TB Intensive :: Extrapulmonary TB :: San Antonio, TX ... · • Consider repeat LP: serial studies...

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5/9/2014 1 TB Intensive San Antonio, Texas May 69, 2014 Extrapulmonary TB Linda Dooley, MD May 8, 2014 Linda Dooley, MD has the following disclosures to make: No conflict of interests No relevant financial relationships with any commercial companies pertaining to this educational activity

Transcript of TB Intensive :: Extrapulmonary TB :: San Antonio, TX ... · • Consider repeat LP: serial studies...

Page 1: TB Intensive :: Extrapulmonary TB :: San Antonio, TX ... · • Consider repeat LP: serial studies can be ... • No guidelines for length of treatment for MDR or XDR TB. 5/9/2014

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TB IntensiveSan Antonio, TexasMay 6‐9, 2014

Extrapulmonary TBLinda Dooley, MD

May 8, 2014

Linda Dooley, MD has the following disclosures to make:

• No conflict of interests

• No relevant financial relationships with any commercial companies pertaining to this educational activity

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Generalizations about Extrapulmonary TB

• Treated the same as pulmonary TB

• May be harder to diagnose; AFB culture often negative

• Can be (almost) anywhere

• Some patients have unsuspected pulmonary disease and may be infectious

More generalizations

• Treat longer for 3 types: bone and joint, meningitis, miliary

• More common in immune suppressed patients (HIV, TNF blockers)

• More common in Asian patients

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Pulmonary vs Extrapulmonary

PulmonaryExtrapulmonary

Distribution of Extrapulmonary TB

LymphaticPleuralMeningitisGIBone and jointMiliaryGenitourinaryOther

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DISTRIBUTION

Patient with extrapulmonary TB may also have pulmonary involvement, even with a normal chest x‐ray

ALWAYS GET SPUTUM FOR AFB EVEN IF THE CHEST X‐RAY IS NORMAL

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Pleural Tuberculosis

• 2nd most common form of extra‐pulmonary TB (15‐20%)

• In most of the world, TB is the most common cause of pleural effusions

• Higher incidence in HIV+ patients

• Commonly a manifestation of primary TB

• May progress from an exudative effusion to an empyema or bronchopleural fistula

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Diagnosis

• Thoracentesis with pleural biopsy

• 30% yield for MTB from pleural fluid

• Exudative fluid with lymphocyte predominance, protein more than 4 g/l ; glucose varies

• Pleural biopsy and culture may double yield of + culture

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Tuberculous pleural effusions often resolve without treatment but high risk for later pulmonary disease: treat as case anyway

TB Empyema

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Treatment

•Same as pulmonary TB

•6 months adequate if no drug resistance or immune problems

•Drop PZA at 2 months and leave EMB in regimen if cultures negative

Surgical/ Specialist Involvement

• For initial diagnosis: thoracentesis and pleural biopsy

• For chest tube placement and possible decortication if empyema develops

• More rarely for repeat thoracentesis if pleural fluid reaccumulates

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Lymphatic TB

• Most common form of extra-pulmonary TB (30-40%)• Most common sites are cervical (scrofula) or mediastinal but can affect any node

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Diagnosis and Treatment

• Fine needle aspirate or open biopsy

• Culture for AFB

• Don’t forget CXR and sputum

• More common in women, Asian population, immune suppression (HIV, TNF blockers)

• Treat like pulmonary TB

• Immune reconstitution may occur even with HIV negative patients

Surgical/Specialist Involvement

• Most often ENT

• Initial diagnosis by fine needle aspirate or biopsy

• Repeat I&D if swelling worsens

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TB Meningitis

• 300‐400 cases annually in US

• 1% of TB disease

• Even with effective treatment, case fatality high: 15‐40%

• Early diagnosis both difficult and critical

Pathogenesis

• TB granuloma spills into subarachnoid space producing inflammation, proliferative arachnoiditis, vasculitis and communicating hydrocephalus

• Localized initially to base of brain

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Necrotizing granulomatous changes in arachnoid and blood vessels

Basilar meningitis

Diagnosis

• Presentation may mimic bacterial meningitis: acute, rapidly progressive

• May be a slowly progressive dementia over months with personality change, social withdrawal or memory deficits

• Lumbar puncture: AFB stain and culture, PCR, NAAT, low CSF glucose, high protein, lymphocyte predominance

• Negative results do NOT exclude the diagnosis

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CSF examination

• Serial examination of the CSF by AFB stain and culture is the best diagnostic approach 

• Typically elevated protein, low glucose, and lymphocyte predominance

• Early CSF may be relatively acellular or PMN predominant

• Smears and cultures may yield positive results days to weeks after therapy has been initiated or may be negative

Improving Yield of AFB on CSF

• Use last fluid removed for culture

• Remove a large volume (10‐15 cc) of CSF for AFB culture

• Centrifuge specimen

• Consider repeat LP: serial studies can be helpful and improve yield

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Nov

CT and MRI helpful in diagnosis

Multiple tuberculomas along enhanced dural reflections

Basilar enhancement and hydrocephalus

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Treatment

• Treat if meningitis suspected

• Early treatment essential

Treatment

• 12 months for drug sensitive disease

• 18 months if no PZA

• Extend to 18‐24 months for severe illness, slow clinical response, or immune suppression

• No guidelines for length of treatment for MDR or XDR TB 

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CSF Penetration of TB Meds

GOOD FAIR POOR

Isoniazid * Rifampin * Streptomycin *

Pyrazimamide Ethambutol Capreomycin *

Ethionamide Quinolones * Amikacin *

Cycloserine Kanamycin *

Linezolid *

* Can Be Given IV

Steroids

• Adjunctive corticosteroids may be beneficial and are recommended for all children and adults being treated for TB meningitis

• Doses– Children: 2‐4 mg/kg prednisone tapered over 4 weeks

– Adults: 60 mg/d prednisone tapered oever 6 weeks or .4 mg/kg/day dexamethasone IV tapered to .1 mg/kg/day

– May need longer slower taper

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Surgery

• Hydrocephalus may require urgent shunting. 

• Serial LP and steroid therapy may suffice for Stage I pts awaiting response to antibiotics. 

• Shunting should not be delayed in patients with stupor, coma or progressive neurologic signs.

Nov 2009

Surgical/Specialist Involvement

• ER doc, radiologist or hospital doc for initial LP for diagnosis

• Neurosurgeon for shunt placement if needed later

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Case: HIV+ man with abnormal MRI

• MRI done after fall • Extensive work-up all negative except +QFT• Empiric Rx for TB meningitis tried without

reporting and drug induced hepatitis• DOT begun: pt. able to tolerate TB Rx without

PZA

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Case: 20 yo Pakistani woman with severe headache and 

swollen neck nodes

• Fine needle aspirate: granulomatous tissue

• Normal CXR

• Consultant recommended LN biopsy for better chance MTB and sensitivities

• Pt declined: did not have $8000 required down payment

• Abnormal CT head; no LP done

• Observed induced sputum collection done by NCM had positive NAAT

• Drug sensitive MTB from sputum 

• One month later also grew TB from  neck aspirate

• Headache resolved on TB therapy

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Pericardial TB

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Pericardial TB

• Uncommon and difficult diagnosis

• Presents with acute or insidious onset; nonspecific symptoms

• Ultrasound helpful; acid fast studies may not be positive

• Surgery for progressive tamponnade or recurrent effusions on TB Rx

• Steroids reduce mortality and need for surgery or repeat pericardiocentesis: start at 60 mg/d 1st month and reduce over 11 weeks

Surgical/Specialist Involvement

• Cardiothoracic surgeon essential for initial diagnosis as well as for management of recurrent effusion or tamponnade

• May require urgent management

• Pericardial stripping may be needed

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Bone and Joint TB

Skeletal TB

• Spinal TB (Pott’s disease) most common location: 40%

• Next most common: hip (40%) and knee (10%)

• Can be anywhere

• Frequently delayed diagnosis

• X‐ray not helpful in distinguishing other infectious destructive etiology

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Diagnosis

• Joint aspiration: WBC may be PMN or lymphocytes

• WBC count varies widely

• Protein 4‐6 g/dl; glucose may be low

• Acid fast culture yield high (up to 80%)

• Presence of positive smear much lower (20%)

Treatment

• Standard TB therapy but extend treatment

• 12 months usual but extend for slow or uncertain response

• Surgery if needed to protect spinal cord (for instability or cord compression) or to remove prosthetic joint

• Effective drug treatment may preclude need for surgery

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Surgical/Specialist Involvement

• Orthopedist, primary care, or rheumatologist may do initial arthrocentesis for diagnosis

• Surgery may be needed if bone/joint stabilization required or if prosthesis needs to be removed

• With spinal TB, neurosurgery or spine surgeon involvement essential for spine stabilization (external or surgical)

Soft Tissue TB

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Soft Tissue TB

• Often adjacent to bony and may be direct spread from bony structure or may erode into bone

• If not sure if bone involved, treat like skeletal TB (longer duration)

• I&D of abscess will only be diagnostic if acid fast cultures done

• Surgical involvement for diagnosis and management of large abscesses

Gastrointestinal and Peritoneal TB

• Peritoneal TB 10% extra‐pulmonary

• GI tract: any site possible but more common terminal ileum and cecum then rest of colon

• Often delayed diagnosis

• TB bacilli may be ingested rather than inspired: consider early if patient drank or ate unpasteurized milk products

• Acid fast cultures frequently negative: pathology caseating necrotizing granulomas

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Peritoneal TB

Laparoscopic view of peritoneal granulomas

Peritoneal TB: laparoscopic view of spiderweb adhesions

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Treatment

• If cultures negative or pending, assume PZA resistance

Esophageal TB Duodenal TB

Consider the age of your patient and possible childhood exposure to M. bovis

84 yo man with normal CXR

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Surgical/Specialist Involvement

• Gastroenterologist or general surgery may make initial diagnosis

• Patient may need paricentesis for initial diagnosis or management of recalcitrant ascites

Urogenital TB

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Genitourinary TB

• 10‐15% extrapulmonary TB

• Often insidious onset, subtle nonspecific symptoms, delay in diagnosis

• Hematogenous spread from primary site, often years after infection

• Any part of GU tract may be affected

Ureteral abnormalities (multiple “beading” strictures); may be virtually diagnostic of renal TB

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Renal TB

• May have pyuria or hematuria or both

• Acid fast cultures of urine for sterile pyuria

• May need more than 3 specimens of first morning urine collection

• Urine AFB studies not always positive

• NAAT testing may be helpful but negative result does not preclude diagnosis

• Surgery or stenting for obstruction

Prostatic TB

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Testicular TB

Uterine TB

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Female Genital TB

• With Fallopian tube involvement, unlikely that preservation of fertility possible since usual scarring

• Often diagnosed by pathology after hysterectomy: treat even if involved organ removed

Surgical/Specialist Involvement

• Urology or gynecology involved in initial diagnosis

• Urologist essential if renal obstruction develops for ureteral stint placement and removal

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Other TB

Laryngeal TB

Tuberculous Otitis Media

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XXXXXXXXXXTB Mastoiditis

Adrenal TB

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Adrenal insufficiency and TB

• May have unsuspected adrenal involvement alone or with disseminated TB

• Assessment of adrenal function if slow response or hypokalemia, hyponatremia, hypotension

• Don’t forget adrenal insufficiency possiblity if steroids were stopped after long use

Ocular TB

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Ocular TB

• Diagnosis made by ophthalmologist

• Diagnosis of exclusion: patient should be followed by Ophthalmology during TB treatment

• No cultures available

• Treat same as pulmonary TB

TB of the Skin

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Dermatologic TB

• May be hematogenous or direct spread

• May be injection: accidents in pathology or microbiology lab

• Treatment same as pulmonary TB

What’s left??

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TB Everywhere

Miliary or Disseminated TB

• Tiny lesions spread throughout the body

• Distinctive pattern on CXR or CT

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Miliary TB• Pulmonary involvement may not be present

• Frequently subacute presentation with fever and weight loss

• More rarely can be fulminant sepsis‐like presentation with acute onset and rapid deterioration (usually fatal)

• Liver biopsy may be helpful

• Blood cultures may be positive if acid fast studies done

• All AFB may be negative

Treatment of Disseminated TB

• Prolonged treatment needed: 12 months or more

• Cultures may be negative: paucibacillary disease

• Don’t let negative cultures or normal CXR tempt you to shorten therapy

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Thank you

Don’t forget to get sputum AFB even if you think only extrapulmonary TB