Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013
-
Upload
oana-andrada-alexiu -
Category
Documents
-
view
238 -
download
2
Transcript of Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013
![Page 1: Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081723/577cddb11a28ab9e78ad8556/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
7/30/2019 Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/taxonomie-vegetalac7-2013 1/43
CURS 7
3 aprilie 2013
Taxonomie vegetală
![Page 2: Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081723/577cddb11a28ab9e78ad8556/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
7/30/2019 Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/taxonomie-vegetalac7-2013 2/43
“BRIOFITE”
![Page 3: Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081723/577cddb11a28ab9e78ad8556/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
7/30/2019 Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/taxonomie-vegetalac7-2013 3/43
INMULŢIREA • Vegetativ – Propagule
– Fragmente de tal• Sexuat (oogamie)
Coşulete cu
propagule
![Page 4: Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081723/577cddb11a28ab9e78ad8556/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
7/30/2019 Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/taxonomie-vegetalac7-2013 4/43
![Page 5: Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081723/577cddb11a28ab9e78ad8556/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
7/30/2019 Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/taxonomie-vegetalac7-2013 5/43
Gametangii(anteridii şi arhegoane)
anteridiofor arhegoniofor
![Page 6: Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081723/577cddb11a28ab9e78ad8556/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
7/30/2019 Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/taxonomie-vegetalac7-2013 6/43
anteridii
Anteridiofor
![Page 7: Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081723/577cddb11a28ab9e78ad8556/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7/30/2019 Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/taxonomie-vegetalac7-2013 7/43
Arhegonioforarhegoane
Pseudoperiant
oosfera
![Page 8: Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081723/577cddb11a28ab9e78ad8556/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
7/30/2019 Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/taxonomie-vegetalac7-2013 8/43
Pogonatum aloides
“Buchete” degametangi
![Page 9: Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081723/577cddb11a28ab9e78ad8556/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
7/30/2019 Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/taxonomie-vegetalac7-2013 9/43
Sporofitul la Sphagnum sp.
“Opercul”
Arhespor
Columela
Pseudopodiu
![Page 10: Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081723/577cddb11a28ab9e78ad8556/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
7/30/2019 Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/taxonomie-vegetalac7-2013 10/43
Sporofitul la
Polytrichum sp.Opercul
Epifragma
Columela
Arhespor
Apofiza
![Page 11: Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081723/577cddb11a28ab9e78ad8556/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
7/30/2019 Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/taxonomie-vegetalac7-2013 11/43
Peristom
![Page 12: Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081723/577cddb11a28ab9e78ad8556/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
7/30/2019 Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/taxonomie-vegetalac7-2013 12/43
Protonema
Pereţ idespăr ţ itori oblici
![Page 13: Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081723/577cddb11a28ab9e78ad8556/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
7/30/2019 Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/taxonomie-vegetalac7-2013 13/43
CLASIFICARE, REPREZENTANŢI 35.000 de specii
• Bryophyta
– Clasa Anthocerotopsida
– Clasa Marchantiopsida – Clasa Jungermaniopsida
– Clasa Bryopsida
“Briofite”
- Anthocerotophyta
(horneofite)- Marchantiophyta(hepatofite)
- Bryophyta (mușchi)
![Page 14: Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081723/577cddb11a28ab9e78ad8556/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
7/30/2019 Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/taxonomie-vegetalac7-2013 14/43
1. Anthocerotophyta
• Eutal cu celule care conţin un singur cloroplast mare cupirenoid, asemănătoare cu celulele de la alga verdeColeochaete;
• Celulele stomatice sunt reniforme, dar ostiolul format de
acestea reprezintă deschiderea unei cavităţi mucilaginoase;
• Sporogonul prezintă creştere continuă datorită meristemului existent la baza sa;
• Capsula este mult alungită şi permanent verde datorită cloroplastelor pe care le conţin celulele din structura sa;
• Capsula prezintă columelă, iar arhesporul are aspect declopot;
• Capsula se deschide prin două valve în momentuldispersiei sporilor.
• Anthocerotopsida
![Page 15: Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081723/577cddb11a28ab9e78ad8556/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
7/30/2019 Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/taxonomie-vegetalac7-2013 15/43
Anthoceros laevis
![Page 16: Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081723/577cddb11a28ab9e78ad8556/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
7/30/2019 Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/taxonomie-vegetalac7-2013 16/43
2. Marchantiophyta
• Marchantiopsida,
• Jungermanniopsida,
• Haplomitriopsida.
![Page 17: Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081723/577cddb11a28ab9e78ad8556/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
7/30/2019 Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/taxonomie-vegetalac7-2013 17/43
Marchantiopsida specii eutalice, cu structură complexă
Marchantia
polymorpha
Conocephalum
conicus
![Page 18: Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081723/577cddb11a28ab9e78ad8556/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
7/30/2019 Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/taxonomie-vegetalac7-2013 18/43
specii eutalice cu structură mai simplă
Metzgeria sp.
![Page 19: Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081723/577cddb11a28ab9e78ad8556/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
7/30/2019 Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/taxonomie-vegetalac7-2013 19/43
Jungermaniopsida
specii cu tal cormoid
Plagiochilla asplenioides
Frullania dilatata
![Page 20: Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081723/577cddb11a28ab9e78ad8556/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
7/30/2019 Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/taxonomie-vegetalac7-2013 20/43
Madotheca porelloides
Radula complanata
![Page 21: Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081723/577cddb11a28ab9e78ad8556/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
7/30/2019 Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/taxonomie-vegetalac7-2013 21/43
Bryophyta
• Takakiidae (subclasă transferată din Hepaticatae)
• Sphagnidae
• Andreaeidae• Bryidae
• Polytrichidae
• Buxbaumiidae
![Page 22: Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081723/577cddb11a28ab9e78ad8556/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
7/30/2019 Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/taxonomie-vegetalac7-2013 22/43
Subclasa Sphagnidae
Este reprezentată de un singur ordin – Sphagnales, cu o singură familie – Sphagnaceae. Speciile genului Sphagnum autulpiniţele ramificate, lipsite de rizoizi. Cresc
întotdeauna în locuri turboase. Tulpiniţele crescanual, în timp ce partea lor bazală, datorită mediului acid din turbării, se carbonizează lent,transformându-se treptat în turbă. La noi în ţară
cresc aproximativ 30 specii de Sphagnum. Amintim dintre acestea: Sphagnumsquarrosum, Sphagnum fuscum, Sphagnuminnundatum etc.
![Page 23: Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081723/577cddb11a28ab9e78ad8556/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
7/30/2019 Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/taxonomie-vegetalac7-2013 23/43
Sphagnum sp.
![Page 24: Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081723/577cddb11a28ab9e78ad8556/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
7/30/2019 Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/taxonomie-vegetalac7-2013 24/43
Asociație vegetală cu Sphagnum sp.
![Page 25: Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081723/577cddb11a28ab9e78ad8556/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
7/30/2019 Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/taxonomie-vegetalac7-2013 25/43
Tinov (sfagnet) din
Munții Apuseni
![Page 26: Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081723/577cddb11a28ab9e78ad8556/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
7/30/2019 Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/taxonomie-vegetalac7-2013 26/43
Subclasa Bryidae
Cuprinde majoritatea speciilor de muşchi. Înfuncţie de poziţia sporogonului pe gametofit,se deosebesc două tipuri de muşchi:pleurocarpi (cu sporogon lateral pe tulpiniţă)
şi acrocarpi (sporogonul se dezvoltă în vârfultulpiniţei).Mușchi pleurocarpi: Thuidium delicatulum,
Abietinella abietina, Hypnum cupressiforme,Hylocomium splendens, Climacium
dendroides.Mușchi acrocarpi: Encalypta vulgaris, Funaria
hygrometrica, Bryum argenteum, Tortulamuralis.
![Page 27: Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081723/577cddb11a28ab9e78ad8556/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
7/30/2019 Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/taxonomie-vegetalac7-2013 27/43
Funaria hygrometrica
![Page 28: Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081723/577cddb11a28ab9e78ad8556/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
7/30/2019 Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/taxonomie-vegetalac7-2013 28/43
Hypnum cupressiforme
![Page 29: Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081723/577cddb11a28ab9e78ad8556/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
7/30/2019 Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/taxonomie-vegetalac7-2013 29/43
Hypnum cupressiforme
![Page 30: Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081723/577cddb11a28ab9e78ad8556/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
7/30/2019 Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/taxonomie-vegetalac7-2013 30/43
Plagiomnium punctatum
![Page 31: Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081723/577cddb11a28ab9e78ad8556/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
7/30/2019 Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/taxonomie-vegetalac7-2013 31/43
Leucodon sciuroides
![Page 32: Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081723/577cddb11a28ab9e78ad8556/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
7/30/2019 Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/taxonomie-vegetalac7-2013 32/43
Brachythecium sp.
![Page 33: Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081723/577cddb11a28ab9e78ad8556/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
7/30/2019 Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/taxonomie-vegetalac7-2013 33/43
Hylocomium splendens
![Page 34: Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081723/577cddb11a28ab9e78ad8556/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
7/30/2019 Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/taxonomie-vegetalac7-2013 34/43
Subclasa Polytrichidae
Cuprinde muşchi acrocarpi cu structură anatomică mai diferenţiată.Frunzişoarele au pe partea superioară
lamele asimilatoare. Politrichidele suntgrupate într-un singur ordin – Polytrichales, cu o singură familie – Polytrichaceae. Dintre speciile mai
comune menţionăm: Polytrichumcommune, Polytrichum juniperinum,Pogonatum aloides, Atrichum undulatum.
![Page 35: Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081723/577cddb11a28ab9e78ad8556/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
7/30/2019 Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/taxonomie-vegetalac7-2013 35/43
Polytrichum sp.
![Page 36: Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081723/577cddb11a28ab9e78ad8556/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
7/30/2019 Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/taxonomie-vegetalac7-2013 36/43
Atrichum undulatum
![Page 37: Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081723/577cddb11a28ab9e78ad8556/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
7/30/2019 Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/taxonomie-vegetalac7-2013 37/43
Subclasa Buxbaumiidae
Cuprinde muşchi de dimensiuni mici, cucapsula mare, asimetrică. Singurul ordin – Buxbaumiales – cuprinde o singură familie – Buxbaumiaceae. La noi în briofloră se
cunosc: Diphyscium foliosum, Buxbaumiaviridis, Buxbaumia aphylla.
![Page 38: Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081723/577cddb11a28ab9e78ad8556/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
7/30/2019 Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/taxonomie-vegetalac7-2013 38/43
Diphyscium foliosum
![Page 39: Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081723/577cddb11a28ab9e78ad8556/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
7/30/2019 Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/taxonomie-vegetalac7-2013 39/43
Ecologie şi răspândire
Briofitele au o largă răspândire pe suprafaţa globului, din regiunile ecuatoriale până în celepolare, de la şes la munte. Cele mai multecresc în cuprinsul pădurilor, mai ales în
regiunile montane unde găsesc condiţii favorabile de umiditate şi umbră.Muşchii cresc pe substraturi diferite: sol,ritidomul copacilor, lemn în descompunere,
pietre, stânci, ziduri. Unele briofite trăiesc înmediul acvatic, fiind flotante sau fixate. Altespecii sunt epifile. Acestea se dezvoltă pefrunzele arborilor, în zonele tropicale.
![Page 40: Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081723/577cddb11a28ab9e78ad8556/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
7/30/2019 Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/taxonomie-vegetalac7-2013 40/43
Importanţa briofitelor
• Au rol important ecologic, prin activitatea lor contribuind la formarea humusului, alături de licheni,alge, pregătind astfel condiţiile pentru instalarea altor
plante mai pretenţioase faţă de condiţiile de mediu.
• Unii muşchi au utilizări practice. Este cazulmuşchiului de turbă care se foloseşte ca îngrăşământ organic, combustibil, pentru obţinerea de gudroane şi fenoli sau pentru prepararea nămolului terapeutic.
• Sfagnetele şi turba produsă în cadrul lor au şi importanţă ştiinţifică, constituind mediu deconservare pentru grăuncioarele de polen care s-audepus pe suprafaţa lor de-a lungul timpului.
![Page 41: Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081723/577cddb11a28ab9e78ad8556/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
7/30/2019 Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/taxonomie-vegetalac7-2013 41/43
FERIGI
![Page 42: Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081723/577cddb11a28ab9e78ad8556/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
7/30/2019 Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/taxonomie-vegetalac7-2013 42/43
CARACTERE GENERALE
• Plante cu corm;
• Ciclu de viaţă digenetic;
• Prezintă stadiu embrionar în ciclul deviaţă.
![Page 43: Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081723/577cddb11a28ab9e78ad8556/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
7/30/2019 Taxonomie vegetala_C7-2013
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/taxonomie-vegetalac7-2013 43/43
Polypodium vulgare