Tanja populaciona novo
-
Upload
metodicar4 -
Category
Science
-
view
4.110 -
download
5
Transcript of Tanja populaciona novo
![Page 1: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
POPULACIONA GENETIKA
dr Tanja Adnađević
IBISS
![Page 2: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Populaciona genetika
• genetička struktura populacije
![Page 3: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Populaciona genetika
• genetička struktura populacije
grupa jedinki iste vrste koje su reproduktivno povezane
![Page 4: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Populaciona genetika
• genetička struktura populacije
grupa jedinki iste vrste koje su reproduktivno povezane
• aleli• genotipovi
Determiniše potencijal za evolutivne promene i adaptacije
![Page 5: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Opisivanje genetičke strukture• frekvenca genotipova
• frekvenca alela rr = beli
Rr = pink
RR = crveni
![Page 6: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
200 beli
500 pink
300 crveni
• frekvenca genotipova• frekvenca alela
200/1000 = 0.2 rr500/1000 = 0.5 Rr300/1000 = 0.3 RR
ukupno = 1000 cvetova
frekvenca genotipova:
Opisivanje genetičke strukture
![Page 7: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
200 rr
500 Rr
300 RR
• frekvenca genotipova• frekvenca alela
900/2000 = 0.45 r1100/2000 = 0.55 R
ukupno = 2000 alela
frekvencaalela:
= 400 r
= 500 r= 500 R
= 600 R
Opisivanje genetičke strukture
![Page 8: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Populaciona genetikaŠta je populaciona genetika?
Opisivanje
Zašto je bitna genetička varijabilnost?
- frekvenca genotipova- frekvenca alela
Kako se menja genetička struktura?
![Page 10: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Promene u frekvenci alela F na Lap lokusu kroz 20 generacija
Genetička varijabilnost u prostoru i vremenu
![Page 11: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Zašto je bitna genetička varijabilnost?Potencijal promena genetičke strukture
• adaptacije na promene spoljašnje sredine - konzervacija•divergencija populacija - biodiverzitet
Genetička varijabilnost u prostoru i vremenu
![Page 12: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Zašto je bitna genetička varijabilnost?
varijabilnost
nema varijabilnosti
IZUMIRANJE!!
Promena životne sredine
opstanak
![Page 13: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Zašto je bitna genetička varijabilnost?
varijabilnost
nema varijabilnosti
sever
jug
sever
jug
![Page 14: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Zašto je bitna genetička varijabilnost?
varijabilnost
nema varijabilnosti
divergencija
NEMA DIVERGENCIJE!!!
sever
jug
sever
jug
![Page 15: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
promene u alelskim frekvencama i/ili frekvencama genotipova kroz vreme
Kako se genetička struktura menja?
![Page 17: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
promene u alelskim frekvencama i/ili frekvencama genotipova kroz vreme
Kako se genetička struktura menja?
• mutacije• migracije• prirodna selekcija• genetički drift• neslučajno ukrštanje
![Page 18: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Idealna populacija?!?
• mutacije• migracije• prirodna selekcija• genetički drift• neslučajno ukrštanje
Hardi-Vajnbergov zakon
![Page 19: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Hardi-Vajnbergov princip i ravnotežaako je poznata učestalost alela moguće je odrediti učestalost genotipova
![Page 20: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Single crossPopulation level
![Page 22: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Hardi-Vajnbergova princip i ravnoteža
učestalosti alela i genotipova se održavaju kroz generacije
AA Aa aap2 2pq q2
![Page 23: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
HW neravnoteža
![Page 25: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Kako se genetička struktura menja?
• mutacije• migracije• prirodna selekcija• genetički drift• neslučajno ukrštanje
spontane promene na DNK•stvaranje novih alela
•izvor genetičke varijabilnosti
![Page 26: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Kako se genetička struktura menja?• mutacije• migracije• prirodna selekcija• genetički drift• neslučajno ukrštanje
kretanje jedinki izmedju populacija
•izvor novih alela •protok gena
![Page 30: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Kako se genetička struktura menja?
• mutacije• migracije• prirodna selekcija• genetički drift• neslučajno ukrštanje
neki genotipovi ostavljaju više potomaka• razlike u
preživljavanju i reprodukcijirazlike u
fitnesu
• dolazi do adaptacija
![Page 32: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Natural selection
Resistance to antibacterial soapGeneration 1: 1.00 not resistant
0.00 resistant
![Page 36: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Natural selection
Generation 1: 1.00 not resistant 0.00 resistant
Resistance to antibacterial soap
![Page 37: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Natural selection
Resistance to antibacterial soap
mutation!
Generation 1: 1.00 not resistant 0.00 resistant
Generation 2: 0.96 not resistant 0.04 resistant
![Page 38: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Natural selection
Resistance to antibacterial soapGeneration 1: 1.00 not resistant
0.00 resistant
Generation 2: 0.96 not resistant 0.04 resistant
Generation 3: 0.76 not resistant 0.24 resistant
![Page 39: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Natural selection
Resistance to antibacterial soapGeneration 1: 1.00 not resistant
0.00 resistant
Generation 2: 0.96 not resistant 0.04 resistant
Generation 3: 0.76 not resistant 0.24 resistant
Generation 4: 0.12 not resistant 0.88 resistant
![Page 40: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Selekcija alela za srpastu anemiju
aa – abnormalni ß hemoglobin srpaste anemije
nizakfitnes
intermed.fitnes
visokfitnes
Selekcija favorizuje heterozigote (Aa).Oba alela se održavaju u populaciji (a na niskom nivou).
Aa – oba ß hemoglobina rezistencija na malariju
AA – normalni ß hemoglobin podložan malariji
![Page 41: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Kako se genetička struktura menja?• mutacije• migracije• prirodna selekcija• genetički drift• neslučajno ukrštanje
slučajne genetičke promene
•greška uzorkovanja•nereprezentativan
uzorak•mala populacija
![Page 42: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Genetički drift – efekat osnivača
Ostrvo
![Page 43: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Genetički drift – efekat uskog grla
![Page 44: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Genetički drift
8 RR8 rr
Pre:
Posle :2 RR6 rr
0.50 R0.50 r
0.25 R0.75 r
![Page 45: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
unutar populacija između populacija
porast genetičke varijabilnosti
mutacijemigracije
neki tipovi prirodne selekcije
mutacijegenetčki drift
neki tipovi prirodne selekcije
smanjenje genetičke
varijabilnosti
genetički driftneki tipovi prirodne
selekcije
migracijeneki tipovi prirodne
selekcije
![Page 46: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Kako se genetička struktura menja?
• mutacije• migracije• prirodna selekcija• genetički drift• neslučajno ukrštanje
uzrokuju promene u alelskim frekvencama
![Page 47: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Kako se genetička struktura menja?
• mutacije• migracije• prirodna selekcija• genetički drift• neslučajno ukrštanje
uzrokuje promene u frekvencama genotipova
![Page 48: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Kako se genetička struktura menja?• mutacije• migracije• prirodna selekcija• genetički drift• neslučajno ukrštanje
ukrštanjem se kombinuju aleli u genotipove
neslučajno ukrštanje
neslučajne kombinacije
alela
![Page 49: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
![Page 50: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
![Page 51: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
![Page 52: Tanja populaciona novo](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062522/587bfca01a28ab7c668b5b25/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Odstupanje od 2nd HW