“Take Over, Bos’n!” Unit 12 “Take Over, Bos’n!” Unit12.

“Take Over, Bos’n!”Unit 12Unit 12

“Take Over, Bos’n!”

Watch the video clip and answer the following questions.

1. Are the electronic equipment still functioning when Chuck lands on the shore after the air crash?

2. What is the situation on the island?

Audiovisual SupplementCultural Information

No, they are all broken after being soaked in the seawater.

There is no trace of human living, and it is just an isolated island.

Id, ego and super-ego are the three parts of human psyche.

1. Id, Ego and Super-ego (proposed by Sigmund Freud)


Id: •the impulsive, child-like portion of the psyche that operates on the “pleasure principle”

•only taking into account what it wants and disregards all consequences

Super-ego: •working in contradiction to the id •striving to act in a socially appropriate manner, whereas the id just wants instant self-gratification

Ego:


•acting according to the reality principle, i.e. it seeks to please the id’s drive in realistic ways that will benefit in the long term rather than bringing grief

•attempting to exact a balance between the impractical hedonism of the id and the equally impractical moralism of the super-ego

•the part of the psyche that is usually reflected most directly in a person’s actions

Significance: Being aware of these parts of human psyche can help us better understand ourselves. For example, once our instinct (id) drives us to do something unethical, the super-ego will run counter to this attempt by relating to social morals. The result of this is the ego of us presented before the public, balanced by two forces. Reflect yourselves to see if these concepts make sense.


It is a short story, and the characters in it are mired in a tough situation. When one’s existence is threatened, most probably the hidden animal in our nature might jump out. It is up to us to decide whether we would let loose our evil nature or resort to something more powerful to conquer this intent. In this short story, the author offers us a possible solution for what we should resort to — our commitment to a certain post, i.e. our responsibility for people under our leadership. When the divine half of our self is at the risk of being overwhelmed by the beast half or the bright side of our human nature is at the risk of being overshadowed by the dark side, this kind of commitment or responsibility might have the power to

Text AnalysisStructural AnalysisRhetorical Features

ennoble the human spirit and prevent us from being merely beastly. The ending of the story is quite an idealistic one: when “I” passed the responsibility on to Barrett, the beast in his body suddenly receded or fell tamed under its charm, the consequence of which was that all men were miraculously rescued before any beastlike deeds were committed. It shows the author’s good wish as well as his optimistic view of human nature in critical situations.


The first part (Paragraphs1-2) is the introductory part of the story, and it leaves certain suspense for readers to carry on.

The second part (Paragraphs3-23) the author narrates and describes in detail the desperate situation they were in and the responsibility Snyder shouldered.

1) In terms of organization, the article clearly falls into three main parts:

Text Analysis

The third part (Paragraphs24-28) is the end of the story.

Structural AnalysisRhetorical Features

2) In the story, we perceive the turn of Jeff Barrett:

a strong and dangerous man, a constant threat to the hope of the survivors on the lifeboat → the person to keep the order and protect the water when Snyder was asleep

•

The author wants to convey that how a sense of responsibility could be aroused by one’s position.

•


Rhetorical devices used in the story — the extensive employment of phrases, either independently or dependently:

①There wasn’t much in it after twenty days. Maybe a pint. (Paragraph 4) — used to make the information contained in the previous sentence more concrete②Jeff Barrett was the nearest one. A constant threat. (Paragraph 9) — a sort of appositive

e.g.

Text Analysis

•Independent Phrases


Text Analysis

•Dependent Phrases (placed immediately after a sentence)

①They’d stopped that long ago, too weak to go on. (Paragraph 7) — a further explanation of the previous sentence②The bos’n’s mate was a heavy man, bald, with a scarred and brutal face. (Paragraph 9) — a prepositional phrase which further describes the man

e.g.


Detailed Reading

“Take Over, Bos’n!”Oscar Schisgall

1 Hour after hour I kept the gun pointed at the other nine men. From the lifeboat’s stern, where I’d sat most of the twenty days of our drifting, I could keep them all covered. If I had to shoot at such close quarters, I wouldn’t miss. They realized that. Nobody jumped at me. But in the way they all glared I could see how they’d come to hate my guts.2 Especially Barrett, who’d been bos’n’s mate; Barrett said in his harsh, cracked voice, “You’re a fool, Snyder. Y-you can’t hold out forever! You’re half asleep now!”

3 I didn’t answer. He was right. How long can a man stay awake? I hadn’t dared to shut my eyes in maybe seventy-two hours. Very soon now I’d doze off, and the instant that happened they’d jump on the little water that was left.4 The last canteen lay under my legs. There wasn’t much in it after twenty days. Maybe a pint. Enough to give each of them a few drops. Yet I could see in their bloodshot eyes that they’d gladly kill me for those few drops. As a man I didn’t count any more. I was no longer third officer of the wrecked Montala. I was just a gun that kept them away from the water they craved. And with their tongue swollen and their cheeks sunken, they were half crazy.

Detailed Reading

5 The way I judged it, we must be some two hundred miles east of Ascension. Now that the storms were over, the Atlantic swells were long and easy, and the morning sun was hot — so hot it scorched your skin. My own tongue was thick enough to clog my throat. I’d have given the rest of my life for a single gulp of water.6 But I was the man with the gun — the only authority in the boat — and I knew this: once the water was gone we’d have nothing to look forward to but death. As long as we could look forward to getting a drink later, there was something to live for. We had to make it last as long as possible. If I’d given in to the curses, we’d have emptied the last canteen days ago. By now we’d all be dead.

Detailed Reading

7 The men weren’t pulling on the oars. They’d stopped that long ago, too weak to go on. The nine of them facing me were a pack of bearded, ragged, half-naked animals, and I probably looked as bad as the rest. Some sprawled over the gunwales, dozing. The rest watched me as Barrett did, ready to spring the instant I relaxed.8 When they weren’t looking at my face they looked at the canteen under my legs.9 Jeff Barrett was the nearest one. A constant threat. The bos’n’s mate was a heavy man, bald, with a scarred and brutal face. He’d been in a hundred fights, and they’d left their marks on him.

Detailed Reading

10 Barrett had been able to sleep — in fact, he’d slept through most of the night — and I envied him that. His eyes wouldn’t close. They kept watching me, narrow and dangerous.11 Every now and then he taunted me in that hoarse, broken voice:12 “Why don’t you quit? You can’t hold out!”13 “Tonight,” I said. “We’ll ration the rest of the water tonight.”14 “By tonight some of us’ll be dead! We want it now!”15 “Tonight ,” I said.

Detailed Reading

16 Couldn’t he understand that if we waited until night the few drops wouldn’t be sweated out of us so fast? But Barrett was beyond all reasoning. His mind had already cracked with thirst. I saw him begin to rise, a calculating look in his eyes. I aimed the gun at his chest — and he sat down again.17 I’d grabbed my Luger on instinct, twenty days ago, just before running for the lifeboat. Nothing else would have kept Barrett and the rest away from the water.18 These fools — couldn’t they see I wanted a drink as badly as any of them? But I was in command here — that was the difference. I was the man with the gun, the man who had to think. Each of the others could afford to think only of himself; I had to think of them all.

Detailed Reading

19 Barrett’s eyes kept watching me, waiting. I hated him. I hated him all the more because he’d slept. He had that advantage now. He wouldn’t keel over.20 And long before noon I knew I couldn’t fight any more. My eyelids were too heavy to lift. As the boat rose and fell on the long swells, I could feel sleep creeping over me like paralysis. I bent my head. It filled my brain like a cloud. I was going, going …21 Barrett stood over me, and I couldn’t even lift the gun. In a vague way I could guess what would happen. He’d grab the water first and take his drop. By that time the others would be screaming and tearing at him, and he’d have to yield the canteen. Well, there was nothing more I could do about it.

Detailed Reading

22 I whispered, “Take over, bos’n.”23 Then I fell face down in the bottom of the boat. I was asleep before I stopped moving …24 When a hand shook my shoulder, I could hardly raise my head. Jeff Barrett’s hoarse voice said, “Here! Take your share o’ the water!”25 Somehow I propped myself up on my arms, dizzy and weak. I looked at the men, and I thought my eyes were going. Their figures were dim, shadowy; but then I realized it wasn’t because of my eyes. It was night. The sea was black; there were stars overhead, I’d slept the day away.

Detailed Reading

26 So we were in our twenty-first night adrift — the night in which the tramp Croton finally picked us up — but now, as I turned my head to Barrett there was no sign of any ship. He knelt beside me, holding out the canteen, his other hand with gun steady on the men.27 I stared at the canteen as if it were a mirage. Hadn’t they finished that pint of water this morning? When I looked up at Barrett’s ugly face, it was grim. He must have guessed my thoughts.28 “You said, ‘Take over, bos’n,’ didn’t you?” he growled. “I’ve been holding off these apes all day.” He hefted the Luger in his hand. “When you’re boss-man,” he added, “in command and responsible for the rest — you — you sure get to see things different, don’t you?”

Detailed Reading

Do you think Snyder could control the situation?

No. This was a situation of confrontation of one versus nine. At present Snyder was in control because he had the gun, but considering the fact that he hadn’t slept for seventy-two hours and was already half asleep, he could hardly hold on. If he should ever doze off, he would easily find himself on the losing side.

Detailed Reading

What was the cause of the confrontation? After drifting on the sea for twenty days, the ten survivors of a ship wreckage were dying from thirst. The only canteen left gave them the hope to keep on. Knowing their hope would evaporate once the last drop of water was gone, Snyder, the man in command, was pointing his gun at these thirsty men to prevent them from taking their gulp. But the other men, not realizing his well-meant will, were glaring at the water, ready to spring up at every minute, take hold of it and gulp it down.

Detailed Reading

Detailed Reading

Why did Snyder insist that they wait till night for the last few drops of water?

According to Snyder, the water drunk in the sun would be sweated out very fast, but if it were taken down at night, it would last longer.

What made Barrett give up his chance of drinking the water?

Barrett explained that he was given the responsibility to take others out of danger when Snyder handed him the gun and said, “Take over, bos’n.” Once given the authority, he would learn to view things from a different angle.

Detailed Reading

Class ActivityDebate: Do you believe that in critical moments a person’s commitment to certain leading position will overcome his/her nature which is mostly selfish? Both the affirmative side and the negative side should illustrate your argument with examples from history or your own experience.

Detailed Reading

stern

e.g.Go and stand in / at the stern of the boat.

Detailed Reading

n. the rear end of a ship or boat

e.g.a stern headmaster / parent / police officer

a. hard, grim, or severe in manner and character

Synonym:

austere, exacting, firm, harsh, severe, strict

guts n.

e.g.Oh, I have a terrible pain in the guts. It feels like food poisoning.

Detailed Reading

1. the internal organs of the abdomen

2. courage or determination

e.g.You need a lot of guts to admit your mistake in the presence of your boss.

自己创业是需要勇气的。Practice:

It takes guts to start a new business on your own.

pounce v.

Collocation:

pounce on / upon

e.g.The cat was hiding in the bushes, ready to pounce.

e.g.We saw the tiger about to pounce on the goat.

Detailed Reading

spring or fly down suddenly in order to seize something

Detailed Reading

e.g.There is little water left in the canteen.

canteen n.

1. a small, usu. leather container in which water or other drink is carried

2. a place serving food and drink in a factory, an office, a school, etc.

e.g.Students prefer to eat in the school canteen because there is a wide variety of foods on the menu, which changes every day.

Detailed Reading

e.g.The government had to ration the food during the war.

ration v.

limit the amount of something that each person is allowed to have

咖啡每天只能喝两杯。Practice:

Coffee is rationed to two cups a day.

Detailed Reading

e.g.She was staring into the distance.

stare v.

gaze fixedly

e.g.gaze at the moon; gaze into his eyes

Comparison:gaze, stare, gape, glare, peer,

ogle

2. To stare is to gaze fixedly; the word can indicate curiosity, boldness, insolence, or stupidity.e.g.The old couple stared at them in disbelief.

stare into the distance

1. Gaze refers to prolonged looking that is often indicative of wonder, fascination, awe, or admiration.

e.g. Tourists are gaping at the sights.

Detailed Reading

e.g. She glared furiously at him when he contradicted her.

e.g.He peered through his spectacles at the contract.

3. Gape suggests a prolonged open-mouthed look reflecting amazement, awe, or lack of intelligence.

4. To glare is to fix another with a hard, piercing stare.

5. To peer is to look narrowly, searchingly, and seemingly with difficulty.

6. To ogle is to stare in an amorous manner (often used to show disapproval).e.g.

She resented the way that the construction workers on their lunch hour ogled passing women.

But in the way they all glared I could see how they’d come to hate my guts. (Paragraph 1)

Paraphrase:But from the way they stared at me I could figure out that they hated me very much.

Detailed Reading

If I’d given in to the curses, we’d have emptied the last canteen days ago. (Paragraph 6)

Paraphrase:If I had yielded to magic spells which were placed upon us with harmful intention, we would have drunk up the remaining water in the canteen days ago.

Detailed Reading

So we were in our twenty-first night adrift – the night in which the tramp Croton finally picked us up — but now, as I turned my head to Barrett there was no sign of any ship. (Paragraph 26)

Paraphrase:We were saved by a ship which does not have a fixed schedule or published ports of call on the twenty-first night on the sea, but now when I turned my head to Barrett, no ship seemed to come around.

Detailed Reading

Phrase Practice

Word Derivation

Synonym / Antonym

Vocabulary Translation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWriting ListeningGrammar

4) After three hours of strenuous training, the young footballer and fell flat on his back, exhausted.

1) “Come on, lazy bones. Do something! You can’t your entire life like this.”


sleep away____________

2) The urban planners seemed to no hope of renovating the abbey before Christmas.

hold out_________

3) Introverted people are more likely to from strangers who try to strike up a conversation with them.

hold off/keep away______________________

keeled over_____________

Fill in the blank in each sentence with an appropriate phrasal verb or collocation from the text.


5) It is reported that the military are threatening to if the civil unrest continues. take

over___________


e.g.周末的半个上午有时是被我睡过去的。

At weekends, I sometimes sleep away half the morning.

sleep away: sleep in order to stop thinking or worrying about sth., or to stop feeling sth.; to spend a period of time in sleeping


e.g. 谈判双方对和平解决事件没有抱太大希望。

Negotiators aren’t holding out much hope of a peaceful settlement.

hold out: think or say that sth. is possible or likely to happen, especially sth. good


e.g. 外面已经有很多记者了——我要避开他们一会。There’s already a crowd of reporters outside — I’ll try to hold them off for a while.

hold off: prevent sb. from coming towards you or succeeding in speaking to you

e.g. 没有人能够完全远离这个竞争社会。

Nobody can entirely keep away from this competitive world.

keep away: (cause sb./sth.) not to go near sb./sth.


e.g. 一些战士在烈日下昏倒了。

Several soldiers keeled over in the hot sun.

keel over: fall over sideways


e.g.

His only reason for investing in the company was to take it over.

他注资这家公司的唯一原因是想接手。

take over: take control of sth.


1) paralysis n. → paralyze v.

e.g.他右腿瘫痪步履维艰。

总罢工使煤矿工业陷于瘫痪。

The paralysis affects his right leg and he can only walk with difficulty.

A general strike paralyzed the coal industry.


2) brutality n. → brutal a. → brute n.

e.g. 那些人质遭到惨无人道的对待。

他做那种事是很残忍的。

他的父亲是个酗酒成性﹑ 冷酷无情的人。

The hostages were subjected to extreme brutality.

It was brutal of him to do that.

His father was a drunken brute.


3) wreckage n. → wrecked a. → wrecker n. → wreck n.

e.g. 消防员将幸存者从废墟中拉出来。

失事的船只

她将他视为她所有梦想的破坏者。

那辆汽车在碰撞事故中成了一堆废铁。

Firemen managed to pull some survivors from the wreckage.

a wrecked ship

She saw him as the wrecker of all her dreams.

The collision reduced the car to a useless wreck.


4) judg(e)ment n. → judg(e)mental a. → judge v.

e.g. 现在预言结果还为时过早。

别老是这么批判的态度好吧！

据我判断，他们都有责任。

It’s too soon to make a judgment about what the outcome will be.

Stop always being so judgmental!

As far as I can judge, they are all to blame.


5) advantageous a. → advantaged n. → disadvantage n. e.g.他的决定对我们有利。

他具备受过良好教育的优势。

没有适当的公共交通工具是不利因素。

His decision is advantageous to us.

The lack of decent public transport is a great disadvantage.

He had the advantage of a good education.

因为她有经验，所以她的意见很重要。

可数名词

婚礼倒计时

许多商店出售商品一概不打折扣。the countdown to the wedding


6) count v.→ countable a.→ countdown n. → discount v.

e.g.

Her opinion counts because of her experience.

a countable noun

Many stores do not discount at all.


7) scorch v. → scorching a.→ scorcher n.

e.g.熨斗烫焦了桌布。

烈日炎炎。

好热的天 !

The iron scorched the tablecloth.

It was a scorching hot day.

What a scorcher!


8) command n. → commander n. → commanding a. → commandment n.e.g.他的命令已迅速执行。

总司令

指挥官要下属绝对服从。

你能背诵十诫吗？

His commands were quickly obeyed.

commander-in-chief

The commanding officer expected unquestioning obedience from his men.

Can you recite the Ten Commandants?

burned

1. And with their tongue swollen and their cheeks sunken, they were half crazy.

Antonym: plump; chubby; fleshy

2. Now that the storms were over, the Atlantic swells were long and easy, and the morning sun was hot — so hot it scorched your skin.

Synonym:


3. My own tongue was thick enough to clog my throat.Synonym: block; choke

4. The nine of them facing me were a pack of bearded, ragged, half-naked animals, and I probably looked as bad as the rest.

Antonym: shaven


5. They kept watching me, narrow and dangerous.

Synonym:attentive

6. Every now and then he taunted me in that hoarse, broken voice:

Synonym: jeered; scoffed

7. When I looked up at Barrett’s ugly face, it was grim.Antonym: gentle; meek; mild


8. He hefted the gun in his hand.

Synonym: lifted; hoisted

Vocabulary Grammar Translation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWriting

Ellipsis, Substitution & Reference

Tense in Conditional Sentences

Articles

1) Ellipsis, Substitution & Reference In Cohesion in English, M.A.K. Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan identify five general categories of cohesive devices that create coherence in texts: reference, ellipsis, substitution, lexical cohesion, and conjunction.


— Where are you going?— To town.

e.g.

ellipsis: grammatical omission


e.g.My axe is too blunt. I must get a sharper one.You think Joan already knows? I think she does.The scientific study of memory began in the early 1870s when a German philosopher, Hermann Ebbinghaus, came up with the revolutionary idea that memory could be studied experimentally. In doing so …

substitution: one item is substituted by another (same structural function)

reference: the words of reference do not have meaning themselves, but they refer to something else for their meaning.

— Where's Paul? — He’s gone to the cinema.

e.g.

PracticeSimplify the following sentences to avoid any unnecessary repetition.

Vocabulary Translation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar

1. The Italians have a strong tradition of cooking. Do the English have such a tradition?

The Italians have a strong tradition of cooking. Do the English have one?

2. Look! This is a wonderful spot for our picnic. Why don’t we stop at this spot?

Look! This is a wonderful spot for our picnic. Why don’t we stop here?


3. A: Who wants some tea? B: I want some tea, please. A: What about you, Peter? Tea or coffee? B: I don’t want any tea and I don’t want any

coffee, thank you.

A: Who wants some tea?

B: I do, please.A: What about you, Peter? Tea or

coffee?C: Neither, thank you.


4. Is there going to be an earthquake? It says that there is going to be an earthquake.

Is there going to be an earthquake? It says so.

5. If you want to listen to CDs, I’ve got some CDs.

If you want to listen to CDs, I’ve got some.

2) Tense in Conditional Sentences


Full conditional sentences contain two clauses: the condition and the consequence. The condition is the subordinate clause, and the consequence is the main clause. However, the properties of the entire sentence are primarily determined by the properties of the condition (its tense and degree of factualness).

If it rains [condition], (then) the picnic will be cancelled [consequence].

e.g.

English conditional sentences can be divided into the two broad classes of real / factual / predictive and unreal / hypothetical / counterfactual), depending on the form of the verb in the condition.


The tense in the condition (mostly if-clause):

real unreal

Present / future

Simple presentIf he says

Simple past / past progressiveIf he said

Past Simple pastIf he said

Past perfectIf he had said


The tense in the consequence / main clause

real unreal

Present / future

Simple future / presentHe will go …, he goes …

Modal + Infinitivewould, might, should, could

Past Simple pastHe went …

Modal + Perfect Infinitivewould have, might have, should have, could have


If he is late again, I will fire him. (the situation is real)If the weather was nice, she often walked to work. (The situation is real because it happened.)

e.g.

If it wasn’t raining, we would go for a walk. (But it is raining now.)If he had been late again, I would have fired him. (But he wasn’t late.)

e.g.


Practice

1. Be careful about the time. If you (spend) too long on the first question you (not have) enough time to do the others properly.

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct forms.

spend_______

will not have______________

2. If I (can), I (will), but I can’t.could_______ would_______

3. If I (be) you, I (go) to night school.were______ would go__________

4. If he (say) that to me, I (run) away.said_____ would run___________

5. If you (call) me, I (come).had called___________ would have come___________________


3) Articles

An article (abbreviated ART) is a word that combines with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun.

We use the when we expect the listener or reader to be able to identify the thing or person we are talking about. We use a / an when we don’t.

We also use the when it is clear from the situation which person or thing we mean.


PracticeAdd the articles where necessary in the following passage. camera is piece of equipment used for taking photographs. camera lets in light from image in front of it and directs light onto photographic film. light has effect on chemicals which cover film and forms picture on it.

A ____ the____

The____ a

n ____

the____

The____ the____

the____

1. 一个生活在恐惧边缘的人是不可能感到快乐的。 (close quarters)

If something happens or is done at close quarters, it happens inside a small space or is done from a short distance away


Translate the following sentences into English.

A man living at close quarters with fear can not possibly feel happy.

Practice：军队在近距离进攻。

他们住在狭窄的住房中。


The troops had been fighting at close quarters.

They lived in close quarters.

2. 一个工于心计的人喜欢玩诡计，但往往没有大智慧。 (calculating)


A calculating person is good at planning things so that he/she has an advantage, without caring about other people.

A man of calculating nature likes to play tricks, but tends to lack much wisdom.

Practice：我完全没有意识到你会如此精于算计。

他精明地看了她一眼。


I never realized you could be so calculating.

He gave her a calculating look.

3. 老人感到纳闷，为什么这么多姑娘想当流行歌曲明星。 (crave)


A person craves (for) sth. or craves to do sth. is to have an extremely strong desire for sth.

The old man is wondering why so many girls crave to become pop music stars.

Practice：我非常想喝点东西。

她是个没有安全感的孩子，渴望得到关注。


I was craving for a drink.

She’s an insecure child who craves attention.

4. 他经常用一种傲慢的口吻嘲笑他的兄弟，说他是一个无知的懦夫。 (taunt)


If a person taunts sb., he / she is to try to make someone angry or upset by saying unkind things to them.

He often taunted his brother in an arrogant voice and called the latter an ignorant coward.

They taunted him for being timid.


Practice：谁敢骂他，他就嘲弄谁。

他们讥笑他胆小。

He would laugh at any one who tried to taunt him.

5. 在过去的五年中，城市不断地朝四周无序蔓延。 (sprawl)


If sth. sprawls, it is to spread in an untidy way; to cover a large area.

Over the past five years, the city has been sprawling out to all directions.

He was sprawling in the sofa in front of the TV.


Practice：城市沿着湖的边缘扩展。

他伸开手脚坐在电视机前的沙发上。

The town sprawled along the side of the lake.


Dictation

Cloze


Dictation You will hear a passage read three times. At

the first reading, you should listen carefully for its general idea. At the second reading, you are required to write down the exact words you have just heard (with proper punctuation). At the third reading, you should check what you have written down.


Dictation Envision an ideal place / to live or run a business, /

a friendly, safe and secure community / with large areas of open space / and extensive entertainment and recreational facilities. / Finally, picture this community continually moving around the world. / You are beginning to understand the Freedom Ship concept / of a massive ocean-going vessel. / With a design length of 4,500 feet, / a width of 750 feet, and a height of 350 feet, / Freedom Ship would be more than 4 times longer / than the Queen Mary. / The design concepts include a mobile modern city / featuring luxurious living, / an extensive duty-free international shopping mall, / and a full 1.7 million-square-foot floor / set aside for various companies / to showcase their products.

Fill in each blank in the passage below with ONE word you think appropriate. The discovery of the remains of a 2,400-year-old ship at the (1) of the Black Sea is a testament to the sea’s role (2) a crossroads of ancient commerce, scientists say. The (3) , laden with amphoras, ancient clay storage jars, apparently sank in 4 BC, the golden age of Greece. One amphora held the bones of a two-meter freshwater catfish that had been dried and cut into steaks, a popular food in (4) Greece.

bottom_________

as___

ship_____


ancient________A team of American and Bulgarian scientists (5) by Robert Ballard, the ocean explorer best known for discovering the Titanic, found the wreck in the middle of

led____

last year. The vessel is in about 84 meters of water and just (6) sight of the Bulgarian coast. It was thought that the ship was sailing from a Black Sea colony to the Greek mainland, heavy with trade goods. “The Greeks went into the Black Sea (7) fish and gold,” Dr. Ballard said. Radiocarbon studies (8) the catfish bones to 488 to 228 BC. Fredrik Hiebert, an archaeologist at the University of Pennsylvania (9) analyzed the amphora’s design, said it was typical of those made in Sinop, Turkey, a thriving Greek settlement in the fourth (10) BC. Writers at the time said that some of Greece’s supply of the dried fish steaks, called tarichos, came from the Black Sea (11) near the Crimea.


within_______

for____

dated______

who_____

century________

region_______

Dr. Ballard said the artefacts were giving historians their “first look at an actual wreck from a key era of trade” known (12) only through written records.


previously___________

A noun is needed here to indicate some location of the sea where the remains of a ship are located.



Grammatically speaking, a preposition is lacking which leads appositive.


From the latter part of the sentence, the noun filled in the blank could be loaded with things and then sank.


An adjective is needed to modify Greece, the name of a country. It is natural to think that this adjective is about the time. Moreover, the first sentence hints that the ship is 2,400 years old, therefore the adjective meaning “old” is expected here.


Usually the name of the team leader is very important and is put together with the name of the team; moreover, the latter part of the sentence tells us that Robert Ballard is a well-known explorer, so he should be the leader and the blank is accordingly filled with the past participle of the verb.


As the ship has been discovered, it could not be out the sight of the Bulgarian coast.


A preposition is needed here to indicate the purpose.


The sentence needs a verb, and since in the context it is talking about the age of these catfish bones, a verb about tracing time is expected here.


It is an attributive clause, so a pronoun can be used here.


According to previous sentences mentioning time, 488 to 228 BC, a noun measuring time is needed here.


The noun filled in the blank should indicate the place, and it is used together with Black Sea, meaning “area”.


From the context, the artefacts can provide more information than before, so an adverb used after known meaning “before” is required here.


Giving a Talk

Having a Discussion

Topic: If I were a Capitan


a. If I were the Capitan and my classmates were the crews on it, we were on the same ship so it was crucial to be cooperative.

b. In favourable moments I would arrange daily issues well and help all crews enjoy the sea journey as being members of a family.

c. In adverse moments, I would shoulder my responsibility as a leader to lead an organized saving procedure as well as to safeguard all crews.

Structure for reference:

Having a Discussion

Topic: Do you think the proverb “a friend in need is a friend in deed” is still valid in present days?


Viewpoints for reference:

a. Nowadays people tend to be more self-oriented and the interpersonal trust in on the wane, so it is natural when a friend doesn’t show up when in need.

b. No matter how time changes, one thing should not be changed: the commitment of friends.

reveals the differences and the similarities of two points, two things, two persons, two situations, etc. The main task of the writer is to find as many similarities and differences as possible. In order to write a good comparison and contrast essay it is necessary to remember that it is vital to identify the points of comparison first.


Essay Writing How to Write a Comparison-and-contrast EssayA comparison and contrast essay

Introduction: The introduction is used to specify what will be compared and contrasted and to identify the major lines of comparison. The introduction is supposed to draw the attention of the reader and make the rest of the essay appealing to him.

Comparison and contrast essay structure:


Body: In this part, each of the compared subjects is presented in a separate paragraph, that is, if the writer follows the subject-by-subject approach. If he chooses to follow the point-by-point approach, then each point chosen for comparison will be presented in a separate paragraph. In either case, the paragraphs must be connected with each other with very clear topic sentences. The reader is expected to understand the reason why the writer has chosen to analyze these given aspects.

Conclusion: The conclusion is used to summarize the key similarities and differences of the two analyzed subjects. Word-for-word restatements of the thesis should be avoided.

Comparison and contrast essay structure:


Sample: A Comparison-and-contrast Essay

1 Most people find it difficult to differentiate a frog from a toad. They normally mix them up. Although they seem so similar in appearance, they certainly have numerous dissimilarities too.2 Frogs are found in many different shapes, sizes, colors, and textures. Frogs have smooth, wet skin. They live most of the time in or near water. They have different eye colors including brown, silver, green, gold and red along with different shapes and sizes of pupil. Some of the frogs have sticky padding on their feet while others have webbed feet. It is obvious that not even all the frogs have the same qualities.


3 Toads too have numerous shapes, sizes, and textures, but they don’t have much variety in color. Toads are chubby and have warty skin. They do spend most of their time in water, but they live in moist places like woods, fields and gardens. Their pupils do have different shapes, sizes, and colors, but generally they are egg-shaped, small and black. Usually they have webbed feet.4 Toads and frogs have the same way to catch and eat food. Both of them use their tongue to catch and gulp down the prey. But a frog has a crest of very small cone teeth around the upper jaw edge to seize the food, and a toad doesn’t have any teeth at all. They eat almost the same foods as frogs like bugs, insects, fish, etc.


5 To sum up, frogs and toads do seem similar but they have several different qualities regarding shape, size, color, and texture, and also they catch their prey and eat their food in almost, though not exactly, the same manner. We should not mistake them to be the same.

Sample Analysis


The introduction gives the background information by raising the difficult issue most people might face, which is followed by the statement that there are similarities between a toad and a frog with focus laid on the latter. In the body part, which consists of Paragraphs 2-4, the writer uses both the subject-by-subject approach and the point-by-point approach. He first goes from one thing (a frog) to the other (a toad) in terms of their characteristics: shapes, sizes, colors, and textures in the second and third paragraphs respectively; the signal of contrast (the word but) is prevalent in the third paragraph, in which a description of toads is presented. But in the fourth paragraph the writer shifts to the point-by-point approach


and puts together the similarities and dissimilarities of frogs and toads concerning one aspect: how they eat food. To sum up, the last or concluding paragraph refers back to the introduction concerning the difficulty in telling apart a frog from a toad.


2. Practice Write a comparison-and-contrast essay on the

given topic: Vacation in the City or at the Beach.


It is a fact that not all the people have the opportunity to go on vacation. The ones who have the facilities like to go out of town once in a while in order to leave their worries behind. When we go on vacation, we have to decide the best place to go according to what we have in mind. The purpose of this essay is to contrast the differences between vacation at a beach or in a city. We will look at the kinds of activities, the clothing required and the pace of life available while vacationing on the beach or in the city.

Sample:

The first major difference between vacationing on the beach or in a city is the kind of activities you are able to do. On the beach, for example, you can go sailing, fishing,


surfing, skiing, or take advantage of the sun and lie in the sand to get tan, or even in some cases feed sharks and swim with dolphins. On the other hand, in a city you can visit different sites such as museums, theaters, important buildings, downtown, among other things. This means that you have many places to know and you will need much more time and organization in a city than on the beach. Another difference between vacationing on the beach or in a city is the clothing and equipment you need to take with you. If you decide to go to the beach, you will have to take mainly a bathing suit, shorts, short-sleeve shirts, sandals, sunglasses, goggles, and sun block. Considering that you are going to the city where you will have to walk a


lot, you will need comfortable and casual clothing such as jeans and tennis shoes. You will also have to take fancy clothes in case you want to go, for example, to watch a play or to a concert. The final difference between vacationing on the beach or in a city is the pace of life. If you want a relaxing plan, your option will be the beach. When you are on the beach you just let things happen while in the city you will have to schedule all your activities in order to have time to visit the different sites you want to. In conclusion, here you have these differences to consider when deciding where to go on vacation. Although both places are interesting and exciting, it all depends on what you are looking for. Keep in mind that wherever you decide to go you will enjoy it.

Text II Memorable Quotes

Lead-in Questions

Text

Questions for Discussion

Lead-in Questions

Some people love playing on-line games about fighting, some enjoy watching war movies; why do you think things with “war” as a theme are so fascinating to certain groups of people? Is it a “safe” way to let loose people’s nature?


WarGorge Santayana

1 To fight is a radical instinct; if men have nothing else to fight over they will fight over words, fancies, or women, or they will fight because they dislike each other’s looks; or because they have met walking in opposite directions. To knock a thing down, especially if it is cocked at an arrogant angle, is a deep delight to the blood. To fight for a reason and in a calculating spirit is something your true warrior despises; even a coward might screw his courage up to such a reasonable conflict. The joy and glory of fighting lie in its pure spontaneity and consequent generosity; you are not fighting for gain, but for sport and for victory. Victory, no doubt, has its fruits for the victor.



If fighting were not a possible means of livelihood the bellicose instinct could never have established itself in any long-lived race. A few men can live on plunder, just as there is room in the world for some beasts of prey; other men are reduced to living on industry, just as there are diligent bees, ants, and herbivorous kine. But victory need have no good fruits for the people whose army is victorious. That it sometimes does so is an ulterior and blessed circumstance hardly to be reckoned upon.2 Since barbarism has its pleasures it naturally has its apologists. There are panegyrists of war who say that without a periodical bleeding a race decays and loses its manhood. Experience is directly opposed to this shameless assertion. It is war that wastes a nation’s wealth, chokes


its industries, kills its flower, narrows its sympathies, condemns it to be governed by adventurers, and leaves the puny, deformed, and unmanly to breed the next generation. Internecine war, foreign and civil, brought about the greatest set-back which the life of reason has ever suffered; it exterminated the Greek and Italian aristocracies. Instead of being descended from heroes, modern nations are descended from slaves; and it is not their bodies only that show it. After a long peace, if the conditions of life are propitious, we observe a people’s energies bursting their barriers; they become aggressive on the strength they have stored up in their remote and unchecked development. It is the unmutilated race, fresh from the struggle with nature (in which the best survive, while in war it is often the best


that perish), that descends victoriously into the arena of nations and conquers disciplined armies at the first blow, becomes the military aristocracy of the next epoch and is itself ultimately sapped and decimated by luxury and battle, and merged at last into the ignoble conglomerate beneath. Then, perhaps, in some other virgin country a genuine humanity is again found, capable of victory because unblemished by war. To cal war the soil of courage and virtue is like calling debauchery the soil of love. 3 Blind courage is an animal virtue indispensable in a world full of dangers and evils where a certain insensibility and dash are requisite to skirt the precipice without vertigo.


Such animal courage seems therefore beautiful rather than desperate or cruel, and being the lowest and most instinctive of virtues it is the one most widely and sincerely admired. In the form of steadiness under risks rationally taken, and perseverance so long as there is a chance of success, courage is a true virtue; but it ceases to be one when the love of danger, a useful passion when danger is unavoidable, begins to lead men into evils which it was unnecessary to face. Bravado, provocativeness, and a gambler’s instinct, with a love of hitting hard for the sake of exercise, is a temper which ought already to be counted among the vices rather than the virtues of man. To delight in war is a merit in the soldier, a dangerous quality in the captain, and a positive crime in the statesman.


4 The panegyrist of war places himself on the lowest level on which a moralist or a patriot can stand and shows as great a want of refined feeling as of right reason. For the glories of war are all blood-stained, delirious, and infected with crime; the combative instinct is a savage prompting by which one man’s good is found in another’s evil. The existence of such a contradiction in the moral world is the original sin of nature whence flows every other wrong. He is a willing accomplice of that perversity in things who delights in another’s discomfiture or in his own, and craves the blind tension of plunging into danger without reason, or the idiot’s pleasure in facing a purechance.


To find joy in another’s trouble is, as man is constituted, not unnatural, though it is wicked; and to find joy in one’s own trouble, though it be madness, is not yet impossible for man. These are the chaotic depths of that dreaming nature out of which humanity has to grow.


About the author and the text George Santayana was born in Madrid in 1863 and went to the United States at the age of nine. He went to Harvard and King’s College, Cambridge. He returned to Harvard where he was professor of philosophy from 1907 to 1912. He is also a poet. His works include Sonnets and Other Verses, The Sense of Beauty, Interpretations of Poetry and Religion, The Life of Reason, Three Philosophical Poets, Winds of Doctrine. The text is taken from Little Essays.

To fight for a reason and in a calculating spirit is something your true warrior despites … (Paragraph 1) A true warrior won’t fight for a reason and he prefers to fight in an open and above board manner …


If fighting were not a possible means of livelihood the bellicose instinct could never have established itself in any long-lived race. (Paragraph 1) There is the instinct that makes one enjoy fighting in any long-lived race, which indicates the fact that fighting is a possible means of livelihood.



Then, perhaps, in some other virgin country a genuine humanity is again found, capable of victory because unblemished by war. (Paragraph 2) It is then possible that in some country in a natural state there live people with genuine kind and sympathetic attitude toward each other who care capable of victory because there is no fighting among them.

To cal war the soil of courage and virtue is like calling debauchery the soil of love. (Paragraph 2) To consider war as the soil of courage is as wrong as considering debauchery as the soil of love.



an ulterior and blessed circumstance (Para. 1) a rare and unrealistic luck


panegyrists of war (Para. 2) people who write or speak in favor of war


modern nations are descended from slaves (Para. 2) As a result of war killing off the best of former generations, modern generations are the offspring of the inferior survivors.


the unmutilated race, fresh from the struggle with nature (Para. 2) the people that has long been free of the harms of war, yet made fit by its fight for survival against the forces of nature


that dreaming nature (Para. 4) the unreasonable, or blind, or mad state of humanity.

1. Why is it that to fight is a radical instinct?It is a radical instinct because it is inherent in human nature, for if men have nothing else to fight over they may fight over words, whims, notions, fancies, or women.


2. Why do we say that this shameless assertion is wrong that without a periodical bleeding a race decays and loses its manhood?

Experience shows that war causes numerous disasters and endless sufferings, for it wastes a nation’s wealth, chokes its industries, kills its flower, narrows its sympathies, condemns it to be governed by adventurers, and leaves the puny, deformed, unmanly to breed the next generation.

3. What is the original sin from which flows every other wrong?The glories of war are all blood-stained , delirious and infected with crime. The existence of such a contradiction in the moral world is the original sin of nature from which flows every other wrong.

To derive pleasure from another’s trouble is natural but wicked, and to deriver pleasure from one’s won trouble is rare but possible.

4. How do you explain the phenomena of finding joy in another’s trouble and of finding joy in one’s own trouble?



Force without judgment falls of its own weight. — Horace

It is unfair to blame man too fiercely for being pugnacious; he learned the habit from nature. — Christopher Morley


Keep violence in the mind Where it belongs. — Brian Aldiss



Questions for Discussion1. If a person lets loose of his nature thoughtlessly, what would be the outcome? Illustrate some

examples.2. How should we deal with our nature?


Horace (65 BC-8 BC), was the leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus. Horace is generally considered to stand alongside Virgil and Ovid as one of the greatest poets of the Augustan Age.


Christopher Morley (May 5, 1890-March 28, 1957) was an American journalist, novelist, essayist and poet. He also produced stage productions for a few years and gave college lectures. Author of more than 100 novels, books of essays, and volumes of poetry, Morley is probably best known for his 1939 novel Kitty Foyle, which was made into an Academy Award-winning movie. Another well-known work is Thunder on the Left (1925).


Brian Wilson Aldiss, (born 18 August 1925) is an English author of both general fiction and science fiction. Greatly influenced by science fiction pioneer H. G. Wells, Aldiss is a vice-president of the international H. G. Wells Society. His influential works include the short story Super-Toys Last All Summer Long, the basis for the Stanley Kubrick-developed Steven Spielberg film A.I. Artificial Intelligence.

“Take Over, Bos’n!” Unit 12 “Take Over, Bos’n!” Unit12.

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