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 The tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii), also known as the dama

wallaby or darma wallaby, is a small animal in the familyMacropodidae native

to South Australia and Western Australia.[! Thou"h its "eo"raphical ran"e has

#een severely reduced since $uropean colonisation, the tammar remains

common within its reduced ran"e and is listed as of %east &oncern #y

the 'nternational nion for &onservation of ature ('&). 't has #een introducedto ew *ealand and reintroduced to some areas of Australia where it had #een

previously eradicated. Skull di+erences distin"uish tammars from Western

Australia, an"aroo 'sland and mainland South Australia, makin" them distinct

population "roups or possi#ly di+erent su#species.

Around the si-e of a ra##it, the tammar is amon" the smallest of the walla#ies.

'ts coat colour is lar"ely "rey. The tammar has several nota#le adaptations,

includin" the a#ility to retain ener"y while hoppin", colour vision and the a#ility

to drink seawater. A nocturnal species, it spends ni"ht time in "rassland ha#itat

and day time in tammar shru# land. 't is also very "re"arious and has a seasonal,promiscuous matin" pattern. A female tammar can nurse a oey in her pouch

while keepin" an em#ryo in her uterus. The tammar is a model species for

research on marsupials, and on mammals in "eneral. 't is one of many or"anisms

to have had its "enomese/uenced.

Contents

  [hide!

• 0 Ta1onomy and classi2cation

o 0.0 %ocomotion

o 0. Senses

o 0.3 Thermore"ulation and water turnover

o 0.4 Sudden deaths

• $colo"y and life history

o .0 5ut micro#iota related with "reenhouse e+ect

• 3 6opulation dynamics and conservation

 Ta1onomy and classi2cation[edit!

Macropodid

ae T. thetis

P.

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&lado"ram showin" the "enetic

relationship #etween the tammar

walla#y (M. eugenii) and several

other species in the

family Macropodidae.[3!

 The tammar walla#y was seen in the 7outman A#rolhos o+ Western Australia #y

survivors of the 089 Batavia shipwreck, and recorded #y :ran;ois 6elsaert in his08< Ongeluckige Voyagie.[4!=>3 't was 2rst descri#ed in 090? #y the :rench

naturalist Anselme 5a@tan esmarest, who "ave it the name eugenii #ased on

where it was foundB an island he knew as 'le $u"ene in the uyts

Archipela"o o+ South Australia which is now known as St 6eter 'sland. The islandCs

:rench name was "iven in honour of $u"ene 7amelin, commander of the

ship NaturalisteBCite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see

the help page).

:ossil evidence of the tammar walla#y e1ists from the late 6leistocene eraD

remains were found in the aracoorte &aves.[>!

 The mainland and island dwellin"tammars split from each other ?,EEEF0>,EEE years a"o,Cite error: A <ref>tag

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is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). The Western Australia

epartment of $nvironment and &onservation listed these populations as

su#speciesB M. e. derbianus, M. e. eugenii and M. e. decres respectively.Cite

error: A<ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). The

tammar walla#y e1hi#its si"ni2cant se1ual dimorphism, with the ma1imum

recorded wei"ht in males #ein" <.0 k" (E l#) and ma1imum recorded wei"ht infemales is 8.< k" (0> l#). The #ody len"th is ><F89 cm (3F? in) in males and

>F83 cm (EF> in) in females. Goth males and females are a#out 4> cm (09 in)

in hei"ht. The tails of males ran"e from 34F4> cm (03F09 in) and those of females

from 33F44 cm (03F0? in).[8!

Locomotion[edit!

 Tammar walla#y in motion

As with most macropods, the tammar walla#y moves around #y hoppin". This

species has a hoppin" fre/uency of 3.> strides per second, with a stride len"th of

E.9F.4 m (.8F?.< ft).[?! When hoppin", pro1imal muscles at the knee and hip oints "enerate most of the power for each leap, which are delivered #y multiH

 oint muscles at the ankle.[9! As it lands, the ener"y of the ump is converted into

strain ener"y made when its le" tendons are stretched. As it leaps #ack o+ the

"round, the tammar can recover much of this ener"y for reuse thou"h elastic

recoil.[<! The amount of ener"y stored in the tendons increases with the animalCs

speed and the wei"ht of the load it is carryin". This is particularly helpful for

mothers carryin" youn",[0E! and e1plains why tammars can increase their hoppin"

speed without usin" more ener"y.[00! The tammar shares this characteristic with

other plainsHdwellin" macropods like the red kan"aroo. Gy comparison, rock

walla#ies, such as the yellowHfooted rockHwalla#y, have traded eIcient ener"ysavin" for "reater tendon thicknessB an adaption for steep rocky terrain as it

allows them to leap hi"her and lowers the risk of their tendons rupturin".[0!

Senses[edit!

 The tammar has 34J peripheral vision and >EJ #inocular vision.Cite error:

A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). Tammars

appear to have some colour vision= its eyes have only #lue sensitive and "reen

sensitive photoreceptor cones, allowin" it to see colour in the #lueH"reen #and of

the colour spectrum, #ut not the lon"er wavelen"ths of the redHyellow #and.

evertheless, in the #and where it can see colour, it can di+erentiate #etweentwo monochromatic colours with wavelen"ths as close as E nm (.EK0EL9 m)

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apart.[03! The pinna (ear) of the tammar is mo#ile, allowin" it to track sounds from

di+erent parts of its surroundin"s without movin" its head. A tammar can point

its pinna at a sound source and increase its eardrumCs sound pressure #y >F

3E dG at > k7-. When the pinna moves away from the sound source, the animalCs

hearin" level /uickly drops.[04! When #orn, a tammarCs sense of smell is already

developedB this allows the new#orn to 2nd its motherCs pouch #y the scent.[0>!

 Tammar restin"

hermoreg!lation and water t!rno"er[edit!

 Tammars lick their forearms and pant to keep cool in hot weather. They #reathe

more heavily and lose more water when the temperature is over 3E J& (98 J:).

 Tammars canCt survive in temperatures a#ove 4E J& (0E4 J:) and must 2nd cooler

surroundin"s.[08! To prevent dehydration, tammars urinate less and rea#sor#

water from the distal colon, which "ives them relatively dry feces. Gein" a#le to

concentrate more urine in their kidneys allows them to survive on seawater.[0?!

S!dden deaths[edit!

'n late 0<<9, 0EF03E tammar walla#ies died suddenly in research facilities and

-oos in ew South Wales and ueensland, perishin" less than twelve hours after

e1hi#itin" the 2rst symptoms, with most e1hi#itin" no symptoms at all. 6ost

mortem e1amination revealedhaemorrha"e of muscle,

and a#dominal and thoracic or"ans. The syndrome is known as tammar sudden

death syndrome and the patho"en is an or#ivirus of the familyNeoviridae.[09! 't

does not occur south of Sydney. &aptive populations of tammar walla#ies in ew

South Wales have su#se/uently su+ered infections in summer months.[0<! o

treatment has #een attempted due to the rapid pro"ression of the disease. [E!

$colo"y and life history[edit!

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 The tammar is mostly nocturnal.

Mostly nocturnal, tammar walla#ies spend much of their time fora"in".Cite

error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing</ref> (see the help

page). =008 This species spends more time chewin" its food than other similar

si-ed macropods, which likely aids di"estion.Cite error: A <ref> tag ismissing the closing </ref> (see the help page). which lessens the chance of 

an individual #ein" taken #y a predator. As the "roup increases in si-e, tammars

spend more time fora"in", "roomin" and interactin" and less time #ein" vi"ilant

and movin" around.[0! 6redators of the tammar include din"os, feral cats, red

fo1es and wed"eHtailed ea"les. They may also have #een preyed upon #y the

e1tinct thylacine. Tammars appear to respond more to the si"ht than the sound of 

predators.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see

the help page). When a predator is detected, a tammar will alert others #y

thumpin" its foot.[! When lost, youn" tammars are known to emit a coarse

screechin" call and adult females may respond with a similar call.Cite error:

A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). 't is

aseasonal #reeder and #irths lar"ely occur durin" late Oanuary and early

:e#ruary.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see

the help page).Around two weeks #efore the 2rst #irths, the males will #e"in

sniIn" the uroH"enital openin"s and pouches of the females to determine their

reproductive status.Cite error: A<ref> tag is missing the

closing </ref> (see the help page). =93 Several males may pursue a sin"le

female.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help

page). After #irth the new#orn youn" clim#s unaided #y its mother from the

#irth canal to the pouch.[3!

When it reaches the pouch, the underdeveloped oey suckles the teat of one of

the four mammary "lands while the others recede.[4! The oey remains attached

to the teat for 0EEF0> days, after which it ceases its attachment #ut remains in

the pouch and continues to suckle, #ut more intermittently. The oey #e"ins to

leave the pouch and eat "rass at around EE days when it is more developed. 't

still suckles, more forcefully #ut less re"ularly. Gy >E days, the oey no lon"er

needs the pouch, and it is fully weaned at around 3EEF3>E days.Cite error:

A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). Male

tammars may live for around 00 years, while females live for 04 years.Cite

error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help

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page). Tammars are ine1pensive to keep in captivity and are easy to handle.Cite

error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).

 The "enomes of marsupials are of "reat interest to scientists

studyin" comparative "enomics, and the study of tammars has provided much

information a#out the "enetics of marsupials and mammals in "eneral.Marsupials are at a convenient de"ree of evolutionary diver"ence from

humansB mice are too close and have not developed many di+erent functions,

while #irds are "enetically too remote. [>! ey immune "enes from the tammar

walla#y were isolated and studied in EE<, [8! and the full "enome was

se/uenced in E00.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the

closing </ref> (see the help page). The researchers also found new 7PQ

"enes that control "ene e1pression, as well as novel microNAs. The tammar

"enome appears to have more rearran"ements than those of #oth the human

and the "ray shortHtailed opossum, another se/uenced marsupial.Cite error:

A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). Su#se/uentanalysis of the "enome has led to the discovery of severalcathelicidin peptides,

which could also #e used as anti#iotics.[?!

#!t microbiota related with greenho!se e$ect[edit!

 The fore"ut of the tammar walla#y contains species of #acteria #elon"in" to the

phyla :irmicutes, Gacteroidetes and 6roteo#acteria. Within the phylum

6roteo#acteria, species of the family Succinivi#rionaceae are the most a#undant

and a new species named W5F0 was discovered. W5F0 is

a capnophilic #acterium. This has important environmental implications as the

#acteria produces less methane than others and does not re/uire &P to survive.Nesearch su""ests that this information could #e used to reduce car#on

production in livestock.[9!

6opulation dynamics and conservation[edit!

rawin" of tammar walla#ies #y Oohn 5ould (0983).

 The tammar walla#y is listed as %east &oncern #y the '&, #ecause of its

a#undance and presuma#ly sta#le population.Cite error: A<ref> tag is

missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).

Since $uropean occupation, tammar walla#y populations on #oth mainlandAustralia and some of the islands have #een "reatly reduced or even eradicated.

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'n the early Eth century, the mainland population of tammars in Western

Australia was descri#ed as numerous in much of the southwest, #ut declinin" in

the cultivated areas, particularly to the north.[<! &learin"s made for wheat and

sheep caused the population to decline further. [3E!=33 :rom the 0<th century,

tammars in the $yre 6eninsula and around Adelaide were decimated #y mo#s of

hunters or"anised to protect crops and pastures. As a result, they were e1tinct inthe areas around Adelaide #y the 0<Es, and in the $yre 6eninsula around the

0<?Es.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help

page). Since then, they have Rourished to the point where their fora"in" has

dama"ed indi"enous plants. 6est control operators have used sodium

Ruoroacetate, a naturally occurrin" rodenticide, to control their populations,[30! a

practice which has #een controversial #ecause of its possi#le e+ect on or"anisms

not tar"eted, includin" humans. &yanide pellets have #een used as an

alternative.[3! 'n 0<9>, tammars were introduced to the orth 'sland of the

7outman A#rolhos and have made similar impacts on native ve"etation. Their

num#ers "rew to 4>E individuals, #ut #y EE9 cullin" e+orts appeared to havereduced their num#ers to > individuals.[33!=9F93 'n EE3, the Monarto

*oo temporarily housed 9> tammars from ew *ealand awaitin" reintroduction to

the orke 6eninsula in 'nnes ational 6ark.[34! :our releases have #een made, and

a sta#le wild population of 0EEF0E animals now e1ists.[3>! Tammars have also

#een successfully translocated to other areas, such as am#un" ational

6ark and Avon alley ational 6ark.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the

closing </ref> (see the help page). Tammars from ew *ealand are also

vulnera#le, as the poison has #een successfully used to control their

populations.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see

the help page).

0.  %!mp !p& Morris, .B :riend, T.B Gur#id"e, AB van Weenen, O.

(EE9). UMacropus eugenii U. IUCN ed !ist o" Threatened #pecies. Version

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ecem#er E04.

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Needer, . M. Ma))al #pecies o" the *orld (3rd ed.). Oohns 7opkins

niversity 6ress. p. 84. 'SG <?9HEH9E09H90HE.P&%& 88>4<4.

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coincident with #reakpoint reuse in karyotypically diver"ent

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r0?E. 6M& 3?>EEE. 6M' 0??E9??E.

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southernHland.pdf U5reat Southern %and= The maritime e1ploration of Terra

AustralisU! &heck urlX scheme (help). epartment of the $nvironment and

7erita"e, 5overnment of Australia. 'SG EH84H>>09>H>. Netrieved 0

ecem#er EE?.

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b!t ne"er de*ned (see the help page).

8.  %!mp !p& %a#ianoHA#ello, A. M.

[VsiteVaccountsVinformationVMacropusYeu"enii.html UMacropus

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?.  %!mp !p& Gaudinette, N..B 5annon, G. O.B Nunciman, W.G.B Wells, S.B %ove,

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83. 6M' 3>9>40.

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Biology  ,' (0)= 40F>3. doi=0E.04Ve#.E03E>. 6M' 0>8E09?8.

<.  %!mp !p& Giewener, A. AB Gaudinette, N. . (0<<>).

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eugenii)U! &heck urlX scheme (help). ,ournal o" -peri)ental

Biology  +-' (<)= 09<F40. 6M' <30<?39.

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free rideU. Nature ,- (8?E3)= 8>3F>4. doi=0E.0E39V?000.

00. %!mp !p& Gaudinette, N. .B Snyder, 5. .B :rappell, 6. G. (0<<).

U$ner"etic cost of locomotion in the tammar walla#yU. /)erican ,ournal o"

Physiology  ,, (> 6t )= N??0F9. 6M' 0><E4?.

0. %!mp !p& Mc5owan, &. 6.B Gaudinette, N. .B Giewener, A. A. (EE9).

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(help). Co)parative Bioche)istry and Physiology Part /0 Molecular 1

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-peri)ental Biology  +,+ (0)= 3?0F<4.

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directs the neonate to its motherCs pouch odoursU.eproduction +0' (>)=

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0?. %!mp !p& 7um, '. .B unnin", A. (0<?<). Uitro"en and electrolyte

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arEWalla#y\fXfalse U$pidemic iral iseases in WildlifeU! &heck

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