TCP: Transmission Control Protocol Overview Connection set-up and termination Interactive Bulk...
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TCP: Transmission Control Protocol
• Overview• Connection set-up and termination• Interactive• Bulk transfer• Timers• Improvements
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TCP: Overview• Connection oriented, byte stream service• Full or half duplex service• Reliability (ARQ)
– Sliding window with variable sized window– Stream is sent in segments (IP datagrams)– SN for bytes– Receiver buffer reorders bytes– Checksum on header and data– Discards duplicate data– Flow control
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TCP: Overview
IP Header TCP Header TCP Data
TCP segment
Source port # Destination port #Sequence #
Acknowledgement #HL reserv flags Window size
Checksum Urgent pointer
Options if any
65535-20-20=65495
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TCP: Flags
• URG: The urgent pointer is used• ACK: The acknowledgement number is valid• PSH: The receiver should pass this data to the
application as soon as possible• RST: Reset the connection• SYN: Synchronize sequence numbers to initiate
a connection. • FIN: The sender is finished sending data
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TCP: Set-Up Syn=1 Ack = 0
A:SYN, MSS, SN=ISN
B: SYN, MSS, SN=ISNSyn1 ack 1
B: ACK
A: ACK
A B
Fullduplex
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TCP: Termination
A:FIN
B: ack of FIN
B: FIN
A: ack of FIN
A B
Bothsidesclose
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TCP windows
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
sent andacked
sent butnot acked
can sendasap
min{offered window from receiver,cwnd}
usablewindow
Actually,
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Transmission window: cwnd
1
cwnd1
ack1
2 23 ack2
ack34 4
567
Doublingevery RT!
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TCP Timeout and Retransmission
Each packet has a retransmission timer• It is initialized by the retransmission time out
(RTO) value• When the timer expires, a time out occurs and
the data is retransmitted• If a retransmission fails then the time-out doubles
i.e., exponential backoff.
It’s important to find a good RTO value
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TCP
• Slow start: cwnd =1cwnd exponentially increasing
• Congestion avoidance: cwnd reaches ssthresh,cwnd linearly increasing
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TCP: Tahoe and Reno
Tahoe: slow start + congestion avoidanceReno: fast retransmit + fast recovery