History Of The Chiropractic Adjustment Spinal Manipulative Therapy

Presented to the Student BodyPalmer South

January 15th 2008

Dedicated to JULIANA FARIDIWho Died In My Lap, as a result of an undetected uncorrected

AtlantoAxial Subluxation which caused Hangman’s Fracture at the Atlas Axis Vertebra

The devastating effects of an undetected uncorrected subluxation Is loss of human life – In this case the life of my daughter

16th to 19th Century Scientific Foundation: The Correlation between

Somatic Dysfunction And

Visceral DiseaseBy

Tariq J. Faridi, B .Sc. M.Ed.

OPENING STATEMENT

WHY DO I WANT TO SHARE THIS?

NO VIDEOS, SOFTWARE OR BOOKS FOR SALE

JUST THE TRUTH ABOUT CHIROPRACTIC

MY PURPOSE

Show the scientific foundation Chiropractic was laid on• so that you can have confidence in the scientific validation

of the link between subluxations and visceral disease• what two moderately trained hands can do in restoring the

memory of wholeness and awaken the innate intelligence for the body to heal itself

• that you have the confidence in yourself and impart it to your patients, so that they can be confident in and passionate about chiropractic as the best insurance for the detection, prevention and reversal of chronic conditions before they occur

• that you can detect and reverse them, before they even become symptomatic

• Objectives:

1.Antiquarian research and 16th to 20th century scientific research validating the link between somatic dysfunction and visceral disease

2.Scientific Validation of 110 years of chiropractic adjustment and reversal of visceral disease

3.Evidence-based patient education`34

The Edwin Smith Papyrus

Decades Of Scientific ValidationBased on a Foundation of Two Millennia

Avicenna Ambroise Paré Galenz

1741 Nicholas Andry Writes Patient Education Book

on Scoliosis Prevention for Parents

Expand Font SizeOf Text Below Split in 3 or more Slides

The word ‘orthopaedia’ was devised by a Parisian paediatrician, Nicholas Andry, who was Professor of Medicine at the University of

Paris and also Senior Dean of the Faculty of Physik. In 1741 he published a book entitled ‘Orthopaedia: or, The Art of Correcting and

Preventing Deformities in Children. By such means that may be easily put into Correcting and Preventing Deformities in Children. By

such means that may easily be put into practice by parents themselves and all such as are employed in Educating Children’. In the preface he stated: “As to the title, I have formed it of two Greek

words viz Ỏρθος, straight and Πάίδον, a child. Out of the two words I have compounded that of Orthopaedia to express in one term the

design I propose which is to teach the different methods of preventing and correcting the deformities of children”. His method for correcting excessive curvature of a child’s leg was “to apply as soon

as possible a small plate of iron on the hollow side of the leg and fasten it about the leg with a linen roller. In a word, the same method must be used in this case, for recovering the shape of the leg, as is

used for making straight the crooked trunk of a young tree.”

Sir Nicholas Andry, published at the age of 81:

Orthopaedia: The Art of Correcting and Preventing Deformities in Children

1867 James Paget Warns MDs of the cases DCs will cure, which will take away their Income

“AFTER systematic lectures on the chief injuries of the bones and joints, it may be useful if I try to enforce by particular illustrations some of the general principles that I stated; and it may secure your attention if I use the form of speaking of the Cases that Bone-setters Cure. For few of you are likely to practise without having a bone-setter for an enemy; and if he can cure a case which you have failed to cure, his fortune may be made and yours marred”.

1867 James Paget Cases that bonesetters cure BMJ, JANUARY 5, 1867

1887-1896 James MackenzieSome Points Bearing on the Association of Sensory Disorders and Visceral Disease.

(Brain 1893, 16:321-352)

“In the following pages I deal in a somewhat discursive and desultory manner with the result of several years‘ enquiry into the symptoms

evoked in the sensory nervous system by disease of the viscera. For many years the subject, has been present in my mind, and although for a

long time I could not appreciate the value of all the phenomena, yet by carefully noticing each circumstance in every case, and by grouping the

symptoms together, I formulated for myself certain tentative laws of a somewhat vague nature, trusting that with extended experience these

would become more denned and be of a less general nature. What I have published on this subject' does not fully accord with the results obtained

by Dr. Head,2 and although in many respects his results are more reliable than mine, there are a few points on which we are in conflict.”

1893 Henry Head Thesis: DISTURBANCES OF SENSATION

WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE PAIN OF VISCERAL DISEASE

(Sherrington’s Friend, includes Sherrington’s unpublished findings)

1905 CS Sherrington – Integrative Action of the

Nervous System and 37 Papers – Nobel Prize

In the year 1883, a legacy of $80,000 was left to the President and Fellows of Yale College in the city of New Haven, to be held in trust, as a gift for her children, in memory of their beloved and honored mother Mrs. Hepsa Ely Silliman.

On this foundation Yale College was requested and directed to establish an annual course of lectures designed to illustrate the presence and providence, the wisdom and goodness of God, as manifested in the natural and moral world.

1907 Louisa BurnsViscero-Somatic and Somato Visceral Spinal Reflexes

(Hypothesis - Case Study – Animal Study, Human Study, Consensus) – 1927

(17 years per Institute of Medicine)

1933 Neville T. UssherSpinal curvatures -- visceral disturbances

in relation thereto.

1935 Sherrington Noble Prizes in Physiology and Medicine

1967 Chester Wilk

AMA Found Guilty of Conspiracy and Fraud The suit claimed that the defendants had participated for years in an illegal conspiracy to destroy chiropractic. On August 24, 1987, after endless wrangling in the courts,

U.S. District Court judge Susan Getzendanner ruled that the AMA and its officials were guilty, as charged, of attempting to eliminate the chiropractic profession.

The AMA offered a patient care defense; however, data from Workmen's Compensation Bureau studies served to validate chiropractic care. Specifically, studies comparing chiropractic

care to care by a medical physician were presented which showed that chiropractors were “twice as effective as

medical physicians, for comparable injuries, in returning injured workers to work at every level of injury severity.”Evidence at the trial showed that the defendants took active steps, often covert, to undermine chiropractic educational

institutions, conceal evidence of the usefulness of chiropractic care, undercut insurance programs for patients of chiropractors, subvert government inquiries into the efficacy of chiropractic, engage in a massive disinformation campaign to

discredit and destabilize the chiropractic profession and engage in numerous other activities to maintain a medical

physician monopoly over health care in this country.

Chester Wilk

Attorney G. McAndrews

John J. Bonica

Bonica, JJ Autonomic Innervation of the Viscera in Relation to Nerve

Block Anesthesiology 29:293-813 Jul-Aug 68

1975 Elizabeth Lomax Comments On Her Findings Based on 250 Year Literature

Review

"Research Status of Spinal Manipulative Therapy" in 1975, historian Elizabeth Lomax, MD, presented her findings to the

US government stating that as a result of her two hundred and fifty year scrutiny of scientific literature, "the physician

could clinch the diagnosis by finding tenderness in the appropriate vertebra".

She Studied Articles Published between 1725 and 1975 (referenced the works by Andre Nicholas to Osler Head

Sherrington, and Pre Beal Authors.

1976 Irvin M. Korr (Part 1)

The Spinal Cord as the Organizer of Disease

Processes : Some Preliminary

Perspectives

1979 Irvin M. Korr (Part 2)

The Spinal Cord as the Organizer of Disease

Processes : The Peripheral Autonomic

Nervous System

1979 Irvin M. Korr (Part 3)

The Spinal Cord as the Organizer of Disease

Processes : Hyperactivity of sympathetic innervation

as a common factor in disease

1981 Irvin M. Korr (Part 4)

The Spinal Cord as the Organizer of Disease Processes : Axonal

transport and neurotrophic function in relation to somatic dysfunction

1983 Myron Beal Viscerosomtic Reflexes, Review of the Literature,

tabulating 142 Studies,by Author and Vertebral Segment

1983 Myron Beal Viscerosomtic Reflexes, Review of the Literature,

tabulating 142 Studies, by Author and Vertebral Segment

1983 Myron Beal Viscerosomtic Reflexes, Review of the Literature,

tabulating 142 Studies, by Author and Vertebral Segment

John McM. Mennel, M.D.

• In a paper "Understanding Manipulative Medicine in General Practice" published in JMPT in 1989, states "Then suddenly we find ourselves in practice where 80% of our patients complain to us for some sort of musculo-skeletal pain, 80% may sound high, yet remember that visceral and systemic diseases very frequently manifest themselves initially as musculoskeletal pain.“

• Again John McM. Mennel concludes his article as follows: "Joint dysfunction is not only a diagnosis but an early sign of visceral and systemic diseases".

1992 – 2002 Nikolai Bogduk• Only Structures Innervated by c1-c3 are known to cause Migraines!!• Example of Headache Pills – Imitrex – Naproxen – 2 %

“Cervicogenic headache is pain perceived in the head but referred from a primary sourcen in the cervical spine. The physiologic basis for this pain is convergence between trigeminal afferents and afferents from the upper three cervical spinal nerves. The possible sources of cervicogenic headache lie in the structures innervated by the C1 to C3 spinal nerves, and include the upper cervical synovial joints, the upper cervical muscles, the C2-3 disc, the vertebral and internal carotid arteries, and the dura mater of the upper spinal cord and posterior cranial fossa. Experiments in normal volunteers have established that the cervical muscles and joints can be sources of headache.”

• Bogduk, Nikolai The anatomical basis for cervicogenic headache JMPT, 15:67-70 January 1992. • Bogduk N. Curr Pain Headache Rep. Cervicogenic headache: anatomic basis and pathophysiologic

mechanisms. 2001 Aug;5(4):382-6

Abstract: The neuroanatomical basis for cervicogenic headache is convergence in the trigeminocervical nucleus between nociceptive afferents from the field of the trigemenial nerve and the receptive fields of the first three cervical nerves. Only structures innervated by C1-C3 have been shown to be capable of causing headache. These are the muscles, joints and ligaments of the upper three cervical segments, but also include the dura mater of the spinal cord and posterior cranial fossa and the vertebral artery.

2000 Burns Centenary Appreciation

Findings Presented in 1899 confirmed!

April 2000 JAOA Vol.100, No.4 p.259-264

2004 Sherrington Centenary Appreciation Noble Prize winning

Findings, which were buried by the AMA Presented in 1904 confirmed!

In 1906 Sir Charles Sherrington published The Integrative Action of the Nervous System, which was a collection of ten lectures delivered two

years before at Yale University in the United States. In this monograph Sherrington summarized two decades of painstaking experimental

observations and his incisive interpretation of them. It settled the then-current debate between the ‘‘Reticular Theory’’ versus ‘‘Neuron

Doctrine’’ ideas about the fundamental nature of the nervous system in mammals in favor of the latter, and it changed forever the way in which

subsequent generations have viewed the organization of the central nervous system. Sherrington’s magnum opus contains basic concepts and even terminology that are now second nature to every student of

the subject. This brief article reviews the historical context in which the book was written, summarizes its content, and considers its impact on

Neurology and Neuroscience.

2004 Sherrington Centenary Appreciation Noble Prize winning

Findings, which were buried by the AMA Presented in 1904 confirmed!

‘. . . he is the scientist’s philosopher because he had advanced natural knowledge himself by skilled observation and experiment, by 50 years’

unremitting work in the laboratory, and because his own interpretation of his discoveries had given a new extension to the biologist’s outlook. Physiologists will know this well enough. To those who have had to struggle with the mass of detailed material about the brain and cord

Sherrington’s Integrative Action of the Nervous System brings order out of chaos; it is hard reading at first, because every sentence is charged with meaning, some of it direct enough, but some reaching out to half

formed pictures of wider landscape. Though it was published in 1906 it is still as refreshing as it was then. It has needed no revision, but

Sherrington’s experimental work went on at high pressure for another 30 years, filling in the gaps and strengthening the framework. . . .’

RICHARD SMITH, Ed. BMJ

Where is the Wisdom? The Poverty of Medical Evidence

"Where is the wisdom we have lost in knowledge, and where," asked T. S. Eliot, "is the knowledge we have lost in information?" There are perhaps 30,000 biomedical journals in the world, and they have grown steadily by 7% a year since the seventeenth century. [1, 2] Yet only about 15% of medical interventions are supported by, solid scientific evidence, David Eddy, professor, of health policy and management at Duke University, North Carolina, told a conference in Manchester last week.

This is partly because only 1% of the articles in medical journals are scientifically sound. [2, 3] and partly because many treatments have never been assessed at all. "If," said Professor Eddy, "it is true, as the total quality management gurus tell us, that ‘every defect is a treasure’ then we are sitting on King Solomon's mine.“

BMJ 1991 (Oct 5);303:798–9.

Editorials: The scandal of

poor medical research

• We need less research, better research, and research done for the right reasons

• What should we think about a doctor who uses the wrong treatment, either willfully or through ignorance, or who uses the right treatment wrongly (such as by giving the wrong dose of a drug)? Most people would agree that such behavior was unprofessional, arguably unethical, and certainly unacceptable.

• What, then, should we think about researchers who use the wrong techniques (either willfully or in ignorance), use the right techniques wrongly, misinterpret their results, report their results selectively, cite the literature selectively, and draw unjustified conclusions? We should be appalled. Yet numerous studies of the medical literature, in both general and specialist journals, have shown that all of the above phenomena are common. This is surely a scandal.

• BMJ 1994;308:283-284 (29 January)

CLOSING STATEMENT:

Max Planck Quote:

“A scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them

see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually die and a new

generation grows up that is familiar with it.”