Talking about Objects
description
Transcript of Talking about Objects
![Page 1: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Talking about Objects
Jason Kahn & Jennifer E. ArnoldUNC – Chapel Hill
Amlap
![Page 2: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Did you get the reading group organized for this semester yet?
![Page 3: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Did you get the reading group organized for this semester yet?
You wanted a reading group this semester, too?
![Page 4: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Did you get the reading group organized for this semester yet?
You wanted a reading group this semester, too?
![Page 5: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Why does “reading group” get reduced?
• Givenness Explanations • Probability Explanations
![Page 6: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Why does “reading group” get reduced?
• Givenness Explanations– Uttered words become
given in a discourse (Prince 1992)
– Given information has a different discourse status/representation (Halliday 1967)
– Given discourse information gets reduced on subsequent mention (Fowler & Housum, 1987)
• Probability Explanations
![Page 7: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Why does “reading group” get reduced?
• Givenness Explanations– Uttered words become
given in a discourse (Prince 1992)
– Given information has a different discourse status/representation (Halliday 1967)
– Given discourse information gets reduced on subsequent mention (Fowler & Housum, 1987)
• Probability Explanations– Context increases the
probability of mentioning a word
– Highly probable words get reduced (Bell et al., 2009)
– Words that convey little information also get reduced (Levy & Jaeger 2007)
![Page 8: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Well, what kind of reading group did you want?
[Reading group]
Bard & Aylett 2004; Brown-Schmidt 2009
![Page 9: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Cognitive Mechanisms for Reduction
Adapted from Levelt 1989
![Page 10: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Cognitive Mechanisms for Reduction
Givenness
![Page 11: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Cognitive Mechanisms for Reduction
Givenness
•Facilitation•Pre-planning
![Page 12: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Cognitive Mechanisms for Reduction
Givenness
•Facilitation•Pre-planning
Probability
![Page 13: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Cognitive Mechanisms for Reduction
Givenness
•Facilitation•Pre-planning
Probability
•Associative facilitation•Pre-planning
![Page 14: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Cognitive Mechanisms for Reduction
Givenness
Probability
(Arnold, 1998; Givón, 1983; Tily & Piantodosi, 2009)
![Page 15: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Facilitation-Based Reduction
• Any stimulus that activates representations that are used for language production should lead to some measurable amount of reduction. This includes probability, givenness, and their combination.
![Page 16: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Novel Predictions
• Referential events should “count” for reduction
![Page 17: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Novel Predictions
• Referential events should “count” for reduction
• We should observe reduction from non-linguistic information
![Page 18: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Novel Predictions
• Referential events should “count” for reduction
• We should observe reduction from non-linguistic information
• We should observe a difference between linguistic and non-linguistic information
![Page 19: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Linguistically Given
Non-linguistically (conceptually)
Given Predictable
Linguistic
Non-linguistic
Control
X
Experimental Layout (Exp 1)
XXX
![Page 20: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Linguistically Given
Non-linguistically (conceptually)
Given Predictable
Linguistic
Non-linguistic
Control
X
Non-linguistic Stimuli Should Elicit Reduction
XXX
![Page 21: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Linguistically Given
Non-linguistically (conceptually)
Given Predictable
Linguistic
Non-linguistic
Control
X
Linguistic Stimuli Should Elicit More Reduction
XXX
![Page 22: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Linguistically Given
Non-linguistically (conceptually)
Given Predictable
Linguistic
Non-linguistic
Control
X
XXX
We Will Return to Predictability
![Page 23: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Instruction-giving Task
Speaker Listener
![Page 24: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Speaker Listener
Move
![Page 25: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Speaker Listener
“The accordion rotates right”
Move
![Page 26: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Speaker Listener
“The accordion rotates right”
x 3
Move
![Page 27: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Speaker Listener
“The toothbrush. The belt. The accordion.”
Move
![Page 28: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Speaker Listener
“The accordion rotates right”
“The toothbrush. The belt. The accordion.”
Move
![Page 29: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Speaker Listener
“The accordion rotates right”
x 3
Move
![Page 30: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Speaker Listener
Move
![Page 31: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Speaker Listener
“The accordion rotates right”
Move
![Page 32: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Speaker Listener
“The accordion rotates right”
x 3
Move
![Page 33: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
1)Or… Or…
![Page 34: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
1)
2)
Or… Or…
![Page 35: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
“[Onset] The toothbrush shrinks.”
1)
2)
3)
Or… Or…
![Page 36: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
“[Onset] The toothbrush shrinks.”
1)
2)
3)
4)
Or… Or…
![Page 37: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
“[Onset] The toothbrush shrinks.”
“[Onset] The belt expands.”
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Or… Or…
![Page 38: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
“[Onset] The toothbrush shrinks.”
“[Onset] The belt expands.”
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Or… Or…
![Page 39: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
“[Onset] The toothbrush shrinks.”
“[Onset] The belt expands.”
“[Onset] The accordion rotates right.”
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Or… Or…
![Page 40: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Analysis
• Multi-level Modeled– Information condition (ling, non-ling, control)– Control variables (syllables, imageability, etc.)– Random intercept for subject and item (cross-classified)
![Page 41: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Reduced Onset DurationLinguistic = Non-linguistic < Control
Third Instruction: “[Onset] the accordion rotates right”
*
![Page 42: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Reduced Object DurationLinguistic < Non-linguistic < Control
Third instruction: “[Onset] the accordion shrinks”
*
*
![Page 43: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Linguistically Given
Non-linguistically (conceptually)
Given Predictable
Linguistic
Non-linguistic
Control
X
Non-linguistic Stimuli Elicited Reduction
XXX
![Page 44: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Linguistically Given
Non-linguistically (conceptually)
Given Predictable
Linguistic
Non-linguistic
Control
X
Linguistic Stimuli Elicited More Reduction
XXX
![Page 45: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Cognitive Mechanisms for Reduction
Givenness Predictability
![Page 46: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Cognitive Mechanisms for Reduction
Givenness Predictability
![Page 47: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Linguistically Given
Non-linguistically (conceptually)
Given Predictable
Linguistic
Non-linguistic
Control
X
Predictability May (partly) Produce This Effect
XXX
See also Lam & Watson 2009
![Page 48: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Linguistically Given
Non-linguistically (conceptually)
Given Predictable
Linguistic
Non-linguistic
Control
X
Experimental Layout (Exp 2)
X
X
XXX
![Page 49: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Experiment 2: Is Predictability Necessary?
• Reduce the number of instructions per trial to one
• Vastly reduce the validity of the prime – the object that gets primed is the object that moves only 12.5% (1/8th) of the time
• Changed the relationship between the experimental and control condition
7/8:1/8:
![Page 50: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Linguistic
Non-linguistic
Experimental Layout (Exp 2)
Primed Unprimed
![Page 51: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Linguistic
Non-linguistic
Experimental Layout (Exp 2)
Primed Unprimed
![Page 52: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Reduced Object Duration (Ling. Only)Given < Not Given
“[Onset] the accordion shrinks”
*
“The accordion”
“The heart”
![Page 53: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Given < Not Given
“[Onset] the accordion shrinks”
(Numerically) Reduced Object Duration
![Page 54: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Linguistic
Non-linguistic
Experimental Layout (Exp 2)
?
*
Primed Unprimed
![Page 55: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Cognitive Mechanisms for Reduction
Givenness Predictability
Non-linguisticpredictabilitymay be necessary
![Page 56: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Cognitive Mechanisms for Reduction
Givenness Predictability
LinguisticpredictabilityIs not necessary
Non-linguisticpredictabilitymay be necessary
![Page 57: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Cognitive Mechanisms for Reduction
Givenness Predictability
LinguisticpredictabilityIs not necessary
Non-linguisticpredictabilitymay be necessary
…but it may help planning
![Page 58: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Facilitation-Based Reduction• Referential event information can
affect reduction (linguistic or not)
• Non-linguistic information can elicit reduction
• Linguistic information elicits more reduction (suggesting a facilitation effect)
• Predictability does not appear to be necessary for reduction in all cases
![Page 59: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Facilitation-Based Reduction• Referential event information can
affect reduction (linguistic or not)
• Non-linguistic information can elicit reduction
• Linguistic information elicits more reduction (suggesting a facilitation effect)
• Predictability does not appear to be necessary for reduction in all cases
![Page 60: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Facilitation-Based Reduction• Referential event information can
affect reduction (linguistic or not)
• Non-linguistic information can elicit reduction
• Linguistic information elicits more reduction (suggesting a facilitation effect)
• Predictability does not appear to be necessary for reduction in all cases
![Page 61: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Well, what kind of reading group did you want?
[Reading group]
![Page 62: Talking about Objects](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020919/56813c63550346895da5eebb/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Acknowledgements
• Kellen Carpenter and Giulia Pancani (our lab managers), Jennifer Tait, Alyssa Ventimiglia, Leighanne McGill (our RA’s)
• The Cognitive Department at UNC, whose comments have sharpened our focus here
• NSF BCS-0745627 to Jennifer E. Arnold