TCI English

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Temperament and Character Inventory 2 March 2012 DOPP, MWI Bermuda Marcel Westerlund Consultant Forensic and Adult Psychiatrist

Transcript of TCI English

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Temperament and Character Inventory

2 March 2012

DOPP, MWI BermudaMarcel Westerlund

Consultant Forensic and Adult Psychiatrist

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Physiognomy and personality

1930’s Kretschmer: Physical types – Psychological disorder

Pycnic, Asthenic and Athletic types

1950’s Sheldon: Physical types Personality

Ectomorph, mesomorph and endomorph Cerebrotonic, somatotonic & viccerotonic

Trait theories

1921 Allport – Frequency, intensity & range of solutions

1922

1963 Norman - Neurotiscism, extravcersion, openness, agreeableness & conscientiousness (based on language)

1965 Cattel – Factor analysis on personality traits

1923

1970’s Eysenck - Neurotiscm & extraversion/introversion later included psychotism

Gray - Behavioural approach system (BAS) / Behavioural inhibition system (BIS) + Impulsiveness and Anxiety

Zuckerman – Senasation seeking traits

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Neuroscience and personality

Dopamin – Reward, pleasure and feeling good

Serotonin – Mood

Noradrenalin – Action

Behavioural genetics – Monozygotic & dizygotic twins studied according to heritability of personality traits

Evolutionary psychology – History, evoloution and genetics. Adaptation.

Temperament 40 - 60 % genetically dependant ( Loehlin 1982 )

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Biological personality models

Temperament defined as:

1973 Sjöbring – Solidity vs impulsivity, validity vs compulsivity, stability vs moody sociability

1977 Thomas & Chess – Behavioral style rather than the content or purpose of behavior

1981 Rothbart & Derryberry – Traits relatively stable , cross situations consistent and evident throughout the age span and diverse cultures

1984 Buss & Plumin – Components of personality are biological in origin

1990 Goldsmith & Campos – Affective components and individual differences

1986 Cloninger – Unified biosocial personality theory.

Temperament represents automatic responses in information processing and learning, presumed to be heritable, whereas character reflects personality development in the context of insight learning and environmental experiences.

Professor Robert Cloninger

Washington University School of Nedicine St Louis, USA

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Personality Instruments

1942 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory MMPI 567 q 10 subscales

Revised 1989 and 2001

1970 Cattell Sixteen Personality Factor 16PF 211 q 24 subscales factors

1975 Karolinska Scale of Personality (rev. 2000) KSP 91 q 13 subscales

•1975 Eysenck Personality Questionnaire rev. 1985 EPQ 420 q 24 subscales

1976

1982 Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (Tellegen) MPQ 276 q 18 subsclaes

1985

1985 Californian Psychological Inventory (Gough) CPI 480 q 18 subscales

1976

1988 Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (Cloninger) TPQ 100 12 subscales

1989

1994 Temperament & Character Inventory (Cloninger) TCI 240(284) 25 subscales

YearScale Abbr. Questions Subscales

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Requirements

•• Reliability – The accuracy with which the

questionnaire measures a given quality

•• Stability – Test and retest correlation.

•• Validity – The measure actually does assess

what it purports to assess.

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Projections of dopamine neurons

Amfetamines, opiats, cocaine, and alcohol are all dopamine agonists.

Prefrontal cortex, central amygdala, LC, habenula, nc of striae terminalis, nc accumbens, hypothalamiska kärnan nära eminentia medialis

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Projections of serotonin neurons

Septo-hippocampal area, amygdala, Substantia nigra, VMH, nc raphe & accumbens, and frontal tegmental area.

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LC, Tegmental area, hypothalamus, and limbic system.

Projections of noradrenalin neurons

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Actions of neuro-transmittors on stimulus-response

••

From ” Neurogeneteic mechanisms of learning: A phylogenetic perspective Cloninger & Gilligan

Neuronal syst em Behavioral activation

Novelty seeking Behavioral inhibition

Harm avoidance Behavioral maintenance

Reward dependance

Monoaminerg mod. Dopamine Serotonin Noradrenalin

Relevant st imuli Curiosity. Potential reward Potential release from punishment and monotony Learning to inhibit behavior to avoid punishment. Reward and maintain or resist behavior previously associated with rewards or relief from punishment.

Behavioural response Explorative habit Hunger Avoidance, flight

Passive avoidance Extinction. Bonding *

Vigilance *

* Added by MW

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Stress

Ach/5-HT

CRF

5-HT

DA/NA

ACTH

-endorfin

Chatecholamin activation

Active avoidance

Increased visual discrimination & activation

Tyrosinhydroxylas activated

Stress-induced analgesia

Sedation

Behavior activation

Cortisol

Inhibition

NA

Stimulation

DA

Inhibition

Inhibition

Downregulation of HPA

HPA

5-HT activation

Inhibition

Sustained stress reduce type-II glucoc.receptors in Hippocampus = dexometason does not affect glucocorticoider

Inhibition

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Temperament

Personality

Novelty Seeking

Exploratory excititment vs stoic rigidity Impusiveness vs reflection Extravagance vs reserve Disorderliness vs regimentation

Dopamine

Unconscious automatic reactions

Associative learning

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Temperament

Personality

Harm Avoidance

Worry vs unhibited optimism Fear of uncertainty vs confidence Shyness vs gregariousness Fatigability vs vigour

Serotonin

Unconscious automatic reactions

Associative learning

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Temperament

Personality

Reward Dependance

Noradrenaline

Sentimentality vs insensitiveness Attachment vs detachment Dependance vs independance

Unconscious automatic reactions

Associative learning

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Temperament

Personality

Novelty SeekingPassive activation

Harm AvoidancePassive avoidance

Reward DependanceSocial attachment

Habitual system

PersistencePartial reinforcement

Dopamin Serotonin Noradrenalin Noradrenalin

Associative learning

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Character

Self-directedness

Individual

Responsibility Purposefulness Resourcefulness Self-acceptance Congruent second nature

Conscious planningConceptual insight

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Character

Cooperativeness

The Environment

Social acceptance Empathy Helpfulness Compassion Integrated conscience

Conscious planningConceptual insight

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Character

Self-Transcendence

The World

Self-forgetfulness Transpersonal identity Spiritual acceptance

Conscious planningConceptual insight

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Character

Personality

Self-directednessIndividual

CooperativenessSocial environment

Self-TranscendenceThe World

Cognition

Conscious planning

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TCI

Personality

Temperament Character

Novelty SeekingPassive activation

Harm AvoidancePassive avoidance

Reward DependenceSocial attachment

PersistencePartial reinforcement

Self-directednessIndividual

CooperativenessSocial environment

Self-transcendenceThe World

Habitual system Cognition

Associative learning Unconscious automatic reactionsConceptual insight Conscious planning

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Validitetsskalor Råvärde Normal T-värde Percentil Namn:Missing 0 0 47 35 Ålder: 45Vaksam/Kontrollerande 22 20 56 70 SLI Kön: kPedantisk 12 10 57 75 SUI Karaktär: Disorganized DisorganizedIcke önskvärt 9 3 101 99 RareTemptyp: Anti-social 6,1/10,2Spänstig/Uthållig 130 111 70 97 RunsBDI: Ingen depression Ej suicidriskErkännande 122 101 66 94 Tru BAI: Ingen ångest SannolikhetNUMTRUE REV 73 69 59 80 Trev Self-Dir: Immature SD+CO % 60Eftergiven/Medgörlig 8 6 61 85 Acq DSQ-40:INTERmediacy 13 12 48 40 IntmPraktisk 8 9 43 20 PrevMogen Neurotisk Immature ImmatureNyckfull/Oberäknelig 6 9 37 10 Up2 Tvivlande 2 4 36 8 DouNarcissistisk/Självtillfredställd 0 4 31 3 TriANTRARE 5 5 48 40 Ant

INTPREV 8 10 41 15 InprINTDOUBLE 5 5 51 55 Indo

Oberoende 0 2 34 5 IntrLedare 6 10 32 3 InsuRAREUP 12 12 48 40 Rup

Proaktiv 9 10 43 25 RneImpairment 2 1 65 93 Imp EMBU Father RejectingL-scale 2 1 71 98 L-s Father Emotional WarmthMother Emotional WarmthVariance of T 2387

Novelty Seeking (NS) 22 19 54 65Excitabilitet/upprymd (NS1) 5 6 44 25Impulsivitet (NS2) 4 4 48 40Extravagans (NS3) 8 5 66 94Oorganiserad (NS4) 5 4 59 80

Harm Avoidance (HA) 13 14 48 40Oro &Pessimism (HA1) 4 4 51 50Rädsla för osäkerhet (HA2) 3 4 40 15Blyghet (HA3) 2 3 46 30Lätt uttröttbar & Asteni (HA4) 4 3 58 75

Reward Dependence (RD) 13 15 35 6Social Känslighet (RD1) 6 7 42 20Anknytningsförmåga (RD3) 5 5 44 25Osjälvständighet (RD4) 2 4 35 7

Persistence (P) 1 4 33 4

Self-Directedness (SD) 23 33 33 4Ansvarsfullhet (SD1) 2 6 22 1Målmedvetenhet (SD2) 4 6 43 25Resursmogen (SD3) 5 4 57 75Självaccepterande (SD4) 9 8 55 65Kongruent karaktär (SD5) 3 9 24 1

Cooperativeness (C) 27 34 26 1Socialt accepterande (C1) 7 7 46 30Empati (C2) 5 5 47 35Stödjande (C3) 5 6 33 4Barmhärtighet (C4) 2 8 9 0Principfasthet (C5) 8 7 56 70

Self-Transcendence (ST) 24 13 66 94Tankspridd (ST1) 7 4 61 85Transpersonell ident. (ST2) 4 3 55 65Andligt accepterande (ST3) 13 5 68 96

SD+CO 50På fråga 230: "Jag har inte varit helt ärlig i detta formulär"svarar respondenten: SANT

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NS HA RD PE SD CO ST

TCI Profil

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Kognitiv Emotionell Fysisk

CRI Profil

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EMBU Profil

T-Värde FarT-Värde MorNormal

Åter

Åter

TCI profile

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Reliability and validityRarity scale: Sum of the least frequently endorsed item response from each of the

25 subscales. Endorsement across all indicates a deliberate effort to depict oneself in a highly unlikely way or careless disregard for the

content of items being endorsed.

Runs: Number of sequences of consecutive true/false answers.

Average 120. Fewer than 5 % have as many as 134 or as few as 100 of all 240.

Number of true endorsements:

Tendencay to answer yes more or less frequently than usual.

Scale of like items and Scale of Unlike Items

Extent of which respondent is consistent in responding.

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Cronbach Alpha

Cronbach's alpha measures how well a set of items (or variables) measures a single

unidimensional latent construct. It is a reliability test.

Most variables show values around or above 0.70 but persistence and empathy generally shows poor values.

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Lack of evidence

Does the Dimensions of the Temperament and Character Inventory Map a Simple

Genetic Architecture? Evidence From Molecular Genetics and Factor Analysis

Jeffrey H. Herbst, Ph.D., Alan B.

Zonderman, Ph.D., Robert R. McCrae, Ph.D. and Paul T. Costa, Jr., Ph.D.

Am J Psychiatry 157:1285-1290, August 2000

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TCI Profil

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NS HA RD PE SD CO ST

TCI profile

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A tool in your pocket

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TCI in 3 dimensions

Z

X

Y

Passion vs Histrionic

Adventurous vs Antisocial

Avoidant vs Schizoid

Methodical vs Obsessional

Cautious vs Passive-dependant

Stable vs Cyclothymic

Explosive vs Borderline

Sensitive vs Narcissistic

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Now assess this person!

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And this leader!

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What about our next leader?

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Results

George W Bush Dalai Lama David Cameron