Take Back the Greenhouse - Map Your Show · Glasshouse potato aphid • Larger aphid species...
Transcript of Take Back the Greenhouse - Map Your Show · Glasshouse potato aphid • Larger aphid species...
Take Back the Greenhouse
Learning how to control pests with biocontrols
Paul Koole
Technical Team Coordinator
North America
Biocontrol of thrips
• Knowledge is Key
• Think about what crops you want to
grow – possible pest pressure
– Extra focus on ‘Problem children’
• Control options:
– BCA’s
– Time of year
– Cultural practices
– Pesticides (compatibility w/BCA’s)
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Aphid behaviour in the greenhouse
• Arrival and adaptation to the plant
– Winged / alate from conducting
exploratory probe into phloem
• Inject fluids into the plant and
manipulate host
• Explosive reproduction
– Asexual (no males present)
– Viviparous
• Developing alates and migration
to other plants** Influenced by multiple factors
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Problematic species
• Limited N° of problem species
• Despite polymorphism, recognizing species
“easier” than expected
• Specific problems not only caused by the
species itself, but also by presence of
bacteria or fungi
– Facultative symbionts:– Reproduction
– Heat stress
– Plant manipulation
– Resistance to parasitoids18 juni 2018
Identification
Importance of identification:• When using BCA’s → parasitoids work on specific
species!
• When using traditional control → some pesticides and or
application technique work better then others depending
on species!
• Some aphid species cause more damage then others
(e.g. Foxglove aphid)
“common mistakes”• Color is not a good indicator!
• Aphids have a very wide range of host plants → plant spp
does not tell what aphid spp you have
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Based on morphological characteristics:
• Abdomen:
- shape and color patern
- dorsal lines and stripes
• Wings:
- vain pattern
• Head:
- shape, color and position of tubercles
- size, color and position antenna
• Cornicle:
- shape, color and size
• Cauda:
- shape, color and size
Identification
Aphid anatonomy
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Aphid identification
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Documents
Blackman & Eastop (2000). Aphids on the world
crops. An identification guide. Wiley, Chichester,
UK.
Available at http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info
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Aphis gossypii
A.K.A. Cotton or Melon Aphid
• Relatively small, size varies (0,9 –
1,8 mm);
• Black cornicles
• Red eyes
• Relatively short antennae
• Colour: depends on food source,
temperature and population
density
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Myzus persicae subsp. Persicae
Myzus persicae subsp. nicotianae
• A.K.A. Green peach aphid &
Tobacco aphid
• Relatively small, size varies (1,2-2,1 mm)
• Colour varies from green to pink;
• Tobacco aphid is always pink or red (but not a
distinctive characteristic)
• Antenna same length or slightly shorter then
body
• Medium size cornicles
• Red morph* behaviour is different:
– more tolerant to higher temperatures;
– less suceptible to pesticides;
– Difference in predator preference
*Due to adoption of a gene from a fungi
Macrosiphum euphorbiae
A.K.A. Potato aphid
• Larger aphid species (1,7 – 3,6
mm)
• Long cornicles with darker tips &
long legs
• Antenna very long, longer than
body
• Dark, longitudinal stripe on dorsal
surface
• Yellowish, bright green or pink
• Easily disturbed, which works as a
defense mechanism → aphids
drop when plant is touched18/06/2018
Aulacorthum solani
A.K.A. Foxglove aphid /
Glasshouse potato aphid
• Larger aphid species (1,8-3,0 mm)
• Glossy yellowish-green to brownish
green
• Medium - long cornicles
• Dark green patches around the cornicles
• Antennae exceeds length of the body
marked by a number of dark bands
• Black tips on legs
• When piercing leaves or fruits (SP),
excretes toxic substance which causes
deformation → plant destructive!
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Parasitoids
Aphidius colemani Parasitizes
• Green peach aphid (myzus persicae)
• Cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii)
• Potato aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae)
• Foxglove aphid (Aulacorthum solani)
• Strawberry aphid (Aphis forbesi)
• Blackcurrant aphid (Aphis schneideri)
• Small bramble aphid (Aphis ruborum)
• Raspberry aphid (Aphis idaei)
Banker system(s)
• Oleander aphid (Aphis nerii)
• Bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum
padi)
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Strengths• Quick
• high search capacity
• High oviposition (approx. 80-100/day)
• Majority of eggs laid first 3 days
• Excellent searching behaviour at low aphid
densities
Weaknesses• Sensitive to hyper-parasitism
Parasitoids
Aphidius ervi
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Parasitizes• Potato aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae)
• Foxglove aphid (Aulacorthum solani)
• Green peach aphid (Myzus persicae)
• Rose aphid (Macrosiphum rosae)
• Large raspberry aphid (Amphorophora idaei)
• Blueberry aphid (Ericaphis fimbriata)
Banker system(s)• English grain aphid (Sitobion avenae)
Strengths• Quick (faster than A. abdominalis)
• high search capacity
• Aggressive!
• High oviposition (approx. 80-100/day)
• Majority of eggs laid first 3 days
• Active search from 10C°
Weaknesses• Sensitive to hyper-parasitism
Parasitizes:
• Green peach aphid (myzus
persicae)
• Cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii)
• Potato aphid (Macrosiphum
euphorbiae)
• Foxglove aphid (Aulacorthum solani)
Banker system(s):
• Oleander aphid (Aphis nerii)
• Bird cherry-oat aphid
(Rhopalosiphum padi)
Parasitoids
Aphidius matricariae
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Strengths• Quick start up, faster than A. colemani
• high search capacity
• High oviposition (approx. 80-100/day)
• Less sensitive to hyper-parasitism
Parasitoids
Aphelinus abdominalis Parasitizes
• Green peach aphid (myzus persicae)
• Cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii)
• Potato aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae)
• Foxglove aphid (Aulacorthum solani)
• Strawberry aphid (Chaetosiphon
fragaefolii)
• Blueberry aphid (Ericaphis fimbriata)
Banker system(s)
• English grain aphid (Sitobion avenae)
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Strengths• Long life span: 30 day – 2 months
• Substantial contribution by hostfeeding
Aphidoletes aphidimyza
Strengths
• Excellent searching behaviour /very mobile
• Deposit eggs where needed (e.g.hotspots)
• Larva kill up to 80 aphids per day
• Makes way for parasitoids
Oddities
• Mating first night after hatching
• Pupae drought prone
• Presence of honeydew strong influence on ovi-position and longevity
of the adult
Diet
• Adults → nectar and pollen
• Larvae → all aphid species
• 10 -100 aphids per gall midge
50% during last larval stage
Cycle:
15°C : 4,5 weeks
20°C: 3 weeks
25°C: 2 weeks
Longevity:
7-10 days
Conditions:
> 16°C, 80% RH
Aphidoletes aphidimyza
Aphidoletes aphidimyza
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Strengths
• Hotspot “cleaner” (but not completely…)
• Reproduction inside the greenhouse
• Direct “In action”
Weaknesses:
• Relatively expensive
• Limited search behaviour
• Adults are able to leave the greenhouse
Diet:
• Aphids
• 100 prey/ dag
• 80% total consumption during last 2 larval stages
Adalia bipunctata
Cycle:
Egg - larve: 1 week
Larvae - pupae: 3 weeks
Pupae - adult: 1 week
Ovi-position:
In groups of 10-40 eggs
500 eggs in total over 30 days
Longevity: 50 days
Conditions: 24-28°C, 70-
80%RV
Adalia bipunctata
Chrysopa carnea(lacewing)
Strengths
• Relatively cheap
• Direct “in action”
• Tolerant to low temperatures (< 0°C) if daily
temperature is higher
Weaknesses
• Installation difficult
• Cannibalistic
Diet
• Adults → nectar and pollen
• Larvae → polyphage, prefers aphid species
• Consumes 300-500 aphids in total
Parasites & Predators
Parasitoids vs Predators
Parasitoids
• Generally better searchers → find that first aphid!
• Use host to lay egg inside and reproduce → life depends on it!
(specialist)
• Are often more specific to one or a few species of host
• Used as a “first line of defense”, in combination with banker plants.
Predators
• Better/faster in cleaning up hot spots
• Eat or such dry their prey and are often very varocious (true killers)
• Develop better in hotspots
• Are not very species specific → are not picky eaters!
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Biobest strategy
Severity scales of aphid infestationPreventative
• Free of aphids / no detection
Semi-curative
• Expect first aphids / first detected
• Distributed over the whole plant
Curative
• Aphids present
• Mainly in the head bigger colonies
High curative
• Multiple, big colonies
• Honeydew production, alate forms
1
4
3
2
2
Biobest strategy
Preventative
Parasitoids (with/without banker plants)
• Aphelinus abdominalis
• Aphidius spp.
Semi-curative
Parasitoids (with/without banker plants)
• Aphelinus abdominalis
• Aphidius spp.
Curative
Gall midge / searchers
• Aphidoletes aphidimyza
• (Episyrphus balteatus)
High curative
Voracious predators / less searchers
• Adalia bipunctata
• Chrysoperla carnea
More
“organic”
More
“conventional”
Tools
• Banker systems:
– Parasitoid bankers
– predator bankers
• Induced resistance
• Feeding stations
– Artificial
– “Nectar”-bankers
• Feeding spray
Barley banker plants
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Feeding stations or spray
Plants• Allisum
• Artemisia
• Crambe cardifolia
• Polygonum
• Artifical flowers (experimental)
• Sprays (experimental)
Goal• Increase fecundity and longevity of BCA’s
Pitfalls
• “Balance swings”
• Aphid reproduction
• Hyper-parasitism
• Intraguild
• Impatience
• ........
Balance swings
Aphid reproduction
• Mainly in organic
production
• Certain periods of the
year, a boost of aphid
population is to be
expected
• Anticipate with different
BCA’s in advance
• Meticulous monitoring of
aphids AND beneficials!
Intraguild
• Swirskii → Aphidoletes
eggs
• Coenosia adults→
parasitic wasps
• Coenosia larvae →
Aphidoletes?
• Macrolophus →
Aphidoletes/Episyrphus
larvae
• ...
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Aphid hyper parasitoïds…
The enemy of
my enemy is
my friend?
Knowing them better…Tritrophic relations
Hyperparasitoids= generalists
PrimaryParasitoids
= more specific
Hosts (Aphids)
So there is not an existing list of hyperparasitoid per parasitoid species,
because that will depend on too many parameters:
crop, aphid species, presence of nectar, location, climate, etc…
Source: Mustata & Mustata
Knowing them better…Endoparasites
Young Colemani larva(remains alive
for a while)
Aphid not yet mummified(recently parasitized by
colemani)
Common species: Alloxysta sp, Lytoxysta, Phanaeoglyphis sp,
Tetrastichus
They have more specific hosts
Some of them can parasitize mummies too
Knowing them better…Endoparasites
Alloxysta victrix
Knowing them better…Endoparasites
A. colemani
Knowing them better…Endoparasites
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Knowing them better…Chronology, their weakness
Pa
rasi
toid
En
do
Ect
o
HatchingPrimary
Parasitism Mummy
Secondary parasitism
7-8 days 5-7 days
2-3 d 14-21
days
Hatching
7-10 days
Total
13-16 d
16-24 d
14-21 days 21-31 d
• Hyper parasitoids appear after a certain density of mummies.
• Primary parasitoids can escape in presence of hyper
parasitoids
• Presence of plant nectar, or honey dew can increase
attraction and help development of hyper parasitoids (better
fecundity + longevity)
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Knowing them better…Some elements from literature
Strategy to avoid hyper parasitoids
• Check hyper parasitism rate in a regular
base (mummies or adults)
• Try to keep aphid density low (prefer
preventive strategy releases)
• Bankerplant management!
Be careful with banker plants!!
• Check bankers for hyper parasites
• Don’t let them fade out in the greenhouse ➢ (not longer than 4 weeks and 6 weeks max!)
• If possible, introduce the banker plants already parasitized
in a cage (protected from hypers)
Strategy to avoid hyper parasitoids
Banker scheme to avoid hyper
parasitoids
Egg larva larva adult adult adult adult adult adult
adult adult adult
(Sting)egg larva pupa (mummy)
adult
(Sting)egg larva pupa (mummy) adult
Protected sting cage/roomCarry off bankers
(close-cropped)
before hatching of
hyperparasites!
Variation in terms of BCA’s: – Use predators like Aphidoletes, Chrysopa… they kill also parasitized
+ hyper parasitized aphids!
– Use parasitoid species less susceptible to be parasitized
(Matricariae / Aphelinus?)
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Strategy to avoid hyper parasitoids
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THRIPS
June 18, 2018
Thrips
Different thrips species found in the industry:
• Frankliniella occidentalis (Western Flower Thrips –
most common)
• Franklinella intonsa (European Flower Thrips)
• Franklinella tritici (Eastern Flower Thrips)
• Thrips tabacii (Onion Thrips)
• Echinothrips americanus (becoming more common)
• Scirtothrips dorsalis (Chili Thrips)
Very important to get proper ID if you are unsure!
Thrips ID
The enemy:• Frankliniella occidentallis (Western flower thrips)
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Thrips ID
Echinothrips americanus
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Thrips life cycle
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Adult
egg
Larvae 1
Larvae2
pupae
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3 4
Thrips – WFT development
68F 6 days 3 + 3 Days 6 days up to 60 days
86F 3 days 1.5 + 1.5 Days 3 days 20 - 40 days
• Fecundity in vegetative stage of crop → 4 – 5 eggs / female
• Fecundity when pollen available → 15 eggs per female
Egg(In leaf tissue)
Larva
1 & 2(on plant → exposed)
Pupa(in soil)
Adult(on plant → exposed)
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3 4
Thrips – WFT development
68F 6 days 3 + 3 Days 6 days up to 60 days
86F 3 days 1.5 + 1.5 Days 3 days 20 - 40 days
Amblyseius spp Hypoaspis miles Orius insidiosus
Orius insidiosus Atheta coriaria Steinernema f.
Steinernema f (40% effective)
• Fecundity in vegetative stage of crop → 4 – 5 eggs / female
• Fecundity when pollen available → 15 eggs per female
Egg(In leaf tissue)
Larva
1 & 2(on plant → exposed)
Pupae(in soil)
Adult(on plant → exposed)
Thrips development time
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One female
thrips
30 days 30 days
Development of thrips in 60 days (@ 68°F)
± 90 thrips
± 5800 thrips
Thrips
Benefical Insects
• Amblyseius cucumeris vs Amblyseius Swirskii➢ Bulk or Sachets???
➢ Mini Sachets, Regular Sachets, Sachets on a stake
• Degenerans➢ w/Nutrimite
• Orius➢ Banker Plants
➢ Nutricards
• Nematodes➢ Steinernema f.
• Hypoaspis
• Atheta
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Biological Control of Thrips
Amblyseius cucumeris
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Biological Control of Thrips
Amblyseius swirskii
Biological Control of Thrips
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A.degenerans
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Biological Control of Thrips
Hypoaspis spp.
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Biological Control of Thrips
Atheta
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Biological Control of Thrips
Orius insidiosus (can be in combination with banker
plants → pepper and/or allysum plants)
Orius feeds on larval and adult thrips
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Nutricard: enhances
introductions of Orius;
gives extra protein,
just like in production.
Which nematode is effective for thrips??
Steinernema feltiae• active searcher
• wetting agent recommended
• penetrates larvae
• most activity b/t 15 -20C
• release of symbiotic bacteria in reproduction
• kills host in 48hrs
Controls:
• fungus gnat larvae
• Western Flower Thrips larvae & adults
- NOT: Echinothrips, Chilli thrips(Scirtothrip dorsalis),
Banded Grhs thrips(Hercinothrips femora)
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Biological Control of Thrips
Steinernema feltiae (R. Buitenhuis AAFC – Harrow)
Thrips larva
Steinernemafeltiae coming
out of larva
Adult thrips
Steinernemafeltiae inside adult thrips
Nematodes ‘swimming’
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No Hitch hikers??
• Thank you to Wendy Romero, U. of Guelph,
Ontario, Canada and Flowers Canada!
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“Clean” cuttings & plugs
Wendy Romero’s work at U of Guelph (Hitchhikers on mum cuttings):
• Followed incoming cuttings at potted mum grower from supplier for 8 months (January to August 2009)
• Sampled every 2 weeks
• 5 varieties
• Cuttings where washed out in Ethanol (Adults and Larva)
• Not one sample had zero thrips
• Number of thrips were as high as 3 Adult thrips per cutting and even more L1 and L2
• This is visually almost not detectable!
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“Clean” cuttings & plugs
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Average number of adults and immature per sample per cultivar
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Controlling pests in propagation
Incoming plant material and own propagation:
• Use nematodes and /or botanigard to minimize problems
getting foothold in propagation
• Pro-actively → dip / submerge rooted or unrooted
cuttings in a nematode solution (Steinernema spp) and /
or Beauveria bassiana (BotaniGard)
• Be very consistent with all the propagation → this is the
main part of the overall program!
• As soon as mist is reduced or off → start with other
BCA’s
Dipping & sprenching
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Application: dipping
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Application: sprenching
Planting line water ‘tunnel’
Application: tips
• Think like a nematode: it’s alive!! ; naturally occurring in
the soil; it needs water/moisture to ‘swim’/move around
• UV light kills
• Rates: How often; When to apply, how much per
application
• Use low of pressure as possible while still getting good
‘mist’; from 75psi – 300psi recommended??; pump or
nozzle?
• Remove filters: <1mm diameter
• Nozzles: should be >1mm
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Application: tips
• Avoid sharp differences is water temperature vs.
nematodes when mixing
• Cooler water better – more capacity to hold oxygen
• Use entire package: not necessarily mixed
homogenously
• Premix larger volumes of nematodes with water in
separate bucket; min of 10L
• Ensure solution remains agitated (bubbler)
throughout application; nematodes settle 1cm/min
• Apply immediately, do not store solution
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BCA’s for thrips
Cucumeris sachets in propagation
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BCA’s in action
Amblyseius cucumeris mini sachets
on baskets
Biocontrol innovation
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Nutrimite:
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Bio-control in Action
Pepper plants to establish and support Orius:
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Bio-control in Action
Plants with Orius also used outside:
Quick review
• Thrips population can and usually
starts early in crop cycle
• Know & understand your pest biology
• Know & understand possible pest
issues in your crops
• Start BCA program ASAP
• Use BCA’s to manage chemical
resistance
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