Taxonomic revision of Microstegium s.str. Andropogoneae ...

© 2012 Nationaal Herbarium Nederland

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Blumea 57, 2012: 160–189www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/blumea http://dx.doi.org/10.3767/000651912X658908RESEARCH ARTICLE

InTRoduCTIon

Microstegium Nees (Poaceae, Andropogoneae) occurs intropicalandsubtropicalAfrica,Asia,Australia,andsomePacificislands(Clayton&Renvoize1986,Koyama1987,Watson&Dallwitz1992,Hsu2000).Theyarecreepingorramblingannu-als or perennials with broadly linear to lanceolate leaf-blades, inflorescences of 1–many subdigitate racemes; internodes filiform to clavate or inflated; sessile spikelet: lower glumedorsally with a deep longitudinal grove or a broadly concave channel, the margins sharply inflexed and usually keeled; up-per glume often shortly awned; lower floret well-developed, reduced to a palea or absent; upper lemma linear to cordate and usually with a long awn, usually accompanied by a small palea;stamens3,rarely1;pedicelledspikeletresemblingthesessileone,occasionallyslightlysmallerandmale(Clayton&Renvoize1986).ThegenusMicrostegiumwasfirstdescribedbyTrinius(1832:304) asPollinia Trin., a namepreviously usedbySprengel(1815)forwhatnowisasynonymofChrysopogon Trin.,soPollinia is a later homonym and illegitimate, yet it was long in generaluse(e.g.byHackel1889:170–182).ThenMicrostegium wasproposed byNees (1836)with a single species,M. willdenovianum Nees, and thus the type of Microstegium.Now this name has become a synonym of M. vimineum(Trin.)A.Camus.Thetypespecimen,Wallich 8838 in B is lost, but thereareduplicatesinBM,CAL,E,G,K(K-W:microficheIDC7394),L,andP.RecognitionofMicrostegium was mainly due toCamus(1921)whogaveabriefsurveymainlybasedTrinius(1832)andSteudel(1854b).Over the years the constituent species had been described in anumberofgenera,e.g.Leptatherum Nees(1841),withasthetype L. royleanum Nees, now a synonym of M. nudum (Trin.)A.Camus (=Leptatherum nudum (Trin.)C.HuiChen,Kuoh&Veldk.). Inmost subsequent publications this genuswasregarded as a synonym of Microstegium.However,Tzvelev

(1966)consideredittobeadistinctsectionofMicrostegium, based on the slender and hairless racemes, abruptly acute glumeapexandconcavedorsalfaceofthelowerglumes.Heincluded M. nudum(=L. nudum)andM. nudum (Trin.)A.Camussubsp.japonicum(Miq.)Tzvelev(=Leptatherum boreale (Ohwi)C.HuiChen,Kuoh&Veldk.)init.Inthesetaxatherearetwostamens per floret, while there are usually three in the other species of Microstegium, with the only exception of M. tenue (Trin.)Hosok. withonly1.Theseobservationsweremore recently supportedby stud-ies of the phylogeny of chloroplast gene ndhFsequencesinAndropogoneae(Spangler etal.1999,Spangler2000).Thesesuggested that M. vinimeum and M. nudum, the types of Microstegium and Leptatherum, were not in one monophyletic cladebutwereseparatedfarapartinthecladogram.Theweak-ness in the strict consensus tree was that most internal nodes hadonlyrelativelylowsupport(Spangleretal.1999).However,threeothernucleargenes,waxy(Mason-Gameretal.1998),phytochromeB(Mathews etal.2002)andthenuclearribosomalDNAinternal transcribedspacers(nrITS)(Chen etal.2009)showedsimilarpatternsofevolution.Theserepeatedpatternsacross genes reflected the polyphyly of Microstegium rather thanacoincidentalconvergence(Kellogg2000,Mathewsetal.2002).Chenetal.(2009)consequentlyreinstatedLeptatherum and included three species: L. boreale(Ohwi)C.HuiChen,Kuoh&Veldk.,L. nudum (Trin.)C.HuiChen,Kuoh&Veldk.,and L. somae(Hayata)C.HuiChen,Kuoh&Veldk.Among the three species of Leptatherum, L. somae(Hayata)C.HuiChen,Kuoh&Veldk.isthetypeofPolliniopsis Hayata (1918: 76–77) (usually anderroneouslywrittenas ‘somai’).Hayata regarded it as distinct genus because of the binate spikelets which are both pedicelled, with a 2-aristate lower glume, and an upper glume, lower lemma and upper lemma eachwitha longawn.Soasinglespikelethas threeawns.Thereare2stamensperfloret.Ohwi(1942a)regardeditasaspecies of Microstegium, M. somae (Hayata)Ohwi.Koyama(1987)wentevenfurtherandreduced it toasubspeciesM. japonicumsubsp.somae(Hayata)T.Koyama.SubsequentauthorshavesubstantiallyexpandedMicrostegium s.l.bytheinclusionofnewtaxaortransferringtaxaoriginallyin-cluded in some other genera such as AndropogonL.,Arthraxon P.Beauv.,CoelarthronHook.f.,Ephebopogon Nees, Eulalia

Taxonomic revision of Microstegium s.str. (Andropogoneae, Poaceae)C.-H.Chen1,3,J.-F.Veldkamp2,C.-S.Kuoh3

1 EndemicSpeciesResearch Institute, #1,Ming-ShengE.Rd.,Chi-Chi,Nantou,Taiwan552.

2 NaturalisBiodiversityCenter,sectionNHN,LeidenUniversity,P.O.Box9514,2300RALeiden,TheNetherlands;

correspondingauthore-mail:[email protected] DepartmentofLifeScience,NationalCheng-KungUniversity,#1,Ta-HsuehRoad,TainanCity,Taiwan700.

Key words

AndropogoneaeLeptatherumMicrostegiumPoaceaetaxonomic revision

Abstract Microstegiumexcl.Leptatherum(Andropogoneae, Poaceae)isrevised.Thereareatleast16speciesandonevariety.Bylackoftypematerialseightnamescouldnotbeplaced,while,moreover,anotherthreewereinvalidlypublished.Anidentificationkeyisprovided,synonymy,descriptions,andnotesaregiven.Anewcombina-tionisproposed.

Published on 29 October 2012

161C.-H.Chenetal.:RevisionofMicrostegium

Kunth,IschaemumL.,Leptatherum Nees, Nema stachysSteud., PolliniaTrin.(non.Spreng.),Polliniopsis Hayata, Psi lopogon Hochst.,andSpodiopogonTrin.,andsoon.Inthiswaytherearemorethan200namespertainingtothissmallgenus.Recentlyauthorshaverecognized20taxa(Tzvelev1989),30(Lazarides1980)to35(Clayton&Renvoize1986).Weherehaveaccepted17 taxa, but we cannot place two earlier described species, M. pleiostachyum (Lauterb.&K.Schum.)A.Camus (1921) andM. calochloa(Lauterb.&K.Schum.)Pilg.(1940),andsixnewspecies described more recently, M. borianum Sur (1982),M. monoracemum W.C.Wu(1985),M. multiciliatumB.S.Sun(Sunetal.1999),M. batangense (S.L.Zhong)S.M.Phillips&S.L.Chen,M. lanceolatum (Keng)S.M.Phillips&S.L.Chen(2006:593–598),andM. butuoenseY.C.Liu&H.Peng(2011),becauseofnothavingseentheirtypes.Thesenewtaxaweredistinguished by characters that appear to be rather variable, henceitisquitepossiblethattheywillturnouttobesynonymsofexistingspecies.Inadditionthereare3invalidlypublishednames, M. triaristatumB.M.Yang(1980),Pogonatherum glabratum(Brongn.)Robertysubvar.mairei Roberty(1960),andPogonatherum glabratum(Brongn.)Robertysubvar.micromegas Roberty(1960),thatcouldnotbeidentified.ThoughthedetailsofthenomenclatureofMicrostegium have been clearly described byHenrard (1940) andBor (1952),most of the taxonomic studies of this genus are very local and incomplete.Thereforeweundertook this overall taxonomicrevision of the entire genus Microstegiums.str.(excl.speciesof Leptatherum.)

MATERIALS And METHodS

Application of the DELTA systemA list of characters for Microstegiumwas prepared. ItwasbasedonthedescriptionsofTaiwantaxainHsu(2000)andotherpublications(Aikenetal.1996,Watson&Dallwitz1994).WeenteredthecharacterstatesobtainedfromtheherbariumspecimensintotheDELTAsystem.Adataeditorprogramrun-ningunderWindows95/98 isavailable in themostupdatedversionofDELTAprogramsreleasedin1999(Partridgeetal.1999,Colemanetal.2010).Itwasnecessarytoexportthedatatothreebasicfiles,CHARS,ITEMS,andSPECS,fromthisedi-torbecausealltheotherfunctionsofDELTAarestillrununderMS-DOS.Twoessentialdirectivefiles,TONATandLAYOUT,were edited, and the descriptions of the taxa were generated fromthesebytheprogramCONFOR(Chen&Kuoh2000a,b,Dallwitzetal.2009,Colemanetal.2010).

TAxonoMIC TREATMEnT

MicrostegiumMicrostegium Nees(1836)447;Bor(1952)209;Sur(1985)167.—[Micro

stegiumNeessect. Eumicrostegium Honda(1930)403,nom.inval.].—PogonatherumP.Beauv.sect.Microstegium (Nees)Roberty(1960)388.—[MicrostegiumNeessect.VimineaTzvelev(1961)22,nom.inval.].—Type:Micro stegium willdenovianumNees,nom.superfl.[=Microstegium vimi neum(Trin.)A.Camus],seenote.

PolliniaTrin.(1832)304,nonSpreng.(1815).—Lectotype:Pollinia spectabilis Trin. [=Microstegium spectabile (Trin.)A.Camus],designatedbyKeng(1939:297).

[Ephebopogon Nees&MeyenexSteud.(1840)556,nom.inval.—Voucher:Ephebopogon gratus Nees&MeyenexSteud.[=Microstegium fasciculatum(L.)Henrard].

Coelarthron Hook.f. (1896a) 163.—Type:Coelarthron brandisii Hook.f. [=Microstegium brandisii(Hook.f.)Rhind].

Ischnochloa Hook.f.(Apr.1896a)147; (May1896b)t.2466.—Type:Ischnochloa falconeri Hook.f.[=Microstegium falconeri (Hook.f.)Clayton].

MicrostegiumNeessect. Monantha Honda(1930)403,409.—Type:Microstegium monanthum(NeesexSteud.)A.Camus.[=Microstegium fasciculatum(L.)Henrard].

Pogonatherum P.Beauv.sect.IschaemopsisRoberty(1960)381.—Type:Pogonatherum rufispica (Steud.)Roberty [=Microstegium rufispicum (Steud.)A.Camus].

Annualsorperennials.Liguleaglabroustociliatecollar-shapedmembrane,rarelyabsent.Leafbladessometimespseudope-tiolate.Inflorescenceespatheate,composedofspicatemainbranches, solitary or digitate, subdigitate, or non-digitate, usually disarticulating transversally at the joints, joints slen-der, linear or not, joints and pedicels without a longitudinal, translucentfurrow.Pedicelfreeoftherachis.Spikeletsinses-sile and pedicellate pairs, dorsoventrally compressed; callus short.Glumesawnedormuticous,verydissimilar;lowerglumerounded to sulcate on the back, 4–6-nerved; upper glume cymbiform,3-nerved.Sessilespikeletswithoutapedicel,de-ciduous with the adjacent joint and pedicel of the pedicelled spikelet, with incomplete florets, lower floret well-developed, bisexual, to reduced to absent, lower lemma and palea vari-ouslyreducedtobothabsent.Upperlemmaacutetodeeplycleft, muticous to 1-awned from the apex or sinus, awn with orwithoutacolumn,theneitherwavyorgeniculate,glabrous.Upperpaleapresentornot.Lodiculesabsent,or2.Stamens1–3.Styles2,freetotheirbases.Caryopsisnotgrooved;hilumshort;embryolarge.x=10. Distribution—At least 16 speciesandone variety in the(sub)tropicsoftheOldWorld. Notes—AccordingtotheNeesmanuscriptinELeptatherum and L. royleanum were renamings of Pollinia Trin.andP. nuda Trin.(Dr.H.J.Noltie,inlitt.).ThetypeofMicrostegium willdenovianum has not been found in theWilldenowherbarium(B,using IDCmicrofiche7440),making the correct application of the generic name somewhat uncertain.Nees’sdescription,however,refersclearlyenoughtothecurrentconcept.Steudel(1854b:411),whosawNees’sspecimens in B, cited Arthraxon 8838 Wall. Cat.(thetypeofAndropogon vimineus)Panicum – Hornem. in Herb. Willd. As the specimen was collected in Nepal, it most likely would also beaWallichcollection,manyofwhich, ifnotall,WilldenowgotthroughHornemann.ThereisnoArthraxon, Leptatherum, Microstegium, or Pollinia listed in the catalogue to the IDCmicrofiche.ThespecimenwasnotfoundunderPanicum (orAndropogon andsomeothereducatedguesses).

KEy To THE TAxA of MicrosTEgiuM

1.Pedicelmarginsglabrous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.Pedicelmarginsciliate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.Culm-nodesglabrous;inflorescenceasolitaryraceme;lower

florets absent; upper lemma awn geniculate; upper palea absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.M. falconeri

2.Culm-nodespubescent;inflorescenceofdigitateracemes;lower florets present; upper lemma awn flexuous; upper palea present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3. Leaf-bladesurfaceglabrous . . . .8a.M. faurieivar.fauriei3. Leaf-blade surface tomentose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8b.M. faurieivar.geniculatum4. Lowerglumesurfacepilose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54. Lowerglumesurfaceglabrous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.Pedicels linear; both thesessileandpedicelled spikelets

well-developed; sessile spikelet upper glume apex muti-cous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.M. dispar

5 Pedicels clavate; pedicelled spikelets obviously reduced; sessile spikelet upper glume apex awned . . . 13.M. stapfii

6.Rachisinternodeslinear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.Rachisinternodespyriform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

162 Blumea–Volume57/2,2012

7. Liguleaciliolatemembrane;upperglumelanceolate... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.M. steenisii

7. Liguleaneciliatemembrane;upperglumeelliptic. . . . . 88. Leaf-bladebasewithapseudopetiole . . . 10.M. petiolare8. Leaf-bladebasewithoutapseudopetiole . . . . . . . . . . . 99. Culmsdecumbent;awnsgeniculate . . . 16.M. vimineum9. Culmsrambling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1010. Rachisinternodeaslongasthelowerspikelet........

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.M. glabratum10. Rachisinternodeobviouslyshorterthanthelowerspike-

let . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1111. Upperlemmaawnwithoutacolumn,flexuous . . . . . . 1211. Upperlemmaawnwithatwistedcolumn,geniculate . 1312. Culmsofmoderate stature; leaf blades linear, 5–10by

0.8–1.5cm;lowerglumeapexobtuse;upperpaleapre-sent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.M. biaristatum

12. Culmsrobust;leafbladesnarrowlylanceolate,10–15by1.5–2.5 cm; lower glumeapex acute; upper palea ab-sent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12.M. spectabile

13. Spikelets2–2.5mmlong;upperpaleaabsentorminute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.M. delicatulum

13. Spikelets2.5–4.5mmlong;upperpaleapresent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.M. fasciculatum

14. Inflorescenceasingleraceme. . . . . . . . . . 2.M. brandisii14. Inflorescencecomposedofdigitateracemes . . . . . . . 1515. Liguleafringeofhairs;pedicelspyriform 5.M. eucnemis15. Liguleaneciliatemembrane;pedicelsclavate . . . . . . 1616. Leaf-sheathsoutermarginhairy;upperglumeapexmuti-

cous;anthers3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11.M. rufispicum16. Leaf-sheaths outermargin glabrous; upper glumeapex

awned; anthers 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.M. tenue

1. Microstegium biaristatum (Steud.)Keng—Map1

Microstegium biaristatum (Steud.)Keng(1932)92.—Andropogon biaristatus Steud.(1854b)379.—Type:Wallich Cat. 8823 p.p. (holoP;B,lost?,CAL?,microficheIDC7394; L).

Pollinia wallichiana Nees exSteud. (1854b) 410.—Pollinia ciliata Trin.subsp.wallichiana(NeesexSteud.)Hack.(1889)177.—Pollinia ciliata Trin.var.wallichiana(NeesexSteud.)Hack.(1899)723.—Microstegium ciliatum (Trin.)A.Camusvar. wallichianum (NeesexSteud.)Honda(1930)405.—Type:Wallich Cat. 8822 (holoP;BM,E,K,microficheIDC7394).

Andropogon formosanusRendle(31March1904)371.—Type:Henry 1167 (holoK;BM,MO).

Pollinia monantha NeesexSteud.var.formosana Hack.(31May1904)527.—Pollinia formosana (Hack.)Hayata (1918)75, t.44.—Microstegium formosanum (Hack.)A.Camus(1921)201.—Pollinia ciliata Trin.var.formosana(Hack.)Honda(1925)42.—Microstegium ciliatum (Trin.)A.Camusvar.formosanumHonda(1930)404.—Type:Matsumura s.n.(holoW).

Andropogon formosanusRendle var.minorRendle (1904) 372.—Type:Hance 10746 p.p.(holoBM;K).

[Pollinia sp.nearP. monantha:Merr.(1906)327].— Pollinia monantha Nees exSteud.var.elmeriHack. (1908)167.—Microstegium elmeri (Hack.)A.Camus(1921)200.—Pollinia glabrata(Brongn.)Trin.var.elmeri(Hack.)Merr.(1923)34.—Type:Elmer 6524(holoW).

Pollinia ciliataTrin.var.glabrataRidl.(1925)198.—Lectotype:Ridley 13861 (holoSING),designatedherewithassistancefromMs.S.Lee(SING).

Pollinia glaberrimaHonda(1925)42.— Microstegium glaberrimum (Honda)Koidz.(1929)394.—Type:Soma s.n. 1914 (holoTI).

Pollinia sumatrensis Ridl. (1926) 94.—Type:SF 14788 (Boden Kloss) (holoK;SING).

Microstegium biformeKeng(1932)91.—Type:B.C. Ching 8452 (holoN;US).

Microstegium ciliatum(Trin.)A.Camusvar.integrum Ohwi(1942a)157.—Microstegium ciliatum(Trin.)A.Camussubsp.integrum(Ohwi)T.Koyama(1987)427,516.—Type:Nagasawa 520 (holoKYO).

Microstegium ciliatumauct.nonA.Camus.Microstegium fasciculatumauct.nonHenrard.Pollinia ciliataauct.nonTrin.Pollinia grataauct.nonHack.

Perennials,mat-forming.Culms rambling, of moderate stature, 30–160cmlong,rootingfromthelowernodes.Nodesglabrous.Sheathsglabrous,outermarginglabrous,oralhairsabsent.Liguleaglabrousmembrane,0.5–2mmlong.Bladeslanceo-latetolinear,3–15cmby3–15mm,firm,marginsscabrous,apex acute to acuminate, glabrous to sparsely hairy on both sides,without tubercle-basedhairs.Panicles3–12cmlong,commonaxis0.5–2cmlong.Racemes3–20,digitate,ascend-ing,straight,3–10cmlong.Rachissemiterete,marginsciliate,internodeslinear,2.5–3.5mmlong.Sessile spikelets oblong to lanceolate,2–4.5mmlong,callussetose.Lowerglumeoblongto lanceolate, chartaceous to coriaceous, midrib glabrous, dorsally longitudinally grooved, scaberulous, rough all over, glabrous,marginsglabrous,apexobtuse,entireordentate.Up-per glume elliptic, back acute, glabrous, midrib glabrous, apex acute,muticousorawned,awnupto4mmlong.Lowerfloretsabsentorpresent, reduced,barren.Upper lemmaorbicular, c.0.5mm long,veined,apex incised to0.2thof the lemmalength, awn from a sinus, flexuous, column absent, awn 6–12 mmlong.Upperpaleapresent,ovate,c.0.5mmlong,aslongasthelemma,membranous.Anthers3,1–1.8mmlong.Pedicels linear,flattened,c.2mmlong,marginspubescent.Pedicelledspikeletssubequaltothesessileonestovariouslyreduced. Distribution—India (Arunachal Pradesh,Assam,Bihar,Manipur,Meghalaya,Nagaland,Orissa,TamilNadu,UttarPradesh),SriLanka,Thailand(N:ChiangMai;NE:Loei;Pen-insular: Phangnga,Phattalung), Vietnam,SChina (Fujian,Guangdong,Guanxi,Guizhou,Hainan,HongKong,Hunan,Ji-angxi,Sichuan,Yunnan),Taiwan,RyukyuIsl.;Malesia:Sumatra(ECoast,Padang),MalayPeninsula(Pahang,Penang,Perak,Selangor), Java (Bogor,Kediri,Kedu,Pasuruan,Priangan),

Map 1 Distribution of Microstegium biaristatum(Steud.)Keng.


fig. 1 Microstegium brandisii(Hook.f.)Rhind.a.Habit;b.spikelets;c.lowerglume;d.upperglume;e.lowerlemma;f.upperlemmawithawn;g.upperpalea;h.jointofleafsheathandleafblade(all:Kurz 1217,K).

1 mm

c

b

d

a

2 cm

g

e

fh1 mm

1 mm

1 mm

1 mm


Borneo(Kalimantan:B.Raya;Sabah),Philippines(Mindoro),Celebes(E,Minahasa),LesserSundaIslands(Flores,Sumba,Wetar),NewGuinea:IrianJaya:SnowMts,Enerotali;PapuaNewGuinea:Western,WHighlands,WSepik,CentralProv. Habitat—Openareas,grassland,ongraniticbouldersalongriver, moist slopes, along trail, in thickets, forest edge, always ongoodsoil,0–2300maltitude. Collector’snotes—Decumbent,scrambling,broadlyerect,formingdensevegetationwithfewfloweringculms,0.3–2m.Lowerstemsbrownish,rootingatthenodes;erectpartgreen.Bladesdarkgreenabove,dullgreenunderneath.Inflorescencegreen, contracted, spike-like, racemes divergent to erect.Spikeletsbrownish,green,maroon.Antherspurplish.Stigmaswhite.Floweringat9:30a.m.

Notes—ThenameM. ciliatum has been used for the taxon which has flexuous awn from the apex of upper lemma since its basionym, Pollinia ciliata,waspublished.However,thetypeof M. ciliatum (Pollinia ciliata),Wallich 8815B, is closer to M. fasciculatum actually and the legitimate name for this spe-cies should be M. biaristatum.ThisspecieshasbeenillustratedbyHsu(1975),Osada(1993),Liu(1997),andChen&Phillips(2007:832–836)asM. ciliatum.

2. Microstegium brandisii (Hook.f.)Rhind—Fig.1;Map2

Microstegium brandisii(Hook.f.)Rhind(1945)632.—Coelarthron brandisii Hook.f.(1896a)164;(1897)t.2517.—Type:Brandis s.n. (holoK).

Pollinia clavigera Backer(1922)110(reprintp.34).—Microstegium clavigerum (Backer)Henrard(1940)453.—Type:Backer 21177 (holoBO;L).

Microstegium eucnemisauct.nonA.Camus.Pollinia eucnemis auct.nonNeesexSteud.

Annuals,mat-forming.Culms rambling, slender, 25–40 cmlong,rootingfromthelowernodes.Nodesglabrous.Sheathsglabrous or puberulous, outer margin glabrous, oral hairs scantyorabsent.Liguleaglabrousmembrane,0.5–0.75mmlong.Bladesovatetolanceolate,1.5–8cmby6–15mm,firm,margins smooth, apex acute, glabrous or sparsely pilose.Panicles3–7cmlong.Racemessolitary,ascending,straightorarcuate.Rachisangular,marginsvillous,internodespyriform,3–4mmlong.Sessile spikeletsoblongtolanceolate,3–6mmlong,calluspiloseorsetose.Lowerglumeoblongtolanceolate,coriaceous, midrib glabrous, dorsally concave, scaberulous all over, glabrous, margins ciliate or setose, apex acute, entire ordentate.Upperglumeelliptic,backacute,glabrous,midribciliate,apexacute,mucro1–5mmlong.Lowerfloretsabsenttopaleate,male.Lowerlemmawhenpresent,oblongtolanceo-late,c.4mmlong.Upperlemmalanceolate,1.5–2.25mmlong,withoutveins,apexentireorincisedto0.33–0.5thofthelemmalength, awn apical or from a sinus, geniculate, column straight totwisted,11–16mmlong.Upperpaleaelliptic,1–2mmlong,

0.75thtimesaslongasthelemma,membranous.Anthers3,1.5–2.5mmlong.Pedicelsbroadlyclavate,V-shaped,2.5–3mm long,marginspubescent.Pedicelledspikeletsvariouslyreduced,maleorneuter. Distribution—Burma(provenanceoftypeuncertain),Male-sia:WtoEJava(PadalarangtoMadura),andTaiwan. Habitat—Grassy roadmargins, nearTectona grandis (Teak),onbarelimestone,50–700maltitude. Collector’snotes—Caespitose.Rachisfragile.

Notes—Microstegium brandisii is usually treated as a syno-nym of M. eucnemis.However,M. eucnemis has erect culms anditsinflorescencehas3–5digitateracemes.Microstegium brandisii has procumbent culms and its inflorescence is a soli-taryraceme.Inouropinion,itismoreappropriatetocombineit with M. clavigerum.This isanotherexampleofadisjunctdistributionofdroughtplantsbetweenBurmaandEJava.Curiously,ithasbeenalsofoundinTaiwanrecently.

3. Microstegium delicatulum (Hook.f.)A.Camus—Fig. 2;Map3

Microstegium delicatulum(Hook.f.)A.Camus(1921)200.—Pollinia delicatula Hook.f.(1896a)117.—Type:Kurz 1204 (holoK),designatedbyBor(1952).

Annuals,mat-forming.Culms rambling, weak, 30–90 cmlong,rootingfromthelowernodes.Nodesbearded.Sheathsglabrous,outermarginglabrous,oralhairsabsent.Liguleaglabrousmembrane,0.2–0.5mmlong.Bladeselliptic,5–10cmby4–8mm,flaccid,baseattenuatetoslightlyrounded,pseudo-petiole absent, margins scabrous, apex acute to acuminate, glabrous to sparsely pilose on both sides, without tubercle-basedhairs.Panicles4–8cmlong,commonaxis0.5–2cmlong.Racemes 3–5, digitate, ascending, straight, 4–8 cmlong.Rachisfragile,flattened,marginsciliate,internodeslinear, c.1.5mmlong.Sessile spikelets,oblongtolanceolate,2–2.5mm long, callus setose. Lower glumeoblong to lanceolate,chartaceous, midrib glabrous, dorsally flat or concave, smooth or scaberulous, rough at apex, glabrous, margins glabrous, apexobtuse,entire.Upperglumeelliptic,backacute,glabrous,midrib glabrous, apexentire, acute,mucro c. 0.5mm long.Lowerfloretsabsent.Upperlemmaorbicular,c.0.5mmlong,withoutveins,glabrous,apex incised to0.2thof the lemmalength, awn froma sinus, geniculate, column twisted, (incl.column)6–8mmlong.Upperpaleaabsentorminute.Anthers3, c. 1mm long.Pedicels linear, flattened, 1–1.5mm long,marginspubescent.Pedicelledspikeletsvariouslyreduced. Distribution—India (Assam), Burma (Pegu,Mandalay,Rangoon,Shan),Thailand(N:Nan;E:NakhonRatchasima),China(Guangdong,Yunnan). Habitat—Forestmargins,roadsides,c.600maltitude.

Map 2 Distribution of Microstegium brandisii(Hook.f.)Rhind.


fig. 2 Microstegium delicatulum(Hook.f.)A.Camus.a.Habit;b.spikelets;c.lowerglume;d.upperglume;e.upperlemmawithlongflexuousawn;f.jointofleafsheathandleafblade(all:Kurz 2738,K).

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fig. 3 Microstegium dispar (Nees)A.Camus.a.Habit;b.spikelets(frontview);c.spikelets(rearview);d. lowerglume;e.upperglume;f. lower lemma; g.upperlemmawithawn;h.jointofleafsheathandleafblade(all:van Steenis 4299,K).

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4. Microstegium dispar(Nees)A.Camus—Fig.3;Map4

Microstegium dispar(Nees)A.Camus(1921)200.—Pollinia dispar Nees exSteud.(1854b)410.—Eulalia dispar(NeesexSteud.)Kuntze(1891)775.—Type:Junghuhn s.n. (holoB,lost?;notfoundinL,U),Java,propeMtSumbing.—Neotype:Docters van LeeuwenReijnvaan 8968(holoL;BO),designatedhere.

Pollinia geminataMerr.(1918)16.—Type:Koorders 40873(holoBO;K,L).

Annuals,mat-forming.Culms prostrate, of moderate stature, 60–150cmlong,rootingfromthelowernodes.Nodespubes-cent.Sheathsglabrousorpilose,outermarginglabrous,oralhairsabsent,orbearded.Liguleaciliolatemembrane,0.2–0.5mmlong.Bladeslanceolatetolinear,2–12cmby3–10mm,firm,baseattenuate,marginsscabrous,apexacuteoracumi-nate, below glabrous to sparsely to densely pilose with tubercle-basedhairs.Panicles3.5–7cmlong,commonaxisc.0.5cmlong.Racemes2–5, digitate, ascending to patent, straight,2–6cmlong.Rachissemiterete,marginsciliate, internodeslinear,3.25–4.75mmlong.Sessile spikeletslanceolate,4–6mmlong,callussetose.Lowerglumelanceolate,coriaceous,midrib glabrous, dorsally flat or concave, smooth, pilose at base,margins setose, apex acute, entire.Upper glumeel-liptic, back acute, pilose near the base, midrib glabrous, apex acute,muticous.Lowerfloretswell-developed,paleateorepa-leate.Lowerlemmaoblong,3.5–4.5mmlong.Upperlemmalanceolate,2.5–3.5mmlong,withoutveins,apex incisedto0.5–0.75thofthelemmalength,awnfromasinus,geniculate,columnstraightorslightlytwisted,10–17mmlong.Upperpaleaabsentorminute.Anthers3,2.5–3mmlong.Pedicels linear, semiterete, 2.5–3mm long,marginspubescent.Pedicelledspikeletsvariouslyreduced. Distribution—Malesia:Java(Priangan toBesuki:Arjuno,Hyang,Ijen,Ipis,Kawi,Kelut,Lawu,Merbabu,Papandajan,Sin-doro,Sumbing),LesserSundaIslands((Bali(Abang,Agung),Lombok(Rinjani)).

Habitat—Locally abundant in sunny open areas, grassjungles, Casuarinaforest,colouringthevegetationpink(Van Steenis 4554,BO),1500–2800maltitude. Collector’snotes—Culms erectopatent, or, on slopes, pat-enttohanging,red.Bladesobliquelydeflexed,redsuffused.

Note—Distributiondisjunct.

5.Microstegium eucnemis(NeesexSteud.)A.Camus—Fig.4;Map5

Microstegium eucnemis (NeesexSteud.)A.Camus (1921)200;Henrard(1940)455,isonym.—Pollinia eucnemis NeesexSteud.(1854b)409.—Eulalia eucnemis (NeesexSteud.)Kuntze(1891)775.—[Pogonatherum glabratum(Brongn.)Robertysubvar.eucnemis(NeesexSteud.)Roberty(1960)388,nom.inval.].—Type:Akkul Mahmud in Wallich Cat. 8812 (holoB,lost?;CAL,G,K,microficheIDC7394).

Annualsorperennials,mat-formingtocaespitose.Culms geni-cu late to erect, robust, 90–150 cm long, rooting in the decum-bentnodes.Nodesglabrous.Sheathsglabrous,outermarginglabrous,oralhairsbearded.Liguleafringeofhairs,0.5–2mmlong.Bladeselliptic,10–25cmby10–25mm,firm,marginsscabrous, apex acute to acuminate, glabrous or moderately piloseonbothsideswithtubercle-basedhairs.Panicles 5–12 cmlong,commonaxisc.1cmlong.Racemes3–25,digitate,ascending,straight,5–9cmlong.Rachisangular,marginscili-ate,internodespyriform,3.5–4.5mmlong.Sessile spikelets oblongtolanceolate,3.5–4mmlong,calluspiloseorsetose.Lowerglumeoblongtolanceolate,chartaceous,midribciliate,dorsally longitudinally grooved, smooth, glabrous, margins glabrous,apexacute,entire.Upperglumeelliptic,backacute,glabrous,midribglabrous,apexacute,mucro0.5–4mmlong.Lowerfloretswell-developed,paleatetoepaleate.Lowerlemmalanceolate,c.4.5mmlong.Upperlemmaelliptic,1.25–1.5mmlong,veined,apexincisedto0.5thofthelemmalength,awnfromasinus,geniculate,columntwisted,(incl.column)15–18

Map 4 Distribution of Microstegium dispar(Nees)A.Camus.

Map 3 Distribution of Microstegium delicatulum(Hook.f.)A.Camus.


fig. 4 Microstegium eucnemis(NeesexSteud.)A.Camus.a.Habit;b.spikelets;c.lowerglume;d.upperglume;e.lowerlemma;f.upperlemmawithawn;g.upperpalea;h.stamens;i.jointofleafsheathandleafblade(all:Raizada s.n.,K).

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mmlong.Upperpaleaobovate,c.1.25mmlong,aslongasthelemma,hyaline.Anthers3,3–3.5mmlong.Pedicels broadly clavate,V-shaped,c.3mmlong,marginspubescent.Pedicelledspikeletsvariouslyreduced. Distribution—N India,S India (disjunct!),Nepal, LowerBurma(frequent),Thailand(SE:Chanthaburi),Laos(Savan-nakhet),Malesia:Philippines (Luzon),SWCelebes, LesserSundaIslands(Flores,Timor,Wetar),reportedfortheVogelkop(Ohwi1942b)butspecimennotseen. Habitat—Thickets,openArundinaria woodland, sandy soil (pH5.5–6.0),atlowaltitude. Collector’s notes—Perennial.Compact erect tussocks,1.1–1.5m, rather high andbranched.Foliageharsh to thetouch.Inflorescencepurplish. Uses—Heavilygrazed.

Notes—‘eucnemis’ is a nounnot to bedeclined (with abeautifulshinplate:perhapsreferringtotheswollenjoints).Distributiondisjunct.

6. Microstegium falconeri (Hook.f.)Clayton—Fig.5;Map5

Microstegium falconeri (Hook.f.)Clayton(1981)816.—Ischnochloa falconeri Hook.f.(1896a)148;inHook.(1896b)t.2466.—Pogonatherum falconeri (Hook.f.)Roberty(1960)396.—Type:Falconer s.n. (holoK).

Annuals,caespitose.Culms decumbent, weak, 15–25 cm long, withoutnodalroots.Nodesglabrous.Sheathsglabrous,outermarginglabrous,oralhairsscanty.Liguleabsentoraglabrousmembrane,0–0.5mmlong.Bladeslanceolate,1–4cmby3–7mm,firm,baseattenuate toslightly rounded,pseudopetioleabsent, margins smooth, apex acute, densely hairy on both sides,without tubercle-basedhairs.Panicles 2–4 cm long.Racemessolitary,ascending,straight,2–4cm long.Rachistenacious, flattened, margins glabrous, internodes long, slen-der,5–8mmlong.Sessile spikeletsoblongtolanceolate,3–5mmlong,callusglabrousorpuberulous.Lowerglumeoblongtolanceolate, coriaceous, midrib glabrous, dorsally flat, smooth, glabrous,marginsglabrous,apexemarginate.Upperglumeelliptic, back acute, glabrous, midrib glabrous, apex entire, acute,muticous.Lowerfloretsabsent.Upperlemmaoblong,c.1.2mmlong,veined,glabrous,apexincisedto0.5–0.75thof the lemma length, awn from a sinus, geniculate, column straightorslightlytwisted,(incl.column)4–8mmlong.Upperpaleaabsentorminute.Anthers3,1.2–1.5mmlong.Pedicels linear,flattened,1.5–4mmlong,marginsglabrous.Pedicelledspikeletssubequaltothesessileones. Distribution—India(NWHimalaya),Bhutan. Habitat—Mossyrocks,c.2000maltitude.

7. Microstegium fasciculatum(L.)Henrard—Fig.6;Map6

Microstegium fasciculatum(L.)Henrard(1940)453.—Andropogon fasciculatumL.(1753)1047(‘fasciculatus’).—Tripsacum fasciculatum(L.)Raspail(1825)306.—Dactylodes fasciculatum(L.)Kuntze(1891)773.—Chloris fasciculata(L.)Thell.(1912)289,nonSchrad.(1824).—Lectotype:Herb. Linn. 1211.27, lower, central specimen,designatedbyCope(inCaffertyetal.(2000)245).

Pollinia ciliata Trin.(1832)306.—Pollinia lancea NeesexSteud.(1854b)410,nom.superfl.—[Pollinia ciliata Trin.subsp.genuina Hack. (1889)173,nom.inval.].—Eulalia ciliata (Trin.)Kuntze(1891)775.—[Pollinia ciliata Trin.var.genuina Hack.exHook.f. (1896a)116,nom. inval.].—Microstegium ciliatum (Trin.)A.Camus (1921) 201.—[Pollinia ciliata Trin.(unranked)typicaBacker(1928)49,nom.inval.].—[Pogonatherum glabratum(Brongn.)Robertysubvar.ciliatum(Trin.)Roberty(1960)388,nom.inval.].—Type:Wallich ex Hornemann in Herb. Trinius 54.1 (holoLE,microficheIDCBT-16/1;BM,C,markedas8815B;CAL,E,G,K,P,microficheIDC7394).

[Ephebopogon gratusNees&MeyenexSteud.(1840)556,nom.nud.].—Pollinia ciliataauct.nonTrin.:Nees(preprintof1843:1841)54;(1843)186.—Pollinia grataHack.(1889)175.—Eulalia grata (Hack.)Kuntze(1891)775.—Microstegium gratum(Hack.)A.Camus(1921)201,nom.superfl.—Pollinia ciliataTrin.formagrata(Hack.)Backer(1928)49.—[Pogonatherum glabratum (Brongn.)Roberty subvar.gratum (Hack.)Roberty(1960)388,nom.inval.].—Lectotype:Meyen s.n. (holoB,lost?;Herb. Trin. 59.1 (LE,microficheIDCBT-16/1)),designatedhere.

Pollinia montanaNeesexSteud.(1854b)409.—Microstegium montanum (NeesexSteud.)Henrard(1940)455.—Type:Junghuhn s.n. (Java, G. Grong Kedong) (holoB,lost?;L,notfound).

Pollinia laxaNeesexSteud.(1854b)410.—Pollinia ciliata Trin.subsp.laxa Hack.(1889)176.—Pollinia ciliata Trin.var.laxa (NeesexSteud.)Hack.exHook.f.(1896a)116.—Microstegium ciliatum(Trin.)A.Camusvar.laxum (NeesexSteud.)Reeder(1948)338.—Type:Wallich Cat. 8823 p.p.(holoB,lost?;BM,CAL,E,K, L,P,microficheIDC7394)

Pollinia monanthaNeesexSteud.(1854b)410.—Eulalia monantha(NeesexSteud.)Kuntze (1891) 775.—Microstegium monanthum (Nees exSteud.)A.Camus (1921) 200.—[Pogonatherum glabratum (Brongn.)Robertysubvar.monanthum(NeesexSteud.)Roberty(1960)388,nom.inval.].—Type:Wallich Cat. 8819 (holoB,lost?;BM,CAL,E,G,K,micro-ficheIDC7394; P).

Pollinia vagansNeesexSteud.(1854b)410.—Eulalia vagans (NeesexSteud.)Kuntze(1891)775.—[Pollinia vagansNeesexSteud.var.genuina Hack.(1889)173,nom.inval.].—Microstegium vagans(NeesexSteud.)A.Camus(1921)200;Hand.-Mazz.(1936)1309,isonym;Henrard(1940)455,isonym.—[Pogonatherum glabratum(Brongn.)Robertysubvar.vagans(NeesexSteud.)Roberty(1960)389,nom.inval.].—Type:Wallich Cat. 8807B (holoP;BM,CAL,E,microficheIDC7394;G,K,W).

Pollinia vagans NeesexSteud.var.dubia Hack.(1889)173.—Microstegium vagans (NeesexSteud.)A.Camusvar.dubium(Hack.)Hand.-Mazz.(1936)1309.—[Pogonatherum glabratum (Brongn.)Roberty subvar.dubium (Hack.)Roberty(1960)388,nom.inval.].—Type:Hook.f. & T. Thomson ‘Pollinia micrantha’(holoW;BM,L).

Pollinia ciliata Trin.subsp.seminuda Hack. (1889)177.—Pollinia ciliata Trin. var.seminuda (Hack.)Hook.f. (1896a)116.—Type:Thwaites CP 411p.p. (holoW;PDA).

Pollinia grataHack.var.hirsutaHook.f. (1896a)116.—Type:Kurz 1207 (holoK).

Map 5 Distribution of Microstegium eucnemis (NeesexSteud.)A.Camus(★)andM. falconeri(Hook.f.)Clayton(●).

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Pollinia ciliata Trin.var.breviaristataRendle(1904)355.—Microstegium breviaristatum (Rendle)A.Camus(1921)201.—Syntypes:Mulgrave s.n., Henry 3133, 11412(BM,E,K,MO).

Andropogon vagansRendle(1904)375,nonPollinia vagansSteud.(1854b).—Lectotype:Sampson 300(holoBM,notfound;K),designatedhere.

Pollinia gracilisRidl. (1907)156.—Microstegium gracile (Ridl.)A.Camus(1921)201.—Type:Ridley 8476(holoSING).

Pollinia parceciliataPilg.(1917)279.—Microstegium parceciliatum(Pilg.)Pilg.(1936)264.—Eulalia parceciliata(Pilg.)Pilg.exPeter(1936)359.—Type:Stolz 1447 (holoB,lost?;G,K,L,U,WAG).

Pollinia bequaertiiDeWild.(1920)132.—Eulalia bequaertii(DeWild.)DeWild.(1921)2.—Leptatherum bequaertii (DeWild.)Robyns(1929)89.—Microstegium bequaertii(DeWild.)Henrard(1940)453.—Type:Bequaert 391 (holoBR;K).Epithetusually,buterroneouslyspelledas‘bequaerti’.

Microstegium ciliatum (Trin.)A.Camusvar. latifoliumOhwi(1942b)10.—Type:Kanehira & Hatusima 13243 (holoFU;A,BO).

Microstegium montanum (NeesexSteud.)Henrardvar.hirsutum Jansen (1953)306.—Type:Van Breemen 44 (holoBO;L‘Microstegium montanumvar.pubescens’).

Microstegium vagans(NeesexSteud.)A.Camusvar.scandens Bor(1962) 174.—Type:Larsen 577(holoK).

fig. 5 Microstegium falconeri(Hook.f.)Clayton.a.Habit;b.spikelets(frontview);c.spikelets(rearview);d.lowerglume;e.upperglume;f.upperlemmawithawn;g.jointofleafsheathandleafblade(all:Falconer s.n.,K).

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Perennials,mat-forming.Culms rambling, robust or of moder-atestature,50–300cm long, rooting fromthe lowernodes.Nodesglabrousorbearded.Sheathsglabroustopilose,outermarginhairy,oralhairsabsentorbearded.Liguleaglabrousmembrane,1–3mmlong.Bladeslineartolanceolate,5–30cm by 5–25 mm, flaccid, base attenuate to slightly rounded,

pseudopetiole absent, margins scabrous, apex acute or acumi-nate, glabrous to densely pilose on both sides with tubercle-basedhairs.Panicles5–15cm long,commonaxis1–3cmlong.Racemes3–25,usuallydigitate,sometimesracemose,ascending,straight,4–15cmlong.Rachisfragile,angular,mar-ginsciliate,internodeslinear,2–3mmlong.Sessile spikelets

fig. 6 Microstegium fasciculatum(L.)Henrard.a.Habit;b.spikelets;c.lowerglume;d.upperglume;e.lowerlemma;f.upperlemmawithawn;g.upperpalea;h.pistil;i.stamens;j.jointofleafsheathandleafblade(all:Sampson 300,K).

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oblong,2.5–4.5mmlong,calluspiloseorsetose.Lowerglumeelliptic to oblong, coriaceous, midrib glabrous, dorsally flat or longitudinally grooved, smooth, glabrous, margins glabrous, apexemarginateorobtuse,entire.Upperglumeelliptic,backacute, glabrous, midrib ciliate, apex entire, acute to acuminate, muticous ormucro up to 4mm long. Lower florets absent(‘monantha’) or when present reduced, male, paleate or sterile, epaleate.Upperlemmaorbicular,0.5–1.25mmlong,withoutveins,glabrous,apexincisedto0.1–0.25thofthelemmalength,awnabsent(forma mutica)orpresent(forma‘aristata’),fromasinus,geniculate,columntwisted,3–20mmlong.Upperpaleaoblong,0.3–1mmlong,aslongasthelemma,membranous,apexentire.Anthers3,1–2.7mmlong.Pedicels linear, semi-terete,1.5–2mmlong,marginspubescent.Pedicelledspikeletssubequaltothesessileones.2n=60. Distribution—Africa(Tanzania,Zaire,Uganda,Congo,Ma-lawi),India(ArunachalPradesh,Assam,WBengal,Manipur,Meghalaya,Nagaland),Nepal, Sikkim,Bhutan, Sri Lanka,Burma (widespread),Thailand (N:ChiangMai, Lampang,Phrae,Tak;NE:NakhonPhanom,Ranong;E:Chaiyaphum;SE: Chonburi; SW: Kanchanaburi, Rachaburi, Utaithani;Peninsular:Nakorn siThammarat,Phuket),Vietnam, Laos, SChina(Fujian,Guangdong,Guangxi,Guizhou,Hainan,Hu-nan,Jiangxi,Sichuan,Yunnan),Taiwan,Malesia:MalayPen-insula(Kelantan,Penang,Perlis),Singapore,Sumatra(W,S),Java(widespread),LesserSundaIslands(Sumbawa,Timor),Celebes,Moluccas(Morotai),Philippines(Luzon,Mindanao),NewGuinea(Vogelkop). Habitat—Open,disturbedareas,fallowfields,roadsides,firedamagedthicketsandsavannas,clearinginhardwoodordeciduous forest, secondary forest, with much bamboo, over-grown rubber plantation, in hedges, shaded river side, dry sandy soil,sandstone,granite,limestone,marl,0–1830maltitude. Uses—Readilyeatenbycattleandhorseswithasufficientfeedingvalue. Collector’s notes—Perennial.Roots pale brown.Culmsthicket-forming, vegetation forming, scrambling for several meters, erect-decumbent, rooting at the lower nodes, rather weak, (pale) green, greenwith purple, stramineous, glossydarkviolet,0.6–3mlong.Rootspalebrown.Blades(glossy)darkgreenabove,dullpaletodarkgreenbelow.Inflorescenceerect,axesyellowish,green,greenwithviolet,dullmaroonish.Racemeserectopatent.Spikeletswhitish,greyish,palegreenwith pale green margins and nerves, pale yellowish, turning red-brownish, purplish brown, dull violet, hairs pale pink, white,

brown,magenta,maroonish,violet.Paleaspalegreen,white.Awns glossy brown, dull dark red, maroonish, purple, lower half dark magenta, dark violet, dark maroon, upper half pale brown, tan,whitish.Filamentswhite.Anthers(pale)yellow,greenishbrownwithpurpledots,orange,tan.Stigmaswhite,palegreen,darkmaroon,purple.

Notes—BecauseoftheseparationhereofM. biaristatum and M. fasciculatum, it is not possible to reconstruct the distri-butionofthesespeciesfromliterature.Webasedoursonthespecimensexaminedtoreconstructthem.Noltie(2000)notedthatinmostspecimensfromBhutanthereis a lower floret, but that it is absent in the isotypes of P. wallichiana Nees and P. laxa Nees.Alsoabsent inM. vagans, exceptinthetypewherethereisalargepalea.Microstegium fasciculatum sometimes has the pedicelled spikelet much reduced, whereby in keys the genus cannot be reached: Phakam 69(Thailand;L).DepictedbyChen&Phillips(2007)asM. ciliatum.

8. Microstegium fauriei(Hayata)Honda

a.var.fauriei—Map7

Pollinia faurieiHayata(1917)99,nomen;7(1918)73,t.41.—Microstegium fauriei (Hayata)Honda(1930)410.—Microstegium fauriei (Hayata)Hondasubsp. fauriei (Hayata)T.Koyama(1987)428,516.—Type:Faurie 215 (holoTI).

Annuals,mat-forming.Culms rambling, slender, 50–100 cm long,rootingfromthelowernodes.Nodespubescent.Sheathsglabrous,outermarginglabrous,oralhairsabsentorciliate.Liguleaglabrousmembrane,2–3mmlong.Bladeslanceolate,5–20cmby3–10mm,firm,baseattenuatetoslightlyrounded,pseudopetiole absent, margins scaberulous, apex acute to acuminate,glabrous.Panicles 5–13cm long, commonaxis1–2cmlong.Racemes4–10,digitate,ascendingorpatent,flexuous, 5–12 cm long.Rachis fragile, flattened,marginsglabrous, internodes linear,5–8mm long.Sessile spikelets lanceolate,4.5–5mmlong,calluspilose.Lowerglumelanceo-late, coriaceous, midrib glabrous, dorsally concave, smooth, glabrous,marginssetose,apexacute,entireordentate.Upperglume elliptic, back acute, glabrous, midrib setose, apex entire, acute,mucro0.3–1.5mmlong.Lowerflorets,reduced,maleorbarren,epaleate.Upperlemmaoblong,0.8–1.5mmlong,veined,glabrous,apexincisedto0.25thofthelemmalength,

Map 6 Distribution of Microstegium fasciculatum(L.)Henrard.


awnfromasinus,flexuous,columnabsent,16–37mmlong.Upperpaleaovate,c.2mmlong,0.66–1timesaslongasthelemma,membranous,apexentire.Anthers3,1.5–1.8mmlong.Pedicels linear, flattened, 2–4mm long,margins glabrous.Pedicelledspikeletssubequaltothesessileones. Distribution—Taiwan. Habitat—Montaneforests,humidplaces,trailsides,atme- diumaltitude.

Notes—Microstegium geniculatum can be distinguished from M. fauriei mainlybythetomentoseleafblades.Inaprevi-ousstudy(Chenetal.2009),thecladeformedbythesetwotaxahadastrongbootstrapsupport(99%inbothNJtreeandMPtree),buttheinternalsistergrouprelationshipdidnot(69%inNJtreeand62%inMPtree).Itseemsthereforemoreap-propriatetotreatthemasvarieties.ThisspecieshasbeenillustratedbyHsu(1975)andLiu(1997).

b. var.geniculatum (Hayata)C.HuiChen,Kuoh&Veldk.,comb. nov.—Map7

Pollinia geniculata Hayata,Icon.Pl.Formos.[6,Suppl.(1917)99(nomen)];7(1918)73,t.40.—Microstegium geniculatum(Hayata)Honda(1930)410.—[Pogonatherum aureum (Bory)Robertyformageniculatum (Stapf)Roberty(1960)392,nom.inval.,quoadM. geniculata(Hayata)Honda,nonEulalia geniculataStapf].—Microstegium fauriei(Hayata)Hondasubsp.geniculatum (Hayata)T.Koyama(1987)429,516.—Type:Hayata Jan. 1912(holoTI).

Pollinia hendersonii C.E.Hubb. (1927) 79.—Microstegium hendersonii (C.E.Hubb.)C.E.Hubb.(1934)227,t.105(comb.nov.inlegend!).—[Pogonatherum glabratum(Brongn.)Robertysubvar.hendersonii(C.E.Hubb.)Roberty(1960)388,nom.inval.].—Type:SF 17940 (Henderson) (holoK;SING).

Culms rambling, 70–150 cm long. Ligule c. 1.6mm long.Blades linear to lanceolate, 10–22 cm by 6–12 mm, moderately puberulousonbothsides.Panicles8–18cmlong.Racemes3–10,ascending,8–17cmlong.Rachisinternodes6–7mmlong.Sessile spikelets upper glume apex acuminate, mucro 0.5–1.5mmlong.Upperlemmaawn11–48mmlong.Upperpalea0.8–1.8mmlong,aslongasthelemma.Anthersc.2mmlong.Pedicelsc.3mmlong. Distribution—Vietnam,SChina(Fujian,Guangdong,Hai-nan),Taiwan,Malesia:MalayPeninsula(Pahang),NSumatra(Aceh,ECoast),Sabah. Habitat—Open, half shadedplace, amongboulders, onsand, near small stream, moist slope, slopes under Pinus, alongpath,roadside,900–2400maltitude. Collector’snotes—Creepingtoscrambling,erect.Inflores-cenceverypalegreen.

Notes—Roberty (1960: 388, 392) erroneously equatedEulalia geniculataStapffromAfricawithMicrostegium geniculatum.WepresumethecombinationPogonatherum aureum forma geniculatumwasbasedonthefirst.

ThisspecieshasbeenillustratedbyHsu(1975)underthenameof M. geniculatumandbyChen&Phillips(2007).

9. Microstegium glabratum(Brongn.)A.Camus—Fig.7; Map 8

Microstegium glabratum (Brongn.)A.Camus (1921) 201;Hosok. (1934)663, isonym.—Eulalia glabrataBrongn. (1831)93.—Pollinia glabrata (Brongn.)Trin.(1836)70.—Andropogon glabratus(Brongn.)Steud.(1840)91,nonRoxb.[Herb. Roxburgh in Wallich Cat. 8805A(insyn.;microficheIDC7394)].—[Pogonatherum glabratum(Brongn.)Roberty(1960)388,nom.inval.].—Type:Dumont d’Urville s.n. ‘Borabora’ (holoP).

Nemastachys taitensisSteud.(1854b)357.—Microstegium taitense (Steud.)A.Camus(1921)201.—Type:Dumont d’Urville s.n. ‘Taiti’ (holoP).

Pollinia gracillima Hack. (1889) 179.—Eulalia gracillima (Hack.)Kuntze(1891)775.— Microstegium gracillima (Hack.)A.Camus(1921)201.—Type:Anon.(holoG)sub‘Leptatherum royleani’,Tahiti.

Pollinia monanthaNeesexSteud.var.leptatheraHack.(1908)167.—Type:Merrill 5212 (holoW,notfound;L,P).

Pollinia glabrata(Brongn.)Trin.var.luzonensisHack.,Kneucker Exsicc. 785 (1914);Allg.Bot.Z.Syst.20(1915)143.—Type:Kneucker Exsicc. 785 (Fénix & Ramos) (holoKR,lost;BM,K,L,WAG).

Microstegium nudumauct.nonA.Camus.

Annuals,mat-forming.Culms rambling, weak, 25–60 cm long,rootingfromthelowernodes.Nodesglabrous.Sheathsglabrous, outer margin glabrous or hairy, oral hairs scanty or absent.Liguleaglabrousmembrane,0.5–0.8mmlong.Bladeslanceolate, 5–16 cm by 2–10 mm, flaccid, base attenuate to slightly rounded, pseudopetiole absent, margins scaberulous, apex acute to acuminate, glabrous or sparsely puberulous on bothsides,without tubercle-basedhairs.Panicles 4–10cmlong,commonaxis0.5–1cmlong.Racemes4–11,digitate,ascending, straight, 4–9 cm long.Rachis fragile, flattened,marginsglabrous,internodeslinear,2.5–3.5mmlong.Sessile spikelets without a short stalk, deciduous with the adjacent joint andpedicel,oblongtolanceolate,2.5–3mmlong,callusgla-brousorpuberulous.Lowerglumeoblong,coriaceous,midribglabrous, dorsally longitudinally grooved, smooth, glabrous, marginsglabrous,apexobtuse,entire.Upperglumeelliptic,back acute, glabrous, midrib ciliate, apex entire, attenuate, mucro c. 0.5mm long. Lower florets absent.Upper lemmaoblong,0.5–1mmlong,withoutveins,glabrous,apexentire,awnflexuous,columnabsent,10–15mmlong.Upperpaleaovate,0.5–1mmlong,aslongasthelemma,membranous,apexentire.Anthers3,0.7–1mmlong.Pedicels linear, flat-tened,2–2.5mmlong,marginsglabrous.Pedicelledspikeletssubequaltothesessileones. Distribution—Malesia:Philippines(Luzon,Mindanao,Min- doro,Samar),Sabah,Borneo,LesserSunda Islands,Mela-nesia,Micronesia:Palau,Mariana Islands.Polynesia:NewCaledonia,Vanuatu,Fiji,Samoa,Tahiti,BoraBora,Raiatea.China(HainanIsland).Taiwan.Japan(SRyukyuIslands). Habitat—Formingdensevegetation,shaded,humidplaces,in fringe of wood, limestone, on serpentine, red clay, near brook, 80–1500maltitude.

Map 7 Distribution of Microstegium fauriei (Hayata)Honda var.fauriei(●)andM. fauriei (Hayata)Hondavar.geniculatum(Hayata)C.HuiChen,Kuoh&Veldk.(★).

●


fig. 7 Microstegium glabratum(Brongn.)A.Camus.a.Habit;b.spikelets;c.lowerglume;d.upperglume;e.pistilandstamens;f.lodicules;g.upperpalea;h.upperlemmawithlongflexuousawn;i.caryopsis;j.jointofleafsheathandleafblade(all:Veldkamp 7926,L).

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fig. 8 Microstegium petiolare(Trin.)Bor.a.Habit;b.spikelets;c.lowerglume;d.upperglume;e.lowerlemma;f.upperlemmawithawn;g.upperpalea;h.joint ofleafsheathandleafblade(all:Polunin, Sykes & Williams 5760,K).

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Map 8 Distribution of Microstegium glabratum(Brongn.)A.Camus.

midribglabrous,apexentire,acute,muticous.Lower floretspresent,well-developed,paleate,maleorbarren,withpalea.Lowerlemmapresent,4–5mmlong,muticous.Upperlemmaoblong,3–4mmlong,withoutveins,glabrous,apexincised,incisedto0.5–0.6thofthelemmalength,apexawned,awnfromasinus,geniculate,columntwisted,(incl.column)6–8mm long.Upper palea absent orminute.Anthers 3, 2.5–3mmlong.Pedicelslinear,semiterete,3.5–4mmlong,marginspubescent.Pedicelledspikeletssubequaltothesessileones. Distribution—India (Meghalaya,Orissa),Nepal,Sikkim,Thailand(Chiangmai,Loei),Burma(Kachin,Mandalay),China(Yunnan). Habitat—Grasslands,thickets,alongpaths,1525–2100maltitude. Uses—Forage. Collector’s notes—Culmserect, sometimes scrambling, c.1.2mtall.

Notes—1.The species has been illustrated byChen&Phillips(2007). 2.ThecollectionEvrard 1777(L,P)fromSVietnam(Dalat)isbestplacedhere,althoughitdiffersinsomerespects.Itisanewrecordforthecountry.– Ligule 1.5mm long.Racemes 1–7. Lower glume apex

emarginateandmoreorless2-winged.Anthersc.1.7mmlong.Pedicels2.5–3mmlong . . . . . . . . . . . . Evrard 1777

– Ligule3–6mmlong,BladesRacemes8–20.Lowerglumeapexacute.Anthers2.5–3mmlong.Pedicels3.5–4mmlong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .M. petiolare

11. Microstegium rufispicum (Steud.)A.Camus—Fig.9; Map 9

Microstegium rufispicum (Steud.)A.Camus(1921)200;Henrard(1940)455,isonym.—Andropogon rufispicusSteud.(1854a)59,nom.nud.;(1854b)379(‘rufispica’).—Pollinia rufispicaHack.(1889)171.—Eulalia rufispica

Note—ApparentlynotinIndia(i.e.notmentionedbySur1985)althoughWallichmentionedspecimensintheRoxburghherbarium.Thelinedrawingofthisspecies(Fig.7)hasbeenpublishedpreviously(Chenetal.2011a).

10. Microstegium petiolare (Trin.)Bor—Fig.8;Map9

Microstegium petiolare(Trin.)Bor(1938)87.—Spodiopogon petiolarisTrin.(1832)301.—Andropogon petiolaris (Trin.)Steud.(1854b)398.—[Andropogon petiolatusDalzell(1861)303,orth.var.].—Ischaemum petiolare (Trin.)Hack.(1889)238.—Type:Wallich in Herb. Hornemann (holoC;inHerb. Trin. 66.1,LE,abeautifuldrawingandfragments,microficheIDCBT-16/1).Bor (1952) andSur (1985) haveWallich 8807 (BM,CAL,K,microficheIDC7394),Roberty(1960)cited8807A (G).

Pollinia lehmanniiArn.&Nees (preprint of 1843: 1841) 54; (1843) 186(‘lehmanni’).—Spodiopogon lehmannii (Arn.&Nees)Griseb.(1868)91.—Type:Notindicated,presumablyHerb. Lehmann s.n. (?holoS).

Microstegium yunnanenseR.J.Yang(1984)221.—Type:R.J. Yang & Y.G. Han 77025 (holoSYAU).

Perennials,mat-forming.Culms rambling or scandent, reed-like orrobust,60–100(–400)cmlong,rootingfromthelowernodes.Nodespubescent.Sheathsglabrous,outermarginglabrousorhairy,oralhairsabsent.Liguleaglabrousmembrane,3–6mmlong.Bladeslanceolateorelliptic,5–30cmlong,10–25mmwide,firm,baseattenuatetoslightlyrounded,basepseudo-petiole present, margins scabrous, apex acuminate, gradually attenuate, pilose, sparsely or moderately hairy on both sides, without tubercle-basedhairs.Panicles 6–16 cm long, com-monaxis1.5–5cmlong.Racemes8–20,digitate,ascending,straight, 6–14 cm long.Rachis fragile, semiterete,marginsciliate, internodeslinear, internodes3–4.5mmlong.Sessile spikelets without a short stalk, deciduous with the adjacent joint andpedicel,elliptic,4.5–5mmlong,spikeletcalluspuberulous.Lower glume elliptic, coriaceous,midrib glabrous, dorsallyconcave, scaberulous, rough all over, glabrous, margins ciliate, apexacute,entire.Upperglumeelliptic,backacute,glabrous,

Map 9 Distribution of Microstegium petiolare (Trin.)Bor. (★) and M. rufispicum (Steud.)A.Camus(●).

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(Steud.)Kuntze(1891)775.—Pollinia ciliata Trin.formarufispica (Steud.)Backer(1922)110;reprint:34.—[Pollinia ciliata Trin.(unranked)rufispica (Steud.)Backer(1928)49,incl.(unranked)aristata,nom.inval.].—Pogonatherum rufispicumRoberty (1960)382 (‘rufispica’).—Type:Zollinger 2193(holoP;BM,G,K).

Pollinia ciliata Trin.(unranked)mutica Hack.exBacker(1928)49.—Lecto-type: Gisius 38 (holoL),designatedhere(asformaonsomelabels).

Perennials,mat-forming.Culms prostrate, reed like or robust, 60–500cmlong,withoutnodalroots,nodesglabrous.Sheathspuberuloustopilose,outermarginhairy,oralhairsbearded.Liguleaglabrousmembrane,1–2mmlong.Bladeslanceolate,10–25 cm by 8–15 mm, flaccid, base attenuate to slightly rounded, pseudopetiole absent, margins scabrous, apex acute to acuminate, glabrous to densely hairy on both sides, without

fig. 9 Microstegium rufispicum(Steud.)A.Camus.a.Habit;b.spikelets(frontview);c.spikelets(rearview);d.lowerglume;e.upperglume;f.lowerlemma;g.upperlemma;h.upperpalea;i.lodicules;j.jointofleafsheathandleafblade(all:Zollinger 2193,K).

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tubercle-basedhairs.Panicles 5–15 cm long, common axis 1–3cmlong.Racemes2–5,digitate,ascending,straight,4–15cmlong.Rachisfragile,angular,marginsglabrousorciliate,internodespyriform,4–6mmlong.Sessile spikelets without a short stalk, deciduous with the adjacent joint and pedicel, oblong,5–7mmlong,calluspuberulous.Lowerglumeelliptic,coriaceous, midrib glabrous, dorsally concave or longitudinally grooved,smooth,glabrous,marginsciliate,apexobtuse,entire.Upperglumeelliptic,backacute,glabrous,midribglabrous,apex entire, acute,muticous. Lower floretswell-developed,male,paleate tobarren,epaleate.Lower lemma lanceolate,3–4mmlong,muticous.Upperlemmaelliptic,3.5–4mmlong,without veins, glabrous, apex entire, muticous or awned, awn fromasinus,straight,columnabsent,awn0–14mmlong.Up-perpaleapresentorabsent,ovate,1–1.5mmlong,c.0.33thtimesaslongasthelemma,membranous,apexentire.Anthers3,3–4mmlong.Pedicelsclavate,semiterete,4–4.5mmlong,marginspubescent.Pedicelledspikeletsvariouslyreduced. Distribution—Malesia:EJava(Besuki,Pasuruan). Habitat—Foresttrail,grassjungles,shrubjungles,grassyslopes,1500–2800maltitude.Locallynumeroustoabundant. Uses—Forage. Collector’snotes—Brightgreen.

Note—Backer (1928) distinguished tentatively betweenPollinia ciliata aristataHack.andmuticaHack.asintergradingformswithingroups: valid, but rankless.The typical form isawned.Hackel(1889)saidthatawnedandunawnedspikeletsoccur within the same inflorescence, but as a rule they are of asingletype,whileinlargeareasonlyasingleformoccurs.Backer noted also a difference in the pubescence of the joints andglumes.

12. Microstegium spectabile (Trin.)A.Camus—Fig.10; Map 10

Microstegium spectabile (Trin.)A.Camus(1921)200;Hosok.(1935)310,isonym.—Pollinia spectabilisTrin.(1832)305.—Eulalia spectabilis(Trin.)Kuntze(1891)775.—[Pogonatherum glabratum(Brongn.)Robertysubvar.spectabile (Trin.)Roberty (1960)389,nom. inval.].—Type:Mertens in Herb. Trinius 57.1(LE,microficheIDCBT-16/1).

Pollinia spectabilisTrin.var.ternatanaBacker(1922)113;reprint:37.—Lecto-type: Beguin 73(holoBO),designatedherewithaidfromMr.A.Sumadijaya(BO).

Microstegium spectabile(Trin.)A.Camusformacryptochaetum Ohwi(1941)550.—Type:Hatusima 11084 (holoFU).

Microstegium okamotoiHonda(1942)16.—Type:Okamoto 1(holoTI).Microstegium gratumauct.nonHack.

Annuals,mat-forming.Culms rambling, robust, 100–170 cm long,rootingfromthelowernodes.Nodesglabrous.Sheathsglabrous, outer margin glabrous or hairy, oral hairs absent or ciliate. Ligule a glabrousmembrane, c. 1mm long.Bladeslanceolate,10–18cmby10–20mm,firm,baseattenuateto

slightly rounded, pseudopetiole absent, margins scabrous, apex acutetoacuminate,glabrous.Panicles7–14cmlong,commonaxis 1–2.5 cm long.Racemes10–40, digitate, ascending,straight, 7–10 cm long.Rachis fragile, semiterete,marginsciliate, internodeslinear,2.7–3.3mmlong.Sessile spikelets without a short stalk, deciduous with the adjacent joint and pedicel,oblongto lanceolate,2.5–4mmlong,calluspilose.Lowerglumeoblongtolanceolate,coriaceous,midribciliolate,dorsally longitudinally grooved, smooth, glabrous, margins glabrous,apexacute,entire.Upperglumeelliptic,backacute,glabrous, midrib glabrous, apex entire, attenuate, muticous or mucroc.1mmlong.Lowerfloretsabsentorpresent,paleateorbarrenandepaleate.Lowerlemmaabsenttopresent,oblong,c.0.5mmlong,muticous.Upperlemmalinear,c.1mmlong,without veins, glabrous, apex entire, awn apical, flexuous, columnabsent,4–10mmlong.Upperpaleaabsentorminute.Anthers3,1.5–2mmlong.Pedicels linear, flattened,2–2.5mmlong,marginspubescent.Pedicelledspikeletssubequaltothesessileones. Distribution—Burma(Northernpart),China(HongKong),Taiwan,Malesia:Sumatra,Borneo,Celebes(Tomohon),Phi-lippines(Mindanao),LesserSundaIslands(Flores),Moluccas(Halmahera,Ternate),NewGuinea(widespread),Micronesia(SolomonIslands). Habitat—Youngsecondaryrainforest,sandyfloodbanks,350–2000malt.

Notes—Intheformacryptochaetum from Ponape the awn isabsent.Honda(1942:16)describedanendemicspeciesM. okamotoi inTaiwanbasedononlyonespecimenwhichwascollectedinKaohsiungCountyanditsholotypeisdepositedintheher-bariumTI.Itisoddthatafteritspublication,nootherauthorsmentionedthisnameanymore(Hsu1975,1978,2000,Koyama1987,Chen&Phillips2006).Aftercomparingthetypespeci-menwiththespecimensdepositedintheEuropeanherbariamentioned above, we conclude that M. okamotoi is a synonym of M. spectabile (Chenetal.2011b).Thelinedrawingofthisspecieshasbeenpublishedpreviously(Chenetal.2011b).

13. Microstegium stapfii (Hook.f.)A.Camus—Fig.11;Map11

Microstegium stapfii (Hook.f.)A.Camus(1921)200.—Pollinia stapfiiHook.f.(1896a)115.—Type:Kurz s.n. (holoK).

Perennials,mat-forming.Culmsrambling,robust,40–80cmlong,rootingfromthelowernodes.Nodesglabrous.Sheathsglabrous,outermarginhairy,oralhairsabsent.Liguleaciliolatemembrane,0.7–1mmlong.Bladeselliptic,10–15cmby10–20mm, flaccid, base attenuate to slightly rounded, pseudopetiole present, margins scabrous, apex attenuate, acute, moderately

Map 10 Distribution of Microstegium spectabile(Trin.)A.Camus.


hairyonbothsides,withouttubercle-basedhairs.Panicles 5–8 cmlong,commonaxis1.5–2.5cmlong.Racemes6–9,digi-tate,ascending,straight,4–7cmlong.Rachisfragile,angular,marginsciliate, internodespyriform,c.4.5mmlong.Sessile spikelets without a short stalk, deciduous with the adjacent jointandpedicel,elliptic,c.4.5mmlong,callussetose.Lowerglume elliptic, coriaceous, midrib glabrous, dorsally longitudi-nally grooved, smooth, pilose all over, margins glabrous, apex

obtuse, erose.Upper glume lanceolate, backacute, pilose,midrib glabrous, hairy near the apex, apex dentate, acute, awned,awnc.2mmlong.Lowerfloretsreduced,maleorbar-ren,epaleate.Upperlemmalanceolate,c.1.5mmlong,veined,glabrous,apexincisedto0.1–0.25thofthelemmalength,awnfromasinus,geniculate,columntwisted,awn(incl.column)20–24mmlong.Upperpaleaoblong,1–1.5mmlong,aslongasthelemma,hyaline,apexerose.Anthers3,c.3mmlong.

fig. 10 Microstegium spectabile (Trin.)A.Camus. a.Habit; b. spikelets;c. lowerglume;d.upperglume;e.upper lemmawith longflexuousawn; f.upperpalea;g.jointofleafsheathandleafblade(all:Darbyshire 7953,L).

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fig. 11 Microstegium stapfii(Hook.f.)A.Camus.a.Habit;b.spikelets;c.lowerglume;d.upperglume;e.upperlemmawithlongflexuousawn;f.upperpalea;g.pistil(all:Kurz s.n.,K).

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Pedicelsclavate,V-shaped,c.4mmlong,marginspubescent.Pedicelledspikeletsvariouslyreduced,c.0.25aslongasthesessile,femaleorsterile. Distribution—Burma(Arakan,Sagaing). Habitat—Lowsandstonehills.

Note—Knownonlyfromthetypespecimen.

14. Microstegium steenisii Jansen—Fig.12;Map11

Microstegium steenisiiJansen(1953)306.—Type:Van Steenis 4320 (holoBO;L).

Annuals,mat-forming.Culms geniculately ascending, of mod-eratestature,50–80cmlong,rootingfromthelowernodes.

Nodespubescent.Sheathsglabrous,outermarginglabrous,oralhairsbearded.Liguleaciliolatemembrane,0.5–0.7mmlong.Bladeslanceolate,4–5cmby6–8mmwide,firm,baseattenuate to slightly rounded, pseudopetiole absent, margins scabrous, apex acute to acuminate, glabrous to moderately hairyonbothsideswith tubercle-basedhairs.Panicles c.3cmlong,commonaxisc.0.5cmlong.Racemes2–4,digitate,ascending,straight,4–5cmlong.Rachisfragile,semiterete,margins ciliate, internodes linear, 1–1.5mm long.Sessile spikelets without a short stalk, deciduous with the adjacent joint and pedicel, lanceolate, c. 5mm long, callus setose.Lowerglumelanceolate,coriaceous,midribglabrous,dorsallyconcave,smooth,glabrous,marginssetose,apexacute,entire.Upperglumelanceolate,backacute,glabrousorpilose,midrib


fig. 12 Microstegium steenisiiJansen.a.Habit;b.jointofleafsheathandleafblade;c.spikelets;d.lowerglume;e.upperglume;f.lowerlemma;g.upperlemmawithlongflexuousawn;h.upperpalea;i.pistil;j.stamens(all:van Steenis 4320,L).

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glabrous, hairy near the base, apex entire, acute, muticous or mucroc.0.8mmlong.Lowerfloretswell-developed,paleate,orbarren,epaleate.Lowerlemmalanceolate,c.4.5mmlong,muticous.Upperlemmaoblong,3–4mmlong,withoutveins,glabrous,apexincisedto0.25thofthelemmalength,awnedfromasinus,awnflexuous,columnabsent,10–15mmlong.Upperpaleaoblong,c.2.3mmlong,c.0.33thtimesaslongasthelemma,membranous,apexentire.Anthers3,c.1.5mm long.Pedicels linear, flattened,c.2.5mmlong,marginspu-bescent.Pedicelledspikeletssubequaltothesessileones. Distribution—Malesia:Java(Papandayan). Habitat—Mountains,c.2040maltitude.

Note—Knownonlyfromthetypespecimen.

15. Microstegium tenue (Trin.)Hosok.—Fig.13;Map11

Microstegium tenue(Trin.)Hosok.(1938)150;Jansen(1953)307,isonym.—Pollinia tenuisTrin. (1832)306.—Eulalia tenuisKuntze(1891)775.—[Pogonatherum glabratum (Brongn.)Roberty subvar. tenueRoberty(1960)389,nom.inval.].—Type:Chamisso 24 in Herb. Trinius 58.1(LE,microficheIDCBT-16/1;W).

Pleuroplitis productaGriseb.(1853)478.—Andropogon productus(Griseb.)Regel(1866)760,t.2,f.16–21.—Type:Eschscholtz s.n.(holoLE,L.film35,neg.23).

Annuals,mat-forming.Culms rambling, weak, 20–100 cm long, rootingfromthelowernodes.Nodesglabrous.Sheathsgla-brous,outermarginglabrous,oralhairsabsentorciliate.Ligule aglabrousmembrane,c.1mmlong.Bladeslinearorlanceo-late, 4–20 cmby4–8mm, firm, baseattenuate to slightlyrounded, pseudopetiole absent, margins scabrous, apex acute to acuminate, glabrous to sparsely pilose on both sides, with tubercle-basedhairs.Panicles3–5cmlong,commonaxisc.0.5 cmlong.Racemes2–4,digitate,ascending,straight,2–5cmlong.Rachisfragile,flattened,marginsciliate,internodespyri-form,1.5–2mmlong.Sessile spikelets without a short stalk, deciduouswiththeadjacentjointandpedicel,lanceolate,2–3mmlong,calluspuberulous.Lowerglumeoblongtolanceolate,coriaceous, midrib glabrous, dorsally longitudinally grooved, smooth,glabrous,marginsglabrous,apexentireordentate.Upperglumeelliptic,backacute,glabrous,midribglabrous,apexentire,acute,mucro1–3mmlong.Lowerfloretspresent,well-developed, paleate or barren, epaleate. Lower lemmalanceolate,c.1.5mmlong,muticous.Upper lemmalanceo-late,c.0.3mmlong,withoutveins,glabrous,apexentire,awngeniculate,columntwisted,7–12mmlong.Upperpaleaabsentorminute.Anthers1,c.0.5mmlong.Pedicels clavate, flat-tened,c.1.5mmlong,marginspubescent.Pedicelledspikeletsvariouslyreduced. Distribution—Taiwan,Philippines(Luzon),Micronesia(Kos-rae).

Habitat—Dryopenslopes,cliffs,0–1200maltitude.

Notes—TheonlyspecimeninTaiwanwascollectedin1960.Itisunclearwhetherthisspeciesisstillextantthere(Chenetal.2011b).Thelinedrawingofthisspecieshasbeenpublishedpreviously(Chenetal.2011b).

16. Microstegium vimineum (Trin.)A.Camus—Map12

Microstegium vimineum(Trin.)A.Camus(1921)201.—Andropogon vimineusTrin. (1832) 268.—Eulalia viminea (Trin.)Kuntze (1891) 775.—Pollinia viminea(Trin.)Merr.(1923)35.—[Microstegium vimineum(Trin.)A.Camusvar.typicumHonda(1930)407,nom.inval.].—[Pogonatherum glabratum(Brongn.)Robertysubvar.vimineum(Trin.)Roberty(1960)389,nom.inval.].—Type:Wallich Cat. 8838 in Herb. Trinius 329.1(holoLE,fragm.,microficheIDCBT-16/1;CAL,E,G,K,NY,microficheIDC7394;L,P,MO)Bor(1952)andSur(1985)cite‘8832’ (CAL),whichisthetypeof Pollinia imberbis. Wesuggestthisisamisprint.

Microstegium willdenovianumNees (1836) 447, nom. superfl.—Pollinia willdenoviana(Nees)Benth.(1881)67(‘willdenowianum’),nom.superfl.—Pollinia imberbis Nees exSteud. var.willdenoviana (Nees)Hack.(1889)178,nom.superfl.—Microstegium vimineum(Trin.)A.Camusvar.willdenovianumHack. exA.Camus (1922) 260 (‘willdenowiana Hack.’),nom.inval.(autonymrequired);Sur(1985)175,isonym.—[Microstegium vimineum (Trin.)A.Camus formawilldenovianumOsada (1993)702, t.,nom. inval.].—Type: ‘Nepal Herb. Willd.’ (holoB,butnot found in IDCmicrofiche7440 sub Andropogon or Arthraxon while there is no Microstegium or Polliniaatall).

Pollinia imberbisNeesexSteud.(1854b)410.—[Pollinia imberbis Nees ex Steud.var.genuinaHack.(1889)178,nom.inval.].—Eulalia viminea(Trin.)Kuntzevar. imberbis(NeesexSteud.)Kuntze(1891)775.—Microstegium vimineum(Trin.)A.Camusvar.imberbe(NeesexSteud.)Honda(1930)408.—[Pogonatherum glabratum(Brongn.)Robertysubvar.imberbe (NeesexSteud.)Roberty(1960)388,nom.inval.].—Microstegium imberbe(NeesexSteud.)Tzvelev(1961)22.—Type:Wallich Cat. 8832 (holoB,lost?;BM,CAL,E,G,K,microficheIDC7394;P).

Pollinia japonica Miq.var.monostachya Franch.&Sav.(1877)190;(1878)608.—Pollinia imberbisNeesexSteud.formamonostachya(Franch.&Sav.)Hack.[(1889)178,nom.indub.];exNakai(1914)#172c;exT.Mori(1922)52,isonym.—Microstegium vimineum(Trin.)A.Camusvar.monostachyum (Franch.&Sav.)Nakai(1952)139.—[Pogonatherum glabratum (Brongn.)Robertysubvar.monostachyum(Franch.&Sav.)Roberty(1960)389,nom.inval.(‘monostachys’)].—Type:Savatier 2565p.p. (holoP).

[Pollinia japonicaMiq.var.polystachyaFranch.&Sav.(1877)190;(1878)608, pro specim.—Microstegium vimineum (Trin.)A.Camus var.polystachyum (Franch.&Sav.)Ohwi(1942a)156,prospecim.—Microstegium vimineum (Trin.)A.Camusformapolystachyum (Franch.&Sav.)T.Koyama(1971)65,prospecim.—Voucher:Savatier 2565p.p. (P)].

Pollinia debilis Balansa (1890) 82.—Microstegium debile (Balansa)A.Camus (1921) 201.—[Pogonatherum glabratum (Brongn.)Robertysubvar.debile (Balansa)Roberty(1960)388,nom.inval.].—Type:Balansa 1741(holoL;G,K,P).

Eulalia viminea (Trin.)Kuntze var.variabilis Kuntze (1891)775.—Type:Kuntze s.n.(holoNY,n.v.).

Arthraxon nodosus Kom.(1901)448;Welzen(1981)295.—Microstegium nodosum(Kom.)Tzvelev(1961)23.—Microstegium vimineum(Trin.)A.Camus

Map 11 Distribution of Microstegium stapfii(Hook.f.)A.Camus(▲),M. steenisiiJansen(●),andM. tenue(Trin.)Hosok.(★)

●

▲


subsp.nodosum (Kom.)Tzvelev (1976) 695.—Lectotype:Komarov 28 Aug. 1897 ? = 126(holoLE;P,TI),designatedbyTzvelev(1976:695).

Pollinia cantonensis Rendle(1904)354.—Microstegium cantonense (Ren-dle)A.Camus(1921)20.—Eulalia cantonensis(Rendle)Hitchc.(1931,‘1929’)234.—Type:Sampson in Herb. Hance 14923p.p.(holoBM;K).

Pollinia imberbisNeesexSteud.subvar.latifoliaMatsuda(1911)(281).—Type:probablyMatsuda Ao 1892(holoTI).

Pollinia imberbisNeesexSteud.formaglabrifloraHack.exNakai(1914)15.—Syntypes:Taquet 1833, 1835, 1912, 5052, 6109, 6110, Nakai Ao 1913, Nakai 4886.

Pollinia imberbisNeesexSteud.var.geniculataHack.exMakino&Nemoto(1925)1490.—Type:Booknotseen.NotinChase&Niles(1962).

Microstegium dilatatumKoidz.(1930)38.—Lectotype:Faurie 6410 (holoKYO;P), designatedhere.

Microstegium aristulatumRobyns&Tournay(1955)240.—Type:Scaetta 1613 (holoBR;K,P).

Microstegium reticulatumB.S.SunexH.Peng&X.Yang (1996)213, t.1, f.1–10.—Type:H. Peng 1448(holoYUKU).

Andropogon lasiocoleos auct. nonSteud.: Steud. (1854b) 383, quoadBuerger s.n. —Arthraxon lanceolatus Miq. (1866) 288 (‘lanceolatum’),nonHochst.(1856).—Lectotype:Buerger s.n.(holoL,sh.908.83-1054),designatedhere.

Annuals,mat-forming.Culms decumbent, of moderate stature, 10–50cmlong,rootingfromthelowernodes.Nodesglabrousor pubescent. Sheaths glabrous, outermargin glabrous orhairy, oral hairs absent, or scanty, ciliate. Liguleaglabrousmembrane,0.5–1.5mmlong.Bladesellipticoroblong,5–10cmby7–15(–19)mm,firm,baseattenuatetoslightlyrounded,pseudopetiole absent, margins scabrous, apex acute or acumi-nate, glabrous to densely pilose on both sides, with or without tubercle-basedhairs.Panicles 3–9 cm long, commonaxis0–2.5 cm long.Racemes1–6, solitary or digitate, erect orpatent,straight,3–7cmlong.Rachisfragile,flattened,marginsciliate,internodeslinear,4–5mmlong.Sessile spikelets without

fig. 13 Microstegium tenue (Trin.)Hosok.a.Habit;b.spikelets;c.lowerglume;d.upperglume;e.lowerlemma;f.upperlemmawithawn;g.upperpalea;h.jointofleafsheathandleafblade(all:Merrill 4310,P).

1 mm

cb

da

2 cm

g

h

e

f

1 mm

1 mm

1 mm


a short stalk, deciduous with the adjacent joint and pedicel, el-liptictolanceolate,3.5–6.5mmlong,callusglabrousorpilose.Lowerglumeelliptictolanceolate,coriaceous,midribglabrous,dorsally longitudinally grooved, smooth, glabrous, margins glabrousorciliate,apexobtuseoracute,entireorerose.Up-per glume elliptic, back acute, glabrous, midrib glabrous, apex entire,acute,muticous.Lower floretsabsent topresentandwell-developed,paleate,male.Lowerlemmapresentorabsent,oblong,1.5–3.5mmlong,muticous.Upperlemmalinear,0.5–2mmlong,veined,glabrous,apexincisedto0.25thofthelemmalength, apex mucronate or awned, awn apical or from a sinus, awn straight or geniculate, column absent or straight to slightly twisted,1–32mmlong.Upperpaleaabsenttopresent,oblong,0.5–2mm long,as longas the lemma,membranous,apexentire.Anthers3,0.3–0.5mmlong.Pedicels linear, flattened, 3.5–4.5mm long,margins pubescent.Pedicelled spikeletssubequaltothesessileones. Distribution—Africa (Congo,Cameroon),NW Iran,Paki-stan,India(WBengal,HimachalPradesh,Meghalaya,Naga-land),Sikkim,Bhutan,Nepal,Burma(Chin),Indo-ChinatotheRyukyuIslands,Japan(Hokkaido,Honshu,Kyushu,Shikoku),Korea,introducedintheCaucasus,Iran,Turkey,UnitedStates(EastandGulfCoast);Malesia,apparentlyveryrareandlo-cal,extant?:Java(Backer 16258(BO):Pekalongan,Yosorejo,Lörzing 162, 163, 289 (BO):SindoronearSibajak,notinMonoddeFroideville(1968),Philippines(Luzon,MtPolis,MtPulog). Habitat—Verywide,fromsaturatedwetlandstorockyareas,under closed canopies, along paths, ditches, disturbed areas, 1200–2000maltitude. Vernacularname—Japanesestiltgrass,Nepalesebrown-top. Uses—RegardedasanoxiousweedintheUSA(Ehrenfeld1999,whodescribeditasarhizomatousperennial).

Notes—According tomanyauthors therewould be twoinfra-specifictaxabasedonthepresenceorabsenceofanawninthesessilespikelets(‘imberbe, willdenovianum’).Theformwithout an awn is perhaps at most to be called Microstegium vimineum forma willdenovianum.Inflorescenceswithmuticousbasal spikelets were described as Eulalia viminea var.variabilis.Sometimesthepedicelledspikeletissomuchreduced,thatinkeysthegenuscannotbeidentified(Noltie2000).Camus (1922) noted cleistogamous florets here and in thesynonymous M. debile, where the anthers were not exerted,

butremainedinsidethespikeleteveninfruit.Cleistogamousinflorescenceswouldbehiddeninthesheath(Ehrenfeld1999).Chen&Phillips(2006)notedthatM. reticulatum “represents an extreme local variant from the Microstegium vimineum complex.It isdistinguishedfromtypicalM. vimineum by the combination of a more delicate habit, broader leaf blades, and aconspicuouslyreticulatelyveinedlowerglume”.Althoughwehavenotseenthetype,wefindthesecharactersinsufficienttorecognisethetaxonatanylevel.Note thedisjunct distribution.Curiously, no collections fromThailandhavebeenseenalthoughthecollectionsinBM,E,K,L,andPhavebeensearched.ThisspecieshasbeenillustratedbyHsu(1975),Osada(1993),andLiu(1997),andbyChen&Phillips(2007)asbothM. reticulatum and M. vimineum

noMInA InCERTAE SEdIS vEL InvALIdA

Microstegium batangense (S.L.Zhong)S.M.Phillips&S.L.ChenMicrostegium batangense (S.L.Zhong)S.M.Phillips&S.L.Chen(2006)594.—Arthraxon batangensis S.L.Zhong (1982)79.—Type:West Sichuan Veget. Exped. 3898 (holoSWAU;CDBI,PE).

Descriptionaftertheoriginalpublication.Perennials.Culms geniculately ascending or decumbent, slender,20–45cmlong.Nodesglabrous.Sheathsglabrous.Liguleaglabrousmembrane,0.6–1mmlong.Bladeslanceo-latetolinear,1–5.5cmby15–20mm,firm,baseattenuatetoslightly rounded, pseudopetiole absent, apex acute to acumi-nate, glabrous to moderately hairy, without tubercle-based hairs.Paniclesc.6.5cmlong.Racemessolitary,ascending,straight,3.5–6.5cmlong.Rachisfragile,semiterete,marginsciliate,internodeslong,slender.Sessile spikelets lanceolate, 6–7.8mmlong,calluspilose.Lowerglumelanceolatetolinear,coriaceous, midrib glabrous, dorsally longitudinally grooved, scaberulous, rough all over, glabrous, margins glabrous, apexacuminate,entire.Upperglumeelliptic,backrounded,glabrous,midribglabrous,apexentire,acute,awned.Lowerfloretspaleate,male.Lowerlemmalanceolate,muticous.Upperlemmalinear,3.5–4mmlong,veined,ciliate,hairyallalongthemargins,apexincisedto0.5thofthelemmalength,awnfromasinus,geniculate,columntwisted,(incl.column)10–14

Map 12 Distribution of Microstegium vimineum(Trin.)A.Camus.


mmlong.Upperpaleamembranous,apexentire.Anthers3,c.3mmlong.Pedicelslinear,marginspubescent.Pedicelledspikeletsvariouslyreduced. Distribution—China(Sichuan). Habitat—Dry rivervalleys,undershrubs,2600–3100maltitude.

Note—Onlyknownfromthetype(notseen).

Microstegium borianum SurMicrostegium borianumSur(1982)652,t.1.—Type:Deka 15683(holoCAL).

Descriptionaftertheoriginalpublication.Perennials.Culmsrobust,upto130cmlong.Nodespubescent.Sheathspubescent.Liguleaglabrousmembrane,2–4.5mmlong.Bladeslanceolate,10–25cmby15–20mm,firm,baseattenuate to slightly rounded, pseudopetiole absent, apex acute to acuminate, moderately pilose on both sides with tubercle-basedhairs.Panicles c.10cm long, commonaxisc.1cmlong.Racemes3–4, digitate, ascending, straight, 5–10 cmlong.Rachisfragile,internodeslong,slender.Sessile spikelets oblongtolanceolate,5.5–6mmlong.Lowerglumeoblongtolanceolate, coriaceous, midrib ciliate, dorsally longitudinally grooved, smooth, glabrous,margins glabrous, apex erose.Upperglumelanceolate,backacute,glabrous,midribglabrous,apexentire,mucronate,c.1mmlong.Lowerfloretspaleate,barren.Lowerlemmalanceolate,c.4.5mmlong,muticous.Up-perlemmaovatetooblong,3.5–4mmlong,veined,glabrous,apexincisedto0.5thofthelemmalength,awnfromasinus,geniculate,columnstraightorslightly twisted, (incl.column)9–10mmlong.Upperpaleaaslongasthelemma,hyaline,apexentire.Pedicelledspikeletsvariouslyreduced.Anthers3,c.3mmlong.Pedicelslinear,V-shaped,marginspubescent. Distribution—India(Meghalaya).

Note—Onlyknown from the type (not seen), said tobeclose to M. petiolare.

Microstegium butuoenseY.C.Liu&H.Peng

Microstegium butuoenseY.C.Liu&H.Peng(2011)182.—Type:Zhu 318 (holoPE).

Descriptionaftertheoriginalpublication.Annual.Culms slender, straggling, eventually becoming more orlessverticalforabout35cm;nodesdenselybearded.Leafsheaths tuberculate-hispid; leaf blades elliptic lanceolate, 0.7(–2)by0.2(–0.5)cm,bothsurfacesparselyhispid,apexacute;ligulemembranous,eciliate,c.0.6mm.Racemesingle,2(–3.5)cm,rachistough,rachisinternodeslinear,c.4.5mm,ciliatewithc.1.5mmhairs.Sessile spikeletsc.5.2(–6)mm;callushairsupto1mm;lowerglumec.5mm,linear-lanceolate,backflat,4–5-veined,glabrous,apextruncateoremarginate;upperglumec.5.5mm,sharplykeeled,apexacuminate;lowerlemmalanceolate,c.4mm;upperlemma3–3.5mm,2-lobedinupper1/3,lobesacuminate;awngeniculate,6–9mm;up-perpalea1mm,ciliatewithc.0.6mmhairs.Anthersunseen.Pedicelledspikeletsimilar. Distribution—China(Sichuan). Habitat—Alpinemeadow.

Note—Onlyknownfromthetype(notseen).

Microstegium calochloa(Lauterb.&K.Schum.)Pilg.Microstegium calochloa(Lauterb.&K.Schum.)Pilg.(1940)122.—Pollinia

calochloaLauterb.&K.Schum.inSchum.&Lauterb.(1901)167.—Type:Lauterbach 37 (holoB,lost?).

Descriptionaftertheoriginalpublication.Mat-forming.Culms geniculatelyascending, slender,20–45cmlong,nodesglabrous.Sheathspuberulous,outermarginhairy. Ligule a ciliolatemembrane, c. 0.5mm long.Bladeslanceolate,4–8mmwide,baseattenuatetoslightlyrounded,basepseudopetioleabsent,apexacuminate.Panicles4–8cmlong.Racemes3–5,digitate.Rachisfragile,subcylindricalandexcavated (?),marginsglabrous, internodes linear, 2.3–2.5mmlong.Sessile spikeletsc.3mmlong,calluspuberuloustopilose.Lowerglumedorsallyconcave,scaberulous,glabrous.Upperglumeapexacuminate,muticous.Lowerfloretsabsent.Upperlemmac.1.5mmlong,entire,awnapical,flexuous,(incl.column)c.17mmlong.Upperpaleac.0.6mmlong,c.0.4thtimesaslongasthelemma.Anthersc.0.3mmlong.Pedicels c.1.5mmlong.Pedicelledspikeletssubequaltothesessileones. Distribution—PapuaNewGuinea,KaiserWilhelmsland,Oertzen-Gebirge, in thewesternFinisterreRange (5°32'S,145°48'E,MadangProv.). Habitat—Abandonedplantation,100maltitude.

Note—Onlyknownfromthetype(notseen).Possiblyaformof M. nudum.ReportedfromtheVogelkopandMorobeProv.,sonodoubtinbetweenaswell.

Microstegium lanceolatum(Keng)S.M.Phillips&S.L.Chen

Microstegium lanceolatum(Keng)S.M.Phillips&S.L.Chen(2006)596.—Ischaemum lanceolatumKeng(1931)155,t.1.—Type:Maire 7039 (holoUS;UC).

Descriptionaftertheoriginalpublication.Perennials,caespitose.Culmserect,robust,20–40cmlong,nodesglabrous.Sheathsglabrous.Liguleaglabrousmem-brane,2–3mmlong.Bladeslanceolate,3–8cmlong,3–10mm wide, stiff, base attenuate to slightly rounded, pseudopetiole present,marginsscabrous,apexacuteoracuminate,glabrous.Paniclesc.7cmlong,commonaxisc.1.5cmlong.Racemes2–3,pairedordigitate,ascending,straight,3–6cmlong.Ra-chisfragile,marginsciliate,internodeslinear.Sessile spikelets oblongtolanceolate,5–6mmlong,calluspilose.Lowerglumeoblong to lanceolate, coriaceous, midrib glabrous, dorsally longitudinally grooved, smooth, glabrous, margins glabrous, apexacute,entireorerose.Upperglumeoblong,backacute,glabrous,midribglabrous,apexentire,acute,muticous.Lowerfloretspaleate,maleorbarren.Lowerlemmaoblong,muticous.Upperlemmaoblong,4–5mmlong,veined,ciliate,hairyallalong the margins, apex incised to half of the lemma length, awnfromasinus,geniculate,columntwisted,(incl.column)8–12mmlong.Upperpaleamembranous,apexentire.Pedicels linear,marginspubescent.Pedicelledspikeletssubequaltothesessileones,orvariouslyreduced. Distribution—China(Yunnan) Habitat—Notrecorded,2800–3000maltitude.

Note—Nospecimenseen.

Microstegium monoracemumW.C.Wu

Microstegium monoracemumW.C.Wu(1985)35,f.1.—Type:Z.L. Huang 10076(holoCANT).

Descriptionaftertheoriginalpublication.Annuals.Culmsdecumbent,slender,30–60cmlong,rootingfromthelowernodes.Nodesglabrous.Sheathsglabrous,outermarginglabrous,mouthglabrous.Liguleaglabrousmembrane,1mmlong.Bladeslanceolate,1.5–3.5cmby3–5mm,baseattenuate to slightly rounded, pseudopetiole absent, apex acute, glabrous.Panicles3–4cmlong.Racemes1,erect,straight,3–4cmlong.Rachisfragile,marginsciliate,internodesslender,


3–4mmlong.Sessile spikelets4–4.5mmlong,calluspuberu-lous.Lowerglumelanceolate;dorsallylongitudinallygrooved,apexobtuse.Upperglumeoblong;backacute,muticous.Lowerfloretsabsent.Upperlemmaoblong;0.8–1mmlong,apexen-tire,awnapical,geniculate,columntwisted,(incl.column)6–7mmlong.Upperpaleaoblong,0.3–0.8mmlong,0.37–0.8timesaslongasthelemma.Anthers3.Pedicelsmarginspubescent.Pedicelledspikeletssubequaltothesessileones. Distribution—ContinentalChina(Guangzhou).

Note—ThisspecieswasnotincludedintheChen&Phillips(2006)andinIPNI(11Aug.2010).Itseemstobea1-spikedform of M. vimineum.

Microstegium multiciliatum B.S.Sun,nom. inval.

Microstegium multiciliatum B.S.SuninSun,Wang&Wang(1999)95(‘multicilliatum’).—Type:Notindicated,invalidlypublished(Art.37.1)(holoYUNU).

DescriptionafterChen&Phillips(2006).Perennials.Culms rambling, robust, 50–120 cm long, rooting fromthelowernodes.Nodespubescent.Sheathshispid.Liguleaglabrousmembrane,1.5–2mmlong.Bladeselliptictooblong, 23–25 cm by 20–25mm, firm, base attenuate to slightlyrounded, pseudopetiole absent, apex attenuate, sparsely hairyonbothsides,withtubercle-basedhairs.Paniclesc.14cmlong,commonaxisc.3cmlong.Racemesc.10,digitate,ascending, straight, 9–12 cm long.Rachis fragile, angular,margins ciliate, internodes linear.Sessile spikelets without a short stalk, deciduous with the adjacent joint and pedicel, oblong,4.5–5mmlong,callussetose.Lowerglumeoblong,coriaceous, midrib glabrous, dorsally longitudinally grooved, scaberulous, rough at apex, glabrous, margins glabrous, apex entire.Upperglumeelliptic,backacute,glabrous,midribciliate,apexentire,acute,muticous.Lowerfloretsabsentorpresent,then well-developed, paleate, barren, and lower lemma 0–1 mm long,muticous.Upperlemmaorbicular,0.8–1mmlong,withoutveins, ciliolate, hairy towards the apex, apex incised, awn from asinus,geniculate,columntwisted,(incl.column)10–12mmlong.Upperpaleaoblong,c.1.5mmlong,hyaline,apexerose.Anthers3,3–3.5mmlong.Pedicelslinear,marginspubescent. Distribution—China(Yunnan). Habitat—Mountainslopes.

Microstegium pleiostachyum(Lauterb.&K.Schum.)A.Camus

Microstegium pleiostachyum(Lauterb.&K.Schum.)A.Camus(1921)200.—Pollinia pleiostachyaLauterb.&K.Schum.inSchum.&Lauterb.(1901)168. —Type:Hellwig 637 (holoB,extant?).

Descriptionaftertheoriginalpublication.Culmsofmoderatestatureorslender,120–130cmlong.Sheathsoutermarginhairy.Liguleaciliolatemembraneorafringeofhairs,c.1.5mmlong.Bladeslanceolatetolinear,6–15cmby8–14mm,baseattenuate toslightly rounded,pseudopetioleabsent, margins scaberulous to scabrous, apex acuminate to attenuate,glabrous.Paniclesc.6.5cmlong.Racemes18–34,c.6cmlong.Rachisfragile,marginsciliate,internodesc.2.5mmlong.Sessile spikeletsoblongtolanceolate,c.3mmlong,calluspilose.Lowerglumedorsallyflattoconcave,scaberulous,roughatapex,glabrous,marginsglabrous.Upperglumemuticous.Lowerfloretsabsent.Upperlemmac.1mmlong,glabrous,apexentire,awnapical,straighttoflexuous,columnabsent,c.9mmlong.Upperpaleac.0.5mmlong,0.5thtimesaslongasthelemma.Anthersc.1.5mmlong.Pedicelsmarginspubescent.Pedicelledspikeletssubequaltothesessileones. Distribution—NewGuinea,MadangProv.,WFinisterre(‘KaiserWilhelmsland,OertzenGebirge’;5°32'S,145°48'E).

Note—ThisseemstobeaformofM. spectabile.

Microstegium triaristatumB.M.Yang, nom. inval.

Microstegium triaristatum B.M.Yang (1980) 100.—Type:Not indicated,invalidlypublished(Art.37.1),voucherinHerb.BiologicalDepartmentofHunanTeachersCollege,Changsha,Hunan.

Pogonatherum glabratum (Brongn.)Roberty subvar.mairei Roberty,nom. inval.

[Pogonatherum glabratum(Brongn.)Robertysubvar.maireiRoberty(1960)388,nom.inval.].—Voucher:Maire 17 (G).

Distribution—SChina.

Pogonatherum glabratum (Brongn.)Robertysubvar. micro-megas Roberty,nom. inval.

[Pogonatherum glabratum(Brongn.)Robertysubvar.micromegasRoberty(1960)388,nom.inval.].—Voucher:Merrill 3286(G,L),Philippines,Luzon.

ThevoucherspecimeninLisDimeria ornithopodaTrin.actually.

noMInA ExCLudEndA

Microstegium pseudeulaliaHosok.(1938)151.—Schizachyrium pseudeulalia (Hosok.)S.T.Blake (1969)77.—Type:Hosokawa 9189(holoFU).=schizachyrium pseudeulalia (Hosok.)S.T.Blake.

Microstegium rupestre (Ridl.)A.Camus (1921) 200.—Pollinia rupestrisRidl.(1905)208.—Type:Ridley 11018(holoSING).=ischaemum digitatumBrongn.

AcknowledgementsThisstudywasmadepossiblebythestudyofspeci-mensinA,BISH,BM,BO,CANB,E,HAST,K,KYO,L,MO,NCKU,NSW,P,PNH,PPI,PTBG,SAN,SING,SINU,TAI,TAIE,TAIF,TI,TNM,U(nowinL),US,W,WAG.Their directors, keepers, andcuratorsaregratefullyacknowledged.MsSLeekindlycheckedsomematerial inSING.Dr.RJSoreng(US)foundsomerarepublications.

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Arthraxon batangensisS.L.Zhong(nom.inc.) lanceolatusMiq.16 nodosusKom.16Chloris fasciculata(L.)Thell.7CoelarthronHook.f.[p.161] brandisiiHook.f.2Dactylodes fasciculatum(L.)Kuntze7EphebopogonNees&MeyenexSteud.[p.161] gratusNees&MeyenexSteud.7Eulalia bequaertii(DeWild.)DeWild.7 cantonensis(Rendle)Hitchc.16 ciliata(Trin.)Kuntze7

IndEx

Acceptednamesareinromantype.Newnamesareinbold type; synonyms and superfluous names are in italics.Thenumberaftereachnameisthenumberofthespeciesasusedinthisrevision;(nom.inc.)referstonominaincertaesedisvelinvalidaand(nom.excl.)tonominaexcludenda.

Eulalia(cont.) dispar(NeesexSteud.)Kuntze4 eucnemis(NeesexSteud.)Kuntze5 glabrataBrongn.9 gracillima(Hack.)Kuntze9 grata(Hack.)Kuntze7 monantha(NeesexSteud.)Kuntze7 parceciliata(Pilg.)Pilg.exPeter7 rufispica(Steud.)Kuntze11 spectabilis(Trin.)Kuntze12 tenuisKuntze15 vagans(NeesexSteud.)Kuntze7


Eulalia(cont.) viminea(Trin.)Kuntze16 var.imberbis(NeesexSteud.)Kuntze16 var.variabilisKuntze16Ischaemum digitatum Brongn. (nom.excl.) lanceolatumKeng(nom.inc.) petiolare(Trin.)Hack.10IschnochloaHook.f.[p.161] falconeriHook.f.6Leptatherum bequaertii(DeWild.)Robyns7MicrostegiumNees[p.161] sect.EumicrostegiumHonda[p.161] sect.MonanthaHonda[p.161] sect.VimineaTzvelev[p.161] aristulatumRobyns&Tournay16 batangense(S.L.Zhong)S.M.Phillips& S.L.Chen(nom.inc.) bequaertii(DeWild.)Henrard7 biaristatum(Steud.)Keng1 biformeKeng1 borianumSur(nom.inc.) brandisii(Hook.f.)Rhind2 breviaristatum(Rendle)A.Camus7 butuoenseY.C.Liu&H.Peng(nom.inc.) calochloa(Lauterb.&K.Schum.)Pilg.(nom.inc.) cantonense(Rendle)A.Camus16 ciliatum(Trin.)A.Camus7 subsp.integrum(Ohwi)T.Koyama1 var.formosanum Honda 1 var.integrum Ohwi 1 var.latifolium Ohwi 7 var.laxum(NeesexSteud.)Reeder7 var.wallichianum(NeesexSteud.)Honda1 ciliatumauct.1 clavigerum(Backer)Henrard2 debile(Balansa)A.Camus16 delicatulum(Hook.f.)A.Camus3 dilatatumKoidz.16 dispar(Nees)A.Camus4 elmeri(Hack.)A.Camus1 eucnemis(NeesexSteud.)A.Camus5 eucnemisauct.2 falconeri(Hook.f.)Clayton6 fasciculatum(L.)Henrard7 fasciculatumauct.1 fauriei(Hayata)Honda8,8a subsp.fauriei(Hayata)T.Koyama8a subsp.geniculatum(Hayata)T.Koyama8b var.fauriei8a var.geniculatum(Hayata)C.HuiChen,Kuoh &Veldk.8b formosanum(Hack.)A.Camus1 geniculatum(Hayata)Honda8b glaberrimum(Honda)Koidz.1 glabratum(Brongn.)A.Camus9 gracile(Ridl.)A.Camus7 gracillima(Hack.)A.Camus9 gratum(Hack.)A.Camus7 gratumauct.12 hendersonii(C.E.Hubb.)C.E.Hubb.8b imberbe(NeesexSteud.)Tzvelev16 lanceolatum(Keng)S.M.Philips&S.L.Chen (nom.inc.) monanthum(NeesexSteud.)A.Camus7 monoracemumW.C.Wu(nom.inc.) montanum(NeesexSteud.)Henrard7 var.hirsutum Jansen 7 multiciliatumB.S.Sun(nom.inc.) nodosum(Kom.)Tzvelev16 nudumauct.9

Microstegium(cont.) okamotoi Honda 12 parceciliatum(Pilg.)Pilg.7 petiolare(Trin.)Bor10 pleiostachyum(Lauterb.&K.Schum.)A.Camus (nom.inc.) pseudeulaliaHosok.(nom.excl.) reticulatumB.S.SunexH.Peng&X.Yang16 rufispicum(Steud.)A.Camus11 rupestre(Ridl.)A.Camus(nom.excl.) spectabile(Trin.)A.Camus12 forma cryptochaetum Ohwi 12 stapfii(Hook.f.)A.Camus13 steenisiiJansen14 taitense(Steud.)A.Camus9 tenue(Trin.)Hosok.15 triaristatumB.M.Yang(nom.inc.) vagans(NeesexSteud.)A.Camus7 var.dubium(Hack.)Hand.-Mazz.7 var.scandens Bor 7 vimineum(Trin.)A.Camus16 forma polystachyum(Franch.&Sav.) T.Koyama16 forma willdenovianum Osada 16 subsp.nodosum(Kom.)Tzvelev16 var.imberbe(NeesexSteud.)Honda16 var.monostachyum(Franch.&Sav.)Nakai16 var.polystachyum(Franch.&Sav.)Ohwi16 var.typicum Honda 16 var.willdenovianumHack.exA.Camus16 willdenovianum Nees 16 yunnanenseR.J.Yang10Nemastachys taitensisSteud.9Pleuroplitis productaGriseb.15PogonatherumP.Beauv. sect.IschaemopsisRoberty[p.161] sect.Microstegium(Nees)Roberty[p.161] aureum(Bory)Robertyformageniculatum (Stapf)Roberty8b falconeri(Hook.f.)Roberty6 glabratum(Brongn.)Roberty9 subvar.ciliatum(Trin.)Roberty7 subvar.debile(Balansa)Roberty16 subvar.dubium(Hack.)Roberty7 subvar.eucnemis(NeesexSteud.)Roberty5 subvar.gratum(Hack.)Roberty7 subvar.hendersonii(C.E.Hubb.)Roberty8b subvar.imberbe(NeesexSteud.)Roberty16 subvar.maireiRoberty(nom.inc.) subvar.micromegasRoberty(nom.inc.) subvar.monanthum(NeesexSteud.)Roberty 7 subvar.monostachyum(Franch.&Sav.) Roberty16 subvar.spectabile(Trin.)Roberty12 subvar.tenueRoberty15 subvar.vagans(NeesexSteud.)Roberty7 subvar.vimineum(Trin.)Roberty16 rufispicumRoberty11PolliniaTrin.[p.161] bequaertiiDeWild.7 calochloaLauterb.&K.Schum.(nom.inc.) cantonensisRendle16 ciliataTrin.7 forma grata(Hack.)Backer7 forma rufispica(Steud.)Backer11 subsp.genuinaHack.7 subsp.laxaHack.7 subsp.seminudaHack.7 subsp.wallichiana(NeesexSteud.)Hack.1

Pollinia ciliata(cont.) var.breviaristataRendle7 var.formosana(Hack.)Honda1 var.genuinaHack.exHook.f.7 var.glabrataRidl.1 var.laxa(NeesexSteud.)Hack.exHook.f.7 var.seminuda(Hack.)Hook.f.7 var.wallichiana(NeesexSteud.)Hack.1 (unranked)muticaHack.exBacker11 (unranked)rufispica(Steud.)Backer11 (unranked)typica Backer 7 ciliataauct.1,7 clavigera Backer 2 debilis Balansa 16 delicatulaHook.f.3 disparNeesexSteud.4 eucnemisNeesexSteud.5 eucnemisauct.2 fauriei Hayata 8a formosana(Hack.)Hayata1 geminataMerr.4 geniculata Hayata 8b glaberrima Honda 1 glabrata(Brongn.)Trin.9 var.elmeri(Hack.)Merr.1 var.luzonensisHack.9 gracilisRidl.7 gracillimaHack.9 grataHack.7 var.hirsutaHook.f.7 grataauct.1 hendersoniiC.E.Hubb.8b imberbisNeesexSteud.16 forma glabrifloraHack.exNakai16 forma monostachya(Franch.&Sav.)Hack.16 subvar.latifolia Matsuda 16 var.geniculataHack.exMakino&Nemoto16 var.genuinaHack.16 var.willdenoviana(Nees)Hack.16 japonicaMiq. var.monostachyaFranch.&Sav.16 var.polystachyaFranch.&Sav.16 lanceaNeesexSteud.7 laxaNeesexSteud.7 lehmanniiArn.&Nees10 monanthaNeesexSteud.7 var.elmeriHack.1 var.formosanaHack.1 var.leptatheraHack.9 montanaNeesexSteud.7 parceciliataPilg.7 pleiostachyaLauterb.&K.Schum.(nom.inc.) rufispicaHack.11 rupestrisRidl.(nom.excl.) spectabilisTrin.12 var.ternatana Backer 12 stapfiiHook.f.13 sumatrensisRidl.1 tenuisTrin.15 vagansNeesexSteud.7 var.dubiaHack.7 var.genuinaHack.7 viminea(Trin.)Merr.16 wallichianaNeesexSteud.1 willdenoviana(Nees)Benth.16Schizachyrium pseudeulalia(Hosok.)S.T.Blake (nom.excl.)Spodiopogon lehmannii(Arn.&Nees)Griseb.10 petiolarisTrin.10Tripsacum fasciculatum(L.)Raspail7

Taxonomic revision of Microstegium s.str. Andropogoneae ...

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