djus osQ fuEufyf[kr lq>ko fn;sμ
1- tSls fd LowQyksa dk fodkl fd;k tk, oSls gh izf'k{k.k laLFkk;sa Hkh foLr`r dh tkuh
pkfg;sA
uksV
2- f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dh xq.kkRed dks c<+us osQ fy;s deh'ku us ,d ijh{kk dk;kZfUor djus
dh lykg nh ftlesa lS¼kfUrd vkSj izk;ksxkRed ijh{kk gksA bles mÙkh.kZ gksus okys gh
f'k{kd osQ fy;s ;ksX; ekus tkus pkfg;sA
3- izf'k{k.k LowQyksa dh O;oLFkk Lukrdksa osQ fy;s vyx vkSj vLukrdksa osQ fy;s vyx
gksuh pkfg;sA vLukrdksa osQ fy;s rFkk mPp Lrj osQ fy;s fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj dh izf'k{k.k
O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg;sA blh izdkj buosQ dk;ZozQe Hkh fHkUu gksus pkfg;saA bl lUnHkZ
esa ,l-,u- eq[kthZ fy[krs gSa fd] ¶vk;ksx dgrk gS fd vLukrd rFkk Lukrdksa dks
vyx&vyx izdkj dk izf'k{k.k nsus dh vko';drk dks igpkuk tkuk pkfg;s vkSj buosQ
izf'k{k.k dk;ZozQe rFkk 'kSf{kd ikB~;ozQe osQ vkèkkj Hkh vyx&vyx gksus pkfg;saA¸
izf'k{k.k dkWyst
19oha 'krkCnh osQ vUr esa ns'k esa enzkl] ykgkSj] jktkeqUnh] djfla;kx] tcyiqj] bykgkckn esa Ng
izf'k{k.k dkWyst FksA ekè;fed vè;kidksa osQ fy;s ipkl izf'k{k.k fo|ky; FksA vLrq vè;kid
f'k{kk osQ fo|ky;ksa dh la[;k esa o`f¼ dh xbZ vkSj mUgsa vfèkd mPprj (,MokUl) cuk;k x;kA
ykMZ dtZu us f'k{kk vkSj izf'k{k.k dh vksj i;kZIr è;ku fn;kA mUgksasus Hkkjr esa vè;kid
izf'k{k.k dh vko';drk vkSj egÙo ij cy fn;kA mUgksaus dgk] ¶;fn fo|ky;h f'k{kk dks vfèkd
izHkko'kkyh cukuk gS rks vè;kidksa dks vPNh izdkj ls izf'kf{kr gksuk pkfg;sA¸
Hkkjr ljdkj osQ lu~ 1904 osQ iqulZekèkku esa 'kSf{kd uhfr esa vè;kid f'k{kk dh leL;k
ij cy fn;k x;kA blesa ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ fd] ¶;fn mPp Lrj ij ekè;fed fo|ky;ksa esa vè;kiu
dk dk;Z c<+kuk gS] ;fn fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa ikB~;iqLrd ij fuHkZj gksus dh izo`fÙk ,oa jVus dh izo`fÙk
?kVkuh gS rks ;wjksih; Kku dk izlkj mi;qDr fofèk osQ }kjk fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA ;g vko';d gS
fd f'k{kdksa dks f'k{k.k dh dyk esa izf'kf{kr gksuk pkfg;sA¸
vè;kid izf'k{k.k esa lqèkkj osQ lq>ko
ns'k esa vè;kid izf'k{k.k osQ lqèkkj osQ fy;s fuEufyf[kr lq>ko fn;s x,μ
1- f'k{k.k laLFkk;sa vPNh izdkj ls lkèku lEiUu gksaA
2- Lukrdksa osQ fy;s ,d o"khZ; fo'ofo|ky;h fMxzh ;k fMIyksek gksuk pkfg;sA vLukrdksa
osQ fy;s f}o"khZ; ikB~;ozQe dh O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg;sA
3- izf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa osQ deZpkjh mudh ;ksX;rk vkSj vuqHko osQ vkèkkj ij fu;qDr gksus pkfg;sA
4- izf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa vkSj fo|ky;ksa osQ chp vyxko ij è;ku nsuk pkfg;sA
5- f'k{k.k esa ikB~;ozQeksa dks lS¼kfUrd i"BHkwfe vkSj iz;ksxkRed izf'k{k.k ls ;qDr gksuk pkfg;sA
6- lHkh izf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa vH;kl osQ fy;s fo|ky; tqM+s gksus pkfg;sA
mijksDr laLrqfr;ksa osQ ifj.kke
1- izf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa dh la[;k c<+rh xbZA
uksV
2- Lukrdksa osQ fy;s ,do"khZ; fMxzh ;k fMIyksek
3- vH;kl fo|ky;ksa dks LFkkfir fd;k x;kA
lu~ 1912 esa ljdkj dh ?kks"k.kk bl ?kks"k.kk esa lu~ 1904 dh uhfr ij cy fn;k vkSj
dgk x;k fd fdlh Hkh vizf'kf{kr vè;kid dks i<+kus osQ fy;s vuqefr ugha nh tkuh pkfg;sA
bl ?kks"k.kk us Hkkjr esa vè;kid f'k{kk dks fn'kk iznku dhA
lSMyj vk;ksx
lu~ 1919 esa dydÙkk fo'ofo|ky; osQ lqèkkj osQ fy;s laLrqfr;ksa osQ fy;s lSMyj vk;ksx
fu;qDr fd;k x;kA bl vk;ksx us ekè;fed fo|ky;ksa osQ vè;kidksa osQ O;kolkf;d izf'k{k.k esa
fo'ofo|ky; dh Hkwfedk ij cy fn;kA bl vk;ksx us fuEufyf[kr laLrqfr;k¡ nhaμ
1- izR;sd fo'ofo|ky; esa ,d f'k{kk foHkkx dh LFkkiuk gksA
2- f'k{kk esa LukrdksÙkj (,e- ,M-) dh mikfèk gksA
3- fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa HkkSfrd lqfoèkk;sa vk;kr dh tk;saA
4- f'k{kk dks b.VjehfM,V Lrj ij ,d fo"k; osQ :i esa i<+k;k tk;sA
bu laLrqfr;ksa osQ ifj.kkeLo:i fuEufyf[kr dk;Z lEiUu gq,μ
1- vfèkdrj fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa Lukrd vè;kidksa osQ fy;s izf'k{k.k dk;ZozQe 'kq: fd,
x,A
2- Lukrd vè;kidksa osQ fy;s izf'k{k.k dkWystksa@foHkkxksa dh la[;k esa o`f¼ dh xbZA
,d o"kZ i'pkr~ fczfV'k f'k{kk'kkfL=k;ksa osQ }kjk nksckjk f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa la'kksèku fd; x;kA
gVksZx desVh us Hkkjrh; f'k{kk ij ,d fjiksVZ nhA blesa vè;kid f'k{kk osQ ckjs esa laLrqfr;ksa dks
Hkh ewY;kafdr fd;k x;kA
gVk±x desVh
lu~ 1929 esa gVksZx desVh us vè;kidksa osQ lsokdkyhu iquewZY;kadu osQ fo"k; esa egÙoiw.kZ
laLrqfr;k¡ nhaA bu laLrqfr;ksa osQ ifj.kkeLo:i fuEufyf[kr dk;Z lEiUu gq,μ
1- vè;kidksa osQ fy;s fjizSQ'klZ ikB~;ozQe (Refresher Course) dh O;oLFkk 'kq: dh xbZA
2- oqQN fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa f'k{kk foHkkxksa dh 'kq#vkr dh xbZA
3- f'k{kk esa vuqlaèkku fMxzh Hkh 'kq: dh xbZA
4- vè;kid izf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa us viuh iz;ksx'kkykvksa vkSj iqLrdky;ksa dks lqèkkjk vkSj
lkèku lEiUu fd;kA
5- vH;kl fo|ky; Hkh Hkyh izdkj ls lkèku lEiUu fd;s x;sA
lu~ 1930 esa vè;kid izf'k{k.k laLFkk;sa
1- izkbejh vè;kidksa osQ fy;s izf'k{k.k LowQyA
uksV
2- ekè;fed LowQyksa osQ izf'k{k.k vè;kid dh ukWeZy vè;kid laLFkk,¡A ekè;fed d{kkvkas
dks vLukrdksa osQ fy;s izf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa osQ :i esa tkuk x;kA
3- Lukrdksa osQ fy;s izf'k{k.k laLFkkuA
xk¡èkh th dk ;ksxnku
Hkkjr esa 1937 esa ,d cgqr egÙoiw.kZ vkUnksyu gqvkA egkRek xk¡èkh us dgk fd tc rd fd
O;fDr f'kf{kr u gksa] iw.kZ LorU=krk dk egÙo vuqHko ugha fd;k tk ldrkA mUgksaus csfld f'k{kk
dk izfriknu fd;k tksfd vkRecy iznku djus okyk vkSj lLrk FkkA lu~ 1937 esa oèkkZ esa csfld
f'k{kk dks izfrikfnr djus dh izFke laxks"Bh dk vk;kstu fd;k x;kA bl lEesyu us f'k{kk dh
jk"Vªh; O;oLFkk ij cy fn;kA bl lEesyu esa vè;kid&f'k{kk dh i¼fr ij fopkj&foe'kZ fd;kA
;g cy fn;k x;k fd vè;kidksa dks f'k{kk osQ u;s n'kZu vkSj u;h fofèk;ksa esa izf'kf{kr fd;k
tkuk pkfg;sA blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i csfld izf'k{k.k dkWyst vfLrRo esa vk;sA bu dkWystksa esa dyk
vkSj gLrdyk fo'ks"k :i ls iqLrd dyk esa izf'k{k.k ij cy fn;k x;kA
mÙkj izns'k esa vè;kid izf'k{k.k
mÙkj izns'k esa bykgkckn es igyh ckj csfld vè;kid&izf'k{k.k dk dk;Z 'kq: fd;k x;kA ;s
vè;kid fo'ks"k :i ls izkFkfed d{kkvksa osQ fy;s izf'kf{kr fd;s x;sA bu vè;kidksa osQ fy;s bu
csfld gLrdykvksa esa fuiq.krk dh vko';drk vuqHko dh x;h] tSls o`Qf"k foHkkx] x`g foKku
bR;kfnA izR;sd vè;kid gLrdykvksa esa ls ,d esa fuiq.k gksuk pkfg;sA nwljs fo|ky;ksa es lq>k;s
x;s fofèk vkSj ikB~;ozQe ls budh fofèk;ksa vkSj ikB~;ozQe esa vUrj gksuk pkfg;sA izR;sd fo"k;
oqQN gLrdykvksa vkSj thou dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls lg&lacafèkr fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA Nk=kksa ls ;g
vis{kk dh xbZ fd os xf.kr esa fuiq.krk vkSj drkbZ&cqukbZ esa oqQ'kyrk izkIr djsaA bls vè;kiu
ls lg&lacafèkr fd;k x;kA
3- vè;kid f'k{kk (1940 ls vc rd)
lktsZUV deh'ku lu~ 1944 esa fiQj ^f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa lqèkkj dh ;kstuk* dks tkWu lktsZUV dk lw=k
ekuk x;kA ;g ,d foLr`r ;kstuk Fkh tksfd lHkh Lrjksa ij Loho`Qr gqbZA bl ;kstuk esa f'k{kk osQ
fofHkUu vk;ksxksa ij dbZ laLrqfr;k¡ nh xb±A vè;kid f'k{kk ij blus fuEufyf[kr laLrqfr;k¡ nhaμ
1- Lukrd vè;kidksa dks izf'k{k.k iznku fd;k tkuk pkfg;s tks fd dkWystksa] ljdkj ;k
fo'of|ky; foHkkxksa }kjk 'kq: gksaA
2- fo|ky;h f'k{kk dh xq.kkRedrk esa lqèkkj gksuk pkfg;sA vk;ksx us laLrqfr nh fd
f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k esa Hkh lq/kj gksuk pkfg;sA
3- deh'ku us rhu izdkj osQ izf'k{k.k fo|ky;ksa esa [kksyus osQ lq>ko fn;sμ
(i) izkbejh LowQyksa osQ fy;s vè;kid rS;kj djus okys izf'k{k.k fo|ky;A
(ii) izkbejh Lrj osQ fy;s izf'kf{kr vè;kidksa osQ fy;s izf'k{k.k fo|ky;A
(iii) vè;kidksa osQ izf'k{k.k osQ fy;s twfu;j izf'k{k.k fo|ky;A
uksV
4- bl ;kstuk us vè;kidksa osQ fy;s fjizSQ'klZ dkslZ dh egÙkk ij cy fn;kA
5- bl ;kstuk us ;g cryk;k x;k fd vkus okys nks&rhu o"kks± esa ns'k dks 20 yk[k vLukrd
vkSj 1-81 yk[k Lukrd vè;kidksa dh vko';drk gksxhA f'k{kd dk dk;Z osQoy Kku
nsuk gh ugha gS cfYd og Nk=k osQ O;fDrÙo dks cukrk gSA cPps Hkfo"; osQ ukxfjd
gSa vkSj f'k{kd dk ;g nkf;Ro gS fd og vPNs ukxfjdksa dh mRifÙk djsA
Hkkjr es vè;kid f'k{kk 'kCn dk iz;ksx LorU=krk osQ i'pkr~ fd;k x;kA vè;kid f'k{kk
uked ,d u;k izR;; fodflr gqvkA bl izR;; esa bl ckr ij vfèkd cy fn;k x;k fd
vè;kidksa dks osQoy izf'kf{kr gh ugha oju~ f'kf{kr gh ugha oju~ f'kf{kr Hkh gksuk pkfg;sA vè;kid
izf'k{k.k osQ lEcUèk esa vfèkd etcwr vkSj O;kid :i mHkjdj lkeus vk;sA 'kSf{kd leL;kvksa
dks nwj djus osQ fy;s ,d vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k x;kA
jkèkko`Q".ku vk;ksxμlu~ 1948 esa Hkkjr ljdkj us ,d egku f'k{kkfon~ MkW- loZiYyh
jkèkko`Q".ku dh vè;{krk esa fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk vk;ksx dk xBu fd;kA bl vk;ksx us lu~
1949 esa viuh fjiksVZ nhA ;|fi ;g vk;ksx eq[; :i ls fo'ofo|kyh; f'k{kk ls lEcfUèkr Fkk
ijUrq blesa vè;kid izf'k{k.k osQ ckjs esa Hkh oqQN laLrqfr;k¡ nh xb±A tc Hkh fuèkkZfjr desfV;ksa us
vè;kid f'k{kk ij iqufoZpkj fd;k] izR;sd ckj ;g ik;k x;k fd vè;kid f'k{kk esa xq.kkRed
vkSj ek=kkRed lqèkkj dh vko';drk gSA
LorU=k Hkkjr esa vè;kid f'k{kk dk bfrgkl
LorU=krk izkfIr osQ i'pkr~ izR;sd ns'k esa ubZ ljdkj dks dbZ izdkj osQ lkekftd ifjorZuksa dh
vko';drk gksrh gSA LorU=krk izkIr djus osQ i'pkr~ Hkkjr ljdkj osQ lkeus dbZ izdkj dh
lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd vkSj vU; izdkj dh leL;k,¡ vkb±A f'k{kk osQ egÙo ij cy fn;k
x;kA izf'kf{kr vè;kidksa vkSj LowQyksa dh vko';drk esa o`f¼ gqbZA vko';d f'k{kk dk u;k izR;;
fodflr gqvkA jk"Vªh; vko';drkvksa vkSj vkdka{kkvksa osQ lUnHkZ esa f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa ,d cM+s
ifjorZu dh vko';drk dk vuqHko fd;k x;kA ;g dgk x;k fd f'k{kk O;oLFkk vko';drkvksa
dh iwfrZ ugha dj jgh gSA ;g ekuk x;k fd vè;kid f'k{kk osQoy vè;kid izf'k{k.k gh ugha gS]
blesa Lukrd vè;kidksa dh vko';drk gksxhA bl ek¡x dks iwjh djus osQ fy;s vk;ksx us vfèkd
izf'k{k.k dkWystksa dks 'kq: djus ij cy fn;kA blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i ns'k esa fo|ky;ksa vkSj dkWystksa
dh la[;k esa o`f¼ gqbZA lu~ 1947 eas ;g vuqekfur fd;k x;k fd izkbejh LowQyksa esa vè;kidksa dh
la[;k 4 yk[k Fkh ijUrq 69» gh vè;kid miyCèk FksA lu~ 1947 ls iwoZ ch- ,M- foHkkx dkWystksa
ls lEcfUèkr ugha FksA ml le; rhu osQUnzksa ij cukjl] vkxjk vkSj bykgkckn esa Lukrd f'k{kdksa
dks izf'k{k.k fn;k tkrk FkkA cgqr ls vizf'kf{kr vè;kid de osru ij fu;qDr FksA fefMy Lrj
ij osQoy 59» vè;kid (72000) gh izf'kf{kr Fks] 'ks"k lHkh vizf'kf{kr FksA ekè;fed Lrj ij
eqf'dy ls 51» (88000) vè;kid gh izf'kf{kr FksA ekè;fed Lrj ij vè;kidksa dks izf'kf{kr
djus okys osQoy 42 izf'k{k.k dkWfyt FksA ekè;fed LowQyksa esa 59» vizf'kf{kr vè;kid dk;Zjr
FksA vLrq ljdkj us lkspk fd D;ksa u O;fDrxr dkystksa dks gh izf'k{k.k fo|ky; cuk fn;k tk;sA
uksV
jkèkko`Q".ku vk;ksx dh fliQkfj'ksa
1- vè;kid izf'k{k.k dkWystksa dks iquizkZ:fir djuk pkfg;sA lS¼kafrd f'k{k.k dh rqyuk
esa iz;ksxkRed ijh{kk vkSj f'k{k.k vH;kl dks vfèkd le; fn;k tkuk pkfg,A f'k{k.k
dkS'kyksa osQ vfèkd fodkl ij cy fn;k tkuk pkfg;sA
2- f'k{k.k vH;kl osQ fy;s mfpr LowQyksa dk p;u fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA
3- izf'k{k.k dkWystksa esa mu vè;kidksa dks fu;qDr djuk pkfg;s tksfd vè;kiu osQ dk;Z
dk i;kZIr vuqHko j[krs gksaA
4- lS¼kafrd ikB~;ozQeksa dks yphyk vkSj O;kogkfjd vko';drkvksa rFkk ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks
Lohdkj djus okyk gksuk pkfg;sA bl v;ksx us ikB~;ozQeksa osQ ekudhdj.k dks Lohdkj
ugha fd;kA
5- ,e- ,M- ikB~;ozQe osQ fy;s Nk=k dks ,d yEck vuqHko gksuk pkfg;sA
6- izksisQlj vkSj vè;kid gksus osQ fy;s Hkkjrh; Lrj ij izksisQlj vkSj vè;kid }kjk Lo;a
vuqlUèkku dk;Z fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA
ekè;fed f'k{kk vk;ksx
lu~ 1952 esa Hkkjr ljdkj us MkW- ,- ,y- eqnkfy;j dh vè;{krk esa ekè;fed f'k{kk vk;ksx
fu;qDr fd;kA eqnkfy;j lkgc enzkl fo'ofo|ky; esa 13 o"kks± ls okbl pkalyj FksA
eqnkfy;j deh'ku dh fjiksVZ esa dgk x;k fd f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa fdlh Hkh izdkj osQ lqèkkj
dh oqQath vè;kid gSA blfy;s f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk lqèkkj cgqr egÙoiw.kZ gSA deh'ku us izf'k{k.k
dkWystksa esa dk;Zn'kkvksa osQ lqèkkj dh laLrqfr dh rFkk vè;kidksa osQ lkekftd Lrj dks mBkus dh
dksf'k'k dhA bl vk;ksx us vè;kid f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk esa oqQN izeq[k cnyko ykus osQ fy;s bl
vk;ksx us fuEufyf[kr egÙoiw.kZ laLrqfr;k¡ nhaμ
(1) vLukrdksa osQ fy;s f}o"khZ; vkSj Lukrdksa osQ fy;s ,do"khZ; ikB~;ozQe gksuk pkfg;sA
(2) Nk=kkè;kid ,d ;k nks ikB~;ozQeksÙkj fozQ;kvksa esa Hkh izf'kf{kr fd;s tkus pkfg;saA
(3) Nk=kkè;kidksa ls fdlh Hkh izdkj dh iQhl ugha ysuh pkfg;sA mUgsa i;kZIr [kkus&ihus vkSj
jgus dh lqfo/k;sa miyCèk gksuh pkfg;saA
(4) vk;ksx us fjizsQ'kj dkslZ ij cy fn;kA vYidkyhu rhoz ikB~;ozQe vkSj fof'k"V ikB~;ozQeksa]
ooZQ'kki vkSj lsokjr vè;kidksa osQ fy;s xksf"B;ksa bR;kfn dks vko';d :i ls Lohdkj
fd;k x;kA
(5) izf'k{k.k dkWystksa dks vizf'kf{kr vè;kidksa osQ fy;s vuqlaèkku dk;Z djus pkfg;saA
(6) ,d fo'ks"k va'kdkyhu ikB~;ozQeksa dks izLrkfor fd;k x;k ftldh igyh xks"Bh mLekfu;k
fo'ofo|ky; esa 1959 esa gqbZA
(7) vè;kidksa dk izf'k{k.k osQoy ljdkj dk gh mÙkjnkf;Ro ugha gSA lEc¼ dkWystksa esa
izf'k{k.k foHkkxksa dh LFkkiuk gksuh pkfg;sA
uksV
(8) izf'kf{kr Lukrd de ls de 3 o"kZ dk vuqHko izkIr djus osQ i'pkr~ gh ,e- ,M- esa
izos'k izkIr djsaxsA
vk;ksx us cgqmís'kh; LowQyksa dh vkèkkjHkwr vkSj yxkrkj gksus okys deh] f'kf{krksa dh deh
vkSj izf'kf{kr vkSj ;ksX; vè;kidksa dh deh dk è;ku fnyk;kA buosQ fy;s vè;kid
f'k{kk osQ dk;ZozQeksa dh ;kstuk dh vko';drk ij cy fn;k x;kA bl y{; dks ysdj
,u- lh- bZ- vkj- Vh- osQ rgr lu~ 1963 esa f'k{kk osQ 4 {ks=kh; dkWyst ns'k osQ 4 {ks=kksa
esa LFkkfir fd;s x;sA foLrkj lsok foHkkx }kjk bu dkWystksa osQ fodkl vkSj vè;kid
f'k{kk osQ u;s dk;ZozQeksa osQ izn'kZu dh vk'kk dh x;hA bu dkWystksa }kjk LowQy vè;kidksa
vkSj vè;kid f'k{kk'kkfL=k;ksa osQ fy;s lsokjr izf'k{k.k dk;ZozQe fodflr fd;s x;sA
jk"Vªh; f'k{kk vk;ksx
lu~ 1964 esa MkW- Mh- dksBkjh dh vè;{krk esa jk"Vªh; f'k{kk vk;ksx us O;kolkf;d f'k{kk dh
orZeku O;oLFkk dh dfe;ksa dks fn[kk;kA bl vk;ksx us Hkkjr esa f'k{kk O;oLFkk ij viuh O;kid
fjiksVZ nhA ns'k esa f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa lqèkkj osQ fy;s vk;ksx us fofHkUu laLrqfr;k¡ nhaA bl vk;ksx us
loZizFke iwjh f'k{kk O;oLFkk dh tk¡p dh vkSj blosQ vUrxZr dfe;ksa dks igpkuus dh dksf'k'k
dhA budh vkykspuk dh x;hA bl ewY;kadu osQ ifj.kkeLo:i fuEu&fyf[kr fu"d"kZ fn;s x,μ
(1) vè;kid f'k{kk dk Lrj fuEu vkSj eè;e gSA
(2) gj izf'k{k.k dkWyst esa izHkkodkjh iqjkru Nk=k (Alumini) laxBu dh LFkkiu gksuh
pkfg;sA
(3) vè;kid f'k{kk 'kSf{kd thou dh eq[; èkkjk ls vyx gSA
(4) izf'k{k.k dkWystksa esa n{k LVkWiQ ugha gSA
(5) vè;kid f'k{kk osQ ikB~;ozQe esa ;FkkFkZokn dh deh gSA
(6) vè;kid f'k{kk ,sls ikB~;ozQe dk f'k{k.k ugha djrh gS tksfd okLrfod ifjfLFkfr;ksa
dks laLFkkvksa dk lkeuk djus osQ fy;s etcwr cuk;sA
(7) Hkkjr dk vè;kid izf'k{k.k cgqr gh :f<+oknh gS] ftlesa fd fuf'pr izk:i vkSj :<+
izfofèk;k¡ gh f'k{k.k vH;kl esa nksgjk;h tkrh gSaA
vè;kid izf'k{k.k dk;ZozQe dh bu dfe;ksa dks fn[kkrs gq;s vk;ksx us fuEufyf[kr laLrqfr;k¡
nhaμ
(1) vè;kid izf'k{k.k ls 'kSf{kd thou osQ vyxko dks gVk;k tk;sA
(2) vè;kid izf'k{k.k dk;ZozQe dh xq.koÙkk esa lqèkkj gksA
(3) vè;kid izf'k{k.k dh lqfoèkkvksa dks c<+k;k tk;sA
(4) lHkh vè;kidksa dh O;kolkf;d f'k{kk dks yxkrkj cuk;s j[kus osQ fy;s lgh rjhosQ
cuk;s tk;saA
(5) osQUnz vkSj izkUrksa esa Lrj cuk;s j[kus rFkk O;oLFkk osQ fy;s mfpr izdkj osQ lkèkuksa dh
fu;qfDr gksA
vyxko nwj djuk
bl lacaèk esa fuEufyf[kr laLrqfr;k¡ nh x;haμ
(1) f'k{kk'kkL=k dks ,d LorU=k 'kSf{kd fo"k; gksuk pkfg;s vkSj ;g ch- ,- vkSj ,e- ,- esa
,d oSdfYid fo"k; osQ :i esa izLrkfor gksuk pkfg;sA
(2) f'k{kk'kkL=k dks LowQy fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa 'kq: fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA f'k{kk'kkL=k osQ LowQy
dk izR;; vè;kid izf'k{k.k LowQyksa ls dgha vfèkd O;kid vkSj cM+k gSA
(3) izlkj dk;Z dks izf'k{k.k dkWystksa dk ,d vko';d dk;Z gksuk pkfg;s ftlosQ }kjk
lsokjr f'k{kd vius fo"k; dks i<+k losQA
(4) gj izf'k{k.k dkWyst esa izHkkodkjh iqjkru Nk=k la?k LFkkfir fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA
(5) lHkh izf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa dk dkWyst Lrj ij mRFkku gksuk pkfg;sA gesa Lukrdksa dks lHkh Lrjksa
osQ LowQyksa osQ fy;s izf'k{k.k nsuk pkfg;sA mRFkku }kjk izf'k{k.k LowQyksa ls vyxko gVsxkA
(6) gj izkUr esa ;kstuk osQ }kjk f'k{kk osQ dkWystksa dh LFkkiuk gksuh pkfg;sA de ls de
,d dkWfyt dh LFkkiuk rks gj izkar esa gksuh gh pkfg;sA
vè;kid izf'k{k.k dk;ZozQe esa xq.kkRed lqèkkj
^xq.kkRed* vè;kid izf'k{k.k dk;ZozQe dk lkj gSA blosQ u jgus ij vè;kid f'k{kk u osQoy
vkfFkZd rkSj ij csdkj gS cfYd f'k{kk Lrj osQ lEiw.kZ Ïksr dk ßkl gSA vLrq vè;kid f'k{kk
osQ lqèkkj osQ fy;s fuEufyf[kr laLrqfr;k¡ nh x;haμ
(1) izf'k{k.k dkWystksa osQ LVkiQ osQ fy;s vPNs izdkj ls ;kstukc¼ fo"k; osQ vuq:i eq[;
vfHkfoU;kl ikB~;ozQe dk xBu gksA
(2) lkekU; vkSj O;kolkf;d f'k{kk esa laxfBr ,dhdj.k ikB~;ozQe dks izLrkfor fd;k tk;s
ftlls fd f'k{kdksa osQ ikB~;ozQe laoqQfpr u gks tk;saA
bu laLrqfr;ksa osQ ifj.kkeLo:i lu~ 1963 esa {ks=kh; dkWystksa esa 4 o"kks± dk ikB~;ozQe
'kq: fd;k x;kA
(3) ifj'ksfèkr f'k{k.k dh fofèk;k¡ tksfd Lo;a vè;;u vkSj fopkj&foe'kZ dk O;kid Ïksr
j[krh gSa vkSj ifj'kksfèkr ewY;kadu dh fofèk;k¡ tksfd iz;ksxkRed vkSj o"khZ; dk;Z dk
yxkrkj vkUrfjd ewY;kadu djrh gksa] f'k{k.k vH;kl dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tk;sA
f'k{k.k fofèk;k¡ vkSj ewY;kadu O;koLFkk nksuksa gh vyx&vyx ,d nwljs ls caèkh gSaA Nk=k
ogh lh[ksxk tks vki ewY;kafdr djuk pkgrs gSaA O;fDr mUgha O;ogkjksa dks lh[krk gS tks
iqjLoQr gksrs gSaA blfy;s ;g vko';d gS fd ewY;kadu O;oLFkk esa lqèkkj gksuk pkfg;sA
bl laLrqfr osQ ifj.kkeLo:i {ks=kh; dkWystksa us vfèkd ifj"o`Qr ewY;kadu O;koLFkkvksa
tSls jsfVax LosQy] lg;ksxh ewY;kadu bR;kfn dk fodkl fd;kA
(4) izf'k{k.k vH;kl dk;ZozQe dh txg ,d iwoZ vH;kl dk;ZozQe Hkh gksuk pkfg,] D;ksafd
Nk=k dks mu lHkh vè;kid dk;ZozQeksa dks ns[kuk ;k djuk gksxk tks fd mlosQ okLrfod
f'k{kd cu tkus ij mldks djus gSaA
uksV
(5) lHkh Lrjksa ij ikB~;ozQeksa dks nksgjk;k tk;sA izf'k{k.k dkWystksa dk ikB~;ozQe mRFkku o
fodkl gksuk pkfg;sA ,u- lh- bZ- vkj- Vh- us lsehukjksa vkSj dk;Z'kkykvksa (Workshop) }kjk izkIr djus dh dksf'k'k dhA
(6) dke djus osQ fnuksa esa o`f¼ djosQ mUgsa 30 fd;k tk;sA ftrus vfèkd dk;Z osQ fnu
gksaxs mruk gh vf/d dk;Z lEiUu gksxkA
(7) ;ksX; 'kSf{kd dk;ZdÙkkZ dh fu;qfDr gksA
(8) izkFkfed izf'k{k.k LowQyksa osQ fy,] Lukrdksa osQ fy, fo'ks"k izdkj osQ ikB~;ozQe dk
fodkl gksA izkFkfed LowQy dk vè;kid Hkh izf'kf{kr gksuk pkfg,A
(9) izf'k{k.k dkWyst rFkk f'k{kk 'kkL=k foHkkx osQ deZpkjh osQ lsokjr izf'k{k.k osQ fy,
vodk'kdkyhu laLFkk,¡ gksuh pkfg, ftlls fd fu;fer vkèkkj ij muosQ Kku dk mRFkku
gksA ;g 30 ;k 40 fnuksa dk ,d vYidkyhu ikB~;ozQe gksA tks igys gh lh[k pqosQ
gSa muosQ fy,s ;g 20 fnuksa rd gh gksuk pkfg,A
bl laLrqfr osQ ifj.kkeLo:i ;w- th- lh- vkSj ,u- lh- bZ- vkj- Vh- us vodk'kdkyhu
laLFkkvksa dk lEiknu fd;kA
(10) Nk=kkè;kidksa dh iQhl ekiQ gks vkSj mUgsa Nk=ko`fÙk rFkk Í.k miyCèk gksaA
(11) iz;ksxkRed LowQyksa dh lqfoèkk,¡ miyCèk gksa tgk¡ fd LVkiQ osQ yksx fl¼kUrksa dh iqf"V
djus osQ fy, iz;ksx dj losaQA Nk=kkè;kid dks Hkh volj miyCèk gks fd og ,d
f'k{kd osQ rkSj ij og dk;Z dj losQ tksfd mUgsa izf'k{k.k dkWystksa esa i<+k;k x;k gSA
(12) fo"k; esa fo'ks"khdj.k (Specialisation) djus osQ vuqefr ml Nk=k dks gksuh pkfg;s
ftlus Lukrd ij fo"k; dk vè;;u fd;k gSA
(13) izf'k{k.k dkWystksa esa osQoy izFke vkSj f}rh; Js.kh osQ Nk=kksa dks gh p;fur fd;k tk,A
fdlh Hkh r`rh; Js.kh osQ Nk=k dks izf'k{k.k dkWyst esa nkf[kyk u fn;k tk,A
(14) iqLrdky;] iz;ksx'kkyk] dk;Z'kkyk bR;kfn dh lqfoèkkvksa esa lqèkkj gksuk pkfg,A
izf'k{k.k lqfoèkkvksa dk fodkl
izf'k{k.k lqfoèkk;sa izkFkfedrk osQ vkèkkj ij c<+kuk pkfg, ftlls fd vizf'kf{kr f'k{kdksa dh la[;k
esa deh vk losQA bldk mís'; ;g gS fd gj vè;kid] pkgs og izkbejh dk gks ;k ekè;fed
LowQy dk] mls ;k rks fu;qfDr osQ le; izf'kf{kr gksuk pkfg;s ;k fiQj fu;qfDr gksus osQ 3 o"kZ osQ
vUnj mls izf'k{k.k izkIr dj ysuk pkfg;sA bl n`f"Vdks.k ls fuEufyf[kr dk;Z fd;s tkus pkfg;sμ
(1) izf'kf{kr vè;kidksa dh vko';drk iwfrZ osQ fy;s gj izkUr dks Lo;a viuh ;kstuk cukuh
pkfg;sA
(2) va'kdkyhu vkSj i=kkpkj ikB~;ozQeksa dh O;oLFkk gks D;ksafd fu;fer vkSj vkSipkfjd
vè;kid f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk osQ }kjk bruh vfèkd la[;k esa vè;kidksa dks izf'kf{kr
ugha fd;k tk ldrk ftlls fd mudh vko';drk dh iwfrZ gks losQA
(3) izf'kf{kr f'k{kdksa dk vHkko ftruh tYnh gks losQ mruh tYnh nwj gksuk pkfg;sA
uksV
(4) laLFkkvksa dk vkdkj cM+k vkSj ;kstukc¼ vkèkkj ls fLFkr gksuk pkfg,A
(5) izf'k{k.k lqfoèkkvksa dk foLrkj gksuk pkfg;sA
yxkrkj O;kolkf;d f'k{kk O;oLFkk
(1) izf'k{k.k dkWystksa esa lHkh izdkj osQ f'k{kdksa osQ fy, lsokjr f'k{kk osQ ,d la;kstu
dk;ZozQe dks 'kq: fd;k tkuk pkfg, rkfd f'k{kd dks mPp f'k{kk osQ ;ksX; cuk;k tk
losQA
(2) ekè;fed LowQy osQ f'k{kdksa dks lEcfUèkr lkèkuksa osQ ekè;e ls lsokjr izf'k{k.k nsus
osQ fy, vodk'kdkyhu laLFkkvksa osQ dk;ZozQe O;ofLFkfr vkSj fozQ;k'khy lgHkkfxrk osQ
lkFk c<+kus pkfg,A
(3) O;kolkf;d f'k{kk dk oqQN vfHkfoU;kl mPp f'k{kk esa vko';d gSA
(4) uo&fu;qDr izoDrk dks laLFkkvksa osQ }kjk Lo;a dks ewY;kafdr djus dk oqQN le; iznku
djuk pkfg,A mls vPNs vè;kidksa osQ O;k[;ku lquus osQ fy, mRlkfgr djuk pkfg,A
(5) fu;fer vfHkfoU;kl dkslZ (Orientation Course) gj fo'ofo|ky; esa vkSj tgk¡ rd
lEHko gks losQ gj dkWyst esa laxfBr gksus pkfg,A
mfpr ,tsafl;ksa dk fuekZ.k
(1) jk"Vªh; Lrj ij ;w- th- lh- vkSj izkUrh; Lrj ij vè;kid f'k{kk osQ izkUrh; cksMZ dk ;g
mÙkjnkf;Ro gksuk pkfg, fd bu laLrqfr;ksa dks dk;ZfUor djs vkSj Lrj dks cuk;s j[ksA
dksBkjh deh'ku osQ i'pkr~ izFke ckj O;kolkf;d f'k{kk dks ;w- th- lh- }kjk izLrkfor
fd;k x;kA blls igys vU; laxBu tSlsμbathfu;fjax dkWyst] esfMdy dkWyst vkfn
O;kolkf;d f'k{kk dk lapkyu dj jgs FksA
(2) ;w- th- lh- dks ,u- lh- bZ- vkj- Vh- osQ lkFk vè;kid f'k{kk osQ fy, ,d la;qDr
desVh cukuh pkfg;sA ;g desVh Hkh rRdky cuk;h x;hA
(3) ;w- th- lh- dks iqLrdky; esa lgk;rk (Aid) nsuh pkfg, ftlls vè;kid f'k{kk osQ
Lrj esa lqèkkj gks losQA
(4) f'k{kd f'k{kk'kkfL=k;ksa osQ fy;s izsj.kknk;d dk;ZozQeksa dh O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg;s ftlls
fd os vuqlaèkku djsa vkSj vè;kid f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa viuk lkFkZd ;ksxnku ns losaQA
dksBjh vk;ksx }kjk ;s laLrqfr;k¡ f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa lqèkkj osQ fy, nh x;haA bl vk;ksx us
cgqr lh laLrqfr;k¡ nha vkSj cgqr vfèkd la[;k esa bldh laLrqfr;ksa dks dk;kZfUor fd;k x;k]
ijUrq laLrqfr;ksa osQ dk;kZfUor gksus ij Hkh vè;kid f'k{kk ij bldk dksbZ fo'ks"k izHkko ugha iM+kA
dHkh&dHkh O;oLFkk dks lqèkkjus osQ vfèkd iz;kl gh O;oLFkk dks [kjkc cukrs gSaA
igyh rhu iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa esa vè;kid f'k{kk
Hkkjr esa lu~ 1951 es iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa dk 'kqHkkjEHk gqvkA igyh rhu ;kstuk;sa 1951 ls 1969
rd jghaA bu ;kstukvksa osQ dky esa Hkkjr esa f'k{kdksa dk tula[;k esa ls vkèkh vizf'kf{kr FkhA bu
uksV
;kstukvksa esa bl ckr ij cy fn;k fd izf'kf{kr f'k{kdksa dh vko';drk dh iwfrZ gksuh pkfg,A
blfy;s bu ;kstukvksa esa f'k{kdksa osQ izf'k{k.k dh lqfoèkk;sa c<+kus osQ iz;kl fd, x;s ftlls fd
vizf'kf{kr vè;kidksa dh la[;k esa deh yk;h tk losQA lsokjr f'k{kdksa osQ fy, fo'ks"k :i ls
cgqr ls dk;ZozQe izLrkfor fd;s x,A
vè;kid f'k{kk dk lEiw.kZ f'k{kk esa ls nl izfr'kr va'knku feyrk gSA lu~ 1951 ls 1967
rd izf'k{k.k LowQyksa dh miyfCèk nqxquh gqbZ vkSj 1966 esa rhu xquk gks x;hA lkFk gh lkFk izf'k{k.k
dkWystksa dh miyfCèk Hkh lkFkZd :i ls c<+hA bu fodkl'khy iz;klksa osQ ifj.kkeLo:i ns'k esa
lu~ 1966 esa 29 laLFkku ,e- ,M- rFkk ih&,p- Mh- osQ dkslZ osQ fy, FksA flrEcj 1961 esa ,u-
lh- bZ- vkj- Vh- cuhA blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i vè;kid f'k{kk dk dk;ZozQe vfèkd izHkkodkjh cukA
,u- lh- bZ- vkj- Vh- rFkk ,u- lh- Vh- bZ- osQ vè;kid f'k{kk foHkkx }kjk vè;kid f'k{kk
eas lqèkkj osQ fy, cgqr ls u;s dk;ZozQe fn;s x;sA
lu~ 1964 rd ,u- lh- bZ- vkj- Vh- dk vè;kid f'k{kk osQ lEcUèk esa dk;Z djus dk
dksbZ fopkj ugha FkkA lu~ 1964 esa ,u- lh- bZ- vkj- Vh- us vè;kid f'k{kk dk;ZozQe 'kq: fd;s
D;ksafd ;g fopkj fd;k x;k fd f'k{kd xq.kkRedrk esa lqèkkj fd;s fcuk LowQyksa esa lqèkkj ykuk
vlEHko dk;Z gSA
lu~ 1964 esa f'k{kk dk izkUrh; laLFkku vkSj foKku f'k{kk osQ izkUrh; laLFkku LFkkfir fd;s
x;sA gkbZLowQy Lrj ij foKku f'k{kk dk mRFkku djus osQ fy, foKku laLFkku [kksys x;sA
pkSFkh vkSj ik¡poha iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa esa vè;kid f'k{kk
lu~ 1969 ls 1979 rd vè;kid f'k{kk dh fn'kk esa dksbZ lkFkZd dne ugha mBk;s x;sA vkfFkZd
dfBukb;ksa osQ dkj.k ljdkj fdlh Hkh fodkl'khy {ks=k esa dksbZ lkFkZd dk;Z ugha dj ldhA
izkFkfed f'k[kk dks izkFkfedrk nh xbZA lkFk gh fiNM+s oxZ rFkk yM+fd;ksa osQ izos'k ij vfèkd cy
fn;k x;kA lsokjr dk;ZozQeksa vkSj i=kkpkj dk;ZozQeksa ij vfèkd cy fn;k x;kA yxHkx 140000
izkFkfed f'k{kdksa vkSj 17600 ekè;fed f'k{kdksa dks i=kkpkj ikB~;ozQeksa dh lqfoèkk nh x;hA
dbZ f'k{kk 'kkL=k foHkkxksa vkSj izf'k{k.k dkWystksa us ,u- lh- bZ- vkj- Vh- vkSj ;w- th- lh- tSlh
laLFkkvksa dh lgk;rk ls i=kkpkj vkSj lsokjr dk;ZozQeksa dk laxBu fd;kA fgekpy fo'ofo|ky;
}kjk ch- ,M- i=kkpkj ikB~;ozQe 'kq: fd;k x;kA 3&4 o"kZ i'pkr~ t;iqj fo'ofo|ky; us Hkh
i=kkpkj ikB~;ozQe 'kq: dj fn;kA nf{k.k fo'ofo|ky; us Hkh i=kkpkj ikB~;ozQe dks 'kq: dj fn;kA
lu~ 1964&66 esa f'k{kk vk;ksx us cy fn;k fd ;fn ;g ns'k vkèkqfud yksdrkfU=kd vkSj
lkE;oknh lekt osQ leku gksuk pkgrk gS rks izpfyr f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa ewyHkwr ifjorZu dh
vko';drk gSA ;g izLrkfor fd;k x;k fd ik¡poha ;kstuk esa f'k{kk osQ dk;ZozQe osQ fodkl osQ
eq[; rÙo fuEufyf[kr gksus pkfg,μ
(1) lkekftd LFkkukUrj.k] vkfFkZd mUufr] vkèkqfudhdj.k vkSj jk"Vªh; ,drk dks 'kfDr'kkyh
cukus osQ fy, vè;kiu O;oLFkk LFkkukUrj.k vko';d gSA
(2) izh&LowQy osQ fodkl dk Lo;a izsfjr djus okyk O;kid dk;ZozQe fo'ks"k rkSj ij osQoy
fiNM+s gq;s lkekftd lewgksa osQ fy, cuk;k tk,A
uksV
(3) lHkh izkUrksa rFkk la;qDr izns'kksa esa f'k{kk'kkL=k dkWyst gksaA
(4) mPp ekè;fed Lrj ij f'k{kk dk O;kolk;hdj.k gksA
(5) jk"Vªh; Lrj ij Nk=ko`fÙk;ksa dh ;kstuk dk fodkl gks ftlls fd vPNs (;ksX;) Nk=k
vPNs LowQy vkSj f'k{kk fo'ofo|ky;ksa dks izkIr dj losaQA
(6) rduhdh f'k{kk dk fodkl gksA
(7) jk"Vªh; lkekftd lsok osQ dk;ZozQeksa dks cM+s Lrj ij izLrkfor fd;k tk;sA
lu~ 1980&84 esa Hkh vè;kid f'k{kk osQ fl¼kUr rFkk iz;ksxkRedrk esa dkbZ lkFkZd vUrj
ugha vk;k vkSj iqjkus rjhosaQ dks iz;ksx fd;k x;kA
orZeku izo`fÙk;k¡
orZeku le; esa ns'k osQ lc izns'kksa esa gkbZLowQy Lrj osQ fy, vè;kidksa dk izf'k{k.k gksrk gSA
laLFkkuksa esa ls vusd dks ljdkj Lo;a pykrh gSA oqQN lEcUèk fo'ofo|ky;ksa ls gSA lEc¼
dkWystksa esa Hkh ch- ,M- foHkkx gSaA fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh vis{kko`Qr bu dkWystksa esa 10 xquk vfèkd
vè;kid izf'kf{kr fd;s tkrs gSaA oqQN ,sls izf'k{k.k dkWyst Hkh gSa tks fo'ks"k :i ls ljdkj Lo;a
gh pykrh gSA ,u- lh- bZ- vkj- Vh- }kjk pyk;s x,] vtesj] eSlwj Hkqous'oj] Hkksiky osQ {ks=kh;
dkWystksa esa vfèkd dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA
mÙkj izns'k esa izkFkfed vè;kidksa osQ fy;s ts- Vh- lh- vkSj ts- ch- Vh- lh- nks izdkj osQ
izf'k{k.k dkWyst gSaA bu dkWystksa osQ }kjk tks vè;kid izf'kf{kr fd;s x;s gSa] os twfu;j gkbZ LowQy
esa dk;Z djrs gSaA izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa osQ vè;kid izf'kf{kr Lukrd gksus pkfg;saA {ks=kh; dkWystksa
osQ ifj.kkeLo:i izkFkfed vè;kidksa rFkk iwoZ izkFkfed Lrj osQ fy;s vè;kidksa dks izf'k{k.k fn;k
tkrk gSA fof'k"V fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy;s tSls fd fodykax cPpksa vkSj ekufld :i ls vO;ofLFkr
cPpksa osQ fy;s {ks=kh; dkWystksa us dk;ZozQe 'kq: fd;s gSaA
1.5 f'k{kd dh voèkkj.kk
bldh ifjHkk"kk rhu :iksa esa dh xbZ gSμ
(1) f'k{kd ,d O;olk; osQ mís'; ls (Teacher as an Aim-Job)]
(2) f'k{kd ,d dkS'ky osQ y{; ls (Teacher as a Skilled-Job), rFkk
(3) f'k{kd ,d Hkwfedk osQ :i ls (Teacher as a Role-job)A
budk fooj.k fuEukafdr iafDr;ksa esa fd;k x;k gSμ
(1) f'k{kd ,d O;olk; osQ mís'; ls (Teacher as an Aim-Job)μf'k{kd&O;olk; dks
oqQN y{;ksa osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS_ tSlsμ,d fdlku osQ O;olk; dk y{;
gksrk gSμÑf"k dh fofHkUu fØ;kvksa dk lEiknu djukA blh izdkj f'k{kd&O;olk; esa
f'k{kd dks f'k{k.k mís'; osQ vuqlkj fofHkUu fØ;k;sa djuh gksrh gSaA ,d MkWDVj dk
eq[; y{; chekj dks LoLFk djus osQ fy, funku djuk rFkk mlosQ mipkj gsrq nok
uksV
nsuk gksrk gSA bl izdkj Li"V :i ls dgk tk ldrk gS fd O;olk;&y{; dk rkRi;Z
f'k{kd osQ O;olk; ls gksrk gSA
(2) f'k{kd ,d dkS'ky osQ y{; ls (Teacher as a Skilled-job)μ,d f'k{kd osQoy
,slk O;fDr gh ugha gksrk fd og nwljksa dh f'k{kk osQ fy, gh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk l`tu
djrk gks og vfirq vius f'k{k.k esa dk;Z&oqQ'kyrk ,oa n{krk Hkh fodflr djrk gSA
bl izdkj og O;fDr;ksa osQ dFkuksa dh iqf"V Hkh djrk gSA og fl[kkrk gh ugha vfirq
Lo;a Hkh vH;kl ls O;olk;&dkS'ky dks fodflr dj ysrk gSA vuqHko dh ifjfLFkfr;k¡
lh[kus dk eq[; vk/kj gksrh gSaA ,d f'k{kd dks vusd dkS'kyksa dh vko';drk gksrh
gSA bl lEcUèk esa dksbZ lkekU; dFku ugha fn;k tk ldrk gSA blesa ;g Hkh lEHko
gks ldrk gS fd f'k{kd vius Nk=kksa osQ vè;;u esa fdl izdkj osQ f'k{k.k dkS'ky dk
mi;ksx djrk gSA ,d f'k{kd dks f'k{k.k&dkS'ky rFkk lkekftd dkS'kyksa dh vko';drk
gksrh gSA ,d f'k{kd dk mÙkjnkf;Ro vius Nk=kksa osQ izfr gh ugha gksrk vfirq iz'kkld
osQ izfr Hkh gksrk gSA
(3) f'k{kd ,d Hkwfedk osQ :i ls (Teacher as a Role-job)μf'k{kd osQ izR;; dks
le>us osQ fy, ;g tkuuk Hkh vko';d gS fd f'k{k.k dh ^Hkwfedk&fuokZg* dks O;olk;
D;ksa ekuk tkrk gSA ,d f'k{kd osQ vius mÙkjnkf;Ro ,oa vfèkdkj gksrs gSa rFkk mls
iz'kkld ls Hkh lEcUèk j[kus iM+rs gSaA ;g vfèkdkj ,oa drZO; gh f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk
gksrh gSA
(i) f'k{kd Hkwfedk dk mi;ksx d{kk&f'k{k.k osQ fy, O;kid :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA
(ii) f'k{kd Hkwfedk dk mi;ksx fof'k"V mís';ksa dh izkfIr osQ fy;s Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
(iii) f'k{kd Hkwfedk ,d lkekftd dk;Z gksrk gSA
(iv) f'k{kd Hkwfedk dk mi;ksx mÙkjnkf;Ro ,oa vfèkdkj osQ fuokZg osQ fy, Hkh fd;k
tkrk gSA
bl izdkj dh Hkwfedk esa laLFkk dh fØ;kvksa dh O;k[;k dh tkrh gSA blosQ vUrxZr ;g
Hkh Li"V gksrk gS fd lekt vkSj jk"Vª osQ izfr D;k&D;k fof'k"V dk;Z djus gSa\
,d f'k{kd dk ;g mÙkjnkf;Ro ,oa dÙkZO; gS fd mls vè;;u'khy rRdkyhu lekt dk
cksèk gksuk pkfg, rHkh ;g Nk=kksa dh vko';drkvksa dh iw£r dj ldrk gS rFkk d{kk&f'k{k.k dh
Hkwfedk fuokZg leqfpr <ax ls dj ldrk gSA ,d f'k{kd dks f'k{k.k dk Hkh lgh cksèk gksuk
pkfg,A bl lanHkZ esa johUnz ukFk VSxksj us f'k{kd dh O;kid ifjHkk"kk bl izdkj nh gSμ
A teacher can never truly teach unless, he is still learning himself. A lamp can never light another lamp unless it continues to burn its own flame. The teacher who has no living traffic with his knowledge, but merely repeats his students can only load their minds. He can not quicken them. —R.N. Tagore
,d f'k{kd okLro esa rHkh f'k{k.k dj ldrk gS tc og Lo;a vè;;u'khy jgrk gksA
,d tyrk gqvk nhid gh nwljs nhid dks izTTofyr dj ldrk gSA ;fn ,d f'k{kd us vius
uksV
fo"k; dk vè;;u djuk lekIr dj fn;k vkSj vius Kku dk vknku&iznku Hkh ugha djrk rc
og vius Nk=kksa esa tkxzfr ugha yk ldrk gSA vius f'k{k.k esa ek=k ikB~;oLrq dks 'kkfey djosQ
Nk=kksa osQ efLr"d dks cksf>y djrk gSA
johUnzukFk VSxksj osQ vuqlkj ,d f'k{kd thou&i;ZUr Nk=k gh jgrk gSA mls vius fo"k; dh
iw.kZ tkudkjh ugha jgrh gSA f'k{kd dks vius Nk=kksa rFkk vius fo"k; dk iw.kZ Kku gksuk pkfg,A
mUgksaus f'k{kd dks ,d nhid dh miek nh gSA mijksDr ifjHkk"kk dk lkjka'k gSμnhi ls nhi tysA
f'k{kd dks tkWu ysfVu ls Hkh lEcksfèkr fd;k tkrk gS] ftlesa tkWu dk vFkZ Nk=k rFkk
ysfVu dk vFkZ fo"k; gksrk gSA bl izdkj f'k{kd dks vius fo"k; rFkk Nk=kksa dh iw.kZ tkudkjh
gksuh pkfg, rHkh og izHkko'kkyh ;k vkn'kZ f'k{kd ekuk tk ldrk gSA
f'k{kd 'kCn ^f'k{k~* èkkrq ls cuk gS] ftldk vFkZ gksrk gS lh[kuk vkSj fl[kkukA ,d f'k{kd
Lo;a Hkh lh[krk jgrk gS vkSj Nk=kksa dks fl[kkrk jgrk gSA f'k{kd dks ,d nk'kZfud dh Hkh laKk
nh tkrh gSA vkt f'k{kd dks izcUèkd Hkh ekuk tkrk gSA
vksd'kksV us f'k{kd dh pkj fØ;kvksa dk mYys[k fd;k gS] tks f'k{kd dks lkekU; :i
esa djuh gksrh gSaμ
(2) fo"k; lEcUèkh lwpukvksa dk lEizs"k.k djuk]
(3) lwpukvksa dk Kku gksuk ftldk mls mi;ksx djuk gS rFkk
(4) fof'k"V ikB~;oLrq osQ fy;s vuqns'kukRed izfØ;k dk mi;ksx djukA
1.6 f'k{kd O;ogkj
f'k{kd fofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa rFkk fofHkUu lUnHkks± esa vusd izdkj osQ dk;Z djrk gSA og LowQy
dh fofHkUu fØ;kvksa esa Hkkx ysrk gSA f'k{kd dh bu lHkh fØ;kvksa dks ,d lkekU; oxZ (f'k{kd
O;ogkj) esa j[kk tk ldrk gSA ijUrq fofHkUu 'kksèk&izcUèkksa esa f'k{kd O;ogkj ls tks rkRi;Z fy;k
x;k gS] og blls fHkUu gSA js;Ul (1970) osQ vuqlkj] 'kSf{kd O;ogkj ls rkRi;Z O;fDr dh mu
lHkh fØ;kvksa rFkk O;ogkj ls gS] tks fdlh f'k{kd osQ djus ;ksX; ekuh tkrh gS] fo'ks"k :i ls
os fØ;k,¡ tks nwljksa osQ lh[kus esa funsZ'ku ,oa ekxZn'kZu ls lEcfUèkr gSA
E;w,Dl rFkk fLeFk (1964) us f'k{kd&O;ogkj dks vkSj vfèkd Li"V djrs gq, dgk gS
fd f'k{kd&O;ogkj osQ vUrxZr f'k{kd dh og fØ;k,¡ vkrh gSa] tks og Nk=kksa osQ lh[kus esa
mUufr o o`f¼ djus gsrq fo'ks"k :i ls d{kk esa djrk gSA
d{kk esa f'k{k.k osQ vUrxZr f'k{kd Nk=kksa dk voyksdu djrk gS] mudh Hkkoukvksa dh
vuqHkwfr djrk gS rFkk vfèkdkfèkd le>us dk iz;kl djrk gS] og fo"k;&oLrq dks Nk=kksa osQ lEeq[k
izLrqr djrk gS] mldk fo'ys"k.k djrk gS rFkk O;k[;k djrk gSA bu lHkh f'k{k.k fØ;kvksa esa
Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx djuk iM+rk gSA vr% f'k{k.k eq[;r% ,d 'kkfCnd O;ogkj gksrk gSA ;|fi f'k{kd
osQ psgjs osQ gko&Hkko] 'kkjhfjd fØ;k;sa vkfn tSls v'kkfCnd O;ogkj Hkh d{kk esa gksrs gSa] ijUrq
fujh{k.kksa ls ;g irk pyrk gS fd d{kk f'k{k.k esa 'kkfCnd O;ogkj dks gh izèkkurk nh tkrh gSA
uksV
1.7 f'k{kd O;ogkj dk fl¼kar
js;Ul (1970) us f'k{kd&O;ogkj dh tks ifjHkk"kk nh gS mlosQ nks izeq[k vkèkkj rRo (Postulates) gSaμ
(1) f'k{kd O;ogkj lkekftd O;ogkj gSμjs;Ul osQ vuqlkj f'k{kd O;ogkj ,d lkekftd
O;ogkj gS vFkkZr f'k{k.k izfØ;k esa fl[kkus okys (f'k{kd) osQ vfrfjDr lh[kus okys
(Nk=k) dk mifLFkr gksuk vko';d gS] ftlosQ lkFk f'k{kd lEizs"k.k fØ;k djrk gS vkSj
Nk=kksa dks izHkkfor djrk gSA f'k{kd Nk=k osQ eè; O;ogkj ikjLifjd gksrk gSA vr% u
osQoy f'k{kd gh Nk=kksa osQ O;ogkj dks izHkkfor djrk gS cfYd Nk=k Hkh f'k{kd&O;ogkj
dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA
(2) f'k{kd O;ogkj lkisf{kd gSμf'k{kd d{kk esa tks oqQN Hkh djrk gS] og lkekftd
ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk ifj.kke gS] ftlesa f'k{kd i<+krk gSA f'k{kd dk O;ogkj vPNk gS ;k
cqjk] lgh gS ;k xyr] izHkko'kkyh gS ;k izHkkoghu] bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd
f'k{kd dk O;ogkj] Nk=k miyfCèk osQ izdkj] visf{kr f'k{k.k&fofèk;k¡ fdl lhek rd
ml laLÑfr osQ ewY;ksa osQ lkFk vuq:irk j[krh gSa] ftlesa og jgrk gS rFkk ftlosQ
fy, og Hkkoh ih<+h dks rS;kj dj jgk gSA
1.8 f'k{kd O;ogkj fl¼kar dh vkèkkjHkwr voèkkj.kk,¡
(1) f'k{kd O;ogkjμifjfLFkfrtU; rRoksa rFkk f'k{kd dh oS;fDrd fo'ks"krkvksa dk dk;Zdkjh
:i gSA f'k{kd dk O;ogkj tks oqQN Hkh gksrk gS ml ij cká ifjfLFkfr;ksa rFkk f'k{kd
dh oS;fDrd fo'ks"krkvksa dk izHkko iM+rk gS rFkk bu nksuksa osQ ikjLifjd fØ;k&izfrfØ;k
dk ifj.kke gh f'k{kd&O;ogkj dgykrk gSA
eSdMksukYM (1959) us f'k{kd&O;ogkj dks fuEufyf[kr lehdj.k }kjk Li"V fd;k
gSμ
f'k{kd O;ogkj ¾ f'k{kd lacaa/h pj Nk=k laca/h pj
js;Ul Hkh f'k{kd O;ogkj osQ rhu dkjdksa ij cy nsrk gSμ
(1) f'k{kd dh fo'ks"krk,¡]
(2) ifjfLFkfr ,oa
(3) vUr%fØ;k rFkk ikjEifjd fuHkZjrkA
bl voèkkj.kk osQ lkFk iqu% oqQN vH;qfnr js;Ul us fn;s gSaμ
1- f'k{kd O;ogkj esa fo'oluh;rk gksrh gSA
2- f'k{kd O;ogkj esa izfrfØ;kvksa dh la[;k lhfer gksrh gSA
3- f'k{kd O;ogkj fuf'pr u gksdj lnSo lEHkkfor gksrk gSA
4- f'k{kd O;ogkj izR;sd f'k{kd dh oS;fDrd fo'ks"krkvksa dk fØ;kRed :i gksrk gSA
5- f'k{kd&O;ogkj viuh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh lkekU; fo'ks"krkvksa dk fØ;kRed :i gSA
uksV
6- f'k{kd&O;ogkj fof'k"V ifjfLFkfr dk ftlesa og ?kfVr gksrk gS dk fØ;kRed
:i gSA
(2) f'k{kd&O;ogkj dk fujh{k.k fd;k tk ldrk gSμtc f'k{kd&O;ogkj osQ vè;;u
dh ckr lksprs gSa vkSj fiQj vè;;u djus dk iz;kl djrs gSa rks ;g ekudj pyrs gSa
fd f'k{kd&O;ogkj dk oLrqfu"B vè;;u ;k rks izR;{k fujh{k.k osQ }kjk vFkok vizR;{k
lkèkuksa }kjk (tks f'k{kd&O;ogkj ls lEcfUèkr gS) fd;k tk ldrk gSA vizR;{k lkèku
gSμNk=k&O;ogkj dk ewY;kadu] f'k{kd dh {kerk o Kku ijh{k.kksa dk iz;ksx] lk{kkRdkj]
#fp] vfHk#fp vkfnA
bl voèkkj.kk osQ vUrxZr Hkh js;Ul us oqQN vH;qfnr ekus gSaμ
2-1 f'k{kd&O;ogkj esa Hksn fd;k tk ldrk gSA
2-2 f'k{kd&O;ogkj dk xq.kkRed rFkk ifjek.kkRed oxhZdj.k laHko gSA
2-3 f'k{kd&O;ogkj cká O;ogkj rFkk y{k.kksa }kjk izn£'kr gksrk gSA
1.9 d{kkxr O;ogkj osQ izdkj
d{kk esa lkekU; nks izdkj osQ O;ogkj ns[kus dks feyrs gSaμ
(1) 'kkfCnd O;ogkj rFkk
(2) v'kkfCnd O;ogkjA
(1) 'kkfCnd O;ogkj (Verbal Behaviour) μ d{kk esa tc f'k{kd rFkk Nk=k cksydj vius
vknku&iznku djrs gSa rks bl O;ogkj dks 'kkfCnd&O;ogkj dgrs gSa] blesa vfHkO;fDr
dk ekè;e ekSf[kd] fyf[kr rFkk izrhdkRed gksrk gSA f'k{kd vius f'k{k.k esa rhu
izdkj osQ 'kkfCnd O;ogkjksa dk iz;ksx djrk gSμ
1- ckSf¼d fØ;k,¡_ tSlsμifjHkk"kk nsuk] O;k[;k djuk] Li"Vhdj.k djuk vkfn
2- funsZ'ku fØ;k,¡μftlesa f'k{kd Nk=kksa dks funsZ'k nsrk gS] Nk=kksa dks oqQN djkuk
fl[kk;k tkrk gS_ tSlsμV~;wc oSQls idM+sa\ oSQls fy[ksa\ oSQls fdlh iz'u dks gy
djsa\ vkfnA
3- og O;ogkj tks Nk=kksa ij ckSf¼d ;k KkukRed izHkko dh vis{kk laosxkRed rFkk
HkkokRed izHkko vf/d Mkyrk gS_ tSlsμiz'kalk] vkKk] vLohÑfr] vkykspuk vkfnA
f'k{kd dk 'kkfCnd O;ogkj ,d fo'ks"k d{kk&okrkoj.k dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA ;g Nk=kksa
}kjk Lora=krkiwoZd gksus okyh izfrfØ;kvksa dks izksRlkfgr djus okyk ;k grksRlkfgr djus
okyk gksrk gSA f'k{kd Nk=kksa dks d{kk esa fdl ek=kk esa Lora=krk iznku djrk gSA bl
vkèkkj ij Hkh f'k{kd osQ 'kkfCnd O;ogkj dks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkDr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
(d) izR;{k 'kkfCnd O;ogkj (Direct Teacher Behaviour)μizR;{k 'kkfCnd O;ogkj
og O;ogkj gS] ftlesa f'k{kd d{kk esa viuk izHkko o izHkqRo LFkkfir djus dh
ps"Vk djrk gS] Nk=kksa osQ fopkjksa o O;ogkjksa dh vkykspuk djrk gS] d{kk esa Nk=kksa
dks Lora=krkiwoZd cksyus dk volj iznku ugha djrk gSA blh lEcUèk esa oqQN
uksV
f'k{kk'kkfL=k;ksa us f'k{kd dks izHkqRooknh dgk gSμ,.Mjlu (1939) us izHkqRooknh
f'k{kd rFkk fyfiV o OgkbV (1943) us Hkh izHkqRooknh f'k{kd uke ls lEcksfèkr
fd;k gSA
dksxu (1956) osQ vuqlkj izR;{k O;ogkj okys f'k{kd vlkekftd] vèkhj]
LoosQfUnzr] vxz] nEHkh] fo}s"kh eukso`fr osQ gksrs gSa] os Nk=kksa osQ izfr lgkuqHkwfriw.kZ
O;ogkj ugha viukrsA oqQjS'kh rFkk gqlSu (1972) us bl izdkj osQ f'k{kdksa esa
vusd fo'ks"krkvksa dks crk;k gSμlh[kus&fl[kkus dh izfØ;k esa og Nk=kksa dks Hkkx
ysus ls jksdrk gS] f'k{k.k dk vfèkdka'k le; Hkk"k.k }kjk vius fopkj O;Dr
djus esa O;rhr djrk gS] Nk=kksa ls dk;Z djkus esa funsZ'k o vkKk dk iz;ksx djrk
gS] lgh O;ogkj djkus osQ fy;s Nk=kksa dh vkykspuk djrk gS] Lo;a osQ O;ogkj
dk vkSfpR; fu/kZfjr djrk gS] lEizs"k.k esa lkekftd oqQ'kyrk dk loZFkk vHkko
jgrk gS] Nk=kksa osQ lkFk dk;Z djus esa #fp ugha ysrk] d{kk esa vkSipkfjd :i ls
vuq'kklu LFkkfir fd;k tkrk gS] f'k{k.k&vfèkxe izfØ;k esa Nk=kksa dks de egRo
nsrk gSA
bl izdkj osQ O;ogkj esa Nk=kksa dh oS;fDrd fHkUurk osQ euksoSKkfud rF; dks
Lohdkj ugha fd;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj Nk=kksa dh bPNk] Lrj] ewY;] mís';] fu.kZ;]
dY;k.k osQ fy;s dksbZ LFkku ugha gksrk gSA ifj.kkeLo:i Nk=kksa osQ fodkl ,oa
'kSf{kd miyfCèk esa ckèkk mifLFkr gksrh gSA ,UMjlu (1939) osQ vuqlkj vfèkd
izHkqRooknh f'k{kd osQ Nk=kksa esa f'k{kd&izHkqRo osQ izfr fojksèkh O;ogkj dh vko`fÙk
vfèkd gksrh gSA
([k) vizR;{k 'kkfCnd O;ogkj (Indirect Verbal Behaviour)μtc f'k{kd Nk=kksa dks
dk;Z djus dh] mUgsa fopkjksa dks vfHkO;Dr djus dh Lora=krk iznku djrk gS rks
bl izdkj osQ O;ogkj dks vizR;{k O;ogkj dh laKk nh tkrh gSA f'k{kd Nk=kksa osQ
fopkjksa dks Lohdkj djrk gS rFkk mudk Li"Vhdj.k djrk gSA og vius fopkjksa
dks ekuus osQ fy, Nk=kksa dks ckè; ugha djrkA ÝyS.MlZ bl izdkj osQ O;ogkj
dks vizR;{k (Indirect behaviour) rFkk ,UMjlu leUo; O;ogkj (Democratic behaviour) dgrs gSaA blh izdkj fyfiV o OgkbV osQ O;ogkj dks iztkrkaf=kd
O;ogkj (Nk=k&osQfUnzr) dgrs gSaA
d{kk esa f'k{kd de cksyrk gS vkSj Nk=kksa dks cksyus dk vfèkd volj iznku
djrk gSA Nk=kksa dh leL;kvksa dks le>dj mudk lekèkku djus dk iz;kl djrk
gSA ,slk f'k{kd iz'u vfèkd iwNrk gS] ftlls Nk=k vè;;u&vè;kiu izfØ;k esa
fØ;k'khy jgus dh izsj.kk izkIr djrs gSaA dksxu (1958) us vius vè;;u osQ
vkèkkj ij vizR;{k O;ogkj okys f'k{kd dks lgk;d] vPNs LoHkko okyk] eS=kh
Hkko okyk] fo'oLr] èkS;Z'kkyh] izlUufpÙk rFkk lykgdkjh crk;k gSA
oqQjS'kh ,oa gqlSu (1972) us vizR;{k O;ogkj okys f'k{kd dh vusd fo'ks"krk,¡
crkbZ gSa_ tSlsμlh[kus dh izfØ;k esa Nk=kksa dks vfèkdkfèkd Hkkx ysus osQ fy,
uksV
izksRlkfgr djrk gS] Lo;a de cksyrk gS rFkk Nk=kksa dks Lo;a vuqHko dk vfèkd
volj iznku djrk gS] vè;;u&vè;kiu dh ;kstuk cukus esa Nk=kksa dk lg;ksx
izkIr djrk gS] d{kk esa vfèkd iz'u iwNrk gS] Nk=kksa osQ dk;ks± dh iz'kalk djrk gS
rFkk vfèkdkfèkd izksRlkfgr djrk gS] Nk=kksa osQ fopkjksa dks Lohdkj djrk gSA mUgsa
egRo nsrk gS] vkykspuk ;k n.M dk dksbZ LFkku blesa ugha gksrk gS] Nk=kksa dh
bPNk o vko';drkuqlkj f'k{k.k izfØ;k esa ifjorZu lEHko gSA vr% yphykiu
jgrk gS] ruko dks de djus osQ fy, d{kk esa gkL;&fouksn dk lgkjk Hkh fy;k
tkrk gS] Nk=kksa dh leL;kvksa dks le>us o gy djus dk iz;kl djrk gS rFkk
d{kk esa ltho okrkoj.k cuk jgrk gSA
(2) v'kkfCnd O;ogkj (Non-Verbal Behaviour) f'k{k.k lEcUèkh vfèkdka'k fØ;k,¡ 'kkfCnd
vknku&iznku }kjk gh lEiUu dh tkrh gSa rFkkfi d{kk esa v'kkfCnd O;ogkj Hkh gksrk gS]
tks de egRoiw.kZ ugha gSA v'kkfCnd O;ogkj og O;ogkj gS] ftlesa Nk=k rFkk f'k{kd
osQ eè; cksydj Hkkoksa o fopkjksa dk lEizs"k.k ugha gksrk gS vfirq gko&Hkko rFkk laosQr
osQ }kjk gksrk gSA Nk=kksa dks izksRlkfgr djus osQ fy, f'k{kd dk flj fgykuk] Nk=kksa dks
cksyus ls jksdus osQ fy, vaxqyh dk iz;ksx] eqLdjkuk] HkzwHkax djuk vkfn lHkh fØ;k,¡
Nk=kksa dks f'k{kd osQ fopkjksa o Hkkoksa ls voxr djkrh gSaA fdlh Nk=k osQ xyr dke
ij f'k{kd ;fn Øksèk ls yky&ihyk gksdj mldh vksj ns[krk gS] rks fuf'pr gh Nk=k
le> tkrk gS fd mls ;g dke ugha djuk pkfg,A fdlh Nk=k }kjk dk;Z fd;s tkus
ij f'k{kd ;fn psgjs ij izlUurk ykrk gS] ruko dks de djrk gS vkSj flj fgykrk gS
rks Nk=k ml izdkj ls dk;Z djus dks vfèkd izksRlkfgr gksrk gSA ml izdkj gko&Hkko
o laosQrksa }kjk fopkjksa dk vknku&iznku gh v'kkfCnd O;ogkj dgykrk gSA
v'kkfCnd laosQr 'kkfCnd O;ogkj o dFku dks 'kfDr iznku djrs gSaA bu laosQrksa dk
izHkko Nk=kksa ij xgjk iM+rk gSA dHkh&dHkh vkSipkfjd f'k{kk rFkk f'k{kd osQ d{kk esa
dgs x;s 'kkfCnd dFkuksa dh vis{kk v'kkfCnd rRo vf/d izHkko'kkyh gks tkrs gSa vkSj
Nk=kksa ij viuh xgjh Nki NksM+ nsrs gSaA
d{kk esa 'kkfCnd O;ogkj dh izèkkurk gksus osQ dkj.k rFkk mldk vè;;u fo'oluh; <ax
ls djus esa leFkZ gksus osQ dkj.k gh d{kk&O;ogkj lEcUèkh vfèkdka'k vè;;u 'kkfCnd
O;ogkjksa ij gh gq, gSa] v'kkfCnd O;ogkjksa ij ughaA 'kq¼ :i esa d{kk esa v'kkfCnd
Hkko izn'kZu 'kkfCnd O;ogkj dh vis{kk cgqr de gksrk gSA
1.10 vkèkqfud vè;kid f'k{kk osQ vk;ke
vè;kid&f'k{k.k osQ {ks=k esa izeq[k nks vk;keksa dk vuqlj.k fd;k tkrk gSA os vk;ke bl izdkj gSaμ
1- LokfeRo f'k{kd dk izfreku (Model The Master Teacher)μvè;kid&f'k{kk esa vusd
vk;keksa dks fodflr fd;k x;k gSA bZ- LVksu (1992) us viuh iqLrd ^Vh¯px izSfDVl*
esa mijksDr izfrekuksa dks fn;k gSA muesa ls ,d izfreku dks îzoh.k&f'k{kd dk izfreku*
Hkh dgrs gSaA bl izfreku dk LVksyqjks (1965) us Hkh mYys[k fd;k FkkA ;g f'kYidkj
uksV
dh Ñfr;ksa ls fy;k x;k gSA izoh.k&f'k{kd dk rkRi;Z ,d izoh.k f'kYidkj dh Hkk¡fr gSA
Nk=k&f'k{k.k dk dk;ZØe fujh{k.k] vH;kl ,oa lhekvksa ij vkèkkfjr gksrk gSA
bl vk;ke osQ i{k esa izHkko'khyrk osQ roZQ fn;s x;s gSaA ;g roZQ vfèkd ljy ,oa
lkekU; gSaA ¶;fn vki ,d izHkko'kkyh f'k{kd cuuk pkgrs gSa] rc og lHkh dk;Z
dhft,] tks ,d izHkko'kkyh f'k{kd djrk gSA¸ bl dFku dks ihVlZ us lu~ 1966 esa
fn;k FkkA bl vk;ke osQ i{k esa lkekU; ,oa fof'k"V roZQ fn;s tkrs gSaA ,d vkdyu
osQ vkèkkj ij ;g dgk tkrk gS fd f'k{k.k ,d O;fDrxr izfØ;k gSA ,d f'k{kd Lo;a
osQ fy;s fØ;k;sa djrk gSA
bl izfreku osQ foi{k esa Hkh roZQ fn;s tkrs gSa] tks lS¼kfUrd rFkk O;kogkfjd Hkh gSaA
,d izoh.k&f'k{kd lhfer dkS'ky] vfHko`fÙk;ksa ,oa O;fDrxr xq.kksa dk gh fodkl djrk
gSA bl vk;ke esa O;fDrxr xq.kksa dks egRo ugha fn;k tkrk gSA lkekU; :i ls izoh.k
f'k{kd Nk=kksa dks f'k{kd O;ogkj dk vuqdj.k djus osQ fy, izksRlkfgr djrk gSA blesa
ikjLifjd lEcUèk izHkko'kkyh gksrs gSa] tcfd f'k{kd osQ O;ogkj dh izHkko'khyrk d{kk
dh NksVh&NksVh fØ;kvksa ij vkèkkfjr gksrh gSA tc Nk=k vè;kid mu fØ;kvksa dk
vuqHko djrk gS] rc mldk f'k{k.k izHkko'kkyh ugha vfirq gkfudkjd gksrk gSA bl
vk;ke dh vU; lhek ;g gS fd Nk=k&vè;kid izoh.k&f'k{kd osQ O;ogkj osQ vuqdj.k
rd gh lhfer jgrk gSA mlls ijs mls O;ogkjksa dk volj ugha iznku fd;k tkrk gSA
blfy, f'k{kd laLFkkvksa us izoh.k f'k{k.k izfreku dk mi;ksx ugha fd;k gS vkSj u gh
izoh.k f'k{kd dh ifgpku dh gSA bldk dkj.k ;g Hkh gS fd vusd fo"k;ksa osQ izoh.k
f'k{kd feyuk dfBu gS tgk¡ muosQ mi;ksx dh vko';drk gSA
vUr esa] ;g dg ldrs gSa fd ;g vk;ke f'k{kdksa osQ i{k esa ijUrq Nk=k&vè;kidksa osQ
fy, O;kogkfjd rFkk mi;ksxh ugha gSA ijEijkxr :i esa izoh.k f'k{kd dh ppkZ djuk
mÙke gS ijUrq mldk fØ;kUo;u dfBu gSA izoh.k f'k{kd osQ O;ogkj dk vuqdj.k rks
fd;k tk ldrk gS ijUrq fo'ys"k.k djuk dfBu gSA f'k{k.k dh izfØ;k fo'ys"k.k esa
vusd rRo lfEefyr gSaμ'kkfCnd O;ogkj] f'k{k.k dkS'ky] lkekftd dkS'ky] vuqns'kkRed
izfØ;k] f'k{kd fofèk izfofèk;k¡] lgk;d lkexzh vfHkizsj.kk dh izfofèk;k¡] funkukRed
,oa lqèkkj f'k{k.k] f'k{k.k dh lgk;d izfofèk;k¡ vkfnA
2- LokfeRo f'k{k.k izfreku (izfØ;k dk Lo:i) (Master the Teacher Model [Process Modelling])μf'k{k.k&O;ogkj dk nwljk vk;ke izoh.k f'k{k.k izfreku dgk
tkrk gSA bl izfreku dk egRo f'k{k.k leL;kvksa osQ lekèkku ls vfèkd gSA bl f'k{k.k
izfreku dk mi;ksx O;kid :i esa fd;k tkrk gS ijUrq bldks ,d gh vFkZ esa iz;ksx
djrs gSaA f'k{k.k izfrekuksa dk fodkl f'k{k.k O;ogkj ij fd;k tkrk gSA bl fo'ys"k.k
esa vè;kid f'k{kk osQ mís';ksa] Nk=kksa dh ;ksX;rk rFkk izfØ;k ftlosQ }kjk bu mís';ksa
dh izkfIr dh tk ldrh gSA fofHkUu izdkj osQ izfrekuksa dks fodflr fd;k x;k gSA
bUgsa fodflr djus osQ vusd dkj.k gSaA
izfr:i.k dh mi;ksfxrk (Implication of Modelling)μLVksyqjks (1965) osQ vuqlkj
izfreku dk fodkl fdlh fof'k"V mís'; dks izkIr djus gsrq leqPp; rRoksa dk p;u
uksV
fd;k tkrk gSA Nk=kksa dks fl[kkus osQ fy;s f'k{kd dh fØ;kvksa osQ vkèkkj ij fofHkUu
izdkj osQ f'k{k.k izfrekuksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ,d izfreku dk lqfuf'pr y{;
gksrk gS] ftldk ijh{k.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g lHkh dk fo'okl gS fd f'k{k.k ,d
tfVy izfØ;k gSA blosQ vUrxZr fofoèk izdkj osQ ?kVdksa dk izHkko gksrk gS] ftldk
vkdyu Nk=k osQ O;ogkj ifjorZu osQ vkèkkj ij fd;k tk ldrk gSA f'k{k.k izfreku
dk fodkl fd;k tkuk pkfg,] ftlls nks dk;ks± dk lEiknu gksrk gksμ
izFke dk;Zμf'k{k.k esa fufgr leqPp; ?kVdksa esa lg&lEcUèk LFkkfir djsaA
f}rh; dk;Zμ=kqfV lqèkkj osQ fy;s Hkh volj nsuk pkfg,A ,d f'k{kd dks bu leqPp;
rRoksa dk dgk¡ rd mi;ksx vius f'k{k.k esa djrk gS vkSj dgk¡ rd O;k[;kRed {kerk
dks fodflr dj ldrk gSA budh fujUrjrk ,oa oxhZdj.k esa o`f¼ dh tk ldrh gSA
f'k{k.k izfreku osQ fodkl dh voLFkk,¡ (Stage in Developing a Teacher Model) μ,d f'k{k.k izfreku osQ fodflr djus dh ewy voLFkk;sa bl izdkj gSaμ
izFke voLFkkμf'k{kd&O;ogkj dk lS¼kfUrd fo'ys"k.k f'k{k.k osQ mís';ksa dh n`f"V ls
djukA
f}rh; voLFkkμf'k{k.k mís';ksa osQ fy;s Nk=kksa osQ vkjfEHkd Kku ,oa dkS'ky dk fuèkkZj.k
djuk gksrk gSA r`rh; voLFkkμf'k{k.k izfØ;k esa lEHkkfor ?kVdksa dh vUr%fØ;k tks
Nk=kksa osQ lh[kus esa lgk;d gksxh rFkk i`"Biks"k.k Hkh iznku djsxhA
prqFkZ voLFkkμizfreku osQ fy;s izR;kRed izk:i fodflr fd;k tkrk gS] ftlesa f'k{k.k
?kVdksa esa Li"V lg&lEcUèk fn;k tkrk gSA
iape voLFkkμizfreku dks ,d ikB&;kstuk osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr Øec¼ :i esa
izfØ;k dk fu;kstu fd;k tkrk gSA
"k"Ve voLFkkμizfreku dh dk;Z'khyrk dk vkdyu fd;k tkrk gS] ftlls mldh
oSèkrk dk cksèk gksrk gS fd bl izfreku ls fof'k"V mís';ksa dh izkfIr dh tk ldrh gSA
f'k{k.k osQ {ks=k esa vusd izfrekuksa dks fodflr fd;k x;k gS rFkk mudh izHkko'khyrk
dk vkdyu fd;k tk pqdk gSA ,d f'k{kd Nk=kksa osQ O;ogkj dks gh ugha izHkkfor djrk
gS vfirq og Nk=kksa osQ O;ogkj ls izHkkfor Hkh gksrk gSA ,d f'k{kd fujUrj Nk=kksa osQ
O;ogkj dk fujh{k.k djrk jgrk gS vkSj vius O;ogkj esa ifjorZu ,oa lqèkkj djrk gSA
bl izdkj vuqns'kukRed O;ogkj esa Øe'k% rhu fØ;k;saμfujh{k.k] funku rFkk rnuqowQy
fØ;k,¡ djukA d{kk&f'k{k.k dh vuqns'kukRed izfØ;k osQ pkj i{k@voLFkk;sa gksrh gSaμ
1- f'k{k.k dk fu;kstu djuk]
2- vkjfEHkd f'k{kd&O;ogkj]
3- f'k{kd fujh{k.k] vFkkZiu rFkk Nk=kksa osQ O;ogkj dk funku djuk]
4- izHkkfor djus okyk f'k{kd O;ogkj ;k ftl f'k{kd O;ogkj us izHkkfor fd;kA
izoh.k&f'k{k.k izfreku osQ vk;ke osQ iz;ksx ls vuqHko fd;k x;k fd blosQ vUrxZr fl¼kUr
,oa vH;kl dks lefUor fd;k gSA fl¼kar ,oa vH;kl dk leUo; vewrZ rFkk vkdfLed ugha gS
uksV
vfirq fujUrj gksus okyh izfØ;k gS] ftlls y{;ksa dh izkfIr dh tkrh gSA bl vk;ke esa 'kq¼rk
Hkh vfèkd gS rFkk izHkko'khyrk Hkh gSA ;g vk;ke Nk=kksa osQ O;fDrRo] vfHko`fÙk;ksa] {kerkvksa ,oa
;ksX;rkvksa osQ fodkl esa lkFkZd lgk;rk iznku djrk gSA bl vk;ke osQ vUrxZr vusd ?kVd
gksrs gSaA blfy, bldk lS¼kfUrd i{k Hkh izcy gksrk gSA blls ,d O;fDrxr f'k{k.k dk <ax
fodflr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
izoh.k f'k{k.k izfreku dk mi;ksx O;kogkfjd foKku osQ f'k{k.k esa vfèkd fd;k tkrk
gS D;ksafd f'k{k.k dks lkekftd rF; ekurs gSaA f'k{kd osQ vè;;u esa oSKkfud fujh{k.k ,oa
fo'ys"k.k fd;k tkus yxk gSA f'k{k.k O;ogkj esa lqèkkj ,oa ifjorZu i`"Biks"k.k dh izfofèk;ksa ls
fd;k tkus yxk gSA
1.11 lkjka'k
os leLr fØ;kdyki f'k{kk dks cksèk djkrs gSa tks thou dk;Z osQ fy;s vko';d Kku] uSfrd
ewY;ksa vkSj cksèk osQ fodkl ls lEcfUèkr gksaA f'k{kk dk mís'; iwoZ lwpuk;qDr rFkk lqlfTtr
ukxfjdksa dk fodkl djuk gSA
vè;kid f'k{kkμ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{;μHkkjr esa vè;kid f'k{kk O;oLFkk dk tUe f'k{kk osQ
lkFk gh 2500 'krkCnh iwoZ gqvkA vè;kid f'k{kk O;oLFkk dks ik¡p Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gSμ
1- izkphu vkSj eè;dkyhu f'k{kkμ2500 bZ- iw- ls 500 bZ- iw-
2- cq¼dkyhu f'k{kkμ500 bZ- iw- ls 1200 bZ-
3- eqfLye dkyhu f'k{kkμ1200 ls 1700 bZ-
4- fczfV'k dkyhu f'k{kkμ1700 ls 1947 rd
5- LorU=k Hkkjr esa vè;kid f'k{kkμ1947 ls vc rd
izkphu vkSj eè;dkyhu f'k{kkμoSfnd dky esa f'k{kk tkfr O;oLFkk ij vkèkkfjr FkhA gj
tkfr vius O;oLkk; osQ izfr lefiZr FkhA czkã.k f'k{kk nsdj viuk thfodksiktZu djrs FksA ml
le; izf'k{k.k iznku djus okyh dksbZ vkSipkfjd laLFkk ugha FkhA Nk=k vius xq#] ekrk&firk ;k
vfHkHkkod osQ }kjk gh izf'kf{kr gksrs FksA ;g ,d vkuqoaf'kd izfozQ;k FkhA
fczfV'k dkyhu 'kSf{kd O;oLFkk baXySaM dh 'kSf{kd O;oLFkk osQ vuqlkj LFkkfir dh xbZA
;g f'k{kk dh izxfr'khy O;oLFkk FkhA f'k{kdksa osQ izf'k{k.k dh eksuhVksfj;y O;oLFkk vkSj f'k{kd
izf'k{k.k dh vkSipkfjd O;oLFkk Hkkjr esa vHkh ugh vkbZ FkhA tc vaxzst vk;s rks f'k{kk osQ {ks=k
esa mudk eq[; mís'; Hkkjrh; cPpksa dks fczfV'k O;oLFkk osQ vuq:i f'k{kk nsuk FkkA Hkkjr esa
vè;kid f'k{kk dh vkSipkfjd O;oLFkk osQ :i esas loZizFke MsuekoZQ osQ fe'kufj;ksa us lhjkeiqj
(if'pe caxky) esa ,d vkSipkfjd izf'k{k.k osQanz LFkkfir fd;kA ;g fe'kujht dh O;fDrxr
laLFkk FkhA Hkkjr esa vè;kidksa osQ izf'k{k.k osQ lEcUèk esa ;g igyk dne FkkA
lu~ 1919 esa dydÙkk fo'ofo|ky; osQ lqèkkj osQ fy;s laLrqfr;ksa osQ fy;s lSMyj vk;ksx
fu;qDr fd;k x;kA bl vk;ksx us ekè;fed fo|ky;ksa osQ vè;kidksa osQ O;kolkf;d izf'k{k.k esa
fo'ofo|ky; dh Hkwfedk ij cy fn;kA Hkkjr esa 1937 esa ,d cgqr egÙoiw.kZ vkUnksyu gqvkA
uksV
egkRek xk¡èkh us dgk fd tc rd fd O;fDr f'kf{kr u gksa] iw.kZ LorU=krk dk egÙo vuqHko
ugha fd;k tk ldrkA mÙkj izns'k esa bykgkckn es igyh ckj csfld vè;kid&izf'k{k.k dk dk;Z
'kq: fd;k x;kA ;s vè;kid fo'ks"k :i ls izkFkfed d{kkvksa osQ fy;s izf'kf{kr fd;s x;sA bu
vè;kidksa osQ fy;s bu csfld gLrdykvksa esa fuiq.krk dh vko';drk vuqHko dh x;h] tSls o`Qf"k
foHkkx] x`g foKku bR;kfnA vè;kid f'k{kk (1940 ls vc rd)μlktsZUV deh'ku lu~ 1944 esa
fiQj ^f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa lqèkkj dh ;kstuk* dks tkWu lktsZUV dk lw=k ekuk x;kA ;g ,d foLr`r
;kstuk Fkh tksfd lHkh Lrjksa ij Loho`Qr gqbZA
eqnkfy;j deh'ku dh fjiksVZ esa dgk x;k fd f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa fdlh Hkh izdkj osQ lqèkkj
dh oqQath vè;kid gSA blfy;s f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk lqèkkj cgqr egÙoiw.kZ gSA lu~ 1964 esa
MkW- Mh- dksBkjh dh vè;{krk esa jk"Vªh; f'k{kk vk;ksx us O;kolkf;d f'k{kk dh orZeku O;oLFkk
dh dfe;ksa dks fn[kk;kA bl vk;ksx us Hkkjr esa f'k{kk O;oLFkk ij viuh O;kid fjiksVZ nhA ns'k
esa f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa lqèkkj osQ fy;s vk;ksx us fofHkUu laLrqfr;k¡ nhaA vkt vè;kid f'k{kk osQ
{ks=k esa d{kk vUr%izfØ;k ij 'kksèk dk;ks± dks vfèkd egRo ,oa izkFkfedrk nh tk jgh gSA d{kk
vUr%izfØ;k dks blfy, egRo fn;k tkrk gS] D;ksafd blesa Nk=kksa dh miyfCèk (Achievement) ,d ek=k izHkko'khyrk dk ekun.M gksrh gSA bl fn'kk esa 'kksèk dk;ks± dk fu;kstu fd;k x;k gS]
ftudh voèkkj.kk ;g gS fd lEiw.kZ O;ogkj ifjorZu esa ekun.M dh Hkwfedk gh vge~ gksrh gSA
blfy, ;g vko';d gS fd f'k{kd dks f'k{kd izR;; ,oa f'k{kd&O;ogkj dk cksèk gksuk pkfg,A
f'k{kd dh voèkkj.kk bldh ifjHkk"kk rhu :iksa esa dh xbZ gSμ
(1) f'k{kd ,d O;olk; osQ mís'; ls (Teacher as an Aim-Job)]
(2) f'k{kd ,d dkS'ky osQ y{; ls (Teacher as a Skilled-Job) rFkk
(3) f'k{kd ,d Hkwfedk osQ :i ls (Teacher as a Role-job)A
f'k{kd ,d O;olk; osQ mís'; ls (Teacher as an Aim-Job)μf'k{kd&O;olk; dks oqQN
y{;ksa osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS_ tSlsμ,d fdlku osQ O;olk; dk y{; gksrk gSμÑf"k dh
fofHkUu fØ;kvksa dk lEiknu djukA f'k{kd ,d dkS'ky osQ y{; ls (Teacher as a Skilled-job) μ,d f'k{kd osQoy ,slk O;fDr gh ugha gksrk fd og nwljksa dh f'k{kk osQ fy, gh ifjfLFkfr;ksa
dk l`tu djrk gks og vfirq vius f'k{k.k esa dk;Z&oqQ'kyrk ,oa n{krk Hkh fodflr djrk gSA
f'k{kd ,d Hkwfedk osQ :i ls (Teacher as a Role-job)μf'k{kd osQ izR;; dks le>us osQ fy,
;g tkuuk Hkh vko';d gS fd f'k{k.k dh ^Hkwfedk&fuokZg* dks O;olk; D;ksa ekuk tkrk gSA ,d
f'k{kd osQ vius mÙkjnkf;Ro ,oa vfèkdkj gksrs gSa rFkk mls iz'kkld ls Hkh lEcUèk j[kus iM+rs
gSaA ;g vfèkdkj ,oa drZO; gh f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk gksrh gSA
,d f'k{kd dk ;g mÙkjnkf;Ro ,oa dÙkZO; gS fd mls vè;;u'khy rRdkyhu lekt dk
cksèk gksuk pkfg, rHkh ;g Nk=kksa dh vko';drkvksa dh iw£r dj ldrk gS rFkk d{kk&f'k{k.k dh
Hkwfedk fuokZg leqfpr <ax ls dj ldrk gSA johUnzukFk VSxksj osQ vuqlkj ,d f'k{kd thou&i;ZUr
Nk=k gh jgrk gSA mls vius fo"k; dh iw.kZ tkudkjh ugha jgrh gSA f'k{kd dks vius Nk=kksa rFkk
vius fo"k; dk iw.kZ Kku gksuk pkfg,A mUgksaus f'k{kd dks ,d nhid dh miek nh gSA f'k{kd
uksV
'kCn ^f'k{k~* èkkrq ls cuk gS] ftldk vFkZ gksrk gS lh[kuk vkSj fl[kkukA ,d f'k{kd Lo;a Hkh
lh[krk jgrk gS vkSj Nk=kksa dks fl[kkrk jgrk gSA f'k{kd dks ,d nk'kZfud dh Hkh laKk nh tkrh
gSA vkt f'k{kd dks izcUèkd Hkh ekuk tkrk gSA
d{kkxr O;ogkj osQ izdkjμd{kk esa lkekU; nks izdkj osQ O;ogkj ns[kus dks feyrs gSaμ(1)
'kkfCnd O;ogkj rFkk (2) v'kkfCnd O;ogkjA 'kkfCnd O;ogkjμd{kk esa tc f'k{kd rFkk Nk=k
cksydj vius vknku&iznku djrs gSa rks bl O;ogkj dks 'kkfCnd&O;ogkj dgrs gSaA izR;{k 'kkfCnd
O;ogkj (Direct Teacher Behaviour)μizR;{k 'kkfCnd O;ogkj og O;ogkj gS] ftlesa f'k{kd
d{kk esa viuk izHkko o izHkqRo LFkkfir djus dh ps"Vk djrk gS] Nk=kksa osQ fopkjksa o O;ogkjksa
dh vkykspuk djrk gS] d{kk esa Nk=kksa dks Lora=krkiwoZd cksyus dk volj iznku ugha djrk gSA
vizR;{k 'kkfCnd O;ogkj (Indirect Verbal Behaviour)μtc f'k{kd Nk=kksa dks dk;Z
djus dh] mUgsa fopkjksa dks vfHkO;Dr djus dh Lora=krk iznku djrk gS rks bl izdkj osQ O;ogkj
dks vizR;{k O;ogkj dh laKk nh tkrh gSA
o"kks± ls izHkko'kkyh f'k{kd vFkok f'k{kd&oqQ'kyrk dks le>us o ifjHkkf"kr djus dk
iz;kl fd;k tk jgk gSA fofHkUu fo}kuksa us f'k{kd izHkko'khyrk dh ifjHkk"kk vius&vius n`f"Vdks.k
ls nh gSA f'k{kd&izHkko lEcUèkh ;g fHkUurk rFkk vLi"Vrk LokHkkfod gS] D;ksafd izHkko'kkyh
f'k{k.k fu%lUnsg ,d lkisf{kd fo"k; gSA fdlh Hkh O;fDr osQ fy, ,d vPNs ;k oqQ'ky f'k{kd
dk fopkj mlosQ iwoZ vuqHko] ewY;] vfHko`fÙk rFkk lekt dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls i

Teacher Education-I

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