Tall Buildings Test

TALL BUILDINGS IN HISTORIC CENTERSTALL BUILDINGS FORHISTORIC CENTERS

TALL BUILDINGS WITH HISTORIC CENTERSTALL BUILDINGS AROUND HISTORIC CENTERS

TALL BUILDINGS AND HISTORIC CENTERSTALL BUILDINGS AT HISTORIC CENTERS

TALL BUILDINGS BEFORE HISTORIC CENTERSTALL BUILDINGS AFTER HISTORIC CENTERSTALL BUILDINGS ABOVE HISTORIC CENTERS

TALL BUILDINGS BEYOND HISTORIC CENTERSTALL BUILDINGS OVER HISTORIC CENTERSTALL BUILDINGS INTO HISTORIC CENTERS

TALL BUILDINGS UNDER HISTORIC CENTERSTALL BUILDINGS BELOW HISTORIC CENTERSTALL BUILDINGS AMONG HISTORIC CENTERS

TALL BUILDINGS AS HISTORIC CENTERSTALL BUILDINGS BEHIND HISTORIC CENTERSTALL BUILDINGS BESIDES HISTORIC CENTERS

TALL BUILDINGS BETWEEN HISTORIC CENTERSTALL BUILDINGS BUT HISTORIC CENTERSTALL BUILDINGS AMID HISTORIC CENTERS

TALL BUILDINGS DESPITE HISTORIC CENTERSTALL BUILDINGS FOLLOWING HISTORIC CENTERS

TALL BUILDINGS FROM HISTORIC CENTERSTALL BUILDINGS INSIDE HISTORIC CENTERS

TALL BUILDINGS OUTSIDE HISTORIC CENTERSTALL BUILDINGS LIKE HISTORIC CENTERSTALL BUILDINGS OFF HISTORIC CENTERS

TALL BUILDINGS ONTO HISTORIC CENTERSTALL BUILDINGS OPPOSITE HISTORIC CENTERS

TALL BUILDINGS PAST HISTORIC CENTERSTALL BUILDINGS NEAR HISTORIC CENTERSTALL BUILDINGS SINCE HISTORIC CENTERS

TALL BUILDINGS REGARDING HISTORIC CENTERSTALL BUILDINGS PLUS HISTORIC CENTERS

TALL BUILDINGS BY HISTORIC CENTERSTALL BUILDINGS EXCLUDING HISTORIC CENTERS

TALL BUILDINGS CONSIDERING HISTORIC CENTERSTALL BUILDINGS TOWARDS HISTORIC CENTERSTALL BUILDINGS DURING HISTORIC CENTERS

TALL BUILDINGS PER HISTORIC CENTERSTALL BUILDINGS VERSUS HISTORIC CENTERS

TALL BUILDINGS VIA HISTORIC CENTERSTALL BUILDINGS UNLIKE HISTORIC CENTERS

TALL BUILDINGS REGARDING HISTORIC CENTERSTALL BUILDINGS SINCE HISTORIC CENTERSTALL BUILDINGS UNTIL HISTORIC CENTERSTALL BUILDINGS UPON HISTORIC CENTERS

TALL BUILDINGS THROUGH HISTORIC CENTERSTALL BUILDINGS VIA HISTORIC CENTERS

TALL BUILDINGS WITHIN HISTORIC CENTERSTALL BUILDINGS WITHOUT HISTORIC CENTERS

TALL BUILDINGSIN

HISTORIC CENTERS

This publication has been prepared as part of the thirteen week graduate thesis research program in the Northeastern University School of Architecture in the Fall 2012 as part of the ARCH7130 course. All research and content in this publication was produced by the Tall Buildings in Historic Centers studio research team.

Published by Northeastern University School of Architecture360 Huntington AvenueBoston, Massachusetts 02115

Copyright 2012 by Northeastern University School of ArchitectureAll rights reserved

Tall Buildings in Historic Centers Research Team

Paul DiMiceli Christine Greene Dan Joyce Reem Kanoo Hao Li Jeanette Lin Tim Loranger Melissa Murphy Evan Parkinson

Led by

David Turturo

Tall Buildings in Historic Centers6

This book is the visual impulse of our shared search into the subject. Though slim in volume, the plot is stacked with information specific to the disparate stratospheres of landmarks-organizations and tall buildings - because often the two collide. What interests us about this study is not just the finite practice of the collision with its metrics, legislations, and countless built examples but also the broader disciplinary problem (or promise) that the collision poses for architecture. The possibility that the surging capital motives of private real-estate development and the weight of social value can exist side-by-side or bound reassures the role of the architect in the future shaping of cities. More profoundly, this alludes to the responsibility an architect can hold in shaping history and capitalism. For example, the extent to which our history remains in the public domain is not set in stone. Neither are the limitations that civic groups determine for our signature skylines.

There are two traits that distinguish this volume amongst analyses in architecture today. The book pursues urbanity as opposed to context and axonometry rather than experience. In other words - this research strives to illustrate the conditions of collectivity: the intersections of memory, space, regulation, and ambition on the one hand; then to articulate these in three measurable dimensions. It is in this vain that we study constraints and precedents. For example civic groups like the Boston Redevelopment Authority, play an important role in shaping Bostons skyline.

Welcome to Tall Buildings in Historic Centers.

Precedents

Tall Building noun any realized building of at least 240 feet in height, determined as the necessary minimum for the accurate comparison of world-wide city centers

History nounthe evolution and record of past phenomena that can be objectively studied and criticized in the creation of a contemporary model rooted in current times and traditions

Center nouna place or group of buildings where a specified activity is geographically concentrated; the point from which an activity or process is directed, or on which it is focused

PREFACE

We define the following to be used throughout this book.


Par

isN

ew Y

ork

Mila

nLo

ndon

Dub

aiC

hica

goH

ong

Kon

gB

ejin

gB

osto

n

Histo

ric O

rgan

izatio

nsZo

ning

Cod

eFi

nanc

ing

CITY

CEN

TERS

01 CON

STRA

INTS

13

Precedents

Scra

ping

Nei

ghbo

rhoo

dJo

hn H

anco

ck T

ower

One

Bos

ton

Pla

ceSe

agra

m B

uild

ing

Seve

n W

orld

Tra

de C

ente

r

TALL

BU

ILDI

NGS

85 PROJ

ECTI

ONS

125

Scra

ping

Nei

ghbo

r50

0 P

ark

Ave

Atla

ntic

Wha

rfB

ank

of A

mer

ica

Tow

erC

itico

rp C

ente

rC

usto

ms

Hou

se T

ower

Exch

ange

Pla

ceH

ears

t Tow

erM

assa

chus

etts

Eye

and

Ear I

nfirm

ary

Pen

n M

utua

l Tow

er

Scra

ping

Infr

astr

uctu

re33

Arc

h St

reet

Old

Sta

te H

ouse

One

Penn

Plaz

aP

anA

m B

uild

ing

Pru

dent

ial T

ower

The

Stan

dard

Hot

el

CITY CENTERS


Paris

0 mi

1

5

0 mi

1

5

City CentersNew York City

0 mi

1

5

0 mi

1

5


Milan

0 mi

1

5

0 mi

1

5

City CentersLondon

0 mi

1

5

0 mi

1

5


Dubai

0 mi

1

5

0 mi

1

5

City Centers

Dubai(continued)

0 mi

1

5

0 mi

1

5


Chicago

0 mi

1

5

0 mi

1

5

City CentersHong Kong

0 mi

1

5

0 mi

1

5


Beijing

0 mi

1

5

0 mi

1

5

City CentersBoston

0 mi

1

5

0 mi

1

5

90 (street wall)115

235350 (max H)

35

15

15

35

35

Maximum height

and setbacks as

determined in

design review

Maximum height

and setbacks as

determined in

design review

400 (max H)300

125 (street wall)

40

35

50

400 (max H)

40

125 (street wall)

465 (max H)

125 (street wall)155

295

10

20

20

400 (max H)

70 (street wall)

295155

5

15

15

1,000

100 100 = lease value

$100 / SF yr = $1,000 ft

$ / SF yr

>2.5W

44

250 MAX.44 MIN.50 MAX.


modern texture/facade

historic facade

historical elements preserved

historical street presence remains

sensitivity to landmark

facade reacts to landmark

modern column grid

PUBLIC PRIVATE

TESTIMONIAL HEARING VOTE MOTION PASSED

REGISTRATION

PUBLIC PRIVATE

REPORT VOTE MOTION PASSED

PROCESS TO BECOME A BOSTON LANDMARK

PROCESS TO BECOME A NATIONAL LANDMARK

CITY HALL HEARING

Initial meeting opento the public

Report led after hearing

STRUCTURE NOW A LANDMARK

Signed into lawby the mayor of Boston

VOTE BY THE COMMISSION

Proposal must be approvedby 2/3 of the Commission

WRITTEN PETITION SUBMITTED

Testimonial submitted toBoston Landmarks

Commission

Building must be 50 years oldStructure is then placed on the Federal Register

BUILDING IS EVALUATED

Advisory board makes commentson report in preparation for

the testimony

REPORT PREPARED BY CONGRESS ADVISORY BOARD VOTES

Board has 30 days to approveor deny landmark request

LANDMARK IS ESTABLISHED

Property is placed on the National Register 6-8 weeks after

Advisory Board Vote

Historic Commissions

In history-laden Boston there are many sites protected by the Boston Landmarks Commission (BLC) and the National Trust of Historic Places (NTHP). The BLC controls the process in which a Boston building can be considered a landmark. Separate from the NTHP, the Commission follows a similar format to the national trust. Buildings to be considered for landmark designation are nominated by an individual or group who feels as though the building merits such recognition. It is primarily faade elements that are considered for landmark designation and may include fenestration, texture, street presence and architectural elements. With this effective preservation process securely in place, Bostons rich history is increasingly woven into new development of tall buildings. Facades are the most common relic in the realization of new tall buildings.

Constraints

modern texture/facade

historic facade

historical elements preserved

historical street presence remains

sensitivity to landmark

facade reacts to landmark

modern column grid

PUBLIC PRIVATE

TESTIMONIAL HEARING VOTE MOTION PASSED

REGISTRATION

PUBLIC PRIVATE

REPORT VOTE MOTION PASSED

PROCESS TO BECOME A BOSTON LANDMARK

PROCESS TO BECOME A NATIONAL LANDMARK

CITY HALL HEARING

Initial meeting opento the public

Report led after hearing

STRUCTURE NOW A LANDMARK

Signed into lawby the mayor of Boston



WRITTEN PETITION SUBMITTED

Testimonial submitted toBoston Landmarks

Commission

Building must be 50 years oldStructure is then placed on the Federal Register

BUILDING IS EVALUATED

Advisory board makes commentson report in preparation for

the testimony

REPORT PREPARED BY CONGRESS ADVISORY BOARD VOTES

Board has 30 days to approveor deny landmark request

LANDMARK IS ESTABLISHED

Property is placed on the National Register 6-8 weeks after

Advisory Board Vote


2012

1826

1775

1,000 ft

Constraints

2012

1826

1775

1,000 ft

Constraints


Landmarks in Boston are mainly dictated by the regulations of the BRA and the Landmarks Commission.

(from left): Individual buildings can be designated as landmarks also districts can be declared landmarks. Zones of preservation are also another common way to control development around a protected site. Building heights adjacent to, or on top of landmarks are controlled by groups such as the BRA and the BCDC.

APPLICATION REVIEW VOTE MOTION PASSED

PUBLIC PRIVATE

PROCESS TO CHANGE A BOSTON LANDMARK

LANDMARKS HEARING

Building characteristics suchas texture, facade work,

and architectural elements are

WORK MAY BEGIN

Building permit granted

and work may begin



APPLY BUILDING PERMIT

Application for buildingpermit submitted to

Landmarks Commissionconsidered

APPLICATION REVIEW VOTE MOTION PASSED

PUBLIC PRIVATE

PROCESS TO CHANGE A BOSTON LANDMARK

LANDMARKS HEARING

Building characteristics suchas texture, facade work,

and architectural elements are

WORK MAY BEGIN

Building permit granted

and work may begin



APPLY BUILDING PERMIT

Application for buildingpermit submitted to

Landmarks Commissionconsidered


Old

Stat

e Ho

use

Old

Sout

h M

eetin

g Ho

use

Fane

uil H

all

Old

North

Chu

rch

Park

Stre

et C

hurc

h

Bunk

er H

ill M

onum

ent

Chur

ch o

f the

Cov

enan

t

Trin

ity C

hurc

h

Ames

Bui

ldin

g

Stoc

k Ex

chan

ge B

uild

ing

Custo

m H

ouse

Tow

er

Unite

d Sh

oe M

achi

nery

Com

pany

Bui

ldin

g

New

Engla

nd M

utua

l Life

Insu

ranc

e Bu

ildin

g

John

Han

cock

Ber

keley

Bui

ldin

g

John

Han

cock

Tow

er

Chris

tian

Scien

ce C

ente

r Tow

er

Prud

entia

l Tow

er

One

Bosto

n Pl

ace

Exch

ange

Plac

e

One

Hund

red

Elev

en H

untin

gton

1700

1800

1900

1900

2000

500

100

200

400

700

1000

Old

Sout

h Ch

urch

Flou

r and

Gra

in E

xcha

nge

Build

ing

Citc

o Si

gn

New

Engla

nd T

eleph

one

Build

ing

Fede

ral R

eser

ve B

ank

Build

ing

Inte

rnat

ional

Plac

e

Constraints

Old

Stat

e Ho

use

Old

Sout

h M

eetin

g Ho

use

Fane

uil H

all

Old

North

Chu

rch

Park

Stre

et C

hurc

h

Bunk

er H

ill M

onum

ent

Chur

ch o

f the

Cov

enan

t

Trin

ity C

hurc

h

Ames

Bui

ldin

g

Stoc

k Ex

chan

ge B

uild

ing

Custo

m H

ouse

Tow

er

Unite

d Sh

oe M

achi

nery

Com

pany

Bui

ldin

g

New

Engla

nd M

utua

l Life

Insu

ranc

e Bu

ildin

g

John

Han

cock

Ber

keley

Bui

ldin

g

John

Han

cock

Tow

er

Chris

tian

Scien

ce C

ente

r Tow

er

Prud

entia

l Tow

er

One

Bosto

n Pl

ace

Exch

ange

Plac

e

One

Hund

red

Elev

en H

untin

gton

1700

1800

1900

1900

2000

500

100

200

400

700

1000

Old

Sout

h Ch

urch

Flou

r and

Gra

in E

xcha

nge

Build

ing

Citc

o Si

gn

New

Engla

nd T

eleph

one

Build

ing

Fede

ral R

eser

ve B

ank

Build

ing

Inte

rnat

ional

Plac

e


Exceptions

IMS 121A URD PDA / EDA

Pre-review Planning Meeting

Applicant Initiating the Reivew

Putblic Notice (within 45 days)

BRA Review and Approval (within 60 days)

Certificate of Consistency

Zoning Commision Approval

Issurance of Permit

General District Zoning Laws

$$

IMS 121A URD PDA

121A DESIGNATION

Gives BRA power to create zoning for specic sites

Allows re-negotiation of pre-established property tax

(15 years max.)

URBAN RENEWAL DESIGNATION

Clear parcels for development

Parcels owned by BRA

Requires approval by zoning commission

PLANNED DEVELOPMENT AREA

Public Process

Have to prove how it ts into context of environment

INSTITUTIONAL MASTER PLAN

Zoning exceptions for institutions over 100,000 sf

Needs to relate to institutions overall plan

PRIVATE PUBLIC

INSTITUTION ECONOMIC GOVERNMENT COMMUNITY

Zoning

The Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA) dictates zoning restrictions in Boston. Zoning tells developers where they can build, how tall they can build, and how some qualities of shared spaces can be preserved. While general district codes apply to most of the city, there are exceptions in some districts that allow developers the opportunity to build taller. This section will focus on the potentials of these Planned Development Areas (PDAs) and latent opportunities to reinvent Bostons historic skyline.

(clockwise starting top left):Institutional Master PlanUrban Renewal Development121A DesignationPlanned Development Area

Constraints

Exceptions

IMS 121A URD PDA / EDA

Pre-review Planning Meeting

Applicant Initiating the Reivew

Putblic Notice (within 45 days)

BRA Review and Approval (within 60 days)

Certificate of Consistency

Zoning Commision Approval

Issurance of Permit

General District Zoning Laws

$$

IMS 121A URD PDA

121A DESIGNATION

Gives BRA power to create zoning for specic sites

Allows re-negotiation of pre-established property tax

(15 years max.)

URBAN RENEWAL DESIGNATION

Clear parcels for development

Parcels owned by BRA

Requires approval by zoning commission

PLANNED DEVELOPMENT AREA

Public Process

Have to prove how it ts into context of environment

INSTITUTIONAL MASTER PLAN

Zoning exceptions for institutions over 100,000 sf

Needs to relate to institutions overall plan

PRIVATE PUBLIC

INSTITUTION ECONOMIC GOVERNMENT COMMUNITY


Boylston St

15 ft min

less than 90 ft

Boylston St

15 ft min

less than 65 ft

L

L1

A

B

C

D

SB1

SB2

SB3

H

25

(opposite):A: Street WallB: Height 1C: Height 2D: Maximum HeightSB: Setbacks

(top):L: Length of wall parallel (or within 45o of parallel) to lot line, measured parallel to lot line.

L1: Length of wall parallel (or within 45o of parallel) to lot line, measured parallel to lot line at greatest length above the height below which no setback is required.

H: Height of building above the height below which no setback is required.

Constraints

Boylston St

15 ft min

less than 90 ft

Boylston St

15 ft min

less than 65 ft

L

L1

A

B

C

D

SB1

SB2

SB3

H

25


FAR =total building area (TBA)

total lot area (TLA)

FAR is the measurement that determines the volumetric coverage of the built area within its plot. The higher the allowable FAR of a district, the more dense it becomes with built fabric.

(left): The city is scaled in height according to each districts maximum allowable FAR.

(right): The zoning of the city allows opportunities to add density through Planned Development Areas (rendered in blue).

Constraints

FAR =total building area (TBA)

total lot area (TLA)


North End Local Business

North End Waterfront

North End Business

Government Center

Fort Point Bulnch Triangle

Cambridge St.North

Charlestown Chinatown Leather District / South Station

DorchesterBay

Neponset River Midtown Cultural Huntington Ave /Prudential

lot coverage:height:stories:

TBA:TLA:

district FAR:

40%60 ft520,000 sf10,000 sf2


TBA:TLA:

district FAR:

40%60 ft520,000 sf10,000 sf2


TBA:TLA:

district FAR:

77%156 ft13100,000 sf10,000 sf10


TBA:TLA:

district FAR:

70%120 ft570,000 sf10,000 sf7


TBA:TLA:

district FAR:

23%156 ft1330,000 sf10,000 sf3


TBA:TLA:

district FAR:

88%96 ft870,000 sf10,000 sf7


TBA:TLA:

district FAR:

50%120 ft1050,000 sf10,000 sf5


TBA:TLA:

district FAR:

40%60 ft520,000 sf10,000 sf2


TBA:TLA:

district FAR:

86%84 ft760,000 sf10,000 sf6


TBA:TLA:

district FAR:

86%84 ft760,000 sf10,000 sf6


TBA:TLA:

district FAR:

40%60 ft520,000 sf10,000 sf2


TBA:TLA:

district FAR:

40%60 ft520,000 sf10,000 sf2


TBA:TLA:

district FAR:

70%156 ft1390,000 sf10,000 sf9


TBA:TLA:

district FAR:

77%156 ft13100,000 sf10,000 sf10

distri

ct zo

ning

heigh

t lim

it

100 ft

PDA


TBA:TLA:

district FAR:

24%396 ft3380,000 sf10,000 sf8

PDA


TBA:TLA:

district FAR:

23%156 ft1330,000 sf10,000 sf3

PDA


total area:lot area:

district FAR:

40%300 ft25100,000 sf10,000 sf10

PDA



district FAR:

36%468 ft39140,000 sf10,000 sf14

PDA



district FAR:

48%504 ft42200,000 sf10,000 sf20

PDA



district FAR:

48%504 ft42200,000 sf10,000 sf20

40 40 77 70 23

88 5

0 40 86 8640 40

70 77

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

48 48

36

40

24

23

5 stor

ies

5 stor

ies

13 sto

ries

10 sto

ries

33 sto

ries

13 sto

ries21

stories

8 stor

ies 10 sto

ries

5 stor

ies 7 sto

ries

25 sto

ries

7 stor

ies

39 sto

ries

5 stor

ies

5 stor

ies

13 sto

ries

42 sto

ries

13 sto

ries

42 sto

ries

12

Fixed Site: 10,000 sf Fixed Story Height: 12 ft

North End Local Business

North End Waterfront

North End Business

Government Center

Fort Point Bulnch Triangle

Cambridge St.North

Charlestown Chinatown Leather District / South Station

DorchesterBay

Neponset River Midtown Cultural Huntington Ave /Prudential


TBA:TLA:

district FAR:

40%60 ft520,000 sf10,000 sf2


TBA:TLA:

district FAR:

40%60 ft520,000 sf10,000 sf2


TBA:TLA:

district FAR:

77%156 ft13100,000 sf10,000 sf10


TBA:TLA:

district FAR:

70%120 ft570,000 sf10,000 sf7


TBA:TLA:

district FAR:

23%156 ft1330,000 sf10,000 sf3


TBA:TLA:

district FAR:

88%96 ft870,000 sf10,000 sf7


TBA:TLA:

district FAR:

50%120 ft1050,000 sf10,000 sf5


TBA:TLA:

district FAR:

40%60 ft520,000 sf10,000 sf2


TBA:TLA:

district FAR:

86%84 ft760,000 sf10,000 sf6


TBA:TLA:

district FAR:

86%84 ft760,000 sf10,000 sf6


TBA:TLA:

district FAR:

40%60 ft520,000 sf10,000 sf2


TBA:TLA:

district FAR:

40%60 ft520,000 sf10,000 sf2


TBA:TLA:

district FAR:

70%156 ft1390,000 sf10,000 sf9


TBA:TLA:

district FAR:

77%156 ft13100,000 sf10,000 sf10

distri

ct zo

ning

heigh

t lim

it

100 ft

PDA


TBA:TLA:

district FAR:

24%396 ft3380,000 sf10,000 sf8

PDA


TBA:TLA:

district FAR:

23%156 ft1330,000 sf10,000 sf3

PDA



district FAR:

40%300 ft25100,000 sf10,000 sf10

PDA



district FAR:

36%468 ft39140,000 sf10,000 sf14

PDA



district FAR:

48%504 ft42200,000 sf10,000 sf20

PDA



district FAR:

48%504 ft42200,000 sf10,000 sf20

40 40 77 70 23

88 5

0 40 86 8640 40

70 77

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

48 48

36

40

24

23

5 stor

ies

5 stor

ies

13 sto

ries

10 sto

ries

33 sto

ries

13 sto

ries21

stories

8 stor

ies 10 sto

ries

5 stor

ies 7 sto

ries

25 sto

ries

7 stor

ies

39 sto

ries

5 stor

ies

5 stor

ies

13 sto

ries

42 sto

ries

13 sto

ries

42 sto

ries

12

Fixed Site: 10,000 sf Fixed Story Height: 12 ft


1

5

2

2

4

3

90 (street wall)115

235

350 (max H)

35

15

15

35

35

35

Franklin St.

Wash

ington

St.

Hawl

ey S

t. Hawley Pl

Milk St.

Wash

ington

St.

Franklin St.

Hawle

y St.

Washi

ngton

St.

Washi

ngton

St.

Washi

ngton

St.

Washi

ngton

St.

Tremo

nt St.

Essex St.

Stuart St.

Tremo

nt St.

Washi

ngton

St.

Boston Common

1

2

3

4

51

2 4 3

1010

1515 90 (street wall)155

625 (max. H)

15


400 (max. H)

90 (street wall)155

275 (max. H)10

15

15

15

25

90 (street wall)155

235300 (max. H)

80 (street wall)

32

125 (entry facade)

155465 (max. H)

80 (street wall)155

311 (max. H)

80155

242 (max. H)

1 1

1 4

80

10

Midtown District Huntington Ave. District

setbacks as

determined in

design review

setbacks as

determined in

design review

setbacks as

determined in

design review

setbacks as

determined in

design review

Maximum height

and setbacks as

determined in

design review

Constraints

1

5

2

2

4

3

90 (street wall)115

235

350 (max H)

35

15

15

35

35

35

1

2

3

4

Huntin

gton A

ve.

Belvidere St.

Bolyston St

.

Huntin

gton A

ve.

Belvidere St.

Bolyston St

.

Huntin

gton A

ve.

Belvidere St.

Bolyston St

.

Hunti

ngton

Ave.

Public Allley 402Bolys

ton St.

Stuart St.

Dartmouth St.

51

2 4 3

1010


625 (max. H)

15


400 (max. H)

90 (street wall)155

275 (max. H)10

15

15

15

25

90 (street wall)155

235300 (max. H)

80 (street wall)

32

125 (entry facade)

155465 (max. H)

80 (street wall)155

311 (max. H)

80155

242 (max. H)

1 1

1 4

80

10

Midtown District Huntington Ave. District

setbacks as

determined in

design review

setbacks as

determined in

design review

setbacks as

determined in

design review

setbacks as

determined in

design review

Maximum height

and setbacks as

determined in

design review


Midtown District Huntington Avenue District


Lincoln St.

Kneelan

d St.

Boston Proper District_Backbay

12

3

1

2

Downtown District

North Station EDA

400 (max H)300

125 (street wall)

40

35

50

Cause

way S

t.

Nash

ua S

t.

Cause

way S

t.

Nash

ua S

t.Na

shua

St.

Nash

ua S

t.Na

shua

St.

Nash

ua S

t.Na

shua

St.

Nash

ua S

t.Na

shua

St.

Nash

ua S

t.Na

shua

St.

Atlantic Ave.

South Station EDA

1

1

400 (max H)

70 (street wall)

295

155

5

15

15

465 (max H)

125 (street wall)

155

295

10

20

20

400 (max H)

40

125 (street wall)

Maximum height

and setbacks as

determined in

design review

Maximum height

and setbacks as

determined in

design review

1 2

1 2

1

1

ConstraintsBoston Proper District_Backbay

12

3

1

2

Downtown District

North Station EDA

400 (max H)300

125 (street wall)

40

35

50

South Station EDA

1

1

400 (max H)

70 (street wall)

295

155

5

15

15

465 (max H)

125 (street wall)

155

295

10

20

20

400 (max H)

40

125 (street wall)

Maximum height

and setbacks as

determined in

design review

Maximum height

and setbacks as

determined in

design review

1 2

1 2

1

1


South Station District North Station District


Downtown District Boston Proper District


Chinatown District

Kneeland St.

Marginal Rd.Marginal Rd.Marginal Rd.Marginal Rd.Marginal Rd.

Knee

land S

t.

Kneela

nd St.

Kneela

nd St.

1 2

1 2Fort Point Harbor Water Front District

12

1

2

90 (street wall)

5

300 (max. H)

90 (street wall)125 (max. H)

12 (from the side of the dock)

50 (from the end dock)

250 (max. H)

250 (max. H)

Fort Point Harbor Water Front District

Chinatown District 1 2

1 2Fort Point Harbor Water Front District

12

1

2

90 (street wall)

5

300 (max. H)

90 (street wall)125 (max. H)

12 (from the side of the dock)

50 (from the end dock)

250 (max. H)

250 (max. H)

Fort Point Harbor Water Front District


Chinatown District

ConstraintsChinatown District


spandrel panel

building height

core

oor to oor height

diagonal distance

(dashed, top)

building width

building length

LOW RISE HIGH RISE HIGH RISE SUPER HIGH RISE

HIGH RISE CODE CHANGES APPLIES

Must be constructed of noncombustible material

Shafts and vertical penetrations must be enclosed to prevent the

spread of smoke and re

Stair enclosures are to be seperated by at least 30 feet or not less than 1/4 the length of the max. diagonal dimension,

whichever is less

UNDER 75 FEET OVER 75 FEET OVER 120 FEET OVER 420 FEET

ADDITIONAL FIRE SERVICE ACCESS ELEVATOR

No fewer than two re service elevators required

ADDITIONAL EGRESS & HIGHER RATING

Additional exit stairway or re elevator required

Hardened exit and elevator shafts, concrete or masonry

accepted (risk categories III and IV also)

Min. bond strength for sprayed re-resistant materials increases

IBC & LOCAL CODE APPLIES

Code

Building height, width and other characteristics are infl uenced by code in every building. Code altersdimensions such as corridor widths, elevator cab sizes and stair-rise and run. More broadly, the location of cores, egress stairs and the distance between them is also a result of the rules established by code. These are life safety issues that specifi cally address the spread of fl ames along with other potential dangers for those occupying the building. There are also quality of space issues addressed by code that may include light sharing and access to air. This section outlines code requirements for both the larger measures within a building as well as the smaller scale human comfort conditions.

Constraints

spandrel panel

building height

core

oor to oor height

diagonal distance

(dashed, top)

building width

building length

LOW RISE HIGH RISE HIGH RISE SUPER HIGH RISE

HIGH RISE CODE CHANGES APPLIES

Must be constructed of noncombustible material

Shafts and vertical penetrations must be enclosed to prevent the

spread of smoke and re

Stair enclosures are to be seperated by at least 30 feet or not less than 1/4 the length of the max. diagonal dimension,

whichever is less

UNDER 75 FEET OVER 75 FEET OVER 120 FEET OVER 420 FEET

ADDITIONAL FIRE SERVICE ACCESS ELEVATOR

No fewer than two re service elevators required

ADDITIONAL EGRESS & HIGHER RATING

Additional exit stairway or re elevator required

Hardened exit and elevator shafts, concrete or masonry

accepted (risk categories III and IV also)

Min. bond strength for sprayed re-resistant materials increases

IBC & LOCAL CODE APPLIES


(top): These two plans illustrate the constraints of exit access (IBC 1016.1), corridor width (1018.2), dead ends (1018.4), and stair enclosures (403.5.1).

(opposite, top left): To prevent the spread of fire, exterior openings that are within 5 feet horizontally must be separated with the below story by at least 3 feet. This is typically done with a spandrel panel.

(opposite, top right): Minimum ceiling height is typically 7-6, but it may be reduced to 6-8 in some instances.

(opposite, right): As building height increases from 75 (left) to 120 (middle) an additional fire-service access elevator is required. At 420 (right) egress requirements change as well as fire resistance ratings.

>2.5W

44

44 min.

250 max.

50 m

ax.

>2.5W

44

44 min.

250 max.

50 m

ax.


High Rise

Constraints

High Rise


10% of 25sf

6

10

2

3 1

15

34

6 - 8no more than 50% of egress path may be reduced to

7 - 6 min.ceiling height.

(left): Minimum ceiling height is 7-6, but it may be reduced to 6-8 in some instances.

(right): Exterior openings are to open to the outdoors to yards and court. Yard and court sizes are set to provide minimum dimensions for light wells and backyards of multistory buildings so that these areas provide real light and air to the spaces they serve.

(opposite, right): If an interior room is shared with the main room it must have the minimum of 10% of the interior square footage opening in order to allow natural light from the main room.

Constraints

10% of 25sf

6

10

2

3 1

15

34

6 - 8no more than 50% of egress path may be reduced to

7 - 6 min.ceiling height.


20121826

1775

Constraints

20121826

1775

Constraints


building height

plan size

building facade

building proportion

building structure

site constraints

building uses

building articulation

lift strategy

UTILITY WATER

TABLES

UNION CRANES

LANDMARKS BCDC

EROSION

INFRASTRUCTURE

CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION STEEL CONSTRUCTION ADDITIONAL PROCESSES & COSTS

SIT

E W

OR

KS

TRU

CTU

RE

FAC

AD

EC

ON

TRA

CTO

RS

P

RE

LIM

INA

RIE

S

$ $ $ $

$$

$$

$$

$$

$$

$$

$$

$$$

$$$$ $$$$

PERMIT DESIGNSOILS ENGINEER SOILS ENGINEER

Economic

The costs inherent in realizing tall buildings are a major infl uence in shaping the Boston skyline. Design components, construction methods, and lease and land values are examples of the types of costs that determine the viability of a tall building. Many tall building designs incorporate features that are highly desired by a variety of different user groups; provision of amenities justifi es higher than average lease rates, necessary for the building owner to make back some of the buildings initial costs. Land value is arguably one of the more signifi cant constituents in placing tall buildings within the larger city extents. In a city of great historical signifi cance, the distribution of its landmarks in part determines the value of Bostons districts and consequently the clustering of its tall buildings.

Constraints

building height

plan size

building facade

building proportion

building structure

site constraints

building uses

building articulation

lift strategy

UTILITY WATER

TABLES

UNION CRANES

LANDMARKS BCDC

EROSION

INFRASTRUCTURE

CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION STEEL CONSTRUCTION ADDITIONAL PROCESSES & COSTSS

ITE

WO

RK

STR

UC

TUR

EFA

CA

DE

CO

NTR

AC

TOR

S

PR

ELI

MIN

AR

IES

$ $ $ $

$$

$$

$$

$$

$$

$$

$$

$$$

$$$$ $$$$

PERMIT DESIGNSOILS ENGINEER SOILS ENGINEER


Different methods of construction affect the cost of tall buildings. Here, typical processes for poured-in-place concrete and steel construction are shown, common construction methods for tall buildings in Boston.


(above): Class A buildings represent the highest quality of leasable commercial space and are often commercial buildings constructed after 1970. They provide leased spaces by suite and consequently house many different tenants. Typical vacancy is 5.5%. (center): Class B buildings are the second highest quality of commercial building leases available. These buildings were commonly built from 1800-1925 and have undergone significant renovations to incorporate features such as elevators, lobbies, heating systems, and replacement windows. They also offer property leased by suite. Typical vacancy rate is 18.9%. (right): Class C buildings are characterized as suboptimal commercial property for leasing conditions, and represent the lowest rating for commercial space. They typically are buildings built from 1800-1925 that have not undertaken appropriate levels of renovation.


Desired features and amenities may raise the consumer value of a tall building and enable higher lease rates to offset the buildings initial construction costs. These amenities include street frontage, retail, parking, proximity to services and public transit; corner offices, security, elevators, and an inviting lobby.


A comparison of the heights of current and potential future tall buildings with the relative lease values of these buildings presents a more dense Boston skyline. Historic landmarks provide scale andlogic for tall building clustering.

1,000


$100 / SF

yr= $1,000 ft

$ / SF

yr

Constraints

1,000


$100 / SF

yr= $1,000 ft

$ / SF

yr

Constraints


$380/sf

$0/sf

$95/sf

The land values of Bostons many districts are determined by a number of factors, such as availability of unoccupied parcels. A mapping of historical landmarks across the citys individual districts reveals correlations between the presence of history, tall buildings, and high land value.

(clockwise starting top left): Central Boston, $380/sf; Back Bay, $302/sf; South End, $174/sf; Charleston, $118/sf; Fenway/Kenmore, $109/sf; South Boston, $44/sf; East Boston, $40/sf; Jamaica Plain, $32/sf; Allston/Brighton, $30/sf; West Roxbury, $27/sf; Mattapan, $23/sf; Hyde Park/Roslindale, $22/sf; Dorchester, $18/sf; Roxbury, $16/sf.

Constraints

$380/sf

$0/sf

$95/sf

TALL BUILDINGS


The John Hancock Tower is obliquely placed at the southeast corner of Copley Square in Bostons Back Bay, adjacent to H.H. Richardsons Trinity Church and the John Hancock Berkeley Building. Its singular, monolithic form and trapezoidal fl oor plan accentuated the sharpness of this angle and minimize its presence within the square. A highly refl ective glass faade mirrors the historic architecture surrounding a triangular entry plaza at the towers base. At upper levels, the tower disappears into the afternoon sky refl ected in the facade. The placement, shape and refl ectivity of the tower combine to honor the historic architecture and reduce the impact of a sixty-story building on the neighborhood.

John Hancock Tower

Constraints


200

ft

600 f

t

One Boston Place is situated at the intersection of State and Washington Streets in Bostons historic fi nancial district. The corner is home to the Old State House and the citys fi rst skyscraper, the thirteen-story, masonry structure Ames Building. The dark and structurally expressive 600 foot tower is among the tallest in the city and commands a sense of permanence amid the skyline while diminishing its presence at the ground level, meeting it at only the core and each corner. The sides of the base are open and do not compete with the historic architecture opposite each street.

One Boston Place

Constraints

200

ft

600 f

t


The Seagram Building steps back from Park Avenue in midtown Manhattan and surrenders space to an urban plaza in response to the neo-classical Racquet Club of McKim, Mead and White directly opposite. The plaza creates habitable public space in the dense urban environment and refl ects the architecture of the historic club through materiality, symmetry and the classical proportioning of the towers structural bays. An abstract representation of a neo-classical column can further be found in the composition of the tower and expressed in the vertical fl uting of the mullion applique.

Seagram Building

Constraints


250

ft 75 f

t668 f

t

Seven World Trade Center is located within the dense urban fabric of lower Manhattan in close proximity to the World Trade Center Memorial. The oblique plan and refl ective faade of the building cloud its profi le so that is seamlessly vanishes into the sky. This effect respects the adjacency of the memorial and produces a minimal impact on the sensitive site. It also creates an airiness not found in the surrounding buildings and a welcome contrast to the neighborhoods density.

Seven World Trade Center

Constraints

250

ft 75 f

t668 f

t


to be contiguous with the existing 500 Park Avenue building. It was required to contain an area as a great as possible, despite the sites small size. The new building complements the original one by maintaining the masonry context o f old Park Avenue Curtainwall elements reminiscent of the original 500Park Avenue are interwoven with a granite facade to integrate the two buildings. A cantilevered glassvolume enlarges the footprint of the tower.

500 Park Avenue

ConstraintsConstraintsConstraints


Atlantic Wharf is located along Bostons historic Fort Point Channel and incorporates three existing mercantile buildings. The Russia Building which fronts Atlantic Avenue is preserved in its entirety while the brick facades of the other two buildings are renovated and form the base of the thirty-two-story tower. The restorations of the old warehouses preserve the texture of the historic site and recall its once maritime industrial function, a theme that is expressed throughout the buildings details. The primary entry is located between the Russia Building and the base of the tower, creating a ninety-foot atrium that highlights the brick faade at the rear of the Russia Building.

Atlantic Wharf


The Bank of America Tower is sited at the northwest corner of historic Bryant Park in midtown Manhattan and preserves the existing faade of the Henry Miller Theater on Forty-Third Street. Landmark policy allows the theater interior to be reconstructed while restoring the exterior as an element in the towers faade and retaining an important piece of Broadway history. The canopy height in the park and the massing of the surrounding buildings infl uence the form of the tower at its base near the park.

Bank of America Tower

25-0

Constraints

25-0


9 stories

Citicorp Center

Citicorp Center is located on Lexington Avenue in midtown Manhattan on the site of St. Peters church, originally built in 1905. To accommodate the historic structure, the building is set on four nine-story stilts positioned at the center of each faade that allow its corners to cantilever seventy two feet above the church and a public plaza below. This cantilevering is possible because of a structural system consisting of six eight-story inverted chevron trusses that transfer their load onto the four centered piers.


9 stories


The Custom House Tower that features prominently amid Bostons waterfront skyline was an early twentieth century addition to the original, mid-nineteenth century Greek revival building which forms the towers base. At the time of its construction, the tower was allowed to exceed the citys 125 foot height limit because it was federally owned, making it the tallest building in the city for half a century. The structure of the tower preserves the historic dome at the center of the old building and creates an expansive public space within it.

Custom House Tower

140 75

Constraints

140 75


Exchange Place is located at the intersection of State and Congress Streets in Bostons historic fi nancial district, steps from the Boston Massacre site. The 500 foot glass tower steps back from its State Street front and retains the twelve-story, rusticated stone faade on the nineteenth century Boston Stock Exchange. The primary entrance, on Congress Street, is placed between the rear of old building and the base of the tower, creating a six-story atrium that highlights the connection to the historic building and contrasts the architectural styles.

Exchange Place

Constraints


The Hearst Tower utilizes the cast stone faade of the original, 1928 headquarters building as the six-story base of a 600 foot glass tower. The initial plan of the old building proposed the future construction of a skyscraper; it was delayed by the great depression and realized nearly seventy years later. The contrast between the historic faade and the towers steel structure is displayed in the open atrium space a level above the public entry. This structure forms a diagonal grid on the towers faade and stands out amid its surroundings near Columbus Circle in midtown Manhattan.

Hearst Tower

40 ft modulespans 4 floors

Constraints

40 ft modulespans 4 floors


3 stories

The Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infi rmary consists of the original 1824 building and an addition that expands the space within the boundaries of the existing site while maintaining as much of the old building as possible. The tower accommodates both constraints by adding vertical space that stays within the tight limits and slipping over the shell of the original building. It utilizes three large piers to receive the forces of the tower above without obstructing the faade of the historic building.

Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infi rmary

Constraints

3 stories

ConstraintsConstraints


The Penn Mutual Tower is an addition to the existing tower facing the Independence National Historical Park. The site also has the historic Pennsylvania Fire Insurance Company building with an Egyptian Revival facade designed by John Haviland in 1838. New tower design retained the historic facade as a freestanding screen at the base, relating to the beginning of the company and maintaining a historic scale responding to the Independence. The old facade gives scale to the new tower. The recessed entry to the new tower is around the facade, not through it, creating an interesting contrast between the new glass facade and the old stone facade. On the side of the tower detached screens of square openings shaded the curtain wall, transforming the old facade into a modern application.

Penn Mutual Tower


33 Arch Street rests upon a small footprint in the dense and irregular fabric of Downtown Boston. To maximize fl oor space the building utilizes a wing-shaped plan and cantilevers twenty fl oors over an adjacent garage and retail structure. The existing garage connects to parking on the fi rst six levels of the building. An existing street at the center of the block passes through the building at ground level to maintain established street patterns while providing access to the parking levels.

33 Arch Street

Constraints


65 ft

The Old State House was at one time the tallest building in Boston and now serves as a colonial history museum and entrance to the MBTA orange and blue line transfer station directly beneath it. The underground addition of the railway provides added strength for the original masonry structure and guarantees public interaction with the building outside of museum hours. The construction of the subway lines isnt the only change the building has witnessed since the eighteenth century as the skyline of downtown Boston has dramatically grown and now dwarfs the site on all sides.

Old State House

Constraints

65 ft

ConstraintsConstraints


90

400

One Penn Plaza is located a block north of Madison Square Garden and Pennsylvania Station in midtown Manhattan. The building sits atop multiple levels of underground retail and parking infrastructure which provide direct connections to the Long Island Rail Road concourse in Pennsylvania Station. The ground level is raised several feet and populated by public plazas and retail space, including the top level of a three-story box store. The narrow building is positioned perpendicular to the major avenues and creates an adjacency with the Pennsylvania Plaza complex along the entire block.

One Penn Plaza

Constraints

90

400

ConstraintsConstraintsConstraintsConstraints


The PanAm building is positioned at the center of Park Avenue in midtown Manhattan, between Grand Central Terminal to the south and the Helmsley Building to the north. Several lanes of traffi c are accommodated to pass around and through the three buildings to maintain a continuation of the major avenue. The double-height entry level is raised one fl oor to accommodate the elevated railway that formerly occupied Park Avenue, resulting in a triple-height ground fl oor condition that retains lost history. The 800 foot tower sits atop the Metro North Railroad platforms and serves as the modern backdrop in Park Avenue perspectives of the two historic buildings.

PanAm Building

Constraints


The Prudential Tower is a piece of the twenty three acre complex that was formerly home to the Boston and Albany Railroad yard. The complex was originally commissioned as a regional expansion project by the Prudential Insurance Company who partnered with a developer planning to extend the Massachusetts Turnpike into Boston by following the Albany line. Bostons Back Bay and South End neighborhoods are connected by the multi-use complex which conceals the highway and passenger rail systems transporting thousands of commuters to the city each day.

Prudential Center


100

265

The Standard Hotel straddles the elevated High Line in New Yorks historic Meatpacking district. The linear public park was developed as an alternative to demolishing the abandoned rail line once pivotal to the industrial commerce of Manhattans West Side and creates valuable open space in the dense neighborhood. The hotel uses concrete piers and steel trusses to span the width of the High Line and invites pedestrians to pass underneath and experience the elevated mass. Concrete and glass in the hotels faade refl ect the industrial style still evident in the surrounding urban context.

The Standard Hotel


100

265

PROJECTIONS


(left) The Reflective Skyscraper:The skyscraper becomes the means of reflecting whole historical neighborhoods.

(right) Additive Skyscraper:Since much of the zoning areas without set height limits are already built upon, the additive skyscraper allows these dense areas to grow taller through its own independent system.


(left) Second City:The transfer floor, a code requirement, opens up a whole new public/semi-public space 36 floors above the city.

(right) Earthscraper:An inverted skyscraper in Bostons Copley Square exposes systems already present within the city and allows for buildings of unrestricted height.


(left) Real Estate Towers:The expanding upper floors maximize financial gains where property is most valued.

(right) Parasite Towers: New towers merge programmatic elements of the existing city. They create density and height without the added burden of buying land.


(left) Face Up-lift:Reskinning the existing fabric can create height and revitalize the face of the existing fabric.

(right) Cityscraper:A skyscraper in Bostons Charles River creates new opportunities to connect the city to its surrounding fabric, as well as providing new frames of viewing the city. This structure also becomes a method water capture and cleaning.


(left): As the value of land increases in the prominent areas in the city more tall buildings are going to be built therefore a gradient of blue PDA towers are built from the lower land value to the higher land values

(right) Scraping the Skies:To avoid the height limitations caused by interrupting flight paths, the tallest towers in the city become the airport, while the runway is supported by towers of the urban fabric. This allows the city the rest of the city to grow vertically, without restriction.


(left) Elevated City:If everything is elevated over the fl ight lines, new passages of automobile, lobby spaces, and pedestrian are created at a higher level.

(right) Building on Building:The new city becomes another layer of history (due to economic issues and water line rising) another city is built on top where the airlines run through the new layer. The connection between the historic layer and the new layer are the mbta lines traveling vertically.

APPENDIX

Appendix

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Architectural details: Walter Gropius. Architectural Record, Feb. 1965, 133-148.

Ascher, Kate, and Rob Vroman. 2011. The heights: anatomy of a skyscraper. New York: Penguin Press.

Assessing Online - City of Boston. City of Boston.gov. City of Boston, 2012. Web. 31 Oct. 2012. .

Benjamin, Walter, The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction (1968) in Illuminations, ed and tr. Hannah Arednt, Fontana, London.

Boston Civic Design Commission. Boston Civic Design Comission - Boston Redevelopment Authority. Boston Redevelopment Authority, n.d. Web. 31 Oct. 2012. .

Boston Landmarks Commission. E-mail interview with Caitlin Greeley. 19 Sept. 2012.

Cityofboston.gov - Official Web Site of the City of Boston - Thomas M. Menino, Mayor. Landmarks Commission. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Nov. 2012. .

Frampton, Kenneth. 7 World Trade Center. SOM Journal 3 (2012)

International Code Council, Building Officials and Code Administrators International, International Conference of Building Officials, and Southern Building Code Congress International. 2012. International building code. Falls Church, Va: International Code Council.

Jett, Megan . The Standard New York / Ennead Architects 28 Jan 2012. ArchDaily. Accessed 31 Oct 2012.


Manfredo Tafuri: 9780064301084: Amazon.com: Books. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 Oct. 2012. .

Mitchell, Ehrman B. Mitchell/Giurgola, Architects. N.p.: Mulgrave, Victoria - Images Pub Group, 1986-1998. Print.

Memorandum: Boston Civic Design Commission, October 2001. Boston Redevelopment Authority, n.d. Web. 31 Oct. 2012. .

Mumford, Lewis. What is a City?, en Richard T. LeGates y Frederic Stout, The City Reader. London: Routledge, 1996.

Pan Am building, N.Y.C. Architectural Record, May 1963, 151-158.

New Oxford American Dictionary, Third Edition, Angus Stevenson and Christine A. Lindberg (editors), 2096 pages, August 2010, Oxford University Press

Schliemann, Todd, Tara Leibenhaut-Tyre, Megan Miller, Mark Plechaty, Erik Madsen, and Craig D. Tracy. Case Study: The Standard Hotel, New York. CTBUH Journal, 2010. Web. 31 Oct. 2012. .

Tafuri, Manfredo. Theories and History of Architecture [Paperback]. Theories and History of Architecture:

The Standard Hotel New York. Metals in Construction, Spring 2010. Web. 31 Oct. 2012. .

Appendix

The Standard Hotel New York. Projects: Hotels and Residences. Ennead Architects, n.d. Web. 31 Oct. 2012. .

***Definition of Community from Villa Victoria: local trust, intergenerational closure, the increased safety generated by informal social control and the presence of many eyes on the street (pg 168)

GLOSSARY

Atmosphere nounthe pervading tone or mood of a place, situation or work of art

Aura nounthe distinctive atmosphere or quality that seems to surround and be generated by a person, thing or place

Capitalism nounan economic and political system in which a countrys trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state

Center nouna place or group of buildings where a specified activity is geographically concentrated; the point from which an activity or process is directed, or on which it is focused

Code nouna systematic collection of laws or regulations

Community nouna group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common; a feeling of fellowship with others, as a result of sharing common attitudes, interests and goals

Constraint nouna limitation or restriction

Contextualism nouna doctrine that emphasizes the importance of the context of inquiry in a particular question

District nounan area of a country or city, especially one regarded as a distinct unit because of a particular characteristic


Economics nounthe branch of knowledge concerned with the production, consumption and transfer of wealth; the condition of a region or group as regards material prosperity

Finance nounthe management of large amounts of money, especially by governments or large companies

Globalization nounprocess by which the experience of everyday life, marked by the diffusion of commodities and ideas, is becoming standardized around the world

History nounthe evolution and record of past phenomena that can be objectively studied and criticized in the creation of a contemporary model rooted in current times and traditions

Landmark nounan object or feature of a landscape or town that is easily seen and recognized from a distance, especially one that enables someone to establish their location

Orthography nouna system of symbols, the conventions of a written or visual language

Perspective nouna particular attitude toward or way of regarding something; a point of view

Precedent nounan earlier event or action that is regarded as an example or guide to be considered in subsequent similar circumstances

Appendix

Preservation nounthe action of preserving something

Private adjectivebelonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only; provided or owned by an individual or an independent, commercial company rather than by the government

Projection nounan estimate or forecast of a future situation or trend based on a study of present ones; the presentation or promotion of someone or something in a particular way

Public adjectiveof or concerning the people as a whole; done, perceived, or existing in open view

Real Estate nounproperty consisting of land or buildings

Significance nounthe quality of being worthy of attention; importance; the meaning to be found in words or events

Tall Building noun any realized building of at least 240 feet in height, determined as the necessary minimum for the accurate comparison of world-wide city centers

Zoning nounan area or stretch of land having a particular characteristic, purpose, or use, or subject to particular restrictions


John Hancock Tower, 80 - 81Architect: Henry Cobb, I.M. Pei & PartnersCity: Boston, MassachusettsFloor Count: 60Height: 790 ftCompleted: 1976p80 - 81

Scraping Neighborhood: Scraping Neighbor:

One Boston Place, 82 - 83Architect: Pietro BelluschiCity: Boston, MassachusettsFloor Count: 41Height: 601 ftCompleted: 1970

Seagram Building, 84 - 85Architect: Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Philip JohnsonCity: New York, New YorkFloor Count: 38Height: 516 ftCompleted: 1958

Seven World Trade Center, 86 - 87Architect: David Childs (SOM)City: New York, New YorkFloor Count: 49Height: 743 ftCompleted: 2006

Atlantic Wharf, 88 - 89Architect: CBT ArchitectsCity: Boston, MassachusettsFloor Count: 32Height: 395 ftCompleted: 2011

Bank of America Tower, 90 - 91Architect: CookFox ArchitectsCity: New York, New YorkFloor Count: 57Height: 1,200 ftCompleted: 2009

CitiCorp Center, 92 - 93Architect: Hugh StubbinsCity: New York, New YorkFloor Count: 59Height: 915 ftCompleted: 1977

Custom House Tower, 94 - 95Architect: Peabody, Stearns, and Furber City: Boston, MassachusettsFloor Count: 32Height: 496 ftCompleted: 1915

Exchange Place, 96 - 97Architect: WZMH ArchitectsCity: Boston, MassachusettsFloor Count: 40Height: 510 ftCompleted: 1984

Appendix

Scraping Infrastructure:

Hearst Tower, 98 - 99Architect: Foster and Partners, GenslerCity: New York, New YorkFloor Count: 46Height: 597 ftCompleted: 2006

Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 100 - 101Architect: Walk Jones and Francis MahCity: Boston, MAFloor Count: 15Height: 171 ftCompleted: 1973

Penn Mutual Tower, 102 - 103Architect: Mitchell/Giurgola ArchitectsCity: Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaFloor Count: 22Height: 375Completed: 1975

33 Arch Street, 104 - 105Architect: Elkus ManfrediCity: Boston, MassachusettsFloor Count: 33Height: 477 ftCompleted: 2004

Old State House, 106 - 107Architect: Original, UnknownCity: Boston, MassachusettsFloor Count: 3Height: 65 ftCompleted: 1713

One Penn Plaza, 108 - 109Architect: Vornado Realty TrustCity: New York, New YorkFloor Count: 57Height: 751 ftCompleted: 1972

Pan Am Building, 110 - 111Architect: Emery Roth and Sons, Peter Belluschi, and Walter GropiusCity: New York, New YorkFloor Count: 59Height: 808 ftCompleted: 1962

Prudential Tower, 112 - 113Architect: The Luckman PartnershipCity: Boston, MassachusettsFloor Count: 52Height: 749 ftCompleted: 1964

The Standard Hotel, 114 - 115Architect: Polshek Partnership ArchitectsCity: New York, New YorkFloor Count: 20Height: 265 ftCompleted: 2009

INDEX

Tall Buildings Test

Documents

Transcript of Tall Buildings Test