Tar content of cigarettes in relation to lung cancer
1
Prevention Radon: Is it a problem? Hart BL, Mcttlcr FA Jr, Harley NH. Depcwwnr of’ /i’adwlogy, Unwer- .sif?; ~>fNEW Mexico School of Medicin?, Alhuqucryuc. NM 87131. Radiology 1989;172:S9W. Radon gas is a major source 01. radiation exposure to the general public. Radon-222 is a product of uranium-238, prcscnr in varymg concentrations in all soils. Radon enters buddmgs from soil, waler, nawral gas. and bullding matenalc. Iu short-lived breakdown products. rcrmed ‘radondaughlcrs’ ,includcalpha-emittingsol~dstha~candeposil m the lungs. Firm cvidcncc links lung cancer rick in miners with high cxposurc to radon daughters. The amoum of risk associated wilh the much lower but chrome doses rcccivcd m buildmgs IS dlfficull to eslabhsh. By wmc cxuapolationc, radon daughtcrv may he rcsponsiblc for a \Igruflc am number oi lung cancer deaths. The existence or exm~ d synq~sm \cith smoking is unrcsolvcd. L.ocal conditions can cause high Icvcls of radon m wnc hulldmgs, and mcasurcs that rcducc indoor radon arc of pnlcntial value. Screening for lung cancer Eddy DM. Center for IIenlih Policy Research and Education, Duke Universiry. Durham, NC 27706. Ann Intern Med 1989;111:232-7. Lung cancer iS the COmmOnCSt cause of death from cancer in both men and women, with approxnna~ely 152,000 new cases and 139,000 deaths in 1988. The incidence and mortality rates are increasing rapidly in women. Two main testi have been used 10 screen for lung cancer: chest rocntgenography and sputum cytology. Four recent conuolled trials and one case-control study failed, however, to show that screening reduces lung cancer mortality even in high-risk persons (smokers). In the Mayo Lung Project, for example, the lung cancer death rate in high-risk men offered sputum cytology and chest roentgenogram every 4 months was 3. I per 1000 person-years. compared with 3.0 per 1000 person-years in a control group. Chest rocntgenograms and sputum cytology lead to false-poswc test results m smokers of approximately 5% and 0.5%, rcspwivcly. Bccausc of the lack of cvidencc of bcnefil and because of Its potential harms and COGS,scrccnmg for lung cancer is not recom- mended. Dietary intake of carotene in nonsmokers with and without passive smoking at home Sidney S. Caan BJ, Fncdman CD. Division ofResearch, Kaiser Perma- nente Medual Care Program, Oaldand, CA 94611 Am J Epidemlol 1989;129:1305-9. The mean dietary intake of carolcnc was lower m nonsmokers cxpoxd to passive smoke at home than in non-smokers not exposed Lo passive smoke ai home, and the difference was statistically significant after controlling for age, xx, race, education slatus, body weight, and alcohol mtaiie by multiple linear regression. We conclude that dietary beta-carouxc intake is a povmlial confounder and should be measured whcncver powblc in sludies of the relation between passive smoking and lung cancer. Tar content of cigarettes in relation to lung cancer Kaufman DW. Palmer JR, Rosenberg L, Stollcy P. Warshaucr E, Shapiro S. Slone Epldeminlogj Unif. School of Publl~ Ilcallh, Borrnn 1:nlwr.u~~ Schwl ofMrdir,mc. Brr~oklww MA 02 1-U) Am J Epidemtol IYXY. I ?9:701-I I. Although II is gcncrall) ionsldcred cstabtlshcd Ihat the risk ol~lung cancer I’; dmxxly rclalcd to tic Larconlcnl ofcigarcttcs, an cxammawn of the rcwhs ofprcvrws hwdics dots not ylcld conclusive cwdcncc m Iavori~fihc hypothcsls. Thcauthorscvaluawdlhls ISSUC 111 aswdyof8XI CBSC\ of lung cancer and 7.570 hospital control\ who wcrc 10 LO 69 years 01 age data ncrc collcctcd by InlcrvicW m hospitals in the IJni~cdStatc\ The role of yearly chest radiography in the early detection of lung cancer following oral cancer Slalpers L.J.A. Van Vierzen P.B.J. Brouns J.J.A. et al. l)eparrrneni nf” Radiolherapy, St. Radboud University tfo,sp~fal. h/II I/B Nilnwgen InI 1 Oral Maxillofac Surg 19X9;18:90-103. In a study of 213 patients with oral cancer, WI’Invcstigalcd the mcldcncc and prognosis of lung mallgnancles m paucn~s offcrcd a yearly chest radiography in the follow-up. Three conclusions can lx drawn. (I) Melasralic or primary lung cancer was diagnosed m 22 (10.3%) patienfi. The ?-year actuarial mc&ncc rale of lung ianccr foIlowmg cancer of Ihc oral cavily is I.{?, No n8.w tq! cancer\ wcrc de&ted after Z years follow-up. Tins suggcs& Ihal after tins period, yearly chesl radiography may bc superlluow I.or fhc: s:arlyderccuon of lung cancer. (2) The survival rate of paucnt\ with a lung mahgnancy followmg cancer of the oral cawly is poor b I -year = 7% h. The surwval rate of paucnt\ dctcctcd hy the yearly chc\l rddlogrdphy wilhout symplomsish~ghcrthanforpa~icn~sdctc~~cdaf~cr~)n~p~~1mz(p=il.O06). 1115 not clear LO what extent this diffcrcnt sure 1x11 raw oh hawxi by Icad- lime and sclcctlon of paucnts wilh a favourahlc prugnoalz. A random- I& sludy would hc rcquncd to assesswhcthcr pawnls w Irh oral cancer do bcncfh from the ycxly chesl radiography wmlxm,d ~41th no regular chest radiography. (3) Of 22 pawn& wuh lung cancer, I 1(59% ) wcrc dcwxcd hl chest radiography v,lthoul \ymplom\. In Ihc fir\t year lollowmg oral cancer. I I patrcnls \\l’rc dlagno\cd ‘ .r~th lung Lancer. Only 4 of thcsc 11 pawms (36%) wcrc dcwuxl hy L hc\~ rAography m an asymptomatIc stage. The dctecllon 01 pal~nr\ M Ilh lung cancer In an asymptomauc wgc may be mcrcascd h\ nwr Ircqucnt chc\t radl- ography cxaminaLlons m rhc I cl year folh~rr ~ng lut ianc~‘ r. Epidemiology and etiology Relationship between the formation of promutagenic adducts and the activation of the K-ras protoonrogene in lung tumors from ,A/.1 mice treated with nitrosamines
Transcript of Tar content of cigarettes in relation to lung cancer
Prevention
Radon: Is it a problem? Hart BL, Mcttlcr FA Jr, Harley NH. Depcwwnr of’/i’adwlogy, Unwer- .sif?; ~>f NEW Mexico School of Medicin?, Alhuqucryuc. NM 87131. Radiology 1989;172:S9W.
Radon gas is a major source 01. radiation exposure to the general public. Radon-222 is a product of uranium-238, prcscnr in varymg concentrations in all soils. Radon enters buddmgs from soil, waler, nawral gas. and bullding matenalc. Iu short-lived breakdown products. rcrmed ‘radondaughlcrs’,includcalpha-emittingsol~dstha~candeposil m the lungs. Firm cvidcncc links lung cancer rick in miners with high cxposurc to radon daughters. The amoum of risk associated wilh the much lower but chrome doses rcccivcd m buildmgs IS dlfficull to eslabhsh. By wmc cxuapolationc, radon daughtcrv may he rcsponsiblc for a \Igruflc am number oi lung cancer deaths. The existence or exm~ d synq~sm \cith smoking is unrcsolvcd. L.ocal conditions can cause high Icvcls of radon m wnc hulldmgs, and mcasurcs that rcducc indoor radon arc of pnlcntial value.
Screening for lung cancer Eddy DM. Center for IIenlih Policy Research and Education, Duke
Universiry. Durham, NC 27706. Ann Intern Med 1989;111:232-7. Lung cancer iS the COmmOnCSt cause of death from cancer in both men
and women, with approxnna~ely 152,000 new cases and 139,000 deaths in 1988. The incidence and mortality rates are increasing rapidly in women. Two main testi have been used 10 screen for lung cancer: chest rocntgenography and sputum cytology. Four recent conuolled trials and one case-control study failed, however, to show that screening reduces lung cancer mortality even in high-risk persons (smokers). In the Mayo Lung Project, for example, the lung cancer death rate in high-risk men offered sputum cytology and chest roentgenogram every 4 months was 3. I per 1000 person-years. compared with 3.0 per 1000 person-years in a control group. Chest rocntgenograms and sputum cytology lead to false-poswc test results m smokers of approximately 5% and 0.5%, rcspwivcly. Bccausc of the lack of cvidencc of bcnefil and because of Its potential harms and COGS, scrccnmg for lung cancer is not recom- mended.
Dietary intake of carotene in nonsmokers with and without passive smoking at home Sidney S. Caan BJ, Fncdman CD. Division ofResearch, Kaiser Perma-
nente Medual Care Program, Oaldand, CA 94611 Am J Epidemlol 1989;129:1305-9.
The mean dietary intake of carolcnc was lower m nonsmokers cxpoxd to passive smoke at home than in non-smokers not exposed Lo passive smoke ai home, and the difference was statistically significant after controlling for age, xx, race, education slatus, body weight, and alcohol mtaiie by multiple linear regression. We conclude that dietary beta-carouxc intake is a povmlial confounder and should be measured whcncver powblc in sludies of the relation between passive smoking and lung cancer.
Tar content of cigarettes in relation to lung cancer Kaufman DW. Palmer JR, Rosenberg L, Stollcy P. Warshaucr E, Shapiro S. Slone Epldeminlogj Unif. School of Publl~ Ilcallh, Borrnn
1:nlwr.u~~ Schwl ofMrdir,mc. Brr~oklww MA 02 1-U) Am J Epidemtol IYXY. I ?9:701-I I.
Although II is gcncrall) ionsldcred cstabtlshcd Ihat the risk ol~lung cancer I’; dmxxly rclalcd to tic Lar conlcnl ofcigarcttcs, an cxammawn of the rcwhs ofprcvrws hwdics dots not ylcld conclusive cwdcncc m Iavori~fihc hypothcsls. Thcauthorscvaluawdlhls ISSUC 111 aswdyof8XI CBSC\ of lung cancer and 7.570 hospital control\ who wcrc 10 LO 69 years 01 age data ncrc collcctcd by InlcrvicW m hospitals in the IJni~cdStatc\
The role of yearly chest radiography in the early detection of lung cancer following oral cancer Slalpers L.J.A. Van Vierzen P.B.J. Brouns J.J.A. et al. l)eparrrneni nf” Radiolherapy, St. Radboud University tfo,sp~fal. h/II I/B Nilnwgen
InI 1 Oral Maxillofac Surg 19X9;18:90-103. In a study of 213 patients with oral cancer, WI’ Invcstigalcd the
mcldcncc and prognosis of lung mallgnancles m paucn~s offcrcd a yearly chest radiography in the follow-up. Three conclusions can lx drawn. (I) Melasralic or primary lung cancer was diagnosed m 22 (10.3%) patienfi. The ?-year actuarial mc&ncc rale of lung ianccr foIlowmg cancer of Ihc oral cavily is I.{?, No n8.w tq! cancer\ wcrc de&ted after Z years follow-up. Tins suggcs& Ihal after tins period, yearly chesl radiography may bc superlluow I.or fhc: s:arly derccuon of lung cancer. (2) The survival rate of paucnt\ with a lung mahgnancy followmg cancer of the oral cawly is poor b I -year = 7% h. The surwval rate of paucnt\ dctcctcd hy the yearly chc\l rddlogrdphy wilhout symplomsish~ghcrthanforpa~icn~sdctc~~cdaf~cr~)n~p~~1mz(p=il.O06). 1115 not clear LO what extent this diffcrcnt sure 1x11 raw oh hawxi by Icad- lime and sclcctlon of paucnts wilh a favourahlc prugnoalz. A random- I& sludy would hc rcquncd to assess whcthcr pawnls w Irh oral cancer do bcncfh from the ycxly chesl radiography wmlxm,d ~41th no regular chest radiography. (3) Of 22 pawn& wuh lung cancer, I 1 (59% ) wcrc dcwxcd hl chest radiography v,lthoul \ymplom\. In Ihc fir\t year lollowmg oral cancer. I I patrcnls \\l’rc dlagno\cd ‘.r~th lung Lancer. Only 4 of thcsc 11 pawms (36%) wcrc dcwuxl hy L hc\~ rAography m an asymptomatIc stage. The dctecllon 01 pal~nr\ M Ilh lung cancer In an asymptomauc wgc may be mcrcascd h\ nwr Ircqucnt chc\t radl- ography cxaminaLlons m rhc I cl year folh~rr ~ng lut ianc~‘r.
Epidemiology and etiology
Relationship between the formation of promutagenic adducts and the activation of the K-ras protoonrogene in lung tumors from ,A/.1 mice treated with nitrosamines
