(Kane, 2012)

(IOM, 1999)

(IOM, 2001)

Cloud Computing Explained(Lakjeewa, 2011)

Cloud Computing Explained

(Lakjeewa, 2011)

Cloud Computing Explained

(Lakjeewa, 2011)

Identified Needs for Expansion of Cloud by Health Care

• Cost Reduction• The number one gain to be realized from

the cloud is cost reduction. With all aspects, including infrastructure, software, and even management paid for on a per-use-basis, cloud greatly reduces the cost. No investment in any physical resources coupled with paying only for needed resources makes cloud an attractive option financially (Lewis, 2010).

Identified Needs for Expansion of Cloud by Health Care

• Disaster RecoveryDefinition: The processes, policies and

procedures to prepare for recovery or continuation of the organizations technology infrastructure after a natural or man-made disaster (Disaster Recovery, nd.).

(Disaster Recovery, nd.)

(Digital Dawn, 2012)

Identified Needs for Expansion of Cloud by Health Care

• Storage ScalabilityDefinition: Maintaining storage and traffic load

during the peak traffic load for a customer, without adding additional hardware or infrastructure without interference to the customer workload (Weiss, 2007).

Barriers to Expansion in Health Care

• Number of Barriers, including:• Data lock-in• Network infrastructure bottlenecks• Access to data by vendors

• Two Other Concerns Top List:• Security• Patient Information Privacy

Barriers to Expansion in Health Care

• Security and Patient Information Privacy• Real and Perceived Concerns

Survey by IDC, 2008 – Security concern was named as the most serious barrier to adoption.

Survey by Information Week, 2009 and 2010 – 31% of those interviewed viewed Software-as a-Service Applications less secure than internal systems, down from 35% in 2009.

Survey by IDC, 2010 – Less than 10% of respondents had confidence in cloud security.

(Kshetri, 2013).

(Technorati, 2011)

Barriers to Expansion in Health Care

(Technorati, 2011)•Harris Interactive survey for Novell, 2010 – 90% concerned with

cloud security, 50% saw security as the primary barrier to adoption, 76% believed that private data was more secure on premise, and 81% were concerned for regulatory compliance.•Survey by IDC, 2011 – 47% concerned about a security threat•Cisco’s CloudWatch 2011 report for the U.K., 2011 – 76% of respondents cited security and privacy as a top barrier to cloud adoption (Kshetri, 2013). •Security and privacy concerns are a mix of reality and perception that will need to be overcome for expansion into the cloud to flourish (Kshetri, 2013).

Barriers to Expansion in Health Care

• Common Concerns Shared • Common to any network setting

• Security architecture design, reducing exposure to attack surfaces, malware, and access control

• Beyond these, that do apply to Cloud:• Often shares resources, available

anywhere, accidental deletions, and cloud data access by the cloud provider (Ryan, 2013)

(Technorati, 2011)

Overcoming Barriers to Expansion

• Removing the barriers, both real and perceived requires:• Planning and configuration of data

touch points in three areas –• Data processing and storage• Management of infrastructure• User experience

(Löhr, Sadeghi, & Winandy, 2010).

Overcoming Barriers to Expansion

• Removing the barriers, both real and perceived requires: (Cont.)• Cryptographic key management–

• Active key management• Certificate management• Hardware and software

management• User experience• Trusted Virtual Domains(Löhr et al, 2010).

Overcoming Barriers to Expansion

• Privacy Encryption Technologies• Homomorphic Encryption

• Fully Homomorphic Encryption over Quantum Computing (Maimut, Patrascu, & Simmons, 2012)

• Two Key Partially Homomorphic Encryption (Nissany, 2014)

Overcoming Barriers to Expansion

• Colocation• Definition: A data center location providing

space, power, cooling, and connectivity to others in a secure environment.• Physically on the same data center floor• Special new networking fabric within

colocation coming available (Equinix, 2013 a).

Conclusion

Thesis Statement: In order to bring health care into the 21st Century, the needs for cloud computing identified by others must be answered by addressing the barriers to expansion, both unsubstantiated and real.

Conclusion (Cont.)

Cloud computing offers a number of potential benefits to health care organization among others cost reduction, disaster recovery, and storage scalability. The realization of those benefits has been hindered by a number of concerns, both in reality and perception, for the two largest barriers of security and privacy of patient data. Research and development of solutions to these concerns are ongoing and include both how virtual domains are treated as well as new and exciting ventures into finally having truly secure encryption as well as locating services in the same physical location via colocation to provide the required protection and security of patient data.

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