Take the pieces and Take the pieces and group them into the group them into the following categories:following categories:

Cell Type (prokaryote/eukaryote)Cell Type (prokaryote/eukaryote) Cell StructureCell Structure # of Cells# of Cells Mode of Nutrition Mode of Nutrition

(autotroph/heterotroph)(autotroph/heterotroph) ExamplesExamples

Non-Science Example of Non-Science Example of ClassificationClassification

The item in this picture isThe item in this picture is Automobile:Automobile:

Truck, Car, or SUV? Truck, Car, or SUV? CarCar Made by? Made by? FordFord

Type of Ford car? Type of Ford car? MustangMustang

-Was made in what year? -Was made in what year? 20022002

-Is it Convertible? -Is it Convertible? NoNo

-Color? -Color? SilverSilver

Classification: Goes from General to Specific

Automobile – Biggest

• Car

• Ford

• Mustang

• 2002

-Non Convertible

-Silver - Specific

ClassificationClassification Classify Classify – to group things together based on – to group things together based on

similaritiessimilarities Why Classify?Why Classify?

To make organisms easier to identifyTo make organisms easier to identify To make organisms easier to compareTo make organisms easier to compare

How do we classify?How do we classify? CompareCompare Traits Traits – features or characteristics of – features or characteristics of

an organismsan organisms

Little Known Fact: Little Known Fact:

There are over ___There are over ___1.5 Million1.5 Million_____; and _____; and more are discovered each year.more are discovered each year.

What do we classify? Somewhere What do we classify? Somewhere between 2 and 100 million have yet between 2 and 100 million have yet to be discovered.to be discovered.

Classification serves as an organization system for Classification serves as an organization system for all the existing and new organismsall the existing and new organisms

• The Science of Classification is called The Science of Classification is called TaxonomyTaxonomy

Early Classification – Aristotle Early Classification – Aristotle 384-322 B.C.384-322 B.C.

2 Groups: Plants and Animals2 Groups: Plants and Animals PlantsPlants – Green, Non Mobile – Green, Non Mobile

Animals Animals – Not Green, Mobile– Not Green, Mobile

How would you classify this How would you classify this using the Plant/Animal using the Plant/Animal

system?system?Praying Mantis

Green but..

Mobile

Aristotle’s Grouping of life not specific enough

Tools Used to Classify Tools Used to Classify OrganismsOrganisms

1. 1. Comparative AnatomyComparative Anatomy Compares Physical Structures, TraitsCompares Physical Structures, Traits

2.2. BiochemistryBiochemistry – DNA and RNA – DNA and RNA3. 3. EmbryologyEmbryology – Developing Embryos – Developing Embryos4.4. Molecular BasisMolecular Basis – Cellular Structure – Cellular Structure5. 5. PhylogenyPhylogeny

Related Organisms with common ancestors, Related Organisms with common ancestors, Derived CharactersDerived Characters

Linnaeus Divisions Still Linnaeus Divisions Still Used in Modern Used in Modern ClassificationClassification

1. 1. Kingdom – largest groupKingdom – largest group2. Phylum2. Phylum

3. Class3. Class4. Order4. Order

5. Family5. Family6. Genus6. Genus 7. Species 7. Species (Most Closely (Most Closely

Related)Related)

Mnemonic Device – To help Mnemonic Device – To help remember categories and remember categories and

orderorder Kingdom - Kingdom - KKinging

Phylum - Phylum - PPhilliphillip

Class – Class – CCame ame

Order – Order – OOver ver

Family - Family - FFromrom

Genus - Genus - GGreatreat

Species - Species - SSpainpain

TaxonsTaxons

Within each category, a particular group is Within each category, a particular group is called a called a TaxonTaxon

Many Taxons for each categoryMany Taxons for each category Ex: Ex: MammaliaMammalia is the Taxon for the is the Taxon for the ClassClass

category in Humanscategory in Humans Ex: Ex: HomoHomo is the is the TaxonTaxon for the for the GenusGenus

category in Humanscategory in Humans CarnivoraCarnivora is the Taxon for the Order is the Taxon for the Order

category in Lionscategory in Lions

Linnaeus Introduced Scientific Linnaeus Introduced Scientific NamingNaming Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature is the 2 word is the 2 word scientific scientific

namename of an organism of an organism UsesUses Genus Genus and and SpeciesSpecies

Genus is capitalized, not species, all Genus is capitalized, not species, all italicizeditalicized In In writingwriting the name, can’t italicize, so the name, can’t italicize, so underlineunderline

Homo sapienHomo sapien ( (GenusGenus and and speciesspecies of Human) of Human) Panthera leo (Genus Panthera leo (Genus andand species species of Lionof Lion))

Used Latin – Used Latin – Felis concolor Felis concolor or or Felis concolorFelis concolor

Example ClassificationExample Classification LionLion 1. 1. Kingdom – AnimaliaKingdom – Animalia ( (all Animalsall Animals))

2.2. PhylumPhylum – – ChordataChordata (All vertebrate animals) (All vertebrate animals)3. 3. Class – MammaliaClass – Mammalia (All Mammals – (All Mammals –

mammary glands)mammary glands)

4. 4. Order – CarnivoraOrder – Carnivora (Meat eaters) (Meat eaters)

5. 5. Family – FelidaeFamily – Felidae (includes all Cats) (includes all Cats)

6. 6. Genus – Genus – PantheraPanthera (Includes all (Includes all roaring Cats)roaring Cats)

7. 7. Species – Species – leoleo ( (LionsLions))

From Kingdom to From Kingdom to SpeciesSpecies

Three Domain Three Domain SystemSystemClassificationClassification

Domain ArchaeaDomain ArchaeaCorresponds to Kingdom ArchaebacteriaCorresponds to Kingdom Archaebacteria Unicellular Prokaryotes (No Nucleus)Unicellular Prokaryotes (No Nucleus) Heterotrophs and AutotrophHeterotrophs and Autotroph Cells Walls without peptidogylcanCells Walls without peptidogylcan Live in Live in Extreme environmentsExtreme environments like like

those of early Earththose of early Earth

ex. Volcanic Hot Springs…..some even live in your ex. Volcanic Hot Springs…..some even live in your gutgut

Fungi Coral – It can moveFungi Coral – It can move

Fungi - MushroomsFungi - Mushrooms

All in the same domain as us!All in the same domain as us!

3 Domains 3 Domains contain 6 contain 6 KingdomsKingdoms

ClassificationClassification

Which is the most primitive?Which is the most primitive?

Three Domain SystemThree Domain System

Bacteria – Common BacteriaBacteria – Common Bacteria

Archaea – Ancient BacteriaArchaea – Ancient Bacteria

Eukarya – Includes everything Eukarya – Includes everything else, Protist, Fungi, Plants, else, Protist, Fungi, Plants, and Animalsand Animals

5 Kingdoms turns into 65 Kingdoms turns into 6

Monera is now Eubacteria andArchaeabacteria

Just another example of Just another example of changes in sciencechanges in science

Domain BacteriaDomain BacteriaCorresponds to Corresponds to Eubacteria KingdomEubacteria Kingdom

Unicellular Prokaryotic (No Nucleus)Unicellular Prokaryotic (No Nucleus) Ecologically Diverse – Ecologically Diverse –

live everywhere!live everywhere! Cell Walls contain substance called Cell Walls contain substance called

Peptidoglycan – Peptidoglycan – special protein and sugarspecial protein and sugar Autotroph and HeterotrophsAutotroph and Heterotrophs

Target of many Antibiotics ex. Strep Throat and Target of many Antibiotics ex. Strep Throat and Food PoisoningFood Poisoning

Not all bad….used to turn grapes into wineNot all bad….used to turn grapes into wine Ex. Cyanobacteria, blue-green algaeEx. Cyanobacteria, blue-green algae

Domain ArchaeabacteriaDomain Archaeabacteria Domain ArchaeaDomain Archaea Unicellular Prokaryotes (No Nucleus)Unicellular Prokaryotes (No Nucleus) Heterotrophs and AutotrophHeterotrophs and Autotroph Cells Walls without peptidogylcanCells Walls without peptidogylcan Live in Live in Extreme environmentsExtreme environments like like

those of early Earththose of early Earth

ex. Volcanic Hot Springs…..ex. Volcanic Hot Springs…..

some even live in your gutsome even live in your gut

Summary of BacteriaSummary of Bacteria

All Unicellular All Unicellular Prokaryotes Prokaryotes (No Nucleus)(No Nucleus)

Heterotrophs or Heterotrophs or AutotrophsAutotrophs

What is the big What is the big difference?difference?

Cell Wall – Does it Cell Wall – Does it have Peptidoglycan?have Peptidoglycan?

Bacteria – With Peptidoglycan Archaea – Without Peptidoglycan

Archaebacteria

Domain EukaryaDomain EukaryaContains Multiple Kingdoms:Contains Multiple Kingdoms:

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, AnimaliaProtista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia Eukaryotic – Has a nucleusEukaryotic – Has a nucleus Single Single oror multi-cellular multi-cellular Most visible lifeMost visible life Humans are in Domain EukaryaHumans are in Domain Eukarya Diatom

Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protista Domain EukaryaDomain Eukarya EukaryoticEukaryotic Majority are unicellular, Majority are unicellular, but some are colonial or multicellular.but some are colonial or multicellular. Heterotrophs and autotrophsHeterotrophs and autotrophs May or may not have a cell wallMay or may not have a cell wall Extreme diversity! Can be plant like or Extreme diversity! Can be plant like or

animal like.animal like. Examples: Examples: Algae, AmoebaAlgae, Amoeba, , ParameciumParamecium, ,

EuglenaEuglena, , Volvox, Slime Mold, giant kelpVolvox, Slime Mold, giant kelp

Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi Domain EukaryaDomain Eukarya Eukaryotic; cell walls of Eukaryotic; cell walls of chitin.chitin. Majority multicellular; few Majority multicellular; few unicellular. unicellular. Heterotrophs; feed on dead or decaying Heterotrophs; feed on dead or decaying organic matter. (_Decomposer_)organic matter. (_Decomposer_) Examples: Mushrooms, yeast, Examples: Mushrooms, yeast, bread mold.bread mold.

Bread Mold

Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae

Domain EukaryaDomain Eukarya Eukaryotic, multicellular, Eukaryotic, multicellular,

cell walls of cellulose.cell walls of cellulose. Autotrophs; photosynthesis Autotrophs; photosynthesis

chloroplast. chloroplast. Examples: Mosses, ferns, Examples: Mosses, ferns,

flowering plants, cacti.flowering plants, cacti.

Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia

Domain EukaryaDomain Eukarya Eukaryotic, multicellular, Eukaryotic, multicellular, no cell walls.no cell walls. HeterotrophsHeterotrophs Examples: Sponges, worms,Examples: Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals, reptiles.insects, fishes, mammals, reptiles. Extreme diversity is Extreme diversity is found in this kingdomfound in this kingdom

6 Kingdom System6 Kingdom System

Eubacteria

Archaeabacteria

Protista

Fungi

Plantae

Animalia