tajccHOya'a&&m jrefrmavhxHk;wrf;Oya'eJ hwdkif;&om;Ak'

1

tajccHOya'a&;&mpmapmiftajccHOya'a&;&mpmapmiftajccHOya'a&;&mpmapmiftajccHOya'a&;&mpmapmiftajccHOya'a&;&mpmapmif

trSwfpOf (15)/ {_yDv/ 2003trSwfpOf (15)/ {_yDv/ 2003trSwfpOf (15)/ {_yDv/ 2003trSwfpOf (15)/ {_yDv/ 2003trSwfpOf (15)/ {_yDv/ 2003

jrefrm"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'eJ hwdkif;&if;om;Ak'<bmom

vSaX;

jrefrmEdkifiHom;awGtygt0ifjzpfwJh ta&S@wdkif;om;awG[m ukd,feJ@t&ifuodu|rf;jcif;r&SdcJhayrJh wOD;eJ@wOD; }uHKwJh/ qHkwJhtcg emr,fb,fvdkac:ovJ bmtvkyfvkyfvJ/ tdrfaxmifeJ@vm;pojzifh yÉdoE<m& pum;qdkwJh tavhtx&Sdygw,f? 'Dvdkar;jref;ajymqdkwmukd vlwOD;wa,muf&JŒ yk*~dKvfa&;udpP&yfukd 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;tjzpfr±_jrifwJhtjyif avmu0wft& ðy&rJhtðytrlwcktjzpf vufcHusifhoHk;=uygw,f? vljcif;qHk=u&mrSm tJ'DvdkrS yÉdoE<m&pum;rqdkcJh&if udef;cef;}uD;wJhvl/ avmurSm aqmif&GuftyfwJh0wW&m; (avmu0wf) em;rvnfysuf,Gif;olvdk@ ta&SŒwdkif;vl@tzJG@tpnf;u,lqygvdrfhr,f? 'Dt,ltqtjrifeJ@qef@usifuJGvJGpGmbJ/ =um;vlwa,mufu rdwfqufay;jcif;r&SdbJ udk,fhbmomrdwfzJG@ajymqdkjcif;ukd t*Fvdyfvl@tzJG@tpnf;u vlr_a&;em;rvnfrodwwfr_tjzpf ±_jrifrSmjzpfygw,f? 'Dae&mrSm b,fol&J@ avmu0wW&m;u ydkrdkoifhwifhavsmufywfovJqdkwm tvG,fwul aumufcsufcsvdk@r&ayrJh aocsmwJhtcsufuawmh vl@tzJG@tpnf;wckuvufcHxm;wJh tavhtxwck[m ,Ofaus;r_jcif;jcm;em;wJhtavsmuf tjcm;aomvl@tzGJ@tpnf;u vufcHxm;wJh “pH” eJ@ qef@usifuJGvJGr_awG &SdEdkifw,fqdkwJhtcsufeJ@/ b,fvdkbJwjcm;vl@tzJG@tpnf;eJ@ uJGvJGwJhavmu0wf(tavhtx) jzpfygap oufqdkifwJhvl@tzJG@tpnf;twGif;rSmawmh vdkufemapmifhxdef;&rJhvlr_a&;qdkif&m pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;toGifoabm&Sdaew,fqdkwJh tcsufbJjzpfygw,f?

vlr_a&;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;awGukd cJGjcrf;oHk;oyf&if tajccHtm;jzifh yHkpHESpfrsdK;ukd awG@Edkifygw,f? vl}uD;a&S@rSm OD;!$wf(cg;!$wf)+yD;oGm;&r,fqdkwm jrefrmh,Ofaus;r_t& av;pm;r_ukdjyowJh vuQ%mw&yfjzpfovkd wcsdefwnf;rSm ukd,fhxuftouf/ 0g/ *k%ft& }uD;jrifholeJ@qufqH&mrSm vdkufem&r,fh vlr_a&;qdkif&m pnf;rsOf;

tajccHOya'a&;&m

2

jrefrmEdkifiHa&S›aersm;aumifpD

trSwfpOf (15)/ {_yDv/ 2003

pnf;urf;vnf;jzpfygw,f? 'Dpnf;urf;rsdK;ukd csdK;azguf&if ywf0ef;usifu csdK;azgufolukdr,Ofaus;ol/ ±kdif;pdkif;olvdk@owfrSwfjcif;jzifh tedrfhqHk;wkef@jyefrSmjzpf+yD;/ tjrifhqHk;taejzifhywf0ef;usif&J@ 0dkif;=uOfjcif; (Social Sanction) txd wkef@jyefygvdrfhr,f? qdk&&ifwifjycJhwJhvlr_a&;qdkif&m pnf;urf;csufrsdK;[m usifh0wft&vdkufem&wJhwm0ef (MoralDuty) &SdwJh pnf;urf;csufrsdK;jzpfygw,f? wcsdK@ vlr_a&;qdkif&mpnf;urf;csufrsm;uawmhtxufuwifjycJhwJh vlr_a&;qdkif&mpnf;urf;csufrsdK;eJ@ wm0ef&Sdr_tydkif;rSm uJGjym; jcm;em;ygw,f? jrefrmhvl@tzJG@tpnf;&J@ tpOftvm vufcHxm;r_t& om;oRD;awG[m rdbqdkqHk;rpum;ukd vdkufem&rJhwm0ef&Sdygw,f? 'Dwm0efukdysufuGufwJh om;oRD; (oGmEkwW-rdbqdkqHk;ronfukdrvdkufemaom acG;eJ@wlwJhom;oRD;) [m rdb&J@tarGtESpfukd qufcHcGifhr&Sdygbl;? tckqdkcJhwJhvlr_a&;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;[m yxrqdkcJhwJhpnf;rsOf;rsdK;eJ@ wm0ef&Sdr_tydkif;rSm uGJjym;jcm;em;oGm;ygw,f? qdk&&if rdbqdkqHk;rr_ukdvdkufemzkd@ om;oRD;rSmwm0ef&Sdw,fqdkwJh vlr_a&;qdkif&mpnf;urf;owfrSwfcsuf[m usifh0wft& wm0ef&Sdr_ (MoralDuty) r[kwfawmhbJ Oya't&wm0ef&Sdr_ (Legal Duty) jzpfvmygw,f? 'DvdkOya'oabmouf0ifwJh vlr_a&;qdkif&mpnf;rsOf;pnf;urf; wenf;ajym&&if "avhxHk;wrf;Oya' (Customary Law) awG[m vl@tzJG@tpnf;wdkif;&JŒ ordkif;OD;tpydkif;rSm vl@tzJG@tpnf;twGif; wOD;eJ@wOD;/ wpkeJ@wpk ul;vl;qufqH=u&mrSm vdkufem&wJhOya'tjzpfwnf&SdcJhygw,f? aemufydkif; jyXmef;Oya' (Statute Law) awG ay:aygufvmwJhtcg"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'awG&JŒ ta&;ygwJhtcef;u¾[m ,kwfavsmhoGm;ygw,f? ,kwfavsmhoGm;w,fqdk&mrSm aysmufuG,foGm;wJhoabmawmhr[kwfygbl;? toGifajymif;&SifoefzHG@òzd;jcif;jzpfw,fvdk@ qdk&ygr,f? 'Dae@urBmrSm Oya'pepfw&yftjzpf cdkifcdkifrmrm&yfwnfaewJh t*FvdyfOya'pepf (Common Law System) &JŒ yifra&aomufjrpf[m "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'jzpfw,fvdk@ qdkEdkifwJhtjyif "avhxHk;wrf; Oya'uae jyXmef;Oya'tjzpfokd@ wjznf;jznf; toGifajymif;wdk;wuf+yD; tdENd,/ jrefrm/ uae'g/ tar&duefpwJh +Adwdo#ukdvdkeDjzpfcJhbl;wJhEdkifiHawGrSm usifhoHk;aewJh Oya'pepf (t*Fvdyf Oya'pepf)tjzpf &yfwnfvmjcif;jzpfygw,f? qdk&&if "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'uae jyXmef;Oya' tjzpfokd@ wjznf;jznf; wdk;wufajymif;vJGoGm;wJhyHkpHvdk@ qdk&ygr,f? wcsdK@EdkifiHawGuawmh "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'ukdoHk;oyf+yD; acwfeJ@avsmfnDwJh Oya'topfrsm; a&;qJGjyXmef;=uygw,f?topfjyXmef;w,fqdkayrJh t&if;cHtm;jzifh "avhxHk;wrf;rSmbJ tajcðyxm;ygw,f? 'DyHkpHukd tdENd,EdkifiHrSm awG@&ygw,f? tdENd,rSm [dENL"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'ukd Oya'ðyXme (ygvDref) u jyXmef;Oya'tjzpf a&;qJGjyXmef;cJhygw,f? tJ'Dvdka&;qJGwJhtcg Dowry (rdef;uav;rS a,musfm;av;okd@ay;&onfh r*Fvma=u;) vdk w&m;r#wr_pHESifhrukdufwJh/ acwfeJ@ravsmfnDwJh "avhxHk;wrf;rsm;ukdy,fzsuf+yD; a&;qJGjyXmef;xm;ygw,f? qdk&&if 'Dae@urBmrSm jyXmef;Oya't,ltqxGef;um;vmvdk@ "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'&JŒ ta&;ygr_ ,kwfavsmhoGm;w,fqdkayrJh aysmufuG,foGm;jcif;r[kwfbJ toGifajymif; &SifoefzHG@òzd;aejcif;

3



omjzpfw,fvdk@ qdk&ygr,f?urBmay:rSm qdkcJhovdk "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'awGtoGifajymif; &SifoefzHG@òzd;aecsdef

rSm jrefrmEdkifiHvlrsdK;pktoD;oD;rSm&SdwJh "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'awG&J@ tajctaersm;ukd avhvm=unfhwJhtcg- jrefrmEdkifiH[m vlrsdK;pHkeJ@zJG@pnf;xm;wJh vl@tzJG@tpnf; (Multi-society) jzpfygw,f? ordkif;ukdjyef=unfh&if 'Dae@jrefrmEdkifiHvdk@qdkwJh yx0Dtaetxm;wckukd vlrsdK;wrsdK;rsdK;u tcsdefumvtwdkif;twmwcktxd =oZmv$rf;rdk; tkyfcsKyfcJhwmawG&SdcJhygw,f? 'gayrJh wòydifeufrSm vlrsdK;pktoD;oD;uvnf; udk,fht}uD;tuJeJ@ukd,f/udk,fha'oukd tkyfcsKyfcJh=uygw,f? qdkvdkwmu jrefrmvlrsdK;u jrefrmjynftv,fydkif;rSmxD;eef;axmif+yD; jrefrmEdkifiHwckvHk;ukd pkd;rdk;xm;w,fvdk@qdkayrJh apmfbGm;/ apmfuJ/ 'l0gpwJh rsdK;±dk;pOfvmt&jzpfwJh vlrsdK;pkt}uD;tuJawGu udk,fha'oukd udk,fh"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'eJ@ tkyfcsKyfcJh=uygw,f? jrefrmEdkifiHukd +Adwdo#wdk@ukdvdkeDðywJhtcg awmifwef;a'oudkZ,m;0ife,fajrrsm;tjzpf oD;jcm;cJGI tkyfcsKyfcJhygw,f? awmifwef;a'oukd Z,m;0ife,fajrrsm;tjzpf oD;jcm;cJGxkwf+yD; tpOftvmtwdkif; vlrsdK;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;u qufvuftkyfcsKyfoGm;cGifhukd +Adwdo#wdk@u twdkif;twmwcktxd vdkufavsmcJh+yD; ajrjyef@a'oukdawmh +Adwdo#bk&ifcHu wdkuf±dkuftkyfcsKyfygw,f? awmifwef;a'oukd udk,fht}uD;tuJeJ@ukd,f tkyfcsKyfcGifh&vdk@ oufqdkif&m"avhxHk;wrf;Oya' qufvuf&Sifoefaew,fvdk@ a,bk,stm;jzifhqdkEdkifayrJh yuwdjzpfpOfrSm zGH@òzd;wdk;wufr_r&SdcJhygbl;? 'Dtydkif;ukdaemufrS oD;jcm;wifjyvdkygw,f? ,QKtydkif;rSmawmh Ak'<bmomukdukd;uG,f,kH=unfwJhwdkif;&if;om;rsm; (jrefrmtygt0if) &JŒ "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'eJ@qdkifwJhtydkif;ukdom wifjyaqG;aEG;vdkygw,f?

Ak'<bmom0ifrsm;. "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'qdkif&m jyXmef;usifhoHk;r_Ak'<bmom0ifrsm;. "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'qdkif&m jyXmef;usifhoHk;r_Ak'<bmom0ifrsm;. "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'qdkif&m jyXmef;usifhoHk;r_Ak'<bmom0ifrsm;. "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'qdkif&m jyXmef;usifhoHk;r_Ak'<bmom0ifrsm;. "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'qdkif&m jyXmef;usifhoHk;r_

+Adwdo#wdk@ jrefrmEdkifiHukdodrf;ykduf+yD; 1898 ckESpfrSm jrefrmjynfw&m;Oya'rsm;qdkif&mtufOya' (1898 - The Burma Law Act) qdkwJh tufOya'w&yfukdjyXmef;cJhygw,f? tJ'DOya' yk'fr 13 (1) rSm-

“jrefrmEdkifiHw&m;±kHk;rsm;wGif-1? vufxyfxdrf;jrm;a&; (okd@r[kwf) Zmwft,l0g'2? tarGqufcHa&;3? tarGcGJa0a&;4? bmoma&;qdkif&m tpOftvm (okd@r[kwf) tzGJ@tpnf;wpHkw&mESifhywfoufaom rnfhonfhjy\emukdrqkd qHk;jzwf&ef&Sdv#if -oufqdkif&mtr_onfrsm;onf Ak'<bmomjzpfv#if Ak'<bmomOya'/ r[m

ar'ifjzpfv#if r[mar'ifOya'/ [dENLjzpfv#if [dENLOya't& tqHk;tjzwfay;&rnf?

4



okd@&mwGif tufOya'ðyvkyfI jyifqifzsufodrf;xm;onfh Oya'rsm;ESifh Oya'uJhokd@twnfjzpfaeaom "avhxHk;wrf;rsm;ukd rqef@usifap&” vdk@ jyXmef;xm;wmukd awG@&ygw,f? 'DOya'jyXmef;csuft& &Sif;vif;aewJhtcsufuawmh Ak'<bmomukd udk;uG,fwJhvlrsdK;jzpfv#if Ak'<bmomw&m;Oya'eJ@qHk;jzwfbkd@ jzpfygw,f? 'Dae&mrSm “Ak'<bmomw&m;Oya'”qdkwm b,fOya'ukdqdkvdkwmvJvdk@ tar; ay:vmygw,f? 'DtcsufeJ@pyfvsOf;vdk@ jrefrm"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'pmtkyfukd ðypkcJholOD;jrpdefu OD;omºuG,f/ OD;aratmif/ a'gufwmat;armif/ a'gufwmarmifarmifwdk@ðypkcJhwJh pmtkyfrsm;ukdukd;um;+yD;ol&J@jrefrm"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'pmtkyfrSm “Ak'<bmomOya'[laoma0g[m&t&qdkaomfbmoma&;qdkif&mOya'[lI oabmoufa&mufvsuf&Sdonf? pifppf Ak'<bmom. &if;jrpfoabmw&m;rSm avmuDa&;ESifhoufqdkifonfr[kwfay? tqdkygtufOya' (jrefrmjynfw&m;Oya'qdkif&mtufOya'ukd qdkvdk- pma&;olrSwfcsuf) wGif az: jyxm;onfhjrefrmvlrsdK;wdk@. xdrff;jrm;vufxyfa&;/ tarGqufcHa&;/ tarGcJGa0a&; tp&Sdonfh vlr_a&;jy\em&yfwdk@ukd a&S;jrefrmrif;vufxufwGif jrefrmh±dk;&m"avhxHk;wrf;rsm;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_t& qHk;jzwfcJh=uonf? tqdkyg jrefrm"avhxHk;wrf;rsm;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_rsm;ukd jrefrmhordkif;wav#mufwGif acwfESifhtnD ðypkysdK;axmifcJh=uonfh "rRowfusrf;rsm;wGif awG@&SdEdkifayonf? xdk@a=umifh Ak'<bmomOya'[lonfha0g[m&onf vJGrSm;aeaomtrnfw&yfjzpfa=umif; xif&Sm;vSayonf? okd@&mwGif tpdk;&ujyXmef;xm;aom tufOya'w&yfYyg&Sdonfh a0g[m&wckukd ±kwfw&ufypfy,f&ef0efav;ae=uI jrefrmAk'<bmomwdk@ESifhoufqdkifaomOya'ukd “jrefrmAk'<bmomOya'”[lI ðyjyifac:a0:oHk;pJGcJh=uonf?Ta0g[m&opfrSmvnf; oifhavsmfvSonfr[kwfay? Ak'<bmomOya'[lonfh a0g[m&onf t"dyg,fvJGrSm;aea=umif;/ jrefrmAk'<bmomwdk@ESifhoufqdkifaom vlr_a&;Oya'rSm“jrefrm"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'”omv#ifjzpfoifha=umif; jrefrmOya'ynm&SiftoD;oD;uwnDw!$wfwnf; vufcHqHk;jzwfcJh=uonf?” 1 vdk@ wifjyxm;ygw,f? Oya'rsm; vufawG@usifhoHk;r_e,fy,fwGif=unfhv#ifvnf; udkvdkeDacwfw&m;±Hk;rsm;u Ak'<bmomOya'tjzpf vufcHusifhoHk;cJhwJh rEkus,f"rRowf/ uif;0efrif;}uD; OD;aumif;. tdrfr_cef;"rRowf/tarGr_cef;"rRowfpwJh "rRowftm;vHk;[m jrefrmvlrsdK;awG&J@"rRowfrsm;om jzpfygw,f? w&m;r_cif;rsm;ppfaq;pD&if&mwGif Ak'<bmomw&m;Oya't& usifhoHk;aqmif&Guf&rnfqdkv#if udkvdkeDacwfw&m;±Hk;rsm;u qdkcJhwJh"rRowfoHk;apmifudk t"duudk;um;=uygw,f? ukdvdkeDacwft*Fvdyfw&m;ol}uD;rsm; udk;um;Edkifapzdk@twGuf 1847 ckESpfrSm “rEkus,f"rRowf ”/ 1897 ckESpfrSm uif;0efrif;}uD;OD;aumif;&JŒ oHk;q,fhajcmufapmifwJGtarGr_cef;"rRowfeJ@ okH;q,fhav;apmifwGJ tdrfr_cef;"rRowfwdk@ukd t*Fvdyfbmomokd@bmomjyefqkdcJh=uygw,f? +Adwdo#tifyg,m t,lcHw&m;vGwfawmfjzpfwJh y&DAGD aumif;q,f (Privy Council) u tr_wckrSm “rEkus,f"rRowfYyg&Sdaom pD&ifxHk;rsm;t&&Sif;vif;aev#if tjcm;"rRowfrsm;ukd udk;um;&efrvdkawmhay ” 2 vdk@ rSwfcsufcsxm;

5



wmukd=unfhjcif;tm;jzifh qdkcJhwJh"rRowfrsm;tay: ukdvdkeDacwfw&m;ol}uD;rsm;u rnfr#ukd;pm;onfukd rSef;qEdkifygw,f?

Ak'<bmomw&m;Oya'rSmt"duukd;um;wJh rEkus,f"rRowfukd tavmif;bk&m;vufxuf jrefrmouU&mZf 1114 rSm usHK;0efaZ,so}uFeftrwfu pD&ifa&;om;cJhwmjzpfygw,f? uif;0efrif;}uD;OD;aumif;ðypkcJhwJh tarGr_cef;"rRowfESifh tdrfr_cef; "rRowfwdk@rSmvnf; a&S;a[mif;"rRowfrsm;ukd n‡dEd_if;wnf;jzwf+yD; pkpnf;xm;wJh"rRowfjzpfygw,f? a&S;a[mif;"rRowfrsm; 3 rSmvnf; "rR0dvmo"rRowf - 0g;±l"rRowf pwJhrGef"rRowfwcsdK@rSvJGI trsm;pkrSm jrefrm"rRowfrsm;jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh ukdvdkeDacwfw&m;±kH;rsm;rSmusifhoHk;wJh Ak'<bmomOya'qdkwm yuwdoabmtm;jzifh jrefrm"rRowfrsm;rSmjrpfzsm;cHwJh jrefrmh"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'bJjzpfaeygw,f? 1969 ckESpfrSm w&m;±Hk;csKyfpHknDckH±kHk;uqHk;jzwfwJhhtr_wck 4 rSm “Ak'<bmom0ifrsm;. tdrfaxmifa&;udpPESifh oufqdkifaom jrefrmh"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'onf vlr_a&;"avhxHk;wrf;rsm;jzpfonf? bmoma&;ESifha&m,Sufjcif;uif;onf? xdk@a=umifh jrefrmAk'<bmomOya'[laom tac:ta0:yifv#ifrSm;,Gif;aea=umif; pD&ifxHk;rsm;ujycJh=uonf? u|Ekfyfwdk@uvnf; tac:ta0:ESifhwuGtawG;tjrifrSefuefap&ef jrefrm"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'[k owfrSwfac:a0:vsuf&Sdonf?”vdk@ xHk;zJG@cJhygw,f? 1970 ckESpf wwd,t}udrfxkwf w&m;±kHk;rsm;vufpGJrSm OD;jrpdef&J@jrefrm"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'ukd “pH” tjzpf w&m;±kHk;rsm;uoHk;pJGzkd@ jyXmef;cJhygw,f? 5

'ga=umifhrdk@ Ak'<bmomOya'qdkwJh jrefrmjynfw&m;Oya'rsm;qdkif&mtufOya' yk'fr 13(1) yg pum;&yf[m ukdvdkeDacwfrSm w&m;ukd,foabmt& jrefrmh"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'jzpf+yD;/ 1969 aemufydkif;rSm a0g[m&t&a&m/ w&m;ukd,foabmt&yg jrefrmh"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'ukdqdkvkda=umif; xif&Sm;aeygw,f?

jrefrmEdkifiHukd +Adwdo#wdk@udkvdkeDðycJhpOfu awmifwef;a'oudk Z,m;0ife,fajrrsm;tjzpf oD;jcm;xm;&dS+yD; rsdK;±dk;pOfvmt&jzpfwJh t}uD;tuJrsm;udk tkyfcsKyfapcJhwma=umifh w&m;pD&ifa&;/ pDrHcef@cGJa&;wdk@rSm ‚if;wdk@&J@"avhxHk;wrf;t& usifhoHk;aqmif&GufcGifh&cJh=uygw,f? qdkcJhwJh Z,m;0ife,fajrrsm;rStyjzpfwJh usefe,fajrrsm;[m bk&ifcH.tkyfcsKyfr_atmufrSm&dS+yD; 1898 - jrefrmjynfw&m;Oya'qdkif&mtufOya' tm%moufa&mufygw,f? &Srf;jynfwGif tm%moufa&mufaomOya'rsm;pm&if;wGif jrefrmjynfw&m;Oya'rsm;qdkif&mtufOya' yg0ifwJhtwGuf tJh'DOya'[m &Srf;jynfwGifvnf; tm%moufa&mufr_ &dSaeygw,f? 'ghtjyif Ak'<bmom[m jrefrmvlrsdK;wrsdK;xJu udk;uG,fwJhbmomr[kwfbJ jrefrmvlrsdK;r[kwfwJh tcsdK@aomwdkif;&if;om;rsm;uvnf; udk;uG,fwJhbmomjzpfaeygw,f? jrefrmjynfw&m;Oya'qdkif&mtufOya't& Ak'<bmomOya'(jrefrm"avhxHk;wrf;Oya') jzifh Ak'<bmom0ifrsm;&J@tr_udpPrsm;udk w&m;±Hk;rsm;u ajz&Sif;ay;&r,fqdkwJhtcg ArmvlrsdK;r[kwfwJh Ak'<bmomudk;uG,folrsm;[m jrefrm"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'eJ@oufqdkifjcif; &dS§r&SdqdkwJh jy\emay:vmygw,f? 'Djy\emeJ@ pyfvsOf;vdk@

6



udkvdkeDacwfw&m;±Hk;rsm;u xHk;zGJ@cJhwJhpD&ifxHk;rsm;t& jrefrmEdkifiHwGifaexdkif+yD; Ak'<bmomudk;uG,fwJh u&ifvlrsdK; 6/ csif;vlrsdK; 7/ &cdkifvlrsdK; 8/ &Srf;vlrsdK; 9 wdk@[m Ak'<bmomw&m;Oya' (jrefrm"avhxHk;wrf;Oya') eJ@ oufqdkifw,fvdk@awG@&ygw,f? vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;aemufydkif; 1951 ckESpfrSmqHk;jzwfwJhtr_wckrSm “jrefrmEdkifiHwdkif;&if;om;rsm;jzpfaomucsif/ u&if/ u,m;/ csif;/ rGef/ Arm/ &cdkif/ &Srf;wdk@onf Ak'<bmomudk;uG,folrsm; jzpf=uv#if jrefrm"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'eJ@oufqdkifonf” 10 vdk@ qHk;jzwfxm;ygw,f? qdk&&ifjrefrmEdkifiHrSmaexdkif+yD; Ak'<bmomudk;uG,folrnfolrqdk xdrf;jrm;vufxyfa&;/tarGcJGa0a&;/ tarGqufcHa&;wdk@eJ@ygwfoufaom jy\emwpHkw&mudkqHk;jzwf&ef&dSv#iftajccHtm;jzifh jrefrm"avhxHk;wrf;Oya't& qHk;jzwf&r,fqdkwJh rl[m udkvdkeDacwfrSp+yD; ,ae@txd twnfjzpfaewJhrljzpfygw,f? wu,fvdk@ Ak'<bmomudk;uG,foltr_onf[m jrefrm"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'eJ@roufqdkifvdkbl;qdk&if roufqdkifvdkolu 1927ckESpfrSm qHk;jzwfwJh “r&ifjrESifh wefa&mufyk pD&ifxHk;” 11 t&

(1) xdkol."avhxHk;wrf;onf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif w&m;Oya'uJhodk@ twnfjzpfae a=umif;/(2) xdk"avhxHk;wrf;onf jrefrmh"avhxHk;wrf;ESifhqef@usifa=umif;/(3) xdk"avhxHk;wrf;onf w&m;r#wa=umif;qdkwJh tcsuf(3)csufudk xif&Sm; atmifjy&ef wm0ef&dSygw,f?tJh'Dtcsuf(3)csufudk xif&Sm;atmifrjyEdkif&if ArmvlrsdK;r[kwfaomfvnf;

jrefrm"avhxHk;wrf;Oya't& tr_ppfaq;qHk;jzwfwmudk cH,l&ygvdrfhr,f?txufrSmwifjycJhwJh Ak'<bmom0ifawGeJ@qdkifwJh w&m;pD&ifa&;qdkif&mrl[m

usdK;a=umif;qDav#mfrSefuefr_/ w&m;r#wr_&dS&Jhvm;qdkwJhtcsuf[m rsm;pGmpOf;pm;bdk@aumif;wJh tcsufwckjzpfaeygw,f? 1881 ckESpfrSmqHk;jzwfcJhwJh pD&ifxHk;wckrSm 12

“jrefrmEdkifiHw&m;±Hk;rsm;tufOya' 13 yk'fr - 4 wGifyg0ifaom Ak'<bmomw&m;Oya'qdkonfrSm jrefrm"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'wckwnf;udkqdkvdkonfr[kwf? xdkodk@r[kwfa=umif;udk [dENLw&m;Oya'ESifh rdk[mar'ifw&m;Oya'rsm;udk=unfhv#if ydkrdkxif&Sm;onf?[dENLw&m;Oya'qdkonfrSm wckwnf;aomOya'r[kwf/ rdk[mar'ifw&m;Oya'rSmvnf; wckwnf;aomrdk[mar'ifw&m;Oya'r[kwf/ *dk%f;tvdkuf&dS=uonfh w&m;Oya'rsm;t& cGJjcm;ac:qdkjcif;jzpfonf? xdkenf;wl Ak'<bmomOya'rSmvnf; jrefrm"avhxHk;wrf; wckwnf;udkqdkvdkjcif;r[kwf/ jrefrm"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'onf Ak'<bmom Oya'rsm;teufwckomjzpfonf?”vdk@ aumufcsufcsxm;wmudk awG@&ygw,f? vGefcJhwJhESpfaygif;w&mausmfu qHk;jzwfcJhwJh tJh'DpD&ifxHk;rSmaxmufjyxm;wJhtcsufawG[mrsm;pGm tav;xm;pOf;pm;bd k @aumif; ovdk ud kvd ke Dacwfuae ,ae@txdtwnfjzp fqJ jzp fwJ h jre frmjynfr Smaexd ki f +y D ; A k' <bmomud k ;uG,f&i fjrefrm"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'eJ@ oufqdkif&r,fqdkwJhrl[m w&m;r#w

7



rSefuefr_&dS&J@vm; qdkwJhtcsufudk pdrfac:ar;jref;aeygw,f?w&m;r#wr_ (Justice) t,ltq[m r#wjcif; (Fairness) nDr#jcif;

(Equality) t,ltqawGeJ@ qufpyfaeygw,f// r#wr_ (Fairness) &J@t"dyg,fuOya'pepf (Legal system) [m vlwOD;udk olwdk@&J@yk*~vdu±_jrifcsufudk wifjyzdk@tcGifhtvrf; (Opportunity) udk tvkHtavmufay;&r,fqdkwJh t"dyg,fjzpf+yD; nDr#r_&J@ a,bk,st"dyg,fu vlwOD;pDudk wlnDwJhenf;vrf;t& jyKr_qufqH&r,fhtjyif EdkifiHawmfESifh qufqH&mrSmvnf; rnfolrqdk wlnDaomenf;vrf;t& jyKrlqufqHcH &jcif;jzpf&r,fvdk@ t"dyg,f&ygw,f 14? t*FvdyfOya'pepf&J@ w&m;r#wr_oauFw (Symbolof Justic) jzpfwJh wzufrSm"g;udkajr‡mufudkifxm;+yD; wzufrSmcsdefcGifudkudkifxm;umrsufvkH;udkt0wfpnf;ydwfxm;wJh trsKd;orD;±kyfxkrSm rsufvkH;ydwfxm;wJh oabmuw&m;r#wr_&J@ zufrvdkufaom/ r#waom/ (Impartial) oabmjzpf+yD; csdefcGif&J@oabmu nDr#r_oabmjzpfygw,f// tckqkdcJhwJh w&m;r#wr_t,ltqt&qdk&if Ak'<bmom0ifawGeJ@pyfvsOf;wJh/ jrefrmEdkifiHw&m;pD&ifa&;e,fy,frSmtwnfjzpfaewJhrl[mw&m;r#wr_r&SdwJhrlvdk@ qdk&ygvdrfhr,f// pD&ifxkH;trsm;pku jrefrmEdkifiHrSmaexdkif+yD;/ Ak'<bmomudk;uG,f&if jrefrm"avhxkH;wrf;Oya'eJ@oufqdkif&r,fqdkwJhtcsufudk tcdkiftrmazmfxkwfcJh=u+yD;/ vuf&SdrSmvnf; twnfjzpfaeygw,f// wu,fvdk@ roufqdkifvdkbl;qdk&if roufqdkifvdkolu tcsuffokH;csufudk xif&Sm;atmifjy&r,fvdk@ qdkxm;ygw,f// 'DrlrSmxif&Sm;atmifoufaojyzdk@wm0ef (Burden of Proof) [m wdkif;&if;om;A k' <bmom&J @zufud k usa&mufaeygw,f? vG,fvG,f& Si f ;& Si f ;qd k&&i fwdkif;&if;om;"avhxkH;wrf;Oya'udk w&m;±kH;u usifhokH;aqmif&Gufay;apvdkv#if tcsufokH;csufudk xif&Sm;atmifoufaojy&r,f// rjyEdkif&if jrefrm"avhxkH;wrf;Oya't&omqkH;jzwfr,fqdkwJh t"dyg,fyJ jzpfygw,f// 'g[m wdkif;&if;om;"avhxkH;wrf;Oya'eJ@ jrefrm"avhxkH;wrf;Oya'=um;rSm tcGifhtvrf; (Opportunity) rnDr#wJhoabmudk aqmifaeygw,f// Oya'a&S@arSmufrSm vlwdkif;nDr#&r,fqdkwJh Oya'qdk±kd;pum;eJ@vnf; rudkufnDygbl;? 'ghtjyif wdkif;&if;om;"avhxkH;wrf;Oya'eJ@ jrefrm"avhxkH;wrf;Oya' (2) ck tay:rSm w&m;±kH; (EdkifiHawmf) u wlnDwJhenf;vrf;t& jyKrlqufqHwJhoabmvnf; r[kwfygbl;// qdk&&ifAk'<bmom0ifawGeJ@pyfvsOf;vdk@ jrefrmEdkifiH w&m;a&;e,fy,frSm wnf&SdaewJhrl[m w&m;r#wr_&Sdygw,fvdk@ ajymcJh&if w&m;r#wr_ewforD;[m rsufESmrSmpnf;xm;wJht0wfudkjzKwfypf+yD; aps;xJutav;cdk;wJh aps;onf&J@csdefcGifudk udkifxm;w,fvdk@yJ qkd&ygvdrfhr,f//

jrefrm"avhxkH;wrf;Oya'qdkwJh a0g[m&twnfjzpfvmykHudk wifjycJh&mrSm Ak'<bmomOya'/ jrefrmAk'<bmomOya'/ jrefrm"avhxkH;wrf;Oya'qdk+yD; tqifhqifh ajymif;vJcJhw,fvdk@ wifjycJh+yD;jzpfygw,f// 'Dvdktqifhqifhajymif;vJ&mrSm a'gufwmarmifarmiftp&SdwJh jrefrmOya'ynm&Sifrsm;ua&m/ pD&ifxkH;rsm;uyg “jrefrm"avhxkH;wrf;Oya'

8



onf vlr_a&;"avhxkH;wrf;rsm;jzpf+yD; Ak'<bmoma&;ESifh a&m,Sufjcif;uif;w,f” qdkwJhtcsufudk wnDw!$wfwnf;ajymcJh=uygw,f// wbufrSm vlr_a&;"avhxkH;wrf;rsm;jzpfvdk@ bmoma&;eJ@rESD;EG,fbl;vdk@ajymaeayrJh tjcm;wzufrSmawmh jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;aexdkif+yD; Ak'<bmomudk;uG,folrSef&if jrefrm"avhxkH;wrf;Oya'eJ@oufqdkif&r,fvdk@ bmoma&;udktajcjyK+yD; qufpyfr_vkyfvmjcif;[m a&S@aemufo[ZmwrjzpfwJhoabmjzpfaeygw,f// qdk&&ifjrefrmEdkifiHrSmaexdkifwJh Ak'<bmom0ifrsm;eJ@oufqdkifwJh rl[mrD;pwzuf/ a&r_wfwzufrlvdk@yJvdk@qdk&ygvdrfhr,f// 'DvdkrD;pwzuf/ a&r_wfwzufrl jrefrmw&m;pD&ifa&;e,fy,frSm twnfjzpfaejcif;[m oabm±dk;eJ@jzpfaewmvm;/ tcsdK@aomolrsm;u &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&SdvkyfcJh=uwmvm;qdkwmpOf;pm;p&mjzpfaeygw,f// jrefrm"avhxkH;wrf;Oya'pmtkyf pwkwt}udrfykHEdSyfjcif;trSmpmrSm xdkpOfuw&m;ol}uD;csKyfjzpfola'gufwm armifarmifu “tdrfaxmifa&;onf vlr_a&;jzpfay&m twlaexdkifrSD0J&m vl@taqmuftOD;twGif;Y ouf0ifv_yf&Sm;aom vlr_a&;Oya'wdk@onf twlaeI tcsif;csif;tusKd;jyK=uaom vltrsm;ESifh bmomra&G;oufqdkifapoifhonf? bmomudkta=umif;jyI udk,fydkifOya'rsm;&Sdxdkufonf[kwacwfuqdkcJh=uonf// ‚if;udk,fydkifOya'pepfonf EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;u wdkif;jynfwjynfudk vma&muful;oef;a&mif;0,faexdkif=uum =oZmv$rf;rkd;vmaomtcgY [email protected]'t&omv#if/ olwdk@r_cif;rsm;tm; qkH;jzwf&rnf[k pnf;urf;csxm;jcif;ESifh oabmtm;jzihfqifwl.// udk,fydkifOya'pepfonf urBmt&yf&yfY qdwfokOf;v#uf&Sd+yD// xdk@twljrefrm"avhxkH;wrf;Oya'onfxdk@twljrefrm"avhxkH;wrf;Oya'onfxdk@twljrefrm"avhxkH;wrf;Oya'onfxdk@twljrefrm"avhxkH;wrf;Oya'onfxdk@twljrefrm"avhxkH;wrf;Oya'onfAk'<bmom0ifrsm;ESifhomru jrefrmjynfwGif;tdk;tdrfpdkufxlrSDwif;aexdkifolrsm;ESifhvnf;Ak'<bmom0ifrsm;ESifhomru jrefrmjynfwGif;tdk;tdrfpdkufxlrSDwif;aexdkifolrsm;ESifhvnf;Ak'<bmom0ifrsm;ESifhomru jrefrmjynfwGif;tdk;tdrfpdkufxlrSDwif;aexdkifolrsm;ESifhvnf;Ak'<bmom0ifrsm;ESifhomru jrefrmjynfwGif;tdk;tdrfpdkufxlrSDwif;aexdkifolrsm;ESifhvnf;Ak'<bmom0ifrsm;ESifhomru jrefrmjynfwGif;tdk;tdrfpdkufxlrSDwif;aexdkifolrsm;ESifhvnf;oufqdkifapoifhonf? oufqdkifapoifhonf? oufqdkifapoifhonf? oufqdkifapoifhonf? oufqdkifapoifhonf? xdkodk@nD!$wfr#wpGm tusKd;oufa&mufapjcif;jzifh tjcm;bmom0ifwdk@onf epfem&efr&Sdyg// jrefrm"avhxkH;wrf;Oya'onf acwfrSDIr#wygonf// tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;wGif tdrfaxmifa&;Oya'rsm;udk jyefvnfokH;oyfum bmoma&;=oZmudkz,f&Sm;/ vlr_a&; udpP&yfrsm;udktav;xm;I nDr#jcif;udktajccH+yD;v#if jyifqifae=uyg+yD?,if;odk@jyifqif&mwGifjrefrm"avhxkH;wrf;Oya'ESifh udkufnDonfrsm;yg&Sdygonf”vdk@ a&;om;xm;wmudk awG@&ygw,f//

wkH;atmufuAk'<bmomwdkif;&if;om;"avhxkH;wrf;Oya'wkH;atmufuAk'<bmomwdkif;&if;om;"avhxkH;wrf;Oya'wkH;atmufuAk'<bmomwdkif;&if;om;"avhxkH;wrf;Oya'wkH;atmufuAk'<bmomwdkif;&if;om;"avhxkH;wrf;Oya'wkH;atmufuAk'<bmomwdkif;&if;om;"avhxkH;wrf;Oya'

jrefrm"avhxkH;wrf;Oya'. v$rf;rdk;r_atmufwGif Ak'<bmomwdkif;&if;om;rsm;."avhxkH;wrf;Oya'rsm; v$rf;rdk;cHae&w,fvdk@ajymwJhtcg tcsKd@vlrsm;taeeJ@ wdkif;&if;om;Ak'<bmom0ifrsm;&J@"avhxkH;wrf;Oya'udk w&m;±kH;rSmrokH;pGJ&vdk@ ydwfyifxm;wmr[kwf? r&ifjreJ@ wefa&mufykpD&ifxkH;rSmazmfjyxm;wJhtcsufokH;csufudk xif&Sm;atmifjyEdkif&if w&m;±kH;uusifhokH;aqmif&Gufay;rSmjzpfw,fvdk@ apm'uwuf aumif;wufEdkifzG,f&Sdygw,f// tJ'DpD&ifxkH;t&jrefrm"avhxkH;wrf;Oya'eJ@ roufqdkifvdkbl;qdk&ifudk,fh&J@ "avh

9



xkH;wrf;Oya'[m jrefrmEdkifiHrSm w&m;Oya'uJhodk@twnfjzpfaea=umif;/ jrefrm"avhxkH;wrf;eJ@qef@usifa=umif;/ w&m;r#wa=umif;/ qdkwJhtcsufokH;csufudk oufaojy&ygrnf? 'Dvdkoufaojy&rJhtcsufokH;csuf[m Oya'oabmw&m;±_axmifht&awmhrSefuefr_r&Sdbl;vdk@ rajymEdkifwJhtcsufrsm;yJjzpfygw,f// 'gayrJh 'DtcsufokH;csufudk yuwdwnf&SdaewJhtajctaersm;eJ@ qufpyfvdkufwJhtcgrSm Ak'<bmomwdkif;&if;om;rsm; rdrdwdk@&J@"avhxkH;wrf;Oya'udk usifhokH;zdk@tcGifhta&;[m ay;um;ay;.r&wJhtcGifhta&;wckjzpfaewmudk awG@&ygw,f//

jrefrm"avhxkH;wrf;Oya'[m acwfeJ@avsmfnDw,f/ w&m;r#wr_pHawGeJ@nDw,fvdk@jrefrmOya'ynm&Sifrsm;u qdk=uygw,f// E_dif;,SOfcsuft&qdk&&if jrefrm"avhxkH;wrf;Oya'[m tjcm;aomwdkif;&if;om;"avhxkH;wrf;Oya'rsm;xuf txl;ojzifhtrsKd;orD;/ trsKd;om;wef;wlnDwl&Sdr_rSm ydkIw&m;r#wwJhtoGifoabm&Sdw,fqdkwmvufcHEdkifzG,f&SdwJhtcsufyJjzpfygw,f// 'Dae&mrSm pOf;pm;zdk@aumif;wJhtcsufwcku rGef*dkvGKduftEG,fwlvnf;jzpf/ wajrwnf;ae wa&wnf;aomuf+yD; vlrsKd;wrsKd;eJ@wrsKd; ul;vl;qufqHcJh=uwmvnf;jzpf&J@eJ@ jrefrm"avhxkH;wrf;Oya'uc|ef+yD; tjcm;aomvlrsKd;pk"avhxkH;wrf;Oya'rsm;xuf bmjzpfvdk@acwfrSDw&m;r#waewmvnf;qdkwmjzpfygw,f?vlwdkif;[m arG;zGm;vmpOfuawmh udk,fvHk;wD;ygbJqdkovdk jrefrm"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'rSmvnf; wjcm;"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'awGvdkbJ w&m;r#wr_pHawGeJ@rudkufnDwJh "avhxHk;wrf;awG wcsdefwcgu&dScJhygw,f? a':cifjrrm (c) rmrmeJ@ OD;nGef@vd_iftr_rSm w&m;ol}uD;pHknDcHk±kHk;u-

“vlrsdK;wrsdK;. ,Ofaus;r_ESifh"avhxHk;wrf;wdk@onf ,if;vlrsdK;. oGm;vmaexdkifr_pepftay:rlwnfvsuf tpOfajymif;vJvsuf&dSonf? "rRowfrsm; a&;om;ðypkonfhtcgor,wGif vufcHusifhoHk;cJhaom vl@"avhxHk;wrf;wdk@rSm,ae@vufcHusifhoHk;aeonfh vlaer_pepf/ ,Ofaus;r_wdk@ESifh rsm;pGmuGmjcm;vsuf&dSonfqdkjcif;udk rjiif;Edkifay? "rRowfrsm;wGif az: jyxm;aom "avhxHk;wrf;tcsdL@rSm vuf&dSvlaer_pepf/ ,Ofaus;r_wdk@ESifh rsm;pGmqef@usifaeay&m"rRowfrsm;udk waoGrwdrf;vdkufem&efta=umif;r&dSay? Oyrmaqmif&aomf"rRowfrsm;wGifaz: jyxm;onfh aus;uíefpepf/ rdbuom;orD;udk a&mif;csEdkifcGifh/ vifuZeD;udk a&mif;csEdkifcGifhponfh udpP&yfrsm;rSm ,cktcgvufcH usifhoHk;aeonfh "avhxHk;wrf;rsm;ESifh ajzmifhajzmifhqef@usifaeonfudk tvG,fwulodjrifEdkifayonf” 15 vdk@ rSwfcsufðyxm;ygw,f?w&m;ol}uD;pHknDcHk±Hk;&J@rSwfcsufudkavhvm=unfh&if ,ae@tcsdefrSm w&m;r#w

r_eJ@udkufnDygw,fvdk@ajymaeEdkifwJh jrefrm"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'rSm wcsdefwcgu aus;uíefpepfvdk/ udk,fhom;orD;/ om;r,m;pwmawGudk vlwa,muftjzpfrrSwf,lbJ/ ukefypPnf;wckozG,f,lq+yD; vJ$ajymif;a&mif;cscGifhvdk vlom;rqefwJh "avhxHk;wrf;awG&dScJh+yD;/

10



tJh'D"avhxHk;wrf;awGudk w&m;±kHk;rsm;u a0zefoHk;oyf+yD; w&m;pD&ifqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;(pD&ifxHk;) rsm;jzifh w&m;r#wr_uif;rJhwJh"avhxHk;wrf;rsm;udk y,fzsufjcif;/ wdk;wufvmwJhvl@tzJG@tpnf;&J@t,ltq/ tawG;tjrifopfrsm;jzifh "avhxHk;wrf;rsm;udkrGrf;rHjcif;wdk@udkawG@Edkifygw,f? 'Dvdkw&m;±Hk;rsm;&J@ "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'eJ@pyfvsOf;wJh aqmif&Gufr_vkyfief;pOf[m "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'rsm;zGH@®z;r_jzpfpOfrSm tajccHtm;jzifh r&dSrjzpf &dS&wJhvkyfief;wckbJjzpfygw,f? jyXmef;Oya'(statute law) awGudk Oya'ðyXme (ygvDref) u a&;qGJwmjzpfvdk@ jyifqifp&m&dSvmwJhtcg jyXmef;xm;wJhvkyfxHk;vkyfenf;eJ@tnD Oya'ðyXmeujyifqifEdkifygw,f? "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'&J@rlvoabmt& "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'udk Oya'ðyXmeua&qJG;jyXmef;wmr[kwfbJ/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;rSm vlwOD;eJ@wOD;/ wpkeJ@wpkul;vl;qufqH&mrSm vdktyfovdkvufcHusifhoHk;vmwJh pnf;urf;rsm;udk umv=um&SnftoHk;ðyvm&mrS Oya'oabmtoGifjzpfvmjcif;jzpfwma=umifh "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'udkacwfESifhavsmfnDatmifðyjyifrGrf;rHjcif;udk a,bk,stm;jzifh Oya'ðyXmeu aqmif&Gufavhr&dSbJ w&m;pD&ifa&;Xme (w&m;±Hk;) rsm;u ajymif;vJvmwJhvl@tzGJ@tpnf;eJ@o[Zmwjzpfatmifnd‡Ed_if;+yD; pD&ifxHk;rsm;jzifhxdef;nd‡vkyfaqmif&ygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk@ "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'udk w&m;ol}uD;vkyfOya' (Judge make law) vdk@ wcsdK@Oya' ynm&Sifrsm;u qdk=uygw,f? jrefrm"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'zGH@®z;r_jzpfpOfrSmvnf; w&m;±Hk;rsm;&J@tcef;u¾[m t"dutydkif;rSm wnf&dScJhygw,f? jrefrm"avhxHk;wrff;Oya'[m "rRowfrsm;rSmjrpfzsm;cHcJhayrJhvnf; txufrSmaz: jycJhwJhtr_rSmvdk "rRowfrsm;rSacwfeJ@ravsmfnDwJh "avhxHk;wrf;rsm;udk w&m;±Hk;rsm;u pD&ifxHk;rsm;eJ@y,fzsufjcif;/ wdk;wufvmaomacwfpepfESifh o[Zmwjzpfatmif rloabmw&m;topfrsm;eJ@ "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'udkwdk;csJ@rGrf;rHjcif;wdk@udk udkvdkeDacwfrSrsufarSmufacwftxd pOfqufrjywf vkyfaqmifcGifh&cJhwJhtwGuf jrefrm"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'[m acwfeJ@tnD zGH@®z;aejcif;jzpfygw,f? qdk&&ifjrefrm"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'[m &SifoefcGifhtcGifhta&;tjynfht0&&dScJhvdk@ 'Dae@tajcrSmjrefrmOya'ynm&Sifrsm;!$ef;ovdk "rRowfacwfukdausmf+yD; jrefrm"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'acwfudk a&muf&dScJhjcif;jzpfygw,f?

jrefrm"avhxHk;wrf;rStyjzpfwJh tjcm;Ak'<bmomwdkif;&if;om;awG&J@ "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'tajctaeudk wzufrSm=unfhvdkuf&if Ak'<bmomwdkif;&if;om;awG&J@ "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'[m jrefrmjynfw&m;Oya'rsm;qdkif&mtufOya'yk'fr 13 (1) jyXmef;csufatmufrSm &Sifoefjcif;uif;rJhw,fvdk@qdkEdkifrJh tajctaeudk &mpkESpfwckausmfjzwfoef;cJh&ygw,f? wenf;ajym&&if wdkif;&if;om;Ak'<bmomawG&J@ "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'awG[mðypkysdK;axmifolrJhwJhtajctaeatmufrSm a&avmif;aygif;oifuif;rJh+yD; vGefcJhwJhESpfw&mausmfrSm ausmufcs&yfem;xm;wJhtoGifrsdK;&dSaeygw,f? 'Dvdktaetxm;rsdK;rSm“rif;wdk@&J@ "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'[m w&m;r#wr_pHawGeJ@udkuf&J@vm;”vdk@ar;aejcif;[mawmfawmf rodqdk;&Gm;Edkifr_wckygbJ? raoG;vdk@"g;oHacs;wufwJhudpPrSm "g;tjypfvm;/

11



vltjypfvm; pOf;pm;bdk@vdkygw,f? w&m;±Hk;rSm Oya'w&yftjzpf usifhoHk;aqmif&Gufbdk@tcGifhtvrf;awGcsdK@iJhwJh tajctaew&yfudk &mpkwckausmf jzwfoef;cJh&wJhaemufawmhAk'<bmomwdkif;&if;om;awG&J@"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'rSm rsufarSmufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;u vufcHxm;wJh w&m;r#wr_pHawGeJ@ tHr0if cGifruswmawG &dSae&awmhrSmbJjzpfygw,f? 'DvdktajctaersdK;rSm rdrd&J@"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'udk w&m;±Hk;awmfrSm vufcHusifhoHk;ay;apvdkv#if xdk"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'onf w&m;r#wa=umif; txift&Sm; jy&r,fvdk@ rlcsvdkufwJhtcg Ak'<bmomwdkif;&if;om;awG&J@ rdrd"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'udk w&m;±kHk;rSmusifhoHk;cGifhtcGifhta&;[m ay;um;ay;.r&wJh tcGifhta&; jzpfoGm;ygawmhw,f? 'ghtjyif wqufwpyfxJrSm Ak'<bmomwdkif;&if;om;awG&J@ "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'[m ðypkysdK;axmifolrJhtaetxm;udk wzef jyef&ifqdkif&ygw,f? qdk&&if Ak'<bmomwdkif;&if;om;awG&J@ "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'[m w&m;r#w&J@vm;qdkwJh ar;cGef;atmufrSm toHk;ðycGifhr&jcif;/ toHk;ðycGifhr&aoma=umifh zGH@®z;wdk;wufr_r&dSjcif;/ zGH@®z;wdk;wufr_r&dSaoma=umifh rsufarSmufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;rSvufcHxm;aom w&m;r#wr_pHrsm;ESifh uGm[vmjcif;/ w&m;r#wr_ pHrsm;ESifhuGm[aoma=umifh toHk;ðycGifhr&jcif;qdkwJh puf0ef;udk *smat;ol@tar&dkuf oDcsif;vdktqHk;r&dSvHk;jcmvnf+yD; wajz;ajz; vHk;yg;yg;um tqHk;wae@rSm wdrfaum aysmufuG,fjcif;tjzpfudk &ifqdkif&ygvdrfhr,f? wHk;atmufuzg;urS azgif;wJhzg;uazgif;/ jym;wJhzg;ujym; tajctae&dSygao;w,f? jrefrmEdkifiHw&m;pD&ifa&;e,fy,frSmawmh wdkif;&if;om;Ak'<bmom"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'[m aqG;aEG;wifjycJhwJhtaetxm;awGa=umifhjym;wJhzg;csnf;om jzpfzG,f&dSygw,f? azgif;wJhzg;qdkvdk@ waumifr#yif &dSEdkifzG,frjrifyg?

b,fvdkazgufxGuf=urvJb,fvdkazgufxGuf=urvJb,fvdkazgufxGuf=urvJb,fvdkazgufxGuf=urvJb,fvdkazgufxGuf=urvJ

r&dSvdk@rvSL/ rvSLvdk@r&dSqdkwJh vHk;jcmvnfaewJhtajctaersdK;udk qufcGifhðyxm;+yD; udk,hf&J@"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'udk wdrfaumcHvdkufrvm;/ 'grSr[kwf 'DtajctaeuaeazgufxGuf+yD; udk,fh"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'udk w&m;pD&ifa&;e,fy,frSm rm;rm;rwfrwf&yfwnfEdkifwJhtajctaea&mufatmif ðypkysdK;axmif=urvm;qdkwJh tar;[m Ak'<bmomwdkif;&if;om;awG&J@tay:rSm usa&mufae+yDjzpfygw,f? udk,fh&J@"avhxHk;wrf;Oya' zGH@®z;wdk;wuf+yD; Oya'e,fy,frSm rm;rm;rwfrwf&yfwnfapvdkw,fqdk&ifawmh b,fvdk enf;vrf;eJ@ zGH@®z;wdk;wufatmifvkyfoGm;rvJqdkwJhtcsuf[m ta&;}uD;wJhtcsuf jzpfvmygw,f? jrefrm"avhxHk;wrf;Oya' zGH@®z;wdk;wufvmwJhyHkpHudk=unfh&if t"dutm;jzifh "rRowfrSmtajccH+yD; w&m;±Hk;pD&ifxHk;rsm;eJ@rGrf;rH+yD; zGH@®z;wdk;wufvmwJhtoGifudk awG@&ygw,f? 'DyHkpHudk "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'wck&J@ zGH@®z;±dk;zGH@®z;pOfyHkpHtwdkif; zGH@®z;wJhyHkpHvdk@ ajymEdkifygvdrfhr,f? 'Denf;vrf;rsdK;eJ@rwlbJ tdENd,EdkifiHrSmawmh wnf&dSaewJh"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'udkwnf;jzwf+yD; jyXmef;Oya'tjzpf ajymif;vJcJhwmudk awG@&ygw,f? tdENd,EdkifiH&J@ [dENLvl@tzGJ@tpnf;rSm a&S;&dk;qefwJhoabm&dSwJhtwGuf "avhxHk;wrf;Oya' jzpf&dk;jzpfpOf

12



twdkif;zGH@®z;r_udk vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; tjrpfwG,faewJh a&S;±dk;qefwJht,ltq(Conservatism) awGu aemufjyefqGJxm;wJhtajctaersdK;[m rvGJraoGjzpfay:vmrSmbJjzpfygw,f? tdENd,EdkifiHrSm "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'e,fy,fxJudk Oya'ðyXmeu0ifa&mufpGufzuf+yD; jyXmef;Oya'tjzpf toGifajymif;cJh&wJh ta=umif;tcsufrsm;pGmxJrSm txufuta=umif;tcsuf[mvnf; t"duuswJhtcsufwcktjzpf yg0ifygvdrfhr,f?qdk&&if vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;rSm tjrpfwG,fpGJuyfaewJh a&S;&dk;qefr_u "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'&J@ ajymif;vJaewJhacwfeJ@vdkufavsmnDpGm zGH@®z;wdk;wufjcif;udk tuef@towfðyvmwJhtwGuf "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'zGH@®z;wdk;wufr_jzpfpOf a&S@odk@wdk;wufrjzpfxGef;EdkifwJhtajctaerSm Oya'ðyXmeu0ifa&mufpGufzuf+yD; rsufarSmufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;eJ@ o[ZmwjzpfwJh "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'w&yfjzpfvmatmif aqmif&GufwJhyHkpHvdk@ qdk&ygr,f?

txufrSm vufvSrf;rSDawG@&dS&wJh "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'rsm;udk acwfeJ@vdkufavsmnDwJh Oya'w&yftjzpf zGH@®z;wdk;wufatmif aqmif&GufwJh enf;vrf; (yHkpH) ESpfrsdK;udkwifjycJhygw,f? 'gayrJh wdkif;&if;om;Ak'<bmomawG&J@"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'awG zGH@®z;wdk;wufatmifaqmif&Guf&mrSmawmh tJh'Denf;vrf;xJuwckckudk wdkuf&dkuful;,l+yD; vkyfaqmifvdk@r&bl;vdk@ jrifygw,f? "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'wck zGH@®z;±dk; zGH@®z;pOftwdkif;zGH@®z;wJhyHkpHudkvdkufr,fqdk&if w&m;±Hk;rSmvufawG@usifhoHk;jcif;[m t"dutcef;u¾ jzpfvmygw,f? 'Dae&mrSm ar;p&may:vmwmu udk,fh&J@"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'[m w&m;±Hk;rSm vufawG@usifhoHk;zdk@twGuf oifhwifhavsmufywfwJh wpHkw&maomtqifh tajc&dS+yDvm; qdkwmbJ jzpfygw,f? vufcHcsifonfjzpfap/ vufrcHcsifonfjzpfap yuwd jzpfwnfaewJh tcsuftvufawGt&awmh vlrsdK;pk"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'awGrSm nDr#r_t,ltqtxl;ojzifh trsdK;orD;/ trsdK;om; wef;wl&nfwl&dSr_ ±_axmifhu=unfh&if axmufjyp&mawG rsm;pGm&dSaeygw,f? tdrfaxmifa&;tydkif;/ tarGqufcHa&;tydkif;awGrSma,mufsm;bufu tcGifhxl;,lxm;wJh"avhxHk;wrf;awGudk vlrsdK;pktrsm;tjym;&J@"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'awGrSm awG@&qJbJjzpfygw,f? pOfqufrjywf ðypkysdK;axmifr_awG&dScJh+yD;jrefrmOya'ynm&SifawGu w&m;r#wr_pHawGeJ@udkufnDygw,fvdk@ qdkaewJh jrefrm"avhxHk;wrf;rSmawmif wu,fwrf;ppfppfaygufaygufvdkuf&if trsdK;om;/ trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&;rnDr#r_awG awG@&ao;wma=umifh ðypkysdK;axmifr_uif;rJhwJh &mpkwckudk jzwfoef;cJh&wJh"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'awGrSm a,mufsm; - rdef;r tcGifhta&;rnDr#wJh "avhxHk;wrf;awGºuGif;usef&pfaewm[m obm0uswJhtcsufbJ jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh obm0uswJhtcsufbJqdk+yD; rnDr#wJhtcsufawG&dSaewJh"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'udk vufawG@w&m;pD&if ppfaq;&mrSmoHk;&ifawmh Oya'udk,fEd_uf&J@csdK@,Gif;csufa=umifh w&m;r#wr_udk axmufr&efqdkwJhw&m;Oya'&J@wm0ef[m ysuf,Gif;oGm;&ygvdrfhr,f? 'ga=umifhrdk@ udk,fh"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'zGH@®z;zdk@&nf&G,fcsuf&dScJh&if yxrtqifhvkyfoifhwmu udk,fh&J@"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'udk a0zef

13



pDppf+yD; w&m;r#wr_r&dSwJh "avhxHk;wrf;awGudk &Sif;vif;z,f&Sm;zdk@vdkygvdrfhr,f? wenf;ajym&&if "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'zGH@®z;a&;vkyfief;pOf&J@ yxrtqifh[m w&m;pD&ifa&;r[kwfbJ Oya'ðya&;jzpfw,fvdk@ jrifygw,f?

udk,fh&J@"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'udk a0zefpDppf+yD; jyXmef;Oya'w&yftjzpf a&;qGJawmhr,fqdkwJhtcg rvGJraoG&ifqdkif&rSmuawmh EdkifiHwumuvufcHxm;wJh “pH” awGudkb,ftwdkif;twmxd vufcHxnfhoGif;a&;qGJoGm;rvJqdkwJh tcsufbJjzpfygw,f?vl@tcGifhta&;/ trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&; wufºuGv_yf&Sm;olawGuawmh EkdifiHwumpHawGzuf wdrf;nGwfr_rsm;aumif;rsm;ygvdrfhr,f? taumif;qHk;udkvdkcsifwJh/ pHtrDSqHk;jzpfvdkwJhqENtay:rSmawmh wpHkw&mra0zefvdkyg? Oya'&J@oabmobm0udkom wifjyvdkygw,f? 'Dae@urBmw0Srf; EdkifiHtoD;oD;rSm a&G;aumufyGJOya'awG jyXmef;xm;=uygw,f?tJh'Da&G;aumufyGJOya'wdkif;rSm EdkifiHom;rSomv#ifa&G;aumufcHydkifcGifh/ rJay;ydkifcGifh&dSw,fqdkwJhtcsufudk awG@&ygvdrfhr,f? tJh'DEdkifiHrSmaexdkifayrJh EdkifiHom;r[kwfcJh&if a&G;aumufcHydkifcGifhr&dSovdk/ rJay;cGihfvnf;r&dSygbl;? Oya'&J@a&S@arSmufrSm vlwdkif;tnDtr# jzpfw,fqdkayrJh a&G;aumufyGJOya't&awmh tJh'DOya'qdk&dk;pum;&J@ tºuGif;rJhoabmr&dSr_udkawG@&ygw,f? Oya'oabmw&m;u vludkvltjzpfeJ@ csnf;uyfygw,f? 'gayrJh yuwdwnf&dSaewJh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;rSmawmh EdkifiHe,fedrdwfawG&dSaeovdk/ vlom;qdkwJhtxJrSmbJ EdkifiHom;/ EdkifiHjcm;om;qdkwJh owfrSwfcsufawG &dSaeygw,f? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;u qdkcJhwJhowfrSwfcsufudk vufcHusifhoHk;aewJhtay: Oya'uqef@usifEdkifpGrf;r&Sdygbl;? 'ga=umifhrdk@ Oya'a&S@arSmufrSm vlwdkif;tnDtr#jzpfw,fvdk@qdkayrJhvnf; vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;rSm vufcHxm;wJh EdkifiHom;/ EdkifiHjcm;om;qdkwJhowfrSwfcsufaemufudkOya'u a&SmifvGJr& vdkufygoGm;&wma=umifh Oya'qdk&dk;pum;eJ@ vdkufavsmnDaxGrjzpfwJh a&G;aumufyGJOya'rsm; jzpfay:vm&ygw,f? Oya'qdk&dk;pum;uae ¹cGif;csufay;vdkuf&wJh a&G;aumufyGJOya'awGu “Oya'qdkwm vl@tzGJ@tpnf;&J@ a&mifjyef[yfr_omjzpf+yD;/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;uvufcHxm;wJhpHawGeJ@ uGm[wJhOya'awGudk a&;qGJjyXmef;vdk@r&”qdkwJh tcsufudk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;bJ azmfjyaeygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk@ udk,f&J@"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'udk a&;qGJ&mrSm taumif;qHk;/ pHtrDSqHk; b,favmufbJjzpfcsif jzpfcsifudk,fh &J@oufqdkif&m vl@tzGJ@tpnf;uvufcHEdkifoavmufom a&;qGJjyXmef;vdk@&ygr,f?qdk&&if udk,hf&J@"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'xJu acwfeJ@ravsmfnDwJh w&m;r#wr_eJ@rudkufnDwJh"avhxHk;wrf;awGudk z,f&Sm;w,fqdkayrJh ewfa&uefxJcsvdkufovdk w&m;r#wr_pHawGeJ@tvHk;pHkudkufnDwJh "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'wck bGm;ueJay:vmrSmr[kwfygbl;? twdkif;twmwcktxd w&m;r#wr_&dSwJh "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'om jzpfEdkifygvdrf@r,f? tJh'DvdkjzpfvmwJh "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'udk ydkrdk+yD;jynfhpHkwJhw&m;r#wr_odk@ a&S;±_zGH@®z;oGm;zdk@twGufudkawmh w&m;±kH;rSmvufawG@usifhoHk;+yD; pD&ifxHk;rsm;eJ@rGrf;rHum aqmif&GufoGm;&r,fvdk@jrifygw,f? 'gayrJh w&m;±kH;rSmvufawG@usifhoHk;r_wckwnf;eJ@awmh vHkavmufwJh zGH@®z;wdk;

14



wufr_ &vmrnf r[kwfyg?txufrSm Oya'[m vl@tzGJ@tpnf;&J@a&mifjyef[yfr_jzpfw,fvdk@ wifjycJhyg

w,f? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;&J@twGif;rSmpGJuyfaewJh acwfeJ@ravsmfnDwJh EdkifiHwumu vufcHxm;wJh w&m;r#wr_pHawGeJ@qef@usifaewJh t,ltq tawG;tac:awGudk yaysmufatmifrvkyfEdkif&ifawmh vufawG@usifhoHk;jcif;rS zGH@®z;a&;odk@qdkwm[m jzpfvmp&mta=umif;rjrifyg? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; opfvGifwdk;wufwJh t,ltqawG xGef;um;vmrSom tJh'Dt,ltqawG&J@a&mifjyef[yfr_eJ@ jzpfay:vmwJhpD&ifxHk;rsm;u "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'.zGH@®z;r_udk zefwD;ay;rSmjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk@ udk,fh&J@"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'zGH@®z;wdk;wufatmifaqmif&GufvdkwJhqEN&dSw,fqdk&if yxrOD;pGm udk,fh&J@"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'udk w&m;r#wr_pHawGeJ@ twdkif;twmwcktxdudkufnDatmif ðypk jyXmef;bdk@vdkygr,f? 'Dhaemuf tJ'DðypkjyXmef;xm;wJhOya'udk vufawG@e,fy,frSm usifhoHk;jcif;&Sd&r,fhtjyif w®yifeufwnf;rSm udk,fh&J@oufqdkif&mvl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;rSm wdk;wufwJh t,ltqawGxGef;um;vmatmif ynmay;r_awGvnf; wzufuvkyfoGm;zdk@ vdktyfygvdrfhr,f?

jrefrm"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'&J@ v$rf;rdk;r_atmufu vGwfajrmufzdk@twGuf jrefrmjynfw&m;pD&ifa&;e,fy,frSmtwnfjzpfaeqJjzpfwJh Ak'<bmomudk;uG,folrSefv#ifjrefrm"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'eJ@oufqdk&r,fqdkwJhrludk zsufodrf;,HkeJ@rvHkavmufbJ wzufrSmudk,f&J@"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'zGH@®z;wdk;wuf+yD; Oya'e,fy,frSm rm;rm;rwfrwf&yfwnfEdkifatmif óud;pm;zdk@vdkygvdrfhr,f? 'grSomv#if z,f'&,fjynfaxmifpk/ udk,hf=urRm udk,fzefwD;cGifhqdkwJh pum;vHk;rsm;[m +yD;jynhfpHkwJhtESpfom&udk aqmifygvdrfhr,f?

rSwfpkrsm;rSwfpkrsm;rSwfpkrsm;rSwfpkrsm;rSwfpkrsm;1? OD;jrpdef(w&m;±kH;csKyfa&S@ae)/ jrefrm"avhxkH;wrf;Oya' (e0rt}udrfykHESdyfjcif;)

pmrsufESm 1-22? rESifhbGifhESifhOD;a&$*k%fpD&ifxkH; 8 bDt,ftm - 1

3? uif;0efrif;}uD; OD;aumif;ðypkaompm&if;t& "rRowf 36 apmif&Sd+yD; oDaygrif;vufxuf rkdifcdkifòr@pm;twGif;0ef ðypkaom ydÉuwf orkdif;ygpm&if;t& "rRowf47 apmif&Sdonf?

4? empDwDESifh tzl;pD pD&ifxkH;- 1969 rxp 155

5? (1970 ckESpf) w&m;±kH;rsm;vufpGJ- aemufqufwGJ 6 pmrsufESm 839

6? armifapmwlESifh rpmr pD&ifxkH;- 25 tkdiffpD 342

7? ra&$&ifESifh armifbwif pD&ifxkH; 1 &efukef 343

8? xkdpm

9? xkdpm

15



10? a':okduf (c) a0gifrokduf ESifh pDa&miftvif;pD&ifxkH;/ 1951 rwp 133

11? rjr&ifESifhwefa&mufyk pD&ifxkH; 5- &efukef 406 pkHnD

12? a[miful;ESifhroif; pD&ifxkH; a&G;E_wf 135

13? +Adwdo#wkd@ atmufjrefrmEdkifiHukdodrf;ykduf+yD;aemuf (1872) wGif jrefrmEdkifiHw&m;±kH;rsm;tufOya' (The Burma Courts' Act) ukd jyXmef;cJhygonf? 1886 ckESpfwGiftxufjrefrmEdkifiHukdodrf;ykduf+yD;aemuf ( 1898) wGif jrefrmEkdifiHOya'rsm;qkdif&mtufOya' (The Burma Law Act) ukdjyXmef;cJhonf? Ak'<bmom Oya' (Buddhist

Law) [laomtokH;tE_ef;onf jrefrmjynfw&m;±kH;rsm;tufOya'rSaygufyGm;vmjcif;jzpfonf?

14? Christ Diekman's Lega; Essential Page 10

15? a':cifjrrm (c) rmrm ESifh OD;nGef@v_dif - 1972 ckESpf yxrt,lcHr_trSwf - 38

16



0if;armif

jrefrmjynfolvlxktzkd@ vGwfvyfcGifhESif hvkHjcHKcGif hrsm; uif;rJhaeonfrSmq,fpkESpfaygif; tawmf=umcJhay+yD? EdkifiHom;aygif;ajrmufrsm;pGmwkd@ vGwfvyfcGifh tcGifhta&;ydwfyifcHcJh&um tusOf;axmifrsm;Y pHjref;ae&&Smonf? pifppf 4if;wkd@onf &mZ0wfr_usL;vGefjcif; r&SdygbJvsuf tusOf;uscHaeolrsm;jzpf.? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif EdkifiHom;rsm;. vGwfvyfr_ESifhvkHjcKHr_ukdtumtuG,fay;aom Oya'rsm;r&SdIavm? yGifhyGifhvif;vif;qkd&ygrl ppftpkd;&tkyfcsKyfaeaomumvwGif xkdOya'rsm;r&Sday? okd@qkdv#if ,cifuaum&SdcJhoavm? &Sdonf[kqkdekdifovkd r&Sdyg[lIvnf;qkdEkdifygonf?

1947 ckESpftajccHOya'wGif vGwfvyfcGifhESifhvkHjcKHcGifhukd tumtuG,fay;aomjyXmef;csufukd vGwfvyfcGifhtcGifhta&;atmufwGif jyXmef;xm;ayonf? tajccHOya'yk'fr 16 wGif “w&m;Oya't& r[kkwfv#if/ rnfonfhEdkifiHom;r# rdrdvGwfvyfr_ukd±kyfodrf;jcif;rcH&ap&/ rdrdaetdrftwGif;okd@t0ifcH&jcif;/ ypPnf;todrf;cH&jcif;r&Sdap&”?[lI jyXmef;um vGwfvyfr_ESifhvkHjcHKr_twGuf tumtuG,fay;xm;onf? xkdenf;wlpGmyif 1974 ckESpf tajccHOya' yk'fr 159 wGifvnf; EkdifiHom;wkdif;onf yk*~dKvfqkdif&mvGwfvyfcGifhESifh vkHjcKHr_twGuf tmrcHcsuf&Sdap&rnf [lI jyXmef;xm;ayonf? TjyXmef;csuf&Sdjcif;onf EdkifiHom;rsm;. vGwfvyfr_ESifh vkHjcKHr_ukd tumtuG,fay;&ef jyXmef;csuf&Sdonf[k qkdEdkif.? TuJhokd@aom tmrcHcsufonf 'Drkdua&pDEdkifiHrsm;. vrf;jy[kqkdEdkifaom+Adwdo#EdkifiHwGif 1219 ckESpfuwnf;u&SdcJhonf? “Oya'ESifhtnD pD&ifqkH;jzwfcsufcsjcif;rSvGJI rnfol@ukdrqkd zrf;qD;jcif;/ axmifcsjcif;/ jynfESif'%fay;jcif;rjyK&”[lonfh ruUemumwmpmcsKyfyg tcsufonf t*FvdyfvlrsdK;rsm;tm; rw&m;zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;cH&jcif;uif;a&;twGuf tmrcHcsufjzpfa=umif; u|Ekfyfwkd@tm; trSwf&aponf?

uef@owfcsKyfcs,fr_uif;aom vGwfvyfr_onf vlwkdif;twGuf tESpfoufqkH;tvkdvm;qkH;aomt&mjzpfonf? odk@aomf vGwfvyfcGifhESifhpyfvsOf;Irl vlwOD;csif;twGuf vkH;0O\kH vGwfvyfr_&Sdapjcif;iSm rjzpfEdkif[laom tcsufukdum; vufcH=u&rnf

tajccHOya'a&;&m

vGwfvyfr+tcGifhta&;ESifh tajccHOya'.tumtuG,f

17



omjzpfonf? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf vlwkd@onf tpkta0;ESifh tpktpnf;ESifh aexkdif=uonf? e,fedrdwfrsm;owfrSwfI wkdif;jynfxlaxmifaexkdif=uonf? vlwOD;csif;pDtwGuf vGwfvyfr_ESifhvkHjcKHr_ukd wefzdk;xm;apmifha&Smuf&efvkdtyfouJhokd@ vltpkta0;.tusdK;pD;yGm;/ tpkta0;. vGwfvyfr_ESifhvkHjcKHr_ukdvnf; umuG,f&efvkdtyfa=umif;/ EdkifiH.tcsKyftjcm vGwfvyfr_ESifh vkHjcKHr_ukdvnf; umuG,fxdef;odrf;&efvkdtyfa=umif;ukdrnfonfhEdkifiHom;ur# jiif;qkd=urnfr[kwfay? xkdokd@uef@owfonfhOya' jyXmef;Edkif&efvnf; tajccHOya'rsm;Y vrf;zGifhxm;ay;avh&Sdonf? Oyrm 1947 ckESpf tajccHOya'wGif vGwfvyfr_tcGifhta&;rsm;. ¹cGif;csufY “jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0ifwkd@onf +idrf0yfydjym;a&;twGuf aomfvnf;aumif;/ jynfol@ukd,fusifhw&m;twGufaomf vnf;aumif;/ jynfol@usef;rma&;twGuf aomfvnf;aumif;/ jynfol@vkHjcKHa&;twGuf aomfvnf;aumif;/avsmfuefoifhjrwfaom csKyfcs,fcsuf pnf;urf;rsm;ukd w&m;Oya'jzifh jyXmef;Edkifonf?”[lIvnf;aumif; jyXmef;xm;onf? 1974 tajccHOya' yk'fr 159 t& tmrcHtumtuG,fay;xm;aom vGwfvyfr_ESifhvkHjcKHr_ukd jyefvnfuef@owfEdkifaom Oya' jyXmef;Edkifa=umif; yk'fr 167 wGif jyXmef;xm;onf? omreftm;jzifh pOf;pm;ygrl xkdokd@jyefvnfuef@owfxm;jcif;onf obm0usonf[k qkdEdkifayonf?

okd@aomf xkdokd@uef@owf jyXmef;aomOya'onf EkdifiHa&;ygwDwck okd@r[kwftzGJ@tpnf;wcku tm%mukda&&Snfxdef;csKyfEkdif&ef/ twkduftcH EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;tm;EdkifiHa&;vkyfI ukdifI r&Ekdifap&ef jyXmef;onf qkdv#ifum; w&m;r#wr_&Sdrnfr[kwfay?trsm;tusdK;twGuf EdkifiHvkHjcKHa&;twGuf wOD;csif;. vGwfvyfr_ukd csKyfcs,fuef@owfaomOya'onf obm0w&m;r#wr_&Sd&efvkdayonf?

trsm;tusdK;twGufom Oya' jzpfoifhtrsm;tusdK;twGufom Oya' jzpfoifhtrsm;tusdK;twGufom Oya' jzpfoifhtrsm;tusdK;twGufom Oya' jzpfoifhtrsm;tusdK;twGufom Oya' jzpfoifh

txufwGifqkdcJhonfhtwkdif; vlwkd@onf tpkta0;ESifhaexkdif=uaoma=umifholwOD; olwzGJ@twGuf tumtuG,fjyK+yD; trsm;tudsK;/ trsm;.vGwfvyfr_ukd xdckdufapaomOya'onfum; w&m;r#waom Oya'rsdK;r[kwfay? Oya'onf vltrsm;ukdtumtuG,fay;aom Oya'omjzpfoifhonf? vltrsm;ukdESdyfuGyfaom Oya' rjzpfap&yg?

jrefrmEdkifiHwGifausmf=um;vSaom ta&;ay:pDrHr_ tufOya'onf 1950 ckESpfwGif ygvDref'Drdkua&pDtpkd;& vufxufwGif jyXmef;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? vGwfvyfa&;&ump±_wfaxG;aeaom EdkifiHa&;tajctaeatmufwGif EdkifiHa&;ygwD}uD;wck. =oZmv$rf;r_jzifhjyXmef;cJhonf[k ,lqEdkifayonf? zqyv tpkd;&vufxufu jyXmef;cJhaom xkdta&;ay:pDrHr_ tufOya' (1950 ckESpf)yg yk'fr 5 tm; jrefrmjynfoltrsm;pku tjrifuyfyk'fr[lI uifyGef;wyf=uonf? tm%m&ygwD tpkd;&ESifh oabmxm;jcif;uGJvGJum twkduftcHjyK=uaom EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;olrsm;tm; [ef@wm;zdESdyfEdkifrnfh tcsufaygif;pkHukd xkdyk'fratmufwGif xnfhoGif;jyXmef;xm;ayonf? xkda=umifh twdkuftcHrsm; taeESifh EdkifiHa&;

18



v_yf&Sm;r_vkyfvkdufonfESifh yk'fr 5 ESifhnd‡awmhonf? zrf;qD;axmifcs cH&awmhonf?xkda=umifhvnf; xkdyk'frukd tjrifuyfyk'fr[k uifyGef;wyfac:qkd=ujcif; jzpfonf?

xkdOya' jyXmef;pOfu uef@uGufaom v$wfawmftrwfrsm;r&Sdoavm qkdonfrSmvnf; pOf;pm;bG,f&m jzpfayonf? tm;vkH;u wnDw!$wfwnf;oabmwl=uonf[lIum; r,lqEdkifyg? xkdumvwGif ygvDrefrSm ygwDpkHpepfukdusifhokH;aomumvjzpf&m Oya'w&yfrSm w&m;r#wr_r&Sd [laomtjrif&Sdonfh EdkifiHa&; twkduftcHygwDrsm;tm;raumif;aoma=umifh v$wfawmfwGif Oya'rjzpfvmEdkifatmif uef@uGuf EdkifcJhjcif;r&SdIomjzpfacsonf? twkduftcHrsm;tm;aumif;vmygu xkdOya'tm; y,fzsufapEdkifonfh tcGifhtvrf;&Sdayonf? okd@aomf jrefrmhEdkifiHa&; tajctaerSm wpxufwp ykd&_yfaxG;vmcJhojzifh xkdOya'tm; y,fzsuf&ef aqmif&GufEdkifpGrf;r&SdcJh[efwlonf? xkdOya'ukd ry,fzsufEdkifcif ppfwyfutm%modrf;vkdufonfhtwGuf xkdOya'tm; y,fzsuf&eftcGifhtvrf;uif;rJhoGm;±kHru tm%modrf; tkyfcsKyfaeaom awmfvSefa&;aumifpD ppftpkd;&twGufrl twkduftcH EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;ukd ESdyfuGyf&ef taumif;qkH; Oya' jzpfcJhonf? xkd@a=umifhvnf; awmfvSefa&;aumifpDppftpkd;&onf 1947 ck tajccHOya' tm;y,fzsufcJhaomfvnf; xdkta&;ay:pDrHr_tufOya' ry,fzsufbJ qufvufusifhokH;cJhonf?

1974 ckESpf tajccHOya' jyXmef;+yD; wESpfcef@t=umwGif 1975 ckESpf EdkifiHawmftm; aESmifh,SufzsufqD;vkdolrsm;. ab;tE W&m,frS umuG,f[ef@wm;onfh Oya'(EdkifiHawmfumuG,fonfhOya') jynfol@v$wfawmfrS jyXmef;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? xkdOya'rSmta&;ay: pDrHr_ tufOya'xufykdqkd;&Gm;aom Oya'jzpfonf? rnfol@ukdrqkd EdkifiHawmfvkHjcKHa&;twGuf tE W&m,f &Sdonf[k oHo,&Sd,kHr#jzifh TOya't& zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;EdkifcGifh&Sdayonf? TOya't&rl ±kH;wifw&m;pGJqkd&efrvkdbJ pGyfpGJcH&olwOD;tm; &ufaygif;180 txd xdef;odrf;xm;Edkif+yD; oufqkdif&m bkwftzGJ@. cGifhjyKcsufjzifh trsm;qkH; 3 ESpftxd xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifonf?

xkdOya'jyXmef;aom umvwGif wygwDpepfusifhokH;onf jzpfI v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,ftm;vkH;wkd@rSm jynfolwkd@qENESifh a&G;cs,fxm;onfh jynfol@ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;jzpfonfxuf ygwDukd,fpm;vS,frsm;omjzpf=uonf? txufygOya'onf EkdifiHawmfvkHjcKHa&;ukd umuG,fjcif;xuf rqv ygwDvkHjcKHa&;ESifh ygwDtm%mwnfjrJa&;ukdumuG,faomOya'jzpf.? okd@jzpfI xkdOya'ukd v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,frsm; &mE_ef;jynfh axmufcHr_jzifh jyXmef;cJhjcif;jzpf.? rqvacwfwav#mufvkH; rqv ygwDESifh uGJvGJaom EdkifiHa&;t,ltqukd xkwfaz: vkyfaqmifolrsm; TOya'jzifh xdef;odrf; tusOf;csjcif;cH=u&onf? rqvacwf wav#mufvkH; TOya'rsm;jzifhzrf;qD;xdef;odrf;cHcJh&olaxmifaygif; rsm;pGm&Sdayonf?

vuf&SdumvjrefrmEdkifiHwGifvnf; EdkifiHa&;wGifyg0ifywfoufv#if tqkdygOya'rsm;t& zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;jcif; cH=u&onf? EdkifiHa&;wGif yg0ifywfoufjcif; r&Sdaomf

19



vnf; a&G;aumufyGJusif;yay;I a&G;aumufyGJwGif tEdkif&aomtkyfpku wkdif;jynfukdtkyfcsKyfapvkdaom qENukd xkwfaz:ajymqkdv#ifyif zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;cH&awmhonf?EdkifiHa&;wGifyg0ifywfoufjcif;/ rdrdqENukdxkwfaz:ajymqkdjcif;onf urBmhrnfonfhEdkifiHwGifrSmrS &mZ0wfr_ usL;vGefjcif; jzpfonf[k owfrSwfrxm;ay? urBmhukvor*~ vl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf; tykd'f 19/ 20/ 21 wkd@wGif vGwfvyfpGm qENxkwfaz:cGifh/pka0;cGifhESifh tpkd;&tzGJ@wGifyg0ifcGifh wenf;tm;jzifh EdkifiHa&; aqmif&GufydkifcGifhrsm;ukdjyXmef;xm;ayonf? jrefrmEdkifiHppftpkd;&vufatmufwGifrl tqkdyg jyXmef;csufygvkyfaqmifcsufwckckukd aqmif&Gufv#if txufwGifaz: jycJhaom Oya' 2 rsdK;teufwrsdK;rsdK;jzifh zrf;qD;um tusOf;cscH&ayonf? tqkdygOya'rsm;onf trsm;tusdK;ukdtumtuG,fay;jcif;/ EdkifiH.vkH+cKHa&;ukd umuG,fjcif;xuf jynfolvlxktm;ESdyfuGyfaom Oya'rsm;om jzpfaeayonf?

vuf&Sd ppftpkd;&onf 1991 ckESpf jyifqifcsufjzifh EkdifiHawmfvkH+cKHa&;Oya'ygzrf;qD;xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifaom oufwrf;ukd 5 ESpfokd@ wkd;jr‡ifhxm;onf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf xkdOya'jzifh 2 }udrfwdkifwkdif tus,fcsKyfjzifh aetdrfwGif umvtwef=umpGm xdrf;odrf;jcif;cHcJh&onf? ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif rif;ukdEdkif tygt0if tcsdK@aomzrf;qD;axmifcscHxm;&onfh EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf v$wf&ufaphaomfvnf;v$wfray;ao;bJ TOya'jzifh qufvufxdef;odrf;tusOf;csxm;qJjzpfonf? Oya't&zrf;qD; tusOf;csxm;Edkifaom oufwrf;umvrSm trsm;qkH; 5 ESpfjzpfaomfvnf;tqufrjywf xyfrHzrf;qD;Edkifayonf? TOya't&zrf;qD;cH&olrsm;onf t&yfbufw&m;±kH;rsm;ESifh ywfoufapjcif;vnf;r&Sday? qkdvkdonfrSm TOya't& zrf;qD;jcif;cH=u&olrsm;onf t&yfbuf w&m;±kH;rsm;wGif apm'uwufcGifh/ t,lcHcGifhr&Sday?

tttttxGËfxGËfxGËfxGËfxGËftxdyfOya'ukdv$rf;rkd;txdyfOya'ukdv$rf;rkd;txdyfOya'ukdv$rf;rkd;txdyfOya'ukdv$rf;rkd;txdyfOya'ukdv$rf;rkd;

1947 ckESpf tajccHOya'u vrf;zGifhxm;ay;csufESifhtnD ta&;ay:pDrHr_ tufOya' ay:vmjcif;jzpfouJhokd@ 1974 ckESpf tajccHOya'. vrf;zGifhxm;ay;csufESifh t&EkdifiHawmftm; aESmifh,SufzsufqD;vkdolrsm; ab;tE W&m,frSumuG,faomOya'(EdkifiHawmfumuG,fonfh Oya') ay:vm&jcif;jzpfonf? tqkdygOya'rsm;onf tajccHOya'ESifhnDoavm[kqkdv#if tajccHOya'. vrf;zGifhxm;csuft& ay:vmjcif;jzpfaoma=umifh a,bk,stm;jzifh tajccHOya'ESifhnDonf[k [lqI&Edkifayvdrfhrnf?

ta&;ay:pDrHr_tufOya'onf ta&;ay:umvtwGufom jzpfoifhonf?ta&;ay:umvonf tcsdef tuef@towf&Sdoifhonf? odk@aomf ,ckOya'wGifrl tcsdeftuef@towfjyXmef;rxm;jcif;u t+rJwrf; oabmukdaqmifaponf? tajccHOya'ygEdkifiHom;rsm;.tcGifhta&; tcef;u¾Y vGwfvyfr_ESifhvkH+cKHr_ tcGifhta&;onf t"duusayonf? vlwOD;wa,muftm; zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;um tqkdygtcGifhta&;rsm;ukd

20



&kyfodrf;vkdufygu useftjcm;tcGifhta&;rsm;rSm tvkdtav#muf uef@owf+yD;om;jzpfoGm;ayonf? EdkifiHawmfumuG,fonfhOya'onfvnf; EdkifiHawmfvkH+cKHa&;twGufrouFmolrnfol@ukdrqkd tcsdefumvra&G; zrf;qD;um w&m;±kH;rwifbJ xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifayonf?

ygvDref'Drkdua&pDacwfYvnf;aumif;/ rqv acwfYvnf;aumif; tajccHOya'&SdonfjzpfI tajccHOya'yg jyXmef;csufrsm;t& EdkifiHom;rsm;. vGwfvyfcGifhESifhvkHjcKHcGifhtcGifhta&;twGuf jyXmef;csufrsm;&Sdonf[k qkdEdkifaomfvnf; xkdtajccHOya'rsm;yg tcGifhta&;rsm;onf ta&;ay:pDrHr_ tufOya' t&vnf;aumif; EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;Oya' t&vnf;aumif; t+rJwrf;twGuf ydwfyifjcif;cHxm;&ouJhokd@jzpfacsonf? tajccHOya'toD;oD; (1947/ 1974)wkd@onf xkdOya' ESpfcka=umifh EdkifiHom;rsm;. vGwfvyfcGifhESifhvkH+cHKcGifhukd tumtuG,fray;EkdifcJhay? tajccH Oya'. vrf;zGifhxm;r_t&ay:vmaom tqkdyg ESdyfuGyfonfhOya' ( Dragonian Law) onf EdkifiH.txGËftxdyfOya'jzpfaom zG J @pnf;yk HtajccHOya'ukdyif v$rf;rk d;oGm;ouJhokd@jzpfavawmhonf?

ppftpkd;&ESifh ESdyfuGyfonfhOya'rsm;?ppftpkd;&ESifh ESdyfuGyfonfhOya'rsm;?ppftpkd;&ESifh ESdyfuGyfonfhOya'rsm;?ppftpkd;&ESifh ESdyfuGyfonfhOya'rsm;?ppftpkd;&ESifh ESdyfuGyfonfhOya'rsm;?

1988 ckESpf rqvygwD +ydKysuf+yD;aemuf tm%modrf;cJhaom EdkifiHawmf +idrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@ ppftpkd;&onf 1974 ckESpf tajccHOya'tm; y,fzsufcJhaomfvnf; EdkifiHawmftm; aeSmuf,SufzsufqD;vkdolrsm;ab;tE W&m,frSumuG,faomOya'ESifh ta&;ay:pDrHr_tufOya'tm; ,ckwkdif qufvuf usifhokH;v#uf ppftpkd;&tm%mwnf+rJr_ukd xdyg;vmrnfholrsm;ukd TOya'jzifh zrf;qD;tusOf;csavonf?TOya'rSm w&m;r#wonf rr#wonfu tykdif;wykdif;jzpfaomfvnf; tm%mykdifrsm;.ta&;,lr_rSm Oya't&aqmif&Gufonf[k ta=umif;jyaumif;apcJhonf? vuf&SdumvwGif EdkifiHom;rsm;. tcGifhta&;ESifh vGwfvyfr_ vkHjcKHr_ukd tumtuG,fay;aomOya'rsm; r&Sdaomfvnf; vGwfvyfr_tcGifhta&; uef@owf csKyfcs,faom tqkdygOya'(ta&;ay:pDrHr_ Oya' 1950 ESifh EdkifiHawmfumuG,fonfhOya' 1975 ) ukdum; qufvuf&SdaecJhonf? xkdOya'rsm;jzifh EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om; 1500 cef@ zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;jcif;cHcJh=u&/ cHae=u&ayonf? xkdokd@xdef;odrf;jcif;cHae=u&olrsm;/ cHcJh=u&aom olrsm;rSmEdkifiHawmfvkH+cKHa&;ESifh wnf+idrfa&;ukd xdckdufapaom &nf&G,fcsufr&Sdovkd xkdokd@xdckdufapaom vkyf[efvnf;r&Sd/ xkdokd@xdcdkufapatmif vkyfaqmifaejcif;vnf;r&Sday? 4if;wkd@onf +idrf;csrf;pGm EdkifiHa&;aqmif&Gufae=ujcif;om jzpfonf? EdkifiHawmf vkHjcKHa&;ukd+cdrf;ajcmuf&avmufatmif ‚if;wkd@onf EdkifiHawmfvkHjcKHa&;ukd xdckdufapEdkifonfh vufeufukdifaqmifxm;jcif;vnf; r&Sday? ‚if;[email protected]_rsm;rSm EdkifiHawmfvkHjcKHa&;ukdaomfvnf;aumif;/ jynfolukd,fusifhw&m;ukdaomfvnf;aumif; xdckdufap&efta=umif;r&S day? ppftpk d;&.tm%mukdom xdck dufapEd ki fayonf? Oyrm-

21



t+idrfhpifay:wGifysufvkH;xkwfaeolvl&$ifawmfrsm;uvnf;aumif;/ vrf;ray: wGif/ausmif;y&0k%fxJwGif urBmrausbl; oDcsif;qkdaeolrsm;uvnf;aumif; EdkifiHawmfvkH+cKHa&;ukd rnfokd@r# tE W&m,fjzpfapEdkifrnfrxifyg? EdkifiHa&;orm; r[kwfaom ynm&SifwOD;jzpfol a'gufwmqvkdif;xGef;oef;. a&G;aumufyGJusif;yay;&ef wOD;wnf; (vltkyfpkjzifhr[kwf) qENjyawmif;qkdjcif;onf EdkifiHawmfvkH+cKHa&; rnfuJhokd@ tE W&m,f jzpfapEdkifrnfenf;? ,kwfpGtqkH; a'gufwm qvkdif;xGef;oef;tm; axmif'%f 7 ESpfcscJhayonf?zrf;qD;tusOf;cscHxm;&olrsm;onf tusOf;axmiftwGif; cHpm;xkdufaom tcGifhta&;rsm;ukdyif ydwfyifjcif;cH=u&onf? xkda=umifh pma&;q&marmiffaomfu/ OD;armifukd/ponfwkd@tygt0if tusOf;om;tcsdK@wkd@ usef;rma&;csdK@,Gif;vm=u+yD; pdwfykdif;/ &kyfykdif;qkdif&m xdckdufum tusOf;axmiftwGif;Y toufqkH;±_H;oGm;cJh=uonf?

rnfonfh&mZ0wfr_ukdr#usL;vGefjcif;r&SdygbJv#uf zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;jcif;cHvkduf&I jzpfay:aom epfemqkH;±_H;r_onf vlwa,muftzkd@Tr#xuf }uD;rm;aom epfemqkH;±_H;r_[lI r&SdEdkifay? xdef;odrf;cHvkduf&ygu xkdyk*~dKvf. yk*~vdu vGwfvyfr_qkH;±_H;oGm;awmhonf? txl;ojzifh ESpf&Snfvrsm; xdef;odrf;cHvkduf&ygu xdkol wOD;wnf; xdckduf&kHru aemufqufwGJtjzpf ‚if;. rdom;pkrsm;yif xdckduf=u&onf? ±kyf0wWKykdif; qkdif&mepfemqkH;±_H;r_vnf;jzpfEdkifovkd pdwfykdif;qkdif&mxdckdufqkH;±_H;r_vnf;jzpf=u&onf? tcsdK@rdom;pkrsm; b0ysufoGm;onftxd xdcdkuf=u&onf? tcsdK@rdom;pkykHpHysufoGm; avh&Sd=uonf? rdom;pkb0ysuf/ rdom;pkykHpHysufoGm;aponfhxdcdkufr_avmuf }uD;rm;onfh xdcdkufqkH;&_H;r_onf tb,frSm&SdtHhenf;?

rnfolrsm; rnfokd@yifysufpD;ygap/ rnfr#yifxdckdkufepfemygap/ etz ppftpkd;&onf ‚if;wkd@tm%mwnf+rJa&;twGuf/ EkdifiHawmfvkHjcKHa&;ukd ta=umif;jyI a&;qGJxm;cJhaom xkdOya'ESpf&yf (ta&;ay:pDrHr_tufOya'/ EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;Oya') ukd 'kdif;tjzpf aumif;pGmtokH;csvsuf&Sdayonf?

Oya'ukdtuJjzwfjcif;Oya'ukdtuJjzwfjcif;Oya'ukdtuJjzwfjcif;Oya'ukdtuJjzwfjcif;Oya'ukdtuJjzwfjcif;

Oya' b,fuvmoenf;? &Sif;ygonf Oya' ukd ygvDrefOya'jyKv$wfawmfujyXmef;ygonf? Oya'jyKtrwfrsm;onf EdkifiHa&;ygwD0ifESifh woD;yk*~v a&G;cs,fcHxm;&aom trwfrsm;jzpfonf? 'Drkdua&pDEdkifiHrsm;wGif Oya'jyKtrwfrsm;ukd jynfolvlxkua&G;cs,f=u&ygonf? Oya'jyKtm%mukd ygvDrefwGiftyfESif;xm;onf jzpfIxkdtrwfrsm;u Oya'jyK=uonf? TwGif r=umao;rDu trwfrif;wOD;. ajympum;az: jy&ygrl ( EdkifiHa&;vkyfw,fqkdwm t&Sif;qkH;ajym&&ifawmh tm%m wenf;tm;jzifhyg0g (Power) &csifvkd@ EdkifiHa&;vkyfwmjzpfw,f) [l.? obm0vnf;usyg.? okd@qkdv#iftm%m&vkdolu tm%m&a&;twGuf tpGrf;ukef}udK;pm;rnfjzpfovkd tm%m&xm;oluvnf; txl;ojzifh tm%m& ygwD}uD;rsm;uvnf; tm%mvufrvGwfa&;twGuftpGrf;ukefumuG,f=urnfom? wygwDtm%m&SifpepfwGifawmh ajymbG,f&m

22



r&Sday? wygwDpepftm;xdckdufaprnfh twkduftcH rSefor#ukd tjywf&Sif;xm;rnfh Oya'rsm;ukd jyXmef;rnfom? ygvDref'Drkdua&pDpepfukd usifhokH;aomfjim;vnf; ygwD}uD;v$rf;rkd;aom EdkifiHrsm;wGif txl;ojzifh EdkifiHawmfvHkjcKHa&;ta=umif;jycsufjzifhtwkduftcHrsm;ukd ESdyfuGyfEdkifonfh tcGifhtvrf;&Sdaom Oya'rsm;ukd jyXmef;vmEdkifonf?jrefrm/ pifumyl/ rav;&Sm;/ tD*spftp&SdaomEdkifiHrsm;wGif EdkifiHawmfvkHjcHKa&;Oya'rsm;jyXmef;um ygwD}uD;rsm; tm%ma&&Snfukdifxm;onf? xkda=umifh ygvDrefu jyXmef;vmaom Oya'wkdif;onf ygwD}uD;.v$rf;rkd;r_ukda&S@±_aeaomOya' jzpfoavm okd@r[kwfjynfolvlxkESifh wEdkifiHvkH;twGuf a&S@±_oavmqkdonfukd/ wenf;tm;jzifh w&m;r#wr_&Sdr&Sd qkdonfukd tuJjzwf&efvkdayonf?

'Drkdua&pD&Sdaom ygvDref'Drkdua&pDEdkifiHrsm;wGifrl Oya'jyKjcif;/ Oya'ukdjyqifjcif;/ y,fzsufjcif;wkd@ukd aqmif&GufEdkifaomtm%mrSm ygvDrefYom&Sdonf? tjcm;rnfonfhtzGJ@ur# ygvDrefujyXmef;vmaom Oya'ukd y,fzsufcGifhr&Sday? ygvDrefujyXmef;aomOya'onf w&m;r#waomOya'jzpfrjzpfukd tuJjzwf&ef tm%mykdiftzGJ@w&yfvkdayonf? okd@jzpfI ygvDref'Drkdua&pDpepfwGif w&m;±kH;rsm;. tcef;u¾onfta&;}uD;.? xkdpepfwGif w&m;±kH;csKyftm; Oya'y,fzsufcGifh tm%may;tyfrxm;aomfvnf; ygvDrefu jyXmef;vmaomOya'onf tajccHOya'ESifhqef@usifjcif;&Sdr&SdukdtuJjzwfcGifhtm%m ay;xm;avh&Sdonfhtjyif pmc|efawmfrsm; xkwfcGifh tm%mvnf;ay;tyfxm;onf? 'gwifru w&m;pD&ifa&;vGwfvyfcGifhvnf; tjynfht0&SdonfjzpfIw&m;±kH;rsm;onf wOD;wa,muftm; rw&m;zrf;qD; xdef;odrf;cH&jcif;ukd tumtuG,fay;Edkifayonf? tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGifrl uGefu&ufu jyXmef;vmaomOya'onf tajccHOya'ESifhukdufnDrnDqkdonfukd tuJjzwfEdkifonfhtm%m w&m;±kH;csKyftm; ay;tyfxm;onf? xkd@tjyif jynfaxmifpkuGefu&ufu jyXmef;vmaomOya'rsm;onfvnf;aumif;/ jynfe,fv$wfawmfrsm;u jyXmef;vmaomOya'rsm;onf vnf;aumif; Oya'jzpf&efroifh/ w&m;rr#w/ Oya'ESifhnD!$wfjcif; (Due process of law)r&Sd[k w&m;±kH;csKyfuxifjrif,lqv#if xkdOya'rsm;ukd y,fzsufEdkifaom tm%mvnf;w&m;±kH;csKyfwGif&Sdayonf?

xdka=umifh ygvDref'Drkdua&pDpepfukdbJ usifhokH;usifhokH;/ tar&duefykHpH orwpepfukdbJ usifhokH;usihfokH; w&m;±kH;csKyf. tm%mrsm;ESifh w&m;pD&ifa&;vGwfvyfr_onftvGefta&;ygayonf? jrefrmEdkifiH jynfolrsm;tzkd@rl zdESdyfonfh Oya'rsm;atmufYae=u&onfhtjyif csdK@wJhaomw&m;±kH;csKyftm%mrsm;ESifh vGwfvyfr_r&Sdaom w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfrsm;a=umifh vGwfvyfr_ESifhvkHjcKHr_tcGifhta&;uif;um tusOf;axmifrsm;xJYpHjref;ae=u&ayonf? vGwfvyfr_ESifh vkHjcKHr_tcGifhta&;ukd umuG,faom Oya'rsm;rxm;&SdbJ/ vGwfvyfr_ESifhvkHjcKHr_ukduef@owfcsKyfcs,faom Oya'ukdom xm;&Sdaeor#umvywfvkH;/ Oya'ukd tuJjzwfEdkifaom vGwfvyfonfhtzGJ@tpnf;w&yf r&Sdor#

23



umvywfvkH; rw&m;zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;jcif;ab;rS uif;vGwfEdkif=urnf r[kwfa=umif;wifjyvkduf&ayonf?

24



zGJŒpnf;yHktajccHOya'ESifh vGwfvyfonf h vlxktoif;tzGJŒrsm;.

tcef;u¾

&Jrif;xuf

zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'onf rnfodk@aomvl@tzGJ@tpnf; rnfonfhEdkifiHwdkif;wGifrqdk ta&;}uD;onf@tcef;u¾Y yg0ifaeayonf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;toD;oD; EdkifiHtoD;oD;. tkyfcsLyfyHkpepf/ EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;pepfESifh tajccHvGwfvyfr_wdk@udk azmfjyay;aom Oya'vnf;jzpfygonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf tajccHOya' qdkonfrSm EdkifiHom;rsm;.&ydkifcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh pDrHtkyfcsKyfaomtpdk;&. aqmif&GufydkifcGifhtm%mowfrSwfjyXmef;csufwdk@yg&Sdaom tpdk;&ESifhEdkifiHom;wdk@. yÉdnmOfw&yfvnf;jzpfaoma=umifhyifjzpfygonf? xdk@tjyif tajccHOya' owfrSwfjyXmef;csufrsm; ESifhtnDom Oya'ðyjcif;/ jznfhpGufjyifqifjcif; tp&Sdonfjzifhom ðyvkyfEdkifygonf? odk@jzpfI tajccHOya'onf EdkifiHom;wpfOD;csif;pD. tajccHvGwfvyfcGifhESifh &ydkifcGifhtcGifhta&;rsm;udktmrcHcsufay;Edkif&kHr#ru vl@tzGJ@tpnf;zGH@òzd;wdk;wufa&;twGuf rsm;pGmaxmufyHhay;avonf?

rsufarSmufumvwGifrl tajccHOya'wGifjyXmef;I EdkifiHom;wdk@. &ydkifcGifhtcGifhta&;rsm;tm; tmrcHcsufay;±kHr#/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;zGH@òzd;wdk;wufa&;twGuf taxmuftyHhay;±kHr#jzifh rvkHavmufbJ wdkif;jynf. ,E W&m;rsm;vnfywf&mwGif tm;enf;csufrsm;tay: Y vlxkudk,fwdkifrS axmufjy=uyfrwfoGm;&ef pOf;pm;vm=u+yDjzpfygonf?‚if;pOf;pm;csuftajccHjzifh urBmhvl@tzGJ@tpnf;toD;oD;Y pum;vHk;w&yfacwfpm;vmcJhonf? Civil Society [kac:aom vlxkt"duvl@tzGJ@tpnf; [lonfh pum;&yfyifjzpfonf? Civil Society ac: vlxkt"duvl@tzGJ@tpnf;. t,ltqrSmvnf;tkyfcsLyfoltpdk;&ESifh tkyfcsKyfcHjynfolwdk@t=um;wGif EdkifiHa&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;tm%mudkcGJa0usifhoHk;I wdkif;jynf. zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif tpdk;&tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ vGwfvyf

tajccHOya'a&;&m

25



onfhvlxktoif;tzGJ@rsm;rS tjyeftvSef=uyfrwfazmfaqmifoGm;&efjzpfonf? odk@aomfCivil Society [kac:aompum;&yfrSmr_ jrefrmbmomjzifh wdwdusus t"dyg,fzGifhqdkxm;jcif;r&Sdao;acs?

rnfodk@yifjzpfap vlxkt"duvl@tzGJ@tpnf;. tpdwftydkif;w&yfjzpfaomvGwfvyfonfh vlxktoif;tzGJ@rsm;. tcef;u¾rSm EdkifiHawmfawmfrsm;rsm;Y t"duusaomae&mrsm;wGif yg0ifvmonfudk awG@Edkifrnfjzpfonf? xdkodk@yg0ifvmEdkif&eftwGufvnf; vlxkt"duvl@tzGJ@tpnf; t,ltqtajccHjzifh wdkif;jynf. wdk;wufzG@Hòzd;a&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;,E W&m;rsm;udk vnfywfaeaom EdkifiHrsm;Y ‚if;wdk@EkdifiH&Sd tajccHOya'rsm;wGif wdus&Sif;vif;pGm a&;om;IjyXmef;xm;&Sday;onf? odk@jzpfI vGwfvyfonfhvlxktzGJ@tpnf;rsm; us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ zGJ@pnf;v_yf&Sm;Edkif&ef EdkifiHwEdkifiH&Sd tajccHOya'.tcef;u¾rSmrsm;pGm ta&;}uD;ayonf?

jrefrmEdkifiHuJhodk@tm%m&SifpHepfjzifh tkyfcsKyfaeaomEdkifiHwGifrl vlxktzGJ@tpnf;rsm; vGwfvyfpGm v_yf&Sm;vnfywfEdkif&ef rsm;pGmcJ,Of;vSayonf?

ppftkyfpkrS vuf&SdwnfqJOya'tjzpfusifhoHk;aeaom 1988 ckESpf pufwifbmv (30)&uf ae@wGif twnfðyjyXmef;cJhonfh toif;tzGJ@rsm;zGJ@pnf;jcif;qdkif&m Oya'tcef; (2) yk'fr(3) tykd'fcGJ (*) wGif “cGifhðycsufr&aom toif;tzGJ@rsm;udk zGJ@pnf;jcif;(odk@r[kwf) qufvuf&yfwnfv_yf&Sm;jcif;rðy&” [lIjyXmef;xm;jcif;onfvnf; vnf;aumif;/ tcef;(3) yk'fr(5) wGif

(u) 1988 ckESpf EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; rSwfyHkwifjcif;Oya't& rSwfyHkwifcGifhr&aomtoif;tzGJ@/ rSwfyHkwifcGifh&aomvnf; ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ usif;ya&;aumfr&Sifu rSwfyHkwifxm;jcif;udk y,fzsufjcif;cH&aom toif;tzGJ@?

(c) w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;/ e,fajrat;csrf;om,ma&;udkjzpfap/ vrf;yrf;qufoG,fr_ vHk+cHKacsmarG@apa&;udkjzpfap wenf;enf;tm;jzifh xdcdkufap&ef tm;xkwfaom/ v_H@aqmfaom/ wdkufwGef;tm;ay;aom/ ulnDaom/ ðyvkyfaomtoif;tzGJ@?

(*) EdkifiHawmftkyfcsKyfa&;,E W&m;vnfywfr_udk xdcdkufap&ef (odk@r[kwf)&yfwef@oGm;ap&eftm;xkwfaom/ v_H@aqmfaom/ wdkufwGef;aom/ tm;ay;ulnDaom/ðyvkyfaomtoif;tzGJ@?

(C) EdkifiHawmftkyfcsKyfaom,E W&m;&Sd jynfol@wyfrawmf/ jynfol@&JwyfzGJ@paom umuG,fa&;wyfzGJ@0ifrsm;/ jynfol@0efxrf;tzGJ@tpnf;toD;oD;/ EdkifiHydkifpD;yGm;a&;bkwf/ aumfydka&;&Sif;ESifh tzGJ@tpnf;toD;oD;/ 0efxrf;rsm; (odk@r[kwf) EdkifiHawmfb¾maiGrS vpm&,l=uaom 0efxrf;wOD;OD; (odk@r[kwf) 0efxrf;rsm;yg0if zGJ@pnf;xm;+yD; EdkifiHa&;toif;tzGJ@wckckrS =oZmcH,laom (odk@r[kwf) EdkifiHa&;toif;tzGJ@wckckESifh qufoG,faomtzGJ@rsm;ukd zGJ@pnf;cGifhrjyK&efvnf;aumif; jyXmef;xm;jcif; vlxktoif;tzGJ@rsm; vGwfvyfpGmzGJ@pnf;&efv_yf&Sm;Edkifr_ukd t[ef@twm;jzpfapygonf?

txufygtcsufrsm;rSm vlxktzGJ@tpnf;rsm; vGwfvyfpGmzG@Jpnf;v_yf&Sm;Edkifr_

26



udk tbufbufrS uef@owfydwfyifaom jyXmef;csufrsm;jzpfaeonfudk awG@&ayonf?Oyrm- e,fajrat;csrf;om,ma&;/ vrf;yrf;qufoG,fr_vHk+cHKacsmarG@apa&;/ EdkifiHawmf,E W&m;vnfywfr_udk xdcdkufap&ef qdkonfhtoHk;tE_ef;rSm vGefpGma,bk,sqef+yD; wdus&Sif;vif;pGm t"dyg,fazmfjyxm;jcif;r&Sday?

tqkdygjyXmef;csufatmufwGif vlxkt"duvl@tzGJ@tpnf;. tajccHt,ltqrsm;ydkrdkqdwfokOf;cJh&+yD; EdkifiHom;wpfOD;csif;pD. tajccH&ydkifcGifhtcGihfta&;rsm; tygt0if qHk;±_H;epfemcJh&ygonf? Oyrm- 1997 ckESpf {+yDvwGif &efukef+rdK@Y qif;&JEGrf;yg;ynma&;vdkufpm;aom vli,foli,frsm;twGuf ynma&;qdkif&m taxmuftulypPnf;yHhydk;&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifhzGJ@pnf;cJhonfh “pdwWa&mifjcnfvlr_a&;toif;”tm; 1996ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_wGifyg0ifolrsm;[kpGyfpGJum EdkifiHawmfat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;tzGJ@(etz) ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;rsm;rS ac:,lppfaq;ar;jref;cJhygonf? xdk@aemuf “rif;wdk@rSmtzGJ@tpnf;zGJ@cGifhr&Sdbl;? zGJ@&ifOya'eJ@+idw,f? oufqdkif&mrSmcGifhðycsuf,l? r,l&ifzrf;vdk@&w,f? tJ'Dawmh 'DvdktzGJ@zGJ@wm oabmrusbl;? zsuf&ifaumif;r,f? rzsuf&ifaxmiftESpf (20) csr,f”[k +cdrf;ajcmufajymqdkcJhygonf? Todk@jzifh “pdwWa&mifjcnfvlr_a&;toif;”rSm qufvuf&yfwnfcGifhr&yJzsufodrf;cJh&ygonf? xdktajccHudk=unfhjcif;tm;jzifh vlxktzGJ@tpnf;rsm; vGwfvyfpGmzGJ@pnf;v_yf&Sm;I vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. epfemqHk;±_H;r_rsm;tay: ukpm;cGifhr&,lEdkifjcif;rSm tajccHOya'. ta&;}uD;r_tcef;u¾ tay:wGifvspfvsL±_xm;Ijzpfonf[k qdk&ayrnf?

xdk@a=umifh tajccHOya'ESifh vlxkt"duvl@tzGJ@tpnf;. tpdwftydkif;w&yfjzpfaom vGwfvyfonfh vlxktoif;tzGJ@rsm;.tcef;u¾rSm rsm;pGmqufpyfr_&Sdygonf? vlxktzGJ@tpnf;rsm; vGwfvyfpGmwnfaxmifv_yf&Sm;Edkif&eftwGuf tajccHOya'. tmrcHcsufvdktyfovdk tajccHOya'udkvnf; a&;qGJjyXmef;&mwGifaomfvnf;aumif;vGwfvyfonfhvlxktzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. a0zefaxmufjy t}uHay;r_rsm;rSm rsm;pGmvdk tyfayonf? odk@rSom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; pkaygif;&Sifoefae=uaom vlom;wpfOD;csif;pD.wdk;wufzGH@òzd;r_/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wpfckvHk;. wdk;wufzGH@òzd;r_udk &SmazGEdkifrnfjzpfygonf?

t"dutm;jzifhrl EdkifiHawmf. tjrifhqHk;Oya'jzpfonfh tajccHOya'wGif EdkifiHom;wpfOD;csif;pDwdkif;. arG;&mygvGwfvyfcGifhwdk@udk tjynfht0cHpm;EdkifI vGwfvyfaomvl@tzGJ@tpnf;w&yfudk xlaxmifEdkif&eftwGuf tcGifhtvrf;rsm; zefwD;ay;xm;&ef vdkygrnf? tb,fha=umifhqdkaomf vGwfvyfr_r&SdonfESifhwòydifeuf oufqdkif&mvl@tzGJ@tpnf;. wdk;wufzG@Hòzd;r_qdkif&mtvm;tvmrsm; ysufpD;qHk;±_H;I vGwfvyfaom vl@abmiftzGJ@tpnf;w&yfudk rnfodk@r#xlaxmifEdkifrnfr[kwfay?

urBmay:&Sd EdkifiHawmfawmfrsm;rsm;Y Civil Society ac: vlxkt"duvl@tzGJ@tpnf;. tpdwftydkif;w&yfjzpfaom vGwfvyfonfhvlxktzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf'Drdkua&pDenf;rusonfh tpdk;&rsm;ESifh tm%m&SifpHepfwdk@udk ðyjyifajymif;vJ&mwGift"dutm;xm;&m pGrf;tm;}uD;w&yftjzpf ar#mfrSef;,Hk=unfxm;=uygonf? odk@tay:

27



txufwGifazmfjycJhonfh vlxktzGJ@tpnf;rsm; us,fus,fjyef@jyef@vGwfvyfpGm zGJ@pnf;v_yf&Sm;Edkif&ef EdkifiHwEdkifiH&Sd tajccHOya'.tcef;u¾rSm rsm;pGmta&;}uD;onfqdkaomtcsufrSmvnf; tjiif;yGm;p&mr&Sdacs? xdk@tjyif tajccHOya'wGif EdkifiHwEdkifiH. ordkif;a=umif;udk azmfjyv#uf&Sd+yD; w&m;r#wjcif;/ vGwfvyfjcif;/ nDr#jcif; ponfh avmuygvw&m; 3-yg;tay: YtajccHaom &,lcHpm;tyfonfh EdkifiHawmfESifh EdkifiHom;wdk@. tcGifhta&;ESifh wm0efrsm;'GefwGJyg&Sdayonf?

tcGifhta&;qdkonfrSmvnf; pm&Gufay:wGifa&;om;az: jy±Hkr#ESifh touf0ifvmonfr[kwfay? ‚if;tcGifhta&;udk odem;vnfIrSefuefpGmoHk;pGJwwfjcif;/ tcGifhta&;udkxdyg;ygu umuG,fwwfjcif;wdk@jzifh toufoGif;ay;&onf? tvm;wlyif tcGifhta&;udk rSefuefpGmoHk;pGJcHpm;wwfovdk tcGifhta&;ESifh 'GefwGJv#uf&Sdaom wm0efudkxrf;aqmifjcif;jzifhvnf; toufoGif;ay;&onf? qdkvdkonfrSm &ydkifcGifhtcGifhta&;rsm;udk tjynfht0cHpm;okH;pGJydkifcGifhonf vlwOD;csif;pD.tcGifhta&;jzpfonf? xdktcGifhta&;rsm;udkoHk;pGJI tjcm;olrsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm; &ydkifcGifhrsm;udkrxdcdkufapa&;onf wm0efjzpfayonf? tcGifhta&;udkwefzdk;rxm; (odk@r[kwf) aumif;pGmem;rvnf/ tcGifhta&;udkxdyg;aomtcg w&m;enf;vrf;twdkif; umuG,fxdef;odrf;jcif;rðy/ w&m;vufvGwfenf;jzifhuvJhpm;acsonf? t=urf;zufonf? xdkuJhodk@ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;&Sd vlwOD;csif;pDrSðy=uv#if tajccHtcGifhta&;rsm;onf qHk;yg;aysmufuG,foGm;rnfomjzpfygonf?

1947ckESpf tajccHOya'yk'fr 17 (*) wGif toif;tzGJ@rsm; vGwfvyfpGm zG@Jpnf;EdkifcGifhukdjyXmef;xm;onf? okd@aomf w&m;Oya'ESifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ +idrf0yfydjym;a&;ESifhvnf;aumif;/ jynfol@ukd,fusifhw&m;ESifhaomfvnf;aumif; rqef@usifap&efjyXmef;uef@owfxm;onf? w&m;Oya't&uef@owf&mwGif vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGuf tusdK;jzpfapaom jyXmef;csufrsm;om jzpfoifhygonf? xkd@tjyif oHo,pdwfjzifhuef@owfaomjyXmef;csufrsm;rjzpfoifhay? +idrf0yfydjym;a&;ESifhywfoufaom uef@owfcsufrsm;twGufvnf; +idrf0yfydjym;r_ukdxdcdkufapaom tcsufrsm;ukd wdus&Sif;vif;pGm;az: jyoifhonf?xkd@twl jynfol@ukd,fusifhw&m;ESifhqkdifaom uef@owfcsuftwGufvnf; tjcm;olrsm;. *k%foduQmESifhtcGifhta&;rsm;ukd rxdcdkfufa&;ukd t"duxm;jyXmef;&efvkdonf?

jrefrmEdkifiHonf 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&tkyfcsKyfcJhaom 1948 ckESpfrS 1962 ckESpftwGif;1947 ckESpfzGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya' tumtuG,fatmufY tm;aumif; vlxk@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ay:aygufcJh+yD; vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGufwpHkw&m taxmuftyHhjzpfapcJhygonf? odk@&mwGif 1962 ckESpf Adkvfae0if;tm%modrf;+yD;onfh aemufydkif;wGif vlxkt"duvl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. tjrift,ltqESifh vGwfvyfr_tcGifhta&;wdk@udkjiif;y,fum tpdk;&ucsKyfudkifxm;onfh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;yHkpHudkom &SifoefcGifhay;cJhygonf?

Oyrm- jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD. OD;aqmifvrf;!$efr_ESifhtnD zGJ@pnf;xm;aom vlwef;pm;tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfonfh awmifolv,form;tpnf;t±Hk;ESifh tvkyform;tpnf;t±Hk;/ ‚if;wdk@ygwDuyifOD;aqmifaom qdk&S,fvpfpepf wnfaqmufa&;

28



vkyfief;rsm;udkom OD;wnfv_yf&Sm;Edkifa&;twGuf tpDtpOf&Sd&Sdjzifh zGJ@pnf;cJhonfh ppfr_xrf;a[mif;tzGJ@/ pmayvkyfom;tzGJ@/ &kyf&SifaumifpDpnf;±Hk;a&;aumfrwD/ *DwaumifpD pnf;±Hk;a&; aumfrwD/ obifaumifpDpnf;&Hk;a&;aumfrwD tp&Sdaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udkvnf;vlxktzGJ@tpnf;rsm; trnfcHjzifh zGJ@pnf;cJhygonf?

,if;vlwef;pm;tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh vlxktzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rSmvnf; qdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD.csrSwfaom rl0g'vrf;pOfrsm;udkom vdkufemtaumiftxnfazmf aqmif&Guf&onfhtwGuf vlxkvlwef;pm;w&yfvHk;udk wm0efrcH&yJ rqv udkomwm0efcH&onfrSmxif&Sm;ayonf? odk@jzpfI jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;twGuf rnfonfhtusdK;aus;Zl;r# jzpfxGef;rvmcJhay? ‚if;wdk@twGufom yk*~dKvfa&;t&wnfaqmifEdkifjcif;/ uif;a=u;acsma=u;vGwfjcif;/ c&D;oGm;vm&mwGifvG,fulapjcif; ponfhtusdK;tjrwfrsm;udkom jzpfxGef;apcJhygonf?jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDacwf 1974 ck tajccHOya' yk'fr 17 wGiftcef; (11)

yk'fr (158) EdkifiHom;wdkif;Y Oya'ucGifhðyxm;aom EdkifiHa&;/ vlr_a&; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh vlwef;pm;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGif vGwfvyfpGmyg0ifcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm pnf;&Hk;cGifh/ vGwfvyfpGmpka0;cGifhESifh vGwfvyfpGmpDwef;vSnfhvnfcGifh&Sdonf? TvGwfvyfcGifhrsm;udk tjynfht0cHpm;Edkifa&;twGuf EdkifiHawmfu vdktyfaomtultnDrsm;ay;&rnf?[laomjyXmef;csufonf toif;tzGJ@rsm;zGJ@pnf;cGifhðyxm;aomfvnf; yk'fr 167 (u)jzifhuef@owfr_rsm;ðyvkyfxm;jyefonf?

Tae&mwGif txufyk'fryg “vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;udk tjynft0cHpm;Edkifa&;twGuf EdkifiHawmfuvdktyfaomtultnD rsm;ay;&rnf” qdkonfhtcsufESifh ywfoufI tenf;i,faqG;aEG;vdkygonf? xkdjyXmef;csufrdsK;ukd tem*gwfzuf'&,f jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHzGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'rl=urf; (jrefrmEdkifiHtrsdK;om;aumifpDrS a&;qGJtwnfðyxm;aom yxrrl=urf;) wGifvnf;awG@&onf? xkdrl=urf; yk'fr(140) (C) wGif tvkyform;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; zGJ@pnf;cGifh/ pnf;±Hk;cGifh/ tvkyform; tcGifhta&;Oya'ESifhtnDpepfwusawmif;qdkcGifhrsm;udk jynfaxmifpkrSpDpOfaqmif&Gufay;&rnf[kvnf;yg&Sdonfudk avhvmaw@G&Sd&ygonf?

odk@jzpfI xdktcsufwdk@rSm vlxktoif;tzGJ@rsm; vGwfvyfpGmzGJ@pnf;v_yf&Sm;onfhtaetxm;w&yfwGif tpdk;&rS 0ifa&mufpGufzufcGifhay;ovdk jzpfaeayonf? xdk@tjyiftpdk;&. ulnDaxmufyHh pDpOfay;r_tay: Y wpHkw&mwm0efcH&rnfjzpfojzifh a&&SnfwGifvlxktoif;tzGJ@rsm;. vGwfvyfr_tay:wGifxdcdkufEdkifygonf?

t"durSm tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; vGwfvyfpGmzGJ@pnf;EdkifcGifhtcGifhta&;udk tajccHOya't& wdwdusustmrcHxm;&efomvdkygrnf? ,if;odk@jzpfv#if vGwfvyfaomtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;taejzifh vdktyfaom tultnDudk rdrdwdk@EdkifiHtpdk;&xHrStygt0if wurBmvHk; &Edkifor#aomae&mrsm;rS &&Sdatmiff}udK;yrf;Edkifrnf jzpfonf? tajccHOya'wGiftpdk;&rS 0ifa&mufpGufzufEdkfifrnfh taetxm;rsdK;udkrl vrf;zGifhay;rxm;oifhyg?

29



Oyrm- zdvpfydkifEdkifiHtajccHOya'wGif vlxkt"duvl@tzGJ@tpnf;. tpdwftydkif;w&yfjzpfaom vlxktoif;tzGJ@rsm;ESifhywfoufI atmufygtwdkif; jyXmef;xm;ayonf? ‚if;wdk@rSm-

yk'fr (2) yk'frcGJ (23)yk'fr (2) yk'frcGJ (23)yk'fr (2) yk'frcGJ (23)yk'fr (2) yk'frcGJ (23)yk'fr (2) yk'frcGJ (23) EdkifiHawmfonf wdkif;jynf. aumif;usdK;pD;yGm;udk wdk;wufazmfaqmifv#uf&Sdaom y&[dwtoif;rsm;/ a'oqdkif&m vlxktzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk tm;ay;&rnf?

Article(2) Section(23) The state shall encourage non-governmental, community based, or sectoral organiza-

tions that promote the nation.

yk'fr (13) yk'frcGJ (15)yk'fr (13) yk'frcGJ (15)yk'fr (13) yk'frcGJ (15)yk'fr (13) yk'frcGJ (15)yk'fr (13) yk'frcGJ (15) 'Drdkua&pDabmiftwGif;Y jynfolrsm;onf +idrf;csrf;IOya'ESifhnDaomenf;vrf;jzifh [email protected]&m;0if pkaygif;tusdK;pD;yGm;udkumuG,fazmfaqmifEdkifap&ef zGJ@pnf;aqmif&Gufv#uf&Sdaom vGwfvyfaomvlxktoif;tzGJ@rsm;. tcef;u¾udk EdkifiHawmfrSav;pm;&rnf?

Article(13) Section(15) The state shall respect the roleof independent people's organization to enable the peopleto pursue and protect, within the democratic framework,their legitimate and collective interests and aspirations

through peaceful and lawful means.

yk'fr (13) yk'frcGJ (16)yk'fr (13) yk'frcGJ (16)yk'fr (13) yk'frcGJ (16)yk'fr (13) yk'frcGJ (16)yk'fr (13) yk'frcGJ (16) vlr_a&;/ EdkifiHa&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;aqmif&Guf&mYtqifhqifhqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;csrSwf&mwGif vlxkrsm;ESifh ‚if;[email protected]@tpnf;rsm;u usdK;a=umif;qDav#mfr_&SdpGmESifh xda&mufpGmyg0if ywfoufvkyfaqmifjcif;udkav#myg;xdcdkufr_r&Sdap&? EdkifiHawmfonf Oya'jyXmef;I ‚if;wdk@ESifhvHkavmufpGm wdkifyifnd‡E_dif;onfh vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;udkjyXmef;um vdkufemaqmif&Guf&rnf?

Article(13) Section(16) The right of the people and theirorganization to effective and reasonable participation atall levels of social, political and economic decisions-making shall not be abridged. The state shall, by law,facilitate the establishment of adequate consultation

mechanisms.

[lIjzpfygonf?xdkif;zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'wGifvnf;- tcef;(5) yk'fr(76)tcef;(5) yk'fr(76)tcef;(5) yk'fr(76)tcef;(5) yk'fr(76)tcef;(5) yk'fr(76) EdkifiHawmfonf

EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_ pDrHcsufwdk@wGif rl0g'rsm; csrSwf&mwGif

30



aomfvnf;aumif;/ qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;csrSwf&mwGifaomfvnf;aumif; jynfolvlxk.yg0ifr_udk tm;ay;&rnf?

Charter(5) Section(76) The state shall promote andencourage public participation in laying down polices,making decision on political issue, preparing economic,social and political development plans, and inspecting theexercise of state power at all level.

[kazmfjy jyXmef;xm;ygonf?

xdk@a=umifh tajccHOya'onf rl=urf;pwifa&;qGJcsdefrSpI twnfðyusifhoHk;csdeftxd vGefpGmta&;}uD;onf[k qdk&jcif;jzpfygonf? tajccHOya'a&;qGJjcif;qdkonfrSmvnf; EdkifiHawmftopfudk wnfaqmufjcif;yifjzpfygonf? odk@jzpfI tajccHOya'udka&;qGJ&eftwGuf csrSwfaom tajccHrlrsm;rSmvnf; ta&;}uD;avonf? txufygEdkifiHrsm;&SdtajccHOya'jyXmef;csufrsm;udk E_dif;,SOfavhvm=unfrnfqdkv#if vGwfvyfaomvlxktzGJ@tpnf;rsm;zGJ@pnf;&yfwnf v_yf&Sm;vkyfaqmifcGifhrsm;udk tmrcHjyXmef;xm;onfhtjyif EdkifiHwdk;wufzG@H+zdK;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif vlxktaejzifh tqdkygvl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rSwqifh yg0ifywfoufvkyfaqmifr_udk vrf;zGifhay;xm;a=umif;awG@jrifEdkifygrnf?

jrefrmEdkifiHwGif 1947 ckESpf tajccHOya'a&;qGJ&eftwGuf tajccHrlrsm;csrSwf&mwGif AdkvfcsLyfatmifqef;wifoGif;aomtajccHrl (14) csufteufrS 1947 ckESpf ZGefv(17) &ufae@wGif wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmfrS tajccHrl (7) csufudk twnfðycsrSwfcJhygonf?‚if;tajccHrl (7) csufteufrS eHygwf(4)tcsufwGif vGwfvyfcGifh tcGifhta&;rsm;udktajccHOya'Y tcdkiftvHkowfrSwfxm;&Sd&ef azmfjyxm;ygonf?

TtcsufrSm tav;teufxm;&efvdkonf? tajccHOya'. tcef;u¾rSvlxkt"duvl@tzGJ@tpnf;. tpdwftydkif;jzpfaom vlxktzGJ@tpnf;rsm; vGwfvyfpGmzGJ@pnf;v_yf&Sm;Edkif&ef tmrcHcsufay;xm;onfh taxmuftyH@aumif;w&yfvnf; jzpfygonf? xkdtjyif EdkifiHom;wOD;csif;wdkif;onfvnf; tajccHOya'rS&&SdcHpm;tyfaom EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlrlqufqHa&;wdk@Y w&m;r#wjcif;/ vGwfvyfpGmawG;awm }uHqEdkifjcif;/ ajymqdka&;om;zGifh[Edkifjcif;/ vGwfvyfpGmpnf;&Hk;Edkifjcif;/ vkyfudkifðyrlaqmif&GufEdkifjcif;/ vGwfvyfpGmtoufarG;0rf;a=umif;ðyEdkifjcif;/ vGwfvyfpGmudk;uG,f,Hk=unfEdkifjcif;tp&Sdonfh tajccHOya'. tESpfom&rsm;udk &,lcHpm;Edkifrnf jzpfygonf?

urBmay:&SdEdkifiHrsm;. tajccHOya'rsm;udkavhvm&mwGif wckESifhwckuGJjym;jcm;em;aomfvnf; tajccHtcGifhta&;rsm; (odk@r[kwf) &ydkifcGifhtcGifhta&;rsm;udkrl tajccHOya'. t*F g&yfwcktjzpfxnfhoGif;azmfjy=ujcif;rSm uGJjym;jcm;em;r_r&Sda=umif; awG@&SdEdkifygonf? odk@&mwGif &ydkifcGifhtcGifhta&;rsm;tjzpf xnfhoGif;azmfjy&mY EdkifiHwEdkifiH.aemufcHordkif;/ ,Ofaus;r_ESifh vufcHEdkifr_tay:wGif uGJjym;jcm;em;Edkifayonf?

31



odk@aomf tajccH&ydkifcGifhtcGifhta&;rsm;udkazmfjy&mwGif a,bk,stm;jzifh wlnDaom tcsufrsm;&Sdygonf? ‚if;wdk@teufrS vlxkt"duvl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk taxmuftyHhjzpfaponfh wlnDaomtcsufrsm;rSm-

(1) vGwfvyfpGm ajymqdka&;om;xkwfa0cGifh(2) vGwfvyfpGm toif;tzGJ@rsm;zGJ@pnf;EdkifcGifh(3) vGwfvyfpGm pnf;&Hk;EdkifcGifh ponfwdk@jzpfonf?rsufarSmufacwfumvY vlxkt"duvl@tzGJ@tpnf;. tpdwftydkif;w&yfjzpf

aom vGwfvyfonfhvlxktoif;tzGJ@rsm; ay:aygufvmap&eftwGufvnf; txufygtcsuf (3) csufonf rjzpfraevdktyfayonf? vlxktzGJ@tpnf;rsm; vGwfvyfpGm v_yf&Sm;vnfywfEdkif&ef t"duusaomaxmufwdkifrsm;vnf;jzpfygonf? urBmESifht0Srf;YzGJ@pnf;v_yf&Sm;ae=uaom vlxktzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf xdk&ydkifcGifhtcGifhta&;rsm;tay:wGiftajccHOya'. tmrcHr_ay;csuft& ydkrdkvGwfvyfpGm v_yf&Sm;Edkifjcif;jzpfonf[kvnf;,lqygonf?

odk@&mwGif &ydkifcGifhtcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh vGwfvyfcGifhtcGifhta&;rsm;udk tajccHOya'. tmrcHr_ay;csuft& vGwfvyfpGmusifhoHk;&mY wpHkw&muef@owfr_&SdEdkifayonf?tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf &ydkifcGifhtcGifhta&;rsm;tay:wGiftajccHI vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rSvlwOD;csifpDtaejzifh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk vGJrSm;pGmtoHk;csEdkifaoma=umihfjzpfygonf?vGwfvyfpGmtoif;tyif;zGJ@pnf;ydkifcGifhonf vlwOD;csif;pD. tcGifhta&;jzpfonf? xdkuJhodk@ at;csrf;pGmtoif;tyif;zGJ@pnf;jcif;udk tajccHOya'u vl@tcGifhta&;w&yf[k todtrSwfðyxm;onf? ‚if;tcGifhta&;rsm;udktoHk;ðyI jynfolvlxktusdK;pD;yGm;udk xdcdkufepfemaprnfh toif;tzGJ@rsm;vnf; ay: aygufvmEdkifygonf? xdkuef@owfr_rsm;rSmvnf;y&dk*&wfqpfynma&;0g'D (Moric D. Fantini) tvdkt& vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk a,bk,s(2) ydkif;cGJjcm;Edkifaom EdkifiHawmfonf tºuGif;rJhtm%mjzifh trdef@Oya'rsm; jyXmef;Edkifonfh ydwfqdk@aomvl@tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh EdkifiHawmftay: pkaygif;v$rf;rdk;EdkifcGifh&Sdonfh vGwfvyfaom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wdk@wGif ydkrdkuGJjym;jcm;em;Edkifayonf?

jrefrmEkdifiHwGif twnfjyKusifhoHk;cJhaom txufwGifazmfjycJhonfh 1947 ckESpftajccHOya'jyXmef;csufESifh 1974 ckESpf tajccHOya'jyXmef;csufwGifyifv#if uef@owfr_rSmuGmjcm;r_&Sdygonf? 1947 ckESpf tajccHOya't&uef@owfr_rSm vlwOD;csif;pD. tcGifhta&;tajccHESifh w&m;Oya't&uef@owfjcif;jzpfygonf? 1974 ckESpf tajccHOya'.uef@owfr_rSmrl wygwDEdkifiHa&;pepfESifh ‚if;wdk@. t,l0g'w&yftay:wGif wif;=uyfpGmuef@owfxm;jcif; jzpfygonf? xdk@tjyif 1974 ckESpf tajccHOya' tcef; (2) Y jyXmef;xm;aom tajccHrlrsm;wGif-

yk'fr (11) EdkifiHawmfonf wckwnf;aom ygwDpepfudkom usifhoHk;&rnf?jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOfygwDonf EdkifiHawmf. wckwnf;aomygwDjzpfI EdkifiHawmfudkOD;aqmifonf? [laomtcsufrSmvnf; EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; zGJ@pnf;v_yf&Sm;r_udk twdtvif;

32



uef@owfxm;aomtcsufjzpfygonf? &ydkifcGihftajccHtcGifhta&;jyXmef;csufrsm;rSmvnf; rjynfhpHkonfhtjyif qdk&S,fvpfpepfESifhrudkufnDa=umif;jyI Oya'jyXmef;um&kyfodrf;Edkifa=umif;awG@&Sd&ygonf? tqdkyg uef@owf r_rsm;tm; =unfhhjcif;tm;jzifh 1947ckESpf tajccHOya'yg uef@owfcsufonf 1974 ckESpf tajccHOya'yg uef@owfcsufxufvlxktusdK;ESifh vlxkt"duvl@tzGJ@tpnf;. tpdwftydkif;w&yfjzpfaom vlxktoif;tzGJ@rsm; zGJ@pnf;v_yf&Sm;Edkif&ef ydkIeD;pyfapygonf? odk@jzpfI uef@owfr_rsm;onf uef@owfr_udkav#mhenf;onf xufenf;aponfh Limitation is Limited jzpf&efvdkavonf?

vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;Y pkaygif;&Sifoefae=uaom vlwOD;csif;pDtaejzifhvnf;rdrdwdk@. &ydkifcGifhtcGifhta&;ESifh tajccHvGwfvyfcGifhwdk@tay:wGif uef@owfcsuf&Sdoifhr&SdoifhESifh uef@owfcsufxm;oifh rxm;oifh qdkonfhtcsufudkrl t"duxm; tav;teufpOf;pm;&efvdkygrnf? uef@owfcsufrsm;&Sdoifhonfqdkv#ifvnf; vlwOD;csif;pD&ydkifcGifh&Sdaom tajccHtcGifhta&;rsm;udk xdcdkufapr_trsm;tjym;r&Sdatmif uef@owfcsufudkrnfodk@ tedrfhqHk;xm;oifha=umif;udkvnf; xyfrHpOf;pm;&efvdkygrnf?

tcsLyftm;jzifhqdk&aomf tajccHOya'.wm0efrSm vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tm; apmifha&SmufIvrf;zGifhay;jcif;yifjzpfayonf? vlxkt"duvl@tzGJ@tpnf;. t,ltqrSmvnf; vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tm; axmufyHhIvGwfvyfapjcif;yifjzpfygonf? xdk@a=umifh tajccHOya'ygjyXmef;csufrsm;onf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGuf apmifha&SmufI vrf;zGifhay;aomjyXmef;csufrsm;jzpf&efvdk+yD; vlxkt"duvl@tzGJ@tpnf;. t,ltqtay:wGif tm;ay;onfh jyXmef;csufrsm;jzpf&efvdkygonf? ‚if;tjyif ,if;tajccHOya'.wm0efESifh vlxkt"duvl@tzGJ@tpnf;. tajccHt,ltqtajccHtay:wGif [efcsufnDnDESifh tjyeftvSefxdef;n‡d+yD;oGm;Edkifygu tem*gwfvl@tzGJ@tpnf;. a&&SnfzG@H+zdK;wdk;wufr_/ 'Drdkua&pDxGef;um;a&;ESifh cdkifrmuspfvpfaom jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHwnfaqmufa&;twGuft"dutiftm;w&yfjzpfyga=umif; wifjyaqG;aEG;tyfygonf?

33



vl htcGifhta&;

&&SdjyD;[kqdkaom jrefrmtrsdK;orD;tcGifhta&;

a':armfvD*

,ae@umvwGif trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&;twGuf txl;ojzifhtm&SedkifiHrsm;wGifus,fus,fjyef@jyef@ v_yf&Sm; wdkufyGJ0ifaecsdefjzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiHonf urBmwGifvl@tcGifhta&; tqkd;0g;qkH; csdK;azgufcHae&onfh pm&if;0ifEdkifiHjzpfa=umif; todtrSwfjyKxm;=uygonf? jynfyY jrefrmtrsdK;orD;tcGifhta&; v_yf&Sm;aqmif&GufaeolwOD; taejzifh/ trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&;ESifhywfoufonfh pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;udk awG@jrifzwf&_&vsSiftwdkif;rod0rf;ajrmufavh&Sdygonf? waehwGif rdwfaqGwOD;uwqifh jrefrmtrsdK;orD;rsm;&&Sd+yD; tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifhqdkifaom Oya' aumufE_wfcsuf pmtkyf ukd&&SdcJhI 0rf;vnf;omrd. tHhvnf;tHh=ordygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHuJhokd@ vl@tcGifhta&;tcsdK;azgufqkH;EdkifiH/ vGwfvyfonfh trsdK;orD;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; zGJ@pnf;cGihfr&onfhEdkifiHY trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&;rsm;&&Sdxm;+yD;jzpfa=umif; Oya'jyXmef;csufukd aumufE_wfaz: jyay;aom Tpmtkyfukd awG@jrifvkduf&olwkdif; tHh=ornfrSm trSefyifjzpfonf? ppftm%m&Sif pepfatmufwGif TjyXmef;csufrsm;u trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd trSefyif tumtuG,fay;xm; a=umif;/TOya'rsm;onf trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&;csdK;azgufcH&r_twGuf wu,fyif tokH;csI &ae+yDjzpfa=umif; ,lqygu wufwufpifatmifvGJoGm;ayvdrfhrnf?

jrefrmtrsdK;orD;rsm;&&Sd+yD;tcGifhta&;rsm;qkdif&m Oya'/ enf;Oya'ESifh vufpGJrsm;rS aumufE_wfcsufrsm;[k trnfay;xm;aom tqkdygpmtkyfonf pmrsufESmtm;jzifh 50 cef@ &Sd+yD;/ tcef; (7) cef;yg&Sdonf? trsdK;orD;rsm;ESifhyg pyfqkdifaom ukdvkdeDacwfaESmif;Oya'/ ygvDref'Drkdua&pDacwfOya'/ jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpf vrf;pOfygwDacwf Oya'rsm;ESifh vuf&Sdppftpkd;& jyXmef;Oya'rsm;ukd pkpnf;az: jyxm;aom Oya' oufouf pmtkyfwtkyfomjzpfonf? Tpmtkyfonf Oya'jzifh owfrSwfjyXmef;xm;ay;onfh trsdK;orD;rsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd &nfnGef;xm;jcif;jzpfonf? okd@jzpfIomreftm;jzifh Tpmtkyfudk=unfhvkdufygu jrefrmtrsdK;orD;rsm; tcGifhta&;rsm;&&Sdae=u+yD; Oya'rsm;. tum

34



tuG,fukd&&Sdae=uonf[k xifjrifp&mta=umif;&Sdayonf?Oya'w&yfjyXmef;vdkuf&Hkjzifh tcGifhta&;&&Sd+yD;jzpfoGm;ygovm;? pifppf Oya'

w&yfudkjyXmef;+yD;onfESifh xdkjyXmef;csufygtwdkif; taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&GufEdkifcGifh/aqmif&GufEdkifaom tajctae&Sd&ef vdkygonf? vuf&Sdppftpdk;&acwfY ,cifjyXmef;xm;aom Oya'rsm;ygtcGifhta&;udk rqdkxm;ESifh ppftpdk;&u jyXmef;xm;aom Oya'rsm;ygtcGifhta&;rsm;udk vufawG@usifhoHk;EdkifcGifhr&Sday? TuJhodk@usifhoHk;EdkifcGifh r&aom tcGifhta&;udk usifhoHk;aqmif&GufEdkifcGifh &aeoa,mifa,mif jrefrmtrsdK;orD;rsm;. &&Sd+yD;tcGifhta&;rsm;[k !$ef;qdkjcif;onf oabm±kd;jzifhawmhr[kwfEdkifyg?

xkdpmtkyf. yxr tcef;Y "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'wGifyg&Sdaom trsdK;orD;rsm;.xkdpmtkyf. yxr tcef;Y "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'wGifyg&Sdaom trsdK;orD;rsm;.xkdpmtkyf. yxr tcef;Y "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'wGifyg&Sdaom trsdK;orD;rsm;.xkdpmtkyf. yxr tcef;Y "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'wGifyg&Sdaom trsdK;orD;rsm;.xkdpmtkyf. yxr tcef;Y "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'wGifyg&Sdaom trsdK;orD;rsm;.tcGifhta&; rsm;ukd az:tcGifhta&; rsm;ukd az:tcGifhta&; rsm;ukd az:tcGifhta&; rsm;ukd az:tcGifhta&; rsm;ukd az: jyxm;ygonf?jyxm;ygonf?jyxm;ygonf?jyxm;ygonf?jyxm;ygonf?

txl;ojzifh Ttcef;wGif (1954 ckESpf/ Ak'<bmomtrsdK;orD;rsm; txl;xdrf;jrm;r_ESifh tarGqufcHr_ tufOya') yg Oya'rsm;ukd aumufE_wfaz: jyxm;onf?TOya'rSm Ak'<bmom0ifr[kwfaom trsdK;om;ESifh Ak'<bmom0iftrsdK;orD;wkd@ tdrfaxmifjyKjcif;udpPESifh jrefrmAk'<bmom0ifwkd@ tarGcGJa0jcif;udpPtwGufjyXmef;aomOya'jzpfonf? TOya'ukduGufIaxmufjy&kHr#jzifh jrefrmwEdkifiHvkH;wGif&Sdaom trdsK;orD;tm;vkH;wkd@ trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&;&&Sdae+yD[lI rqkdEdkifao;yg?

jrefrmEdkifiHrSm wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; pkaygif;aexdkif=u+yD; rwlnDaom "avhxHk;wrf;rsm;&Sdonf/ Ak'<bmom/ c&pf,mefbmom/ tpPvmrfbmom/ [dENLbmomESifhewfudk;uG,fr_rsm;[lI bmomt,l0g' trsdK;rsdK; vnf;&Sdygonf? "avhxHk;wrf;rsm;onfvGefcJhaom ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuwnf;u &SdcJhaom vlaer_ykHpH/ vlr_a&; pD;yGm;a&;ykHpH wkd@ay:wGiftajcjyKvmjcif;jzpfonf? ,ae@vuf&Sdumv. ajymif;vJvmcJh+yD; jzpfonfh vlaer_ykHpH pD;yGm;a&;ykHpH rsm;ukdvnf; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;um trsdK;orD;rsm;twGuf r#wr_&SdonfhypPnf;cGJa0r_/ tarGcGJa0r_wkd@ukd az:aqmifoifhonfr[kwfygvm;? t±dk;t&if;&&kHr#ESifhtrsdK;orD;tcGifhta&;rsm; &&Sd+yD;/ &&Sdaeonf[kqkdIr&Edkifyg?

xdkpmtkyf. 'kwd, tcef;wGif zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'yg trsdK;orD;rsm;.xdkpmtkyf. 'kwd, tcef;wGif zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'yg trsdK;orD;rsm;.xdkpmtkyf. 'kwd, tcef;wGif zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'yg trsdK;orD;rsm;.xdkpmtkyf. 'kwd, tcef;wGif zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'yg trsdK;orD;rsm;.xdkpmtkyf. 'kwd, tcef;wGif zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'yg trsdK;orD;rsm;.tajccH&ydkifcGifhrsm;ukd az:tajccH&ydkifcGifhrsm;ukd az:tajccH&ydkifcGifhrsm;ukd az:tajccH&ydkifcGifhrsm;ukd az:tajccH&ydkifcGifhrsm;ukd az: jyxm;onf?jyxm;onf?jyxm;onf?jyxm;onf?jyxm;onf?

Ttcef;Y jrefrmouU&mZf 1305 ckESpfu jyXmef;cJhaom jrefrmEdkifiHtkyfcsKyfa&;pnf;rsOf;Oya'/ 1947 ckESpf zGJ@pnf;ykHajccHOya'ESifh 1974 ckESpf tajccHOya'rsm;ukd !$ef;qkdum xkdOya'rsm;yg EdkifiHom;rsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd aumufE_wfaz: jyxm;onf?jrefrmEdkifiHtkyfcsKyfa&; pnf;rsOf;Oya'tm; 1947 ckESpf tajccHOya'u v$rf;rkd;oGm;+yD;jzpf&m qufokH;cGifhr&Sdawmhay? 1947 ckESpftajccHOya'tm;vnf; 1962 OD;ae0if;tm%modrf;pOfu zsufodrf;ypfcJhI qufvufrokH;awmhyg? 1974 ckESpf tajcc HOya'ukdvnf; vuf&Sde0w (etz) ppftpkd;&u 1988 ckESpfuwnf;u zsufodrf;cJh+yD; jzpfonf?okH;cGifhr&Sdawmhonfh Oya'jyXmef;csufrsm;ukd okH;cGifhquf&Sdaeoa,mif &&Sd+yD; trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&;rsm;[kaxmufjyjcif;onf rodem;rvnfIvm; okd@r[kwf jrefrmjynf&SdtrsdK;

35



orD;xkukd rodem;rvnfolrsm;[k oabmxm;Ivm; rajymwwfay?tajccHOya'[lonf EdkifiHom;rsm;.tcGifhta&;ukd tumtuG,fay;onfh

jyXmef;csufrsm; yg&Sd&p+rJ jzpfonf? EdkifiHom;rsm;. tcGifhta&;csdK;azgufjcif;rcH&atmiftajccHOya'u tumtuG,fay;xm;jcif; jzpfonf? EdkifiHom;rsm;. tcGifhta&;ukdcsdK;azgufolrSm tpkd;&rsm;jzpf+yD; csdK;azgufcH&olrSm jynfolrsm;jzpf=uonf? vuf&Sdppftpkd;&onf urBmwGifvl@tcGifhta&; tcsdK;azgufqkH; tpkd;&tjzpf ausmf=um;v#uf&Sdayonf? EdkifiHom;rsm;twGuf tcGifhta&;ukd tmrcHI tumtuG,fay;aom t"duOya' jrefrmjynfY r&SdonfrSm ESpfaygif;tawmf=umay+yD? tuef@towfrsm;pGmjzifhtcGifhta&;rsm;ukd tumtuG,fay;xm;onf[kqkdEdkifaom Oya'yg tcGifhta&;rsm;onfyifv#if ±kyfodrf;jcif;cHxm;&onf r[kwfygvm;?

wwd, tcef;wGifrl a&G;aumufyGJOya'rsm;ygtrsdK;orD;rsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;wwd, tcef;wGifrl a&G;aumufyGJOya'rsm;ygtrsdK;orD;rsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;wwd, tcef;wGifrl a&G;aumufyGJOya'rsm;ygtrsdK;orD;rsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;wwd, tcef;wGifrl a&G;aumufyGJOya'rsm;ygtrsdK;orD;rsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;wwd, tcef;wGifrl a&G;aumufyGJOya'rsm;ygtrsdK;orD;rsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd az:ukd az:ukd az:ukd az:ukd az: jyxm;onf?jyxm;onf?jyxm;onf?jyxm;onf?jyxm;onf?

Ttykdif;wGif 1948 ckESpf ygvDrefa&G;aumufyGJOya'/ jynfol@v$wfawmfESifhjynfol@aumifpDtqifhqifh a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufjcif;qdkif&mOya'/ jynfol@v$wfawmf a&G;aumufyGJOya' (EdkifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@ Oya' trSwf 14§89)rsm;ukd aumufE_wfwifjyxm;onf? 1948 ckESpfygvDref a&G;aumufyGJOya'ESifh/ jynfolv$wfawmfESifh jynfol@aumifpDtqifqifh a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufjcif;qkdif&m Oya' rsm;onfvnf; y,fzsufxm;+yD;jzpfayonf? TOya'rsm;wGifvnf; EdkifiHom;rsm;.rJay;ydkifcGifh/a&G;cs,fcHydkifcGifhrsm;udk a,bk,sjyXmef;xm;jcif;omjzpfygonf? Oya'w&yfukd y,fzsufvkdufygu Oya'ygtcGifhta&;rsm;onf qufvufusifhokH;cGifh &Sdao;onf[k rqkdEkdifawmhyg? Tokd@rusifhokH;EdkifonfhudpPukd rusifhokH;Edkifonfh tcGifhta&;ukd usifhokH;Edkifoa,mif/&Sdaeoa,mifazmfjyxm;ao;onf?

1989 ckESpf ppftpkd;&rSjyXmef;a&G;aumufyGJOya'opfwGifjyXmef;xm;onfh a&G;aumufyGJ0ifEdkifcGifh/ rJay;cGifhrsm;onf rnfonfhEdkifiHua&G;aumufyGJOya'wGifrqkd yg0ifavh&Sdaom a,bk,stcsufrsm;omjzpfonf? trsdK;orD;rsm;twGuf xl;xll;jcm;jcm;tcGifhta&;rsm; azmfjyxm;jcif;r&Sday? a&G;aumufyGJ0ifjcif;onf EdkifiHa&;wGif yg0ifaqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfonf? EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;tm; aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfonf? a&G;aumufyGJ Oya'ESifhtnD a&G;aumufyGJwGif yg0if,SOfòydif tEdkif&xm;aom trsdK;om;rsm;ESifh trdsK;orD;(tenf;i,f) wkd@rSm EdkifiHa&;vkyfcGifh tcGifhta&;r&&SdatmifydwfyifcsKyfcs,fxm;onfrSm10 pkESpfausmfumvwcktwGif;yifa&muf&Sdaeay+yD? ppftpkd;&onf‚if;wkd@ jyXmef;xm;aom Oya'ukd ‚if;wkd@ukd,fwkdifucsdK;azgufaejcif; r[kwfygvm;? Tokd@qkdv#if a&G;aumufyG JOya'onf touf&Sifv#uf&S donf/ tokH;csI&onf[krqk dE d ki fyg?tokH;jyKcGifhr&onfh tcGifhta&;ukd tokH;jyKcGifh&aeoa,mif qufvufusifhokH;=uoa,mif &&Sd+yD;tcGifhta&;[k today;wifjyjcif;rSm jrefrmEdkifiHvkH;qkdif&m trsdK;orD;a&;&maumfrwDtaejzifh oabm±kd;jzifh wifjyjcif;awmh [kwf[efrwlay?

36



xkdpmtkyf. pwkwWtcef;wGif tvkyform;rsm;udk umuG,fapmifha&Smufjcif;xkdpmtkyf. pwkwWtcef;wGif tvkyform;rsm;udk umuG,fapmifha&Smufjcif;xkdpmtkyf. pwkwWtcef;wGif tvkyform;rsm;udk umuG,fapmifha&Smufjcif;xkdpmtkyf. pwkwWtcef;wGif tvkyform;rsm;udk umuG,fapmifha&Smufjcif;xkdpmtkyf. pwkwWtcef;wGif tvkyform;rsm;udk umuG,fapmifha&Smufjcif;qdkif&mOya'. trdsK;orD;rsm;ESifh pyfqkdifaom jyXmef;csufrsm;ukdaz:qdkif&mOya'. trdsK;orD;rsm;ESifh pyfqkdifaom jyXmef;csufrsm;ukdaz:qdkif&mOya'. trdsK;orD;rsm;ESifh pyfqkdifaom jyXmef;csufrsm;ukdaz:qdkif&mOya'. trdsK;orD;rsm;ESifh pyfqkdifaom jyXmef;csufrsm;ukdaz:qdkif&mOya'. trdsK;orD;rsm;ESifh pyfqkdifaom jyXmef;csufrsm;ukdaz: jyxm;onf?jyxm;onf?jyxm;onf?jyxm;onf?jyxm;onf?

Ttykdif;wGif The Mines Act ( India Act IV 1923) udkvnf;aumif;/a&eHajrtvkyform;rsm;ESifh oufomacsmifcsda&;tufOya' (1951)/ tvkyf±Hkrsm; tufOya' (1951)/ vlr_zlvk Ha&;tufOya' (1954)/ jynfol@tvkyform;rsm;.tajccH&ydkifcGifhESifh wm0efrsm;jyXmef;onfhOya' (1964)ESifh jrefrmhowWKwGif;enf;Oya'rsm;rS jyXmef; csufrsm;ukd aumufE_wfaz: jyxm;onf? 1951 ckESpfujyXmef;xm;aomOya'rsm;xJrS trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; tdrfomoD;oef@xm;ay;jcif;ukd a&;}uD;cGifus,f tcGifhta&;w&yf tjzpf aumufE_wfaz: jyxm;a=umif;awG@&onf?

TpmtkyfwGif tvkyform;tcGifhta&;ESifhpyfvsOf;aom jyXmef;csufrsm;ukdomaz: jyxm;+yD; TtcGifhta&;rsm; csdK;azgufjcif;rcH&atmif rnfokd@tumtuG,fjyKxm;ay;a=umif;ryg0ifay? umuG,fay;rnfhOya'rsm; r&SdIomjzpf.? tvkyform;.tcGifhta&;csdK;azgufcH&ygu tvkyform;rsm;bufrS&yfwnfum tum tuG,fjyKay;rnfh vGwfvyfaomtvkyform; or*~rsm;zGJ@pnf;apEdkifonfh Oya'rsm;um; r&Sday?vGwfvyfonfh tvkyform;or*~rsm;&SdcJhygrl 1974 ckESpfu jynfwGif;pm;0wfaea&; =uyfwnf;r_a=umifh tvkyform;rsm;vpm wkd;awmif;&mrS ay:aygufvmaom tvkyform;qENjyr_wGifyg0if=uonfh tvkyform;acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; tvkyfxkwfcHcJh&jcif;/ ESpf&SnfaxmifcscHcJh&jcif;wkd@rS tumtuG,fay;EdkifcJhrnfjzpfonf?

TpmtkyfwGif v,form;rsm;. tcGifhta&;jyXmef;csufqkdif&m Oya'rsm;ukdaz: jyxm;jcif;rawG@&ay? Oya' r&SdIjzpfayrnf? jrefrmEdkifiHonf v,f,mpkdufysdK;a&;EdkifiHwEdkifiHjzpf+yD; EdkifiHvlOD;a&.okH;ykHESpfykHeD;yg;rSm aus;vufa'orsm;wGifaexkdif=uaomawmifolv,form;rsm;jzpf=uonf? jrefrmEdkifiH vlOD;a&.xuf0ufrSm trsdK;orD;rsm;jzpf=uonf? okd@jzpfv#if jrefrmhvlOD;a&. okH;ykHwykHeD;yg;rSm awmifolv,form; trsdK;orD;rsm;jzpf=uonf? TtrsdK;orD;v,form;rsm;. tcGifhta&;ukd Oya'jzifh rnfokd@tumtuG,f ay;xm;oenf;? twif;t=uyfay:wmqGJ rw&m;ckdif;apjcif;cHae&aomaus;vufa'oae awmifolv,form;trsdK;orD;rsm;twGuf jrefrmEdkifiHvkH;qkdif&mtrsdK;orD;aumfrwDtaejzifh rnfokd@r#tumtuG,f ay;EkdifpGrf;r&Sday/ tumtuG,fay;Edkifrnfh Oya'jyXmef;vmap&ef vkyfaqmifEdkifrnfh tpDtpOfvnf;&SdykHray:ay?

1988 ckESpfaemufykdif; ppftpkd;& tkyfcsKyfvmaomumvrsm;twGif; jrefrmEdkifiHpD;yGm;a&; t=uyftwnf;}uHKvm&onf? pD;yGm;a&;t=uyftwnf;'%fukd aus;vufa'oaejynfolrsm;u tcH&qkH; jzpfonf? xkda=umifh aus;vufa'oae uav;/ trsdK;orD;/ trsdK;om;rsm; wbufEdkifiHrsm;okd@w&m;r0if oGm;a&muf toufarG;0rf;a=umif;jyK=uonf? wzufEdkifiHwGif&&mtvkyfukdvkyfukdif=uonf? tdrfaz:tjzpf/ pm;aomufqkdifrsm;wGif yk*Haq;tjzpf/ jynfhwefqmrsm;tjzpf tvkyfvkyf=uonf? ‚if;wkd@onf zdESdrfcH&r_/cGJjcm;qufqHcH&r_/ b0zsufqD;cH&r_/ ponfjzifhcH=u&onf? ‚if;wkd@ESifhtwlygoGm;=uaom

37



cav;rsm; ynmoifcGifh tcGifhtvrf; qkH;±_H;=u&onf? pD;yGm;a&; t=uyftwnf;utykdif;wykdif;jzpfovkd/ wm0efaus pyg;ay;oGif;&jcif;/ tcGef trsdK;rsdK;ay;&jcif;/ t"rRRvkyftm;ay;ac:cH&jcif;/ ay:wmqGJcH&jcif;ponfh'%frsm;u wzufEdkifiHokd@xGufoGm;apjcif;. t"du ta=umif;tcsif;&mrsm;jzpfonf? TudpPrsm;twGuf Oya'u rnfodk@r# tumtuG,fjyKEdkifjcif; r&Sdovkd jrefrmEdkifiHvkH;qkdif&mtrsdK;orD;aumfrwDu vnf;rnfokd@r# umuG,faqmif&Gufay;Edkifonfh pGrf;tif&Sdonfr[kwfay?

yOPrtcef;wGifrl &mZowf}uD;Oya'yg trsdK;orD;rsm; pyfqkdifaom jyXmef;yOPrtcef;wGifrl &mZowf}uD;Oya'yg trsdK;orD;rsm; pyfqkdifaom jyXmef;yOPrtcef;wGifrl &mZowf}uD;Oya'yg trsdK;orD;rsm; pyfqkdifaom jyXmef;yOPrtcef;wGifrl &mZowf}uD;Oya'yg trsdK;orD;rsm; pyfqkdifaom jyXmef;yOPrtcef;wGifrl &mZowf}uD;Oya'yg trsdK;orD;rsm; pyfqkdifaom jyXmef;csufrsm;ukdaz:csufrsm;ukdaz:csufrsm;ukdaz:csufrsm;ukdaz:csufrsm;ukdaz: jyxm;ygonf?jyxm;ygonf?jyxm;ygonf?jyxm;ygonf?jyxm;ygonf?

yk'fr 312 - yk'fr 312 - yk'fr 312 - yk'fr 312 - yk'fr 312 - udkf,f0efaqmiftrsdK;orD; udk,f0efudkzsufcsap&ef ðyv#if 3 ESpftxd axmif'%fwrsdK;rsdK; odk@r[kwf aiG'%fjzpfap/ '%fESpf&yfvHk;jzpfap csrSwf&rnf[kazmfjyxm;ygonf? rdrdudk,f0efudk rdrdysufaponfh trsdK;orD;onf Tyk'frygt"dyg,fwGif tusHK;0ifonf[kvnf;yg&Sdonf?

TOya'onf ukd,f0efzsufcsjcif;ukdwm;qD;onfhOya'jzpfonf? trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd tumtuG,fay;onfqkdv#if tjynfht0rSefonf[krqkdEdkifyg? Oyrmt"rRrk'drf;ðyusifhcH&I ukd,f0ef&SdvmcJhaomf arG;vmrnfhcav;onf ywf0ef;usiftodkif;t0ef;wGif rsufESmi,f&rnfukdrvkdvm;ol? tazray:bJ&&Sdrnfh cav;ukdvnf;rvdkvm;ol xdkum,uH&SiftrsdK;orD;taejzifh udk,f0efukdqufaqmifxm;&rnfvm;/zsufcs&rnfvm;? zsufcsygu Tjypfr_ qdkif&mOya't& tjypf'%fxdkufoifhrnfjzpfygonf? Todk@qdkv#if onfOya'onf trsdK;orD;. tcGifhta&;udk tumtuG,fay;xm;onf[k rqdkEdkifyg?

jypfr_qdkif&m Oya'yk'fr 366 (u)/ 366 (c) wkd@wGif 18 ESpfatmuf rdef;cav;ESifhtouf 21 ESpfatmufrdef;cav;wdk@ tEdkiftxufðyusifhapjcif;jzifhjzpfap/ umr aoG;aqmiftusifhzsufqD;jcif;jzifhjzpfap/ umrpyf,Sufap&efponfh usL;vGefr_rsm; twGufaxmif'%f 10 ESpfcsrSwf&rnfhtjyif aiG'%fvnf; csrSwfEdkifonf[k azmfjyxm;onf?

xkd@twl jypfr_qdkif&m Oya' yk'fr 376 jypfr_qdkif&m Oya' yk'fr 376 jypfr_qdkif&m Oya' yk'fr 376 jypfr_qdkif&m Oya' yk'fr 376 jypfr_qdkif&m Oya' yk'fr 376 wGif rk'drf;r_usL;vGefoludk woufwu|ef;'%fjzpfap/ q,fESpftxd axmif'%f wrsdK;rsdK;jzpfap csrSwf&Edkifovdk aiG'%ftygt0if '%fESpf&yfpvHk;csrSwfEdkifonf[kyg&Sdygonf?

TjyXmef;csufrsm;onf rk'drf;r_rjzpfap&ef umuG,fjyXmef;xm;aomfvnf;trsdK;orD;xkw&yfvkH;twGuf tumtuG,f ay;Edkifjcif;r&Sday? xkd@twl Oya'a=umif;t& ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_rSmvnf; EdkifiHom;tm;vkH; wajy;nDwnf;r&Sday? omreft&yfom;rsm;rk'def;r_usL;vGefygu txufygOya'jzifh ta&;,lcH&Edkifaomfvnf;jrefrmjynfweHwvsm;wGif ae@pOfESifhtr# rk'def;r_usL;vGefaeaom wyfrawmfom; t&m&Sdt&mcH t=uyfwyfom;rsm;twGufr_ vkdifpif&xm;onfhtvm;yif? aus;vufa'owGif&maygif; axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom trsdK;orD;rsm;twGufrl Oya't& tumtuG,f&,lEdkifjcif;r&SdonfrSm q,fpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm&SdcJh+yD jzpfonf? TOya'um;

38



trsdK;orD;rsm; rk'def;jyKusifhcH&jcif;rS umuG,fay;xm;onfhOya'jzpfaomfvnf;Oya'aumiftxnfaz:aqmif&Gufr_tm;enf;jcif;a=umifh Oya'. tumtuG,fonf vkH+cHKr_r&Sday?

tcef; (6) wGif trsdK;orD;rsm;. vlr_a&;qdkif&mtcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;tcef; (6) wGif trsdK;orD;rsm;. vlr_a&;qdkif&mtcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;tcef; (6) wGif trsdK;orD;rsm;. vlr_a&;qdkif&mtcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;tcef; (6) wGif trsdK;orD;rsm;. vlr_a&;qdkif&mtcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;tcef; (6) wGif trsdK;orD;rsm;. vlr_a&;qdkif&mtcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;onfh txl;Oya'ygjyXmef; csufrsm; ukdaz:onfh txl;Oya'ygjyXmef; csufrsm; ukdaz:onfh txl;Oya'ygjyXmef; csufrsm; ukdaz:onfh txl;Oya'ygjyXmef; csufrsm; ukdaz:onfh txl;Oya'ygjyXmef; csufrsm; ukdaz: jyxm;onf?jyxm;onf?jyxm;onf?jyxm;onf?jyxm;onf?

1949 ckESpf jynfhwefqm ESdyfuGyfa&; tufOya' 1949 ckESpf jynfhwefqm ESdyfuGyfa&; tufOya' 1949 ckESpf jynfhwefqm ESdyfuGyfa&; tufOya' 1949 ckESpf jynfhwefqm ESdyfuGyfa&; tufOya' 1949 ckESpf jynfhwefqm ESdyfuGyfa&; tufOya' qdkonfhatmufwGif jynfhwefqmrsm;ESifh jynfhwefqmrsm;udkrSDcdkaeolrsm; jynfhwefqmtdrfwGifawG@aom trsdK;orD;rsm;tm;ta&;,laqmif&GufEdkifr_rsm;udk azmfjyxm;ygonf?

jrefrmEdkifiH. pD;yGm;a&;c|wfjcHKusaer_u 10 pkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm =umcJh+yD;jzpfonfhtav#mufjynfolwdk@. pm;0wfaea&;onfvnf; wpfae@xufwpfae@ ykdrkd=uyfwnf;=uvmonf? tdrf&Sdvlukef xGuftvkyf vkyf=urSom ESyfrSefatmifpm;&onfh tajctaejzpfonf? pD;yGm;&SmazG&onfrSmvnf; tvGefcufcJ=uonf? xdk=uyfwnf;r_'%fudktrsdK;orD;rsm;u tcH&qHk;jzpfonf? tvkyf&Smr&/ &if;EDS;pm;&efaiGr&Sd/ tvkyf&rnf ajymqdkac:+yD;tzsufqD;cH&/ aemufqHk;rxl;Zmwfcif;umcE<mudk,fESifh&if;ESD;+yD; pD;yGm;&Sm &onfhb0a&muf=u&onf? rdbrsm;onfyif vSpfvsL&_ae=u&onfhtjzpfrsdK; =uHKae=uonhftcsdeftcgjzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif jynfhwefqmESdyfuGyfa&;Oya'jzifh tzrf;cH+yD;vGwfvmonfhtcgvnf; wjcm;vkyfudkifpm;&ef &if;ESD;aiGvnf;r&Sd pm&dwWraumif;[kvltrsm;uowfrSwfum tvkyfvnf;ray;=uojzifh cE<mudk,f&if; pm;±HkrStytjcm;tvkyfr&SdonhftwGuf vkyfief;a[mif;udk jyefvkyf+yD; t}udrf}udrfaxmif us&onfhtrsdK;orD;rsm; vnf;&S dygonf? jynfhwefqmvkyfief;avsmhyg;oGm;a&;twGufrlvlr_todkif;t0ef;twGif; tjrifoabmxm;ajymif;aprnfh ynmay;r_rsm;aqmif&Gufjcif;/jynfhwefqmwjzpfvJ trsdK;orD;rsm;twGuf b0opfxlaxmif&ef tao;pm;aiGacs;vkyfief;rsm; xlaxmifay; xm;jcif;rsm;r&Sdovkd/ ynmay;a&;vkyfief;ukd wm0ef,laqmif&Gufay;Edkifonfh vGwfvyfaomtrsdK;orD;tzGJ@rsm;ESifh tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; zGJ@pnf;xlaxmifEdkifcGifhvnf; r&Sday?

tcef;(7)wGiftrsdK;orD;rsm;. usef;rma&;umuG,fapmifha&Smufr_rsm;ESifhtcef;(7)wGiftrsdK;orD;rsm;. usef;rma&;umuG,fapmifha&Smufr_rsm;ESifhtcef;(7)wGiftrsdK;orD;rsm;. usef;rma&;umuG,fapmifha&Smufr_rsm;ESifhtcef;(7)wGiftrsdK;orD;rsm;. usef;rma&;umuG,fapmifha&Smufr_rsm;ESifhtcef;(7)wGiftrsdK;orD;rsm;. usef;rma&;umuG,fapmifha&Smufr_rsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;onfhOya'ukd aumufE_wfaz:pyfvsOf;onfhOya'ukd aumufE_wfaz:pyfvsOf;onfhOya'ukd aumufE_wfaz:pyfvsOf;onfhOya'ukd aumufE_wfaz:pyfvsOf;onfhOya'ukd aumufE_wfaz: jyxm;onf?jyxm;onf?jyxm;onf?jyxm;onf?jyxm;onf?

TaumufE_wfaz: jycsufY ydk;owfaq;Oya' (EdkifiHawmf +idrf0yfydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzJG@ Oya'trSwf 11§90)/ olemðyESifhom;zGm;qdkif&mOya' (Oya'trSwf19§90)/ jrefrmEdkifiHrdcifESifh uav;apmifha&Smufa&;toif; Oya' (Oya'trSwf 21§90)wdk@udk azmfjyxm;ygonf?

aumufE_wfaz: jycsufwGif ykd;owfaq; Oya'yk'fr 36 ukdaz: jyxm;onf?Tyk'frY touf 16 ESpfatmufESifh/ ukd,f0efaqmiftrsdK;orD;rsm;tm; okd@r[kwf Edk@wdkufaeaomuav;rdcifukd ykd;owfaq;ukdifwG,f&mwGif rcdkif;ap&ef jyXmef;xm;onf?

okd@aomf pD;yGm;a&;tqifrajyr_tajctaet& xkdtrsdK;orD;rsm;u vkyfukdif

39



aqmif&GufrnfrSmaocsmayonf? okd@jzpfI TOya'onf xda&mufaom tumtuG,fay;xm;onf[k rqkdEkdifay?

xkd@twl rdcifESifhuav;apmifha&Smufa&;Oya'onfvnf;/ Oya'jyXmef;csufom&Sd+yD; vufawG@taumiftxnfaz:/ tumtuG,fay;Edkifr_r&Sday? jrefrmEdkfifiHonfarG;uif;pcav;zGm; aoE_ef;onf urBmay:wGif wwd,trsm;qHk;EdkifiHjzpfaea=umif;urBmhusef;rma&;tzGJ@rSxkwfonfhpmwrf;wGif az: jyxm;onf? Ttajctaeonf rdcifESifhuav;apmifha&Smufa&;Oya'. taumiftxnfaz:aqmif&Gufr_ rxda&mufa=umif;odomayonf?

ed*Hk;csKyftm;jzifhqkd&aomf jrefrmtrsdK;orD;rsm;. &&Sd+yD;tcGifhta&;rsm;qkdif&mOya' aumufE_wfcsuf pmtkyfonf ppftpkd;&. vlr_0efxrf;u,fq,fa&;ESifh jyefvnfae&mcsxm;a&;0ef}uD;Xme jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m trsdK;orD;a&;&maumfrDwDu 1998ckESpf {+yDv 22 &ufae@wGif xkwfa0cJhjcif; jzpfygonff? wenf;tm;jzifh jrefrmEdkifiHu1997 ckESpf =o*kwfv (21) &ufae@wGif trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsdK;pHkjzifh cGJjcm;xm;r_rsm;tm;vHk;zsufodrf;a&;oabmwlpmcsKyf (CEDAW) Convention on theElimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women ukdvufrSwfa&;xdk;cJh+yD;aemuf (8) v t=umwGif trsdK;orD;a&;&m aumfrwDu xkwfa0cJhjcif;jzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGifjyXmef;xm;&Sdaom Oya'rsm;wGif trsdK;orD;rsm;ESifh oufqkdifaom jyXmef;csufrsm;ukd aumufE_wfaz: jyjcif;tm;jzifh jrefrmtrsdK;orD;rsm; tcGifhta&;uif;rJhaejcif;r&Sda=umif;/ trsdK;orD;rsm;twGuf tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd Oya'jzifh tckdiftrmjyXmef;xm;a=umif;ukd jrefrmtrsdK;orD;xkESifh urBmhtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ukd odapvkdonfhoabmjzpf[efwlonf? trSeftm;jzifh jrefrmtrsdK;orD;rsm; trsdK; orD;tcGifhrsm; &&SdcHpm;ae=u&a=umif; xifa,mifxifrSm;jzpfap&ef az: jyxm;jcif;om jzpfonf? txufwGifqkdcJhonfhtwkdif; vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azgufolrSm tpkd;&rsm;jzpf+yD; csdK;azgufcH&olrSm jynfolrsm;jzpfonf? tcGifhta&;csdK;azgufjcif;cH&ygu w&m;&kH;rsm;u bufvkdufr_uif;pGmw&m;r#wpGm ta&;,l tumtuG,fay;&rnfjzpfonf? jynfol rsm;tm;xm;avmufonfh w&m;±kH;jzpf&ef vGwfvyfaom w&m;pD&ifa&;pepf&Sd&ef vkdtyfonf? jrefrmjynfYrlvGwfvyfaom w&m;&kH;rsm;r&Sdyg? Oya'rsm;wGif rnfokd@yif jyXmef;xm;&SdapumrlxkdOya' jyXmef;csufrsm;ukd csdK;azgufjcif;cH&ygu yDjyifpGm ta&;,lEdkifonfh vGwfvyfaomw&m;±kH;rsm;r&Sdjcif;u xkdOya'rsm;onf vlxkukd tumtuG,f jzpfapEdkifjcif;r&Sday?xkd@tjyif trsdK;orD;rsm;. tcGifhta&; tumtuG,f&&Sda&;twGuf v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufay;rnfh vGwfvyfaom trsdK;orD;tzGJ@tpnf; rsm;vnf; jrefrmEdkifiHwGifr&Sday?jrefrmEdkifiHvkH;qkdif&mtrsdK;orD; a&;&maumfrwDonf trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&;twGufOD;aqmifOD;&GufjyKum tumtuG,fay;aomtzGJ@tpnf; r[kwfay? [email protected]; a'gufwm a':cif0if;a&$u OuUX tjzpfaqmif&Gufaeaom xkdtrsdK;orD;aumfrwDonf trsdK;orD; tcGifhta&;umuG,fa&;ukd v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufjcif;xuf trsdK;orD;

40



tcGifhta&;csdK;azgufaom ppftpkd;&tm; tumtuG,fay;aom trsdK;orD; tzGJ@omjzpfayonf?

*[a':armfvDonf jrefrmEdkifiHa&S@aersm;aumifpDtzGJ@0ifjzpf+yD;/ r[mrdwfqufqHa&; wm0efcH jrefrmEdkifiHtrsdK;orD;a&;&mESifh tcGifhta&;rsm;qkdif&mtzGJ@ jzpfonf?]

41



u&ifeD orw cl;Asm;&,fESifh awG hqHkar;jref;csuf

(u&ifeDorw cl;Asm;&,fESifhawG@qkHar;jref;csufukd t*Fvdyfvkdxkwfa0aom (u&ifeDorw cl;Asm;&,fESifhawG@qkHar;jref;csufukd t*Fvdyfvkdxkwfa0aom (u&ifeDorw cl;Asm;&,fESifhawG@qkHar;jref;csufukd t*Fvdyfvkdxkwfa0aom (u&ifeDorw cl;Asm;&,fESifhawG@qkHar;jref;csufukd t*Fvdyfvkdxkwfa0aom (u&ifeDorw cl;Asm;&,fESifhawG@qkHar;jref;csufukd t*Fvdyfvkdxkwfa0aom LegalIssue on Burma pmapmif trSwf (14) wGifvnf;az:pmapmif trSwf (14) wGifvnf;az:pmapmif trSwf (14) wGifvnf;az:pmapmif trSwf (14) wGifvnf;az:pmapmif trSwf (14) wGifvnf;az: jyxm;onf? TtajccHOya'jyxm;onf? TtajccHOya'jyxm;onf? TtajccHOya'jyxm;onf? TtajccHOya'jyxm;onf? TtajccHOya'a&;&mpmapmifwGif awG@qkHar;jref;cef;. tajccHOya'ESifhqkdifaom ajz=um;csufrsm;ukdoma&;&mpmapmifwGif awG@qkHar;jref;cef;. tajccHOya'ESifhqkdifaom ajz=um;csufrsm;ukdoma&;&mpmapmifwGif awG@qkHar;jref;cef;. tajccHOya'ESifhqkdifaom ajz=um;csufrsm;ukdoma&;&mpmapmifwGif awG@qkHar;jref;cef;. tajccHOya'ESifhqkdifaom ajz=um;csufrsm;ukdoma&;&mpmapmifwGif awG@qkHar;jref;cef;. tajccHOya'ESifhqkdifaom ajz=um;csufrsm;ukdomaz:az:az:az:az: jyxm;ygonf)jyxm;ygonf)jyxm;ygonf)jyxm;ygonf)jyxm;ygonf)

ar; - +idrf;csrf;aom EdkifiHa&;jyKjyifajymif;vJr_wGif zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'onf ar; - +idrf;csrf;aom EdkifiHa&;jyKjyifajymif;vJr_wGif zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'onf ar; - +idrf;csrf;aom EdkifiHa&;jyKjyifajymif;vJr_wGif zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'onf ar; - +idrf;csrf;aom EdkifiHa&;jyKjyifajymif;vJr_wGif zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'onf ar; - +idrf;csrf;aom EdkifiHa&;jyKjyifajymif;vJr_wGif zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'onft"dutcef; rS yg0ifaeygovm;?t"dutcef; rS yg0ifaeygovm;?t"dutcef; rS yg0ifaeygovm;?t"dutcef; rS yg0ifaeygovm;?t"dutcef; rS yg0ifaeygovm;?

ajz -ajz -ajz -ajz -ajz - +idrf;csrf;aom EdkifiHa&;jyKjyifajymif;vJr_wGif zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'onft"du tcef;rS ryg0ifaomfvnf; ta&;}uD;aom tcef;wGif yg0ifygw,f? bmjzpfvJqdk&if tajccHOya'onf yÉdyuQjzpfaeaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. tem*gwftmrcHcsufrsm;udk jyXmef;ay;aoma=umifh jzpfaeaomyÉdyuQ jzpfaeaomtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk+idrf;csrf;a&;bufodk@ qGJaqmifay;Edkifygw,f? trSefrSm awG@qHkaqG;aEG;+yD;EdkifiHa&;enf;jzifhtajz&Sm ajz&Sif;wmjzpfygw,f?

rnfonfh zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyH ktajccHOya'onf rdrdwdk@Ek difiHESif h oifhawmfonf[krnfonfh zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyH ktajccHOya'onf rdrdwdk@Ek difiHESif h oifhawmfonf[krnfonfh zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyH ktajccHOya'onf rdrdwdk@Ek difiHESif h oifhawmfonf[krnfonfh zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyH ktajccHOya'onf rdrdwdk@Ek difiHESif h oifhawmfonf[krnfonfh zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyH ktajccHOya'onf rdrdwdk@Ek difiHESif h oifhawmfonf[kxifjrifygovJ?xifjrifygovJ?xifjrifygovJ?xifjrifygovJ?xifjrifygovJ?

wef;wla&;/ ukd,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh/ w&m;r#wr_ESifh 'Drdkua&pDudk tajccHonfh zuf'&,fOya'onf oifhawmfonf[k xifygw,f? bmjzpfvJqdk&if jrefrmEdkifiH[m wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;aygif;pHk aexdkifwJh EdkifiHjzpfvdk@ygbJ?

1947 ckESpf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk jyefvnftoHk;jyKvdkygovm;?1947 ckESpf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk jyefvnftoHk;jyKvdkygovm;?1947 ckESpf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk jyefvnftoHk;jyKvdkygovm;?1947 ckESpf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk jyefvnftoHk;jyKvdkygovm;?1947 ckESpf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk jyefvnftoHk;jyKvdkygovm;?

,cktcg urBmay:rSm EkdifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;wdk@[m t}uD;tus,fjzpfay:wdk;

zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpka&;&m

42



wufajymif;vJaeygw,f? 'ga=umifh 1947 ckESpf zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk jyeftoHk;jyKr,fqdk&if jyKjyifjznfhpGuf+yD;rS toHk;jyKoifhw,fvdk@jrifw,f/ Oyrm- 'DOya'[m (10) ESpfjynfh&if &Srf;jynfe,fESifh u&ifeDjynfcGJxGufEdkifw,fvdk@ jyXmef;xm;ygw,f? 'ga=umifhjyefoHk;&if&Srf;jynfe,fESifh u&ifeDjynfudk csufcsif;cGJxGufcGifhjyK&rnfjzpfygw,f? ‚if;tjyif pD;yGm;a&;/ydkif;rSmvnf; jyKjyifjznfhpGufzdk@vdkygw,f? aemufwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;. tcGifhta&;ydkif;rSmvnf; jyKjyifjznfhpGufzdk@vdkygw,f?

1947 ckESpf zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'udk xyfrHjznfhpGufcsufrsm;ESifh usifhoHk;vdkygovm;?1947 ckESpf zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'udk xyfrHjznfhpGufcsufrsm;ESifh usifhoHk;vdkygovm;?1947 ckESpf zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'udk xyfrHjznfhpGufcsufrsm;ESifh usifhoHk;vdkygovm;?1947 ckESpf zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'udk xyfrHjznfhpGufcsufrsm;ESifh usifhoHk;vdkygovm;?1947 ckESpf zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'udk xyfrHjznfhpGufcsufrsm;ESifh usifhoHk;vdkygovm;?odk@r[kwf rnfuJhodk@aom zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya' a&;qGJtwnfjyKapvdkygovJ?odk@r[kwf rnfuJhodk@aom zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya' a&;qGJtwnfjyKapvdkygovJ?odk@r[kwf rnfuJhodk@aom zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya' a&;qGJtwnfjyKapvdkygovJ?odk@r[kwf rnfuJhodk@aom zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya' a&;qGJtwnfjyKapvdkygovJ?odk@r[kwf rnfuJhodk@aom zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya' a&;qGJtwnfjyKapvdkygovJ?

1947 ckESpf zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk wef;wla&;/ udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh/ w&m;r#wa&;ESifh'Drdkua&pDa&;wdk@ay:tajccHwJh zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk Oya'usus jyKjyifjznfhpGuf+yD;toHk;jyKEdkifr,fvdk@ xifygw,f? txufyg az: jycJhwJh zuf'&,fusus zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'udk a&;qGJtwnfjyKapvdkygw,f?

1990 ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fESifh rnfodk@aom zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'onf 1990 ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fESifh rnfodk@aom zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'onf 1990 ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fESifh rnfodk@aom zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'onf 1990 ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fESifh rnfodk@aom zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'onf 1990 ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fESifh rnfodk@aom zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'onfjrefrmEdkifiHtwGufvdktyf aeygovJ?jrefrmEdkifiHtwGufvdktyf aeygovJ?jrefrmEdkifiHtwGufvdktyf aeygovJ?jrefrmEdkifiHtwGufvdktyf aeygovJ?jrefrmEdkifiHtwGufvdktyf aeygovJ?

1990 a&G;aumufyGJ vkyfpOfuawmif jrefrmEkdifiHwGif zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'r&Sdyg?ppfwyfu tm;vHk;y,fzsufxm;+yD;om;jzpfw,f? a&G;aumufyGJrSm trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDutjywftowf tEdkif&&SdcJhw,f/ ppfwyfu tm;vHk; NLD trwfrsm;ESifh wkdif;&if;om;trsdK;om;rsm; (Ethnic National) trwfwdk@u pkaygif;+yD; jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf udkufnDonfh zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya' a&;qGJay;oifhonf[k jrifygonf? jrefrmjynfESifhtudkufnDqHk;jzpfwJh zuf'&,fzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk a&;qGJay;zdk@oifhygw,f?

Armjynfonf vlrsdK;aygif;pHk a&maxG;aexdkifonfh twGufa=umifh zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'a&;qGJ&mwGif/ vlrsdK;wrsdK;wnf;/ vlwpkwnf;/ a&;qGJjcif;rsdK;rjzpfap& ouJhodk@/ xdktajccHOya'onfvnf; vlwrsdK;wnf;/ vlwpkwnf;. tusdK;pD;yGm;udkomjzpfaponfh Oya'rsdK;rjzpf&efvnf; txl;vdktyfayonf?

xdk@tjyif bmoma&;wckwnf;udkom &yfwnftm;ay;vkyfaqmiftumtuG,fay;jcif;rsdK; rjzpfap&ouJhodk@/ EkdifiHawmftpdk;&onf bmomwck. tpdk;&toGifrsdK;rjzpfap&efvnf; txl;vdktyfayonf?

bmomw&m;qdkif&mvkyfief;udpPt00onf bmoma&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;uom aqmif&Gufoifhonf? tpdk;& tzGJ@0ifwOD;OD;onf bmoma&;wGif yg0ifaqmif&Gufvdkygu ‚if;. bmom0ifwOD;taeESifhom yg0ifaqmif&Guf&rnfjzpfonf? tm%mESifhbm

43



oma&;ra&maxG;rd&ef vdktyfonf?Oyrm- orw jzpf&ef Ak'<bmom0ifr[kwfaom yk*~dKvf[m Ak'<bmomodk@

oGwfoGif;jcif;rsdK;/ bmomw&m;wck. apwDykxdk;/ taqmufttHk/ yGJvrf;obifwGiftpdk;&udk,fwkdif yg0ifOD;aqmifonfhvkyf&yfrsdK;?

wyfrawmfrS zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' rl=urf;a&;qGJa&;wGif yg0ifaeonfh tcef;u¾udk wyfrawmfrS zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' rl=urf;a&;qGJa&;wGif yg0ifaeonfh tcef;u¾udk wyfrawmfrS zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' rl=urf;a&;qGJa&;wGif yg0ifaeonfh tcef;u¾udk wyfrawmfrS zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' rl=urf;a&;qGJa&;wGif yg0ifaeonfh tcef;u¾udk wyfrawmfrS zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' rl=urf;a&;qGJa&;wGif yg0ifaeonfh tcef;u¾udkoifrnfuJhokd@xif ygovJ?oifrnfuJhokd@xif ygovJ?oifrnfuJhokd@xif ygovJ?oifrnfuJhokd@xif ygovJ?oifrnfuJhokd@xif ygovJ?

wyfrawmfonf wkdif;jynfumuG,fa&;wGifom wm0ef&Sdonf? EkdifiHa&;udpP/zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'a&;qGJa&; udpPwdk@wGif rygoifhyg? ,ckuJhokd@ wyfrawmfonf zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'a&;qGJ&mwGif yg0ifvmonfrSm qufvuf+yD; EkdifiHawmftm%mudk qkwfudkifxm;Edkifzdk@bJvdk@jrifygw,f?

toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvtwGif wyfrawmf. tcef;u¾udk oifrnfuJhodk @toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvtwGif wyfrawmf. tcef;u¾udk oifrnfuJhodk @toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvtwGif wyfrawmf. tcef;u¾udk oifrnfuJhodk @toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvtwGif wyfrawmf. tcef;u¾udk oifrnfuJhodk @toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvtwGif wyfrawmf. tcef;u¾udk oifrnfuJhodk @xifjrifygovJ?xifjrifygovJ?xifjrifygovJ?xifjrifygovJ?xifjrifygovJ?

toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvwGif wyfrawmfonf tm%mudk pGef@v$wf+yD; ppfbm;wkdufodk@jyefzdk@omjzpfygonf? wyfrawmfrS tm%mqkwfudkifxm;or# umvywfvHk;‚if;wdk@ usL;vGefxm;aom jypfr_rsm;udk zHk;uG,f&ef vkyfaqmifr_a=umifh toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvudk taESmifht,Sufqufvufay;aernf[k jrifygonf?

wjynfaxmif zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'onf jyoemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;Ekdifrnf[k ,lqygovm;? wjynfaxmif zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'onf jyoemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;Ekdifrnf[k ,lqygovm;? wjynfaxmif zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'onf jyoemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;Ekdifrnf[k ,lqygovm;? wjynfaxmif zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'onf jyoemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;Ekdifrnf[k ,lqygovm;? wjynfaxmif zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'onf jyoemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;Ekdifrnf[k ,lqygovm;?

wjynfaxmif zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'onf ,ae@jzpf&Sdaeaom jrefrmjynf. jy\emrsm;udk rajz&Sif;Ekdif[k ,lqygonf? ,ae@jzpf&Sdaom jrefrmjynfjy\emonf wjynfaxmifzGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'a=umifhjzpfonf[k ,lqygonf? ta=umif;rSm 1974 ckESpfwGif rqvrS jyXmef;aom zGJ@pnf;yHkOya'rSmvnf; wjynfaxmif zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'jzpfcJhw,f? 'gudkrauseyfaom wkdif;&if;om;trsdK;om;rsm;u vufeufpGJudkifawmfvSefcJh=uw,f/ 'ga=umifh ,ae@jrefrmjynf. jyoemt&if;cHjzpfvmonf[k ,lqygonf?

tem*gwfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'wGif cGJxGufa&;qdkonfh pum;&yfyg&efvdktyfygovm;? tem*gwfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'wGif cGJxGufa&;qdkonfh pum;&yfyg&efvdktyfygovm;? tem*gwfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'wGif cGJxGufa&;qdkonfh pum;&yfyg&efvdktyfygovm;? tem*gwfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'wGif cGJxGufa&;qdkonfh pum;&yfyg&efvdktyfygovm;? tem*gwfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'wGif cGJxGufa&;qdkonfh pum;&yfyg&efvdktyfygovm;?

tu,fI wef;wla&;/ udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh/ w&m;r#wa&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDwdk@udk tajccH+yD;zuf'&,fzGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'w&yfa&;qGJjyXmef;Edkif+yD; 'DOya'udk rcsdK;azmufEdkifatmif

44



ry,fzsufEkdifatmif umuG,fapmifha&SmufwJhenf;udk jyXmef;ay;Edkif&if cGJxGufa&;udk xnfhwm rxl;jcm;bl;vdk@jrifygw,f? Oyrm-&Srf;jynfe,fESifh u&ifeDjynfudk cGJxGufcGifhjyKxm;aomfvnf; (10) ESpfausmf+yD; tESpf (50) ausmfawmif&Sd+yD;/ cGJxGufvdk@r&cJhyg? ta&;}uD;wmu jynfe,fwdkif; }uD;Ekdifi,fn‡if; rjyK=ubJ wef;wlnDr#r_&Sd=u&if b,fjynfe,frScGJxGufcsifrSm r[kwfyg? cGJxGufcsifw,fqdkwmu tiftm;}uD;wJh jynfe,fawGu }uD;Edkifi,fn‡Of;jyKvkyfcsifwmbJjzpfw,f? ,cktcg ppftkyfpku r[mvlrsdK;}uD;0g'udk usifhoHk;+yD;vlrsdK;i,fawGtay:rSm zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fwJhtwGuf cGJxGufcsif=uwmyg?

vuf&S dwk di f;ESi f h jynfe,frsm;zG J @pnf;yH k twdkif;r[kwfbJ Armvlrs d K;pktaejzif h vuf&S dwk di f;ESi f h jynfe,frsm;zG J @pnf;yH k twdkif;r[kwfbJ Armvlrs d K;pktaejzif h vuf&S dwk di f;ESi f h jynfe,frsm;zG J @pnf;yH k twdkif;r[kwfbJ Armvlrs d K;pktaejzif h vuf&S dwk di f;ESi f h jynfe,frsm;zG J @pnf;yH k twdkif;r[kwfbJ Armvlrs d K;pktaejzif h vuf&S dwk di f;ESi f h jynfe,frsm;zG J @pnf;yH k twdkif;r[kwfbJ Armvlrs d K;pktaejzif hjynfe,fwcktjzpf yg0ifoifhyg ovm;? tu,fI yg0ifoifhonfqdkygu txufv$wfawmfESifhjynfe,fwcktjzpf yg0ifoifhyg ovm;? tu,fI yg0ifoifhonfqdkygu txufv$wfawmfESifhjynfe,fwcktjzpf yg0ifoifhyg ovm;? tu,fI yg0ifoifhonfqdkygu txufv$wfawmfESifhjynfe,fwcktjzpf yg0ifoifhyg ovm;? tu,fI yg0ifoifhonfqdkygu txufv$wfawmfESifhjynfe,fwcktjzpf yg0ifoifhyg ovm;? tu,fI yg0ifoifhonfqdkygu txufv$wfawmfESifhatmufv$wfawmftcef;u¾udk oifrnf uJhokd@xifjrifygoenf;?atmufv$wfawmftcef;u¾udk oifrnf uJhokd@xifjrifygoenf;?atmufv$wfawmftcef;u¾udk oifrnf uJhokd@xifjrifygoenf;?atmufv$wfawmftcef;u¾udk oifrnf uJhokd@xifjrifygoenf;?atmufv$wfawmftcef;u¾udk oifrnf uJhokd@xifjrifygoenf;?

ArmvlrsdK;pktaejzifh vlrsdK;pkcH,lonfjzpfap/ rcH,lonfjzpfap ArmvlrsdK;. jynfe,fwckudk zGJ@pnf;+yD; zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkwGif yg0ifoifhw,f[k jrifygw,f? ,ckuJhokd@jynfrESifh jynfe,fudk jynfaxmifpkzGJ@&if zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkvnf;rus/ wef;wlnDr#r_vnf; r&&SdEdkif/ wkdif;&if;om;trsdK;om;rsm;vnf; r}udKuf rESpfoufjzpfaeygw,f?odk@aomf ArmvlrsdK;taejzifh vlrsdK;pkcH,la&;ESifh Armjynfe,fzGJ@pnf;+yD; zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpkwGifyg0ifa&;wdk@rSm Armvlxkuom qHk;jzwfydkifcGifh&Sdygw,f?

'g[mArmvlxkrS ArmvlxkuomqHk;jzwfydkifcGifh&Sdygw,f? 'g[mArmvlxk&J@udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhbJjzpfw,f? EkdifiHa&;ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;awGawmh cH,lzdk@ESifh yg0ifzdk@twGufpnf;±Hk;cGifhomjzpfw,f? qHk;jzwfydkifcGifhr&Sdyg?

'DvdkzGJ@pnf;yHkrS rwnfaqmufbl;qdk&if wkdif&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;ESifh ArmvlrsdK;t=um; tjrifr&Sif;r_awG[m b,fawmhrS aysmufuG,foGm;EdkifrSm r[kwfyg? ArmvlrsdK;uom tppt&m&mwdkif;&if;om;rsm;tay:rSm txufpD;aevdkonfhtjrifonf wkdif;&if;om;rsm;u qufvufrSwf,l=uOD;rnfjzpfw,f? tu,fI at;csrf;om,mpGmtwlwuG aexdkifvdkaom pdwfqENrsdK;&Sd&if ArmvlrsdK;awGvnf;'gudk pdwfoabmxm; tjrifus,fzdk@ vdktyfr,fjzpfw,f? ArmvlrsdK; ArmjynfeJ@aeonfh wdkif; (Arm) jynf[m udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh tjynfht0&SdwJh jynfaxmifomjzpfaer,fqdk&if ArmvlrsdK;awG&J@ tcGifhta&;rqHk;±H_;Edkifovdk/ tjcm;wdkif;&if;om;awG&J@ tcGifhta&;vnf;epfemaprnfr[kwfyg/bma=umifhvnf;qdk&if ppfrSefwJhjynfaxmifpkjzpfvdk@bJ jzpfygw,f/ v$wfawmfESpf&yfudpPESifhygwfouf+yD; jynfe,frsm;udk,fpm;vS,f nDwlnDr#yg0ifaom txufv$wfawmfudkzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'rS qHk;jzwfydkifcGifhtm%mudk ydkrdkjyXmef;ay;&efjzpfygw,f? tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mudkawmh orwudk vGJtyf+yD; orw a&G;aumufyGJwGif zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'rSorwu ArmvlrsdK;jzpf&if 'kwd, orwu wdkif;&if;om;trsdK;om;xJrS wa,muf

45



a,mufjzpf&rnf? orw u wdkif;&if;om;trsdK;om;rsm;xJrS wa,mufa,mufjzpfae&if 'kwd, orwu ArmvlrsdK;jzpf&rnf[k jyXmef;ay;&if &Ekdifw,fvdk@jrifw,f?

46



w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;

w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;ESifh jynfol hu¾

pdkif;pdk;0if;vwf

w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;qdkonfrSmw&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;qdkonfrSmw&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;qdkonfrSmw&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;qdkonfrSmw&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;qdkonfrSm

w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&; (Rule of Law) qdkwm[m vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pDpepf&J@tajccHyJjzpfygw,f// tJh'D a0g[m&udk wcsdK@u w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;qdkwm EdkifiHwGif;uudpPt00/ jy\emrSefor#udk +idrf;csrf;wJh&vm'ff&&Sdatmif zdtm;oHk;wJh enf;r[kwfyJOya'udktajccHwJhenf;eJ@ qHk;jzwfjcif;vdk@ zGifhqdkovdk wcsdK@usawmhvnf; tpdk;&&J@tm%musifhoHk;r_udk vrf;!$efay;wJh pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;vdk@zGifhqdkygw,f// b,fvdkyJzGifhqdkzGifhqdktJh'Da0g[m&&J@ aemufuG,fu t"du tawG;tac: uawmh w&m;Oya't&om pD&iftkyfcsKyfjcif;qdkwmyJjzpfygw,f// EdkifiHxJrSm&SdwJh jynfolwdkif;[m wlnDwJh Oya't&omqHk;jzwfcH&rSmjzpf+yD; Oya'[m vlwdkif;tay:rSm wlnDr_eJ@ w&m;r#wr_wdk@&Sd+yD; bufvdkufr_eJ@ uif;&ygvdrfhr,f// b,ftpdk;& t&m&SdrS Oya'&J@txufrSmr&Sd&bl;qdkwmyJjzpfygw,f?

t&pPwdkw,f/ ajr&SifacwfESifh w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;t&pPwdkw,f/ ajr&SifacwfESifh w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;t&pPwdkw,f/ ajr&SifacwfESifh w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;t&pPwdkw,f/ ajr&SifacwfESifh w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;t&pPwdkw,f/ ajr&SifacwfESifh w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;

'Duae@ajymaewJh w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;qdkwm[m vGwfvyfwJh (vpfb&,f)vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;u w&m;r# wr_qdkwmyJjzpfw,f// tJh'Dw&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;udkajymawmhr,fqdk&if *&dtawG;tac:ynm&Sif t&pPwdkw,f (Aristotle 384 - 322 BC)&J@ar;cGef;a[mif;udk jyefoGm;zdk@vdkygvdrfhr,f// t&pPwdkw,fu taumif;qHk;vl tkyfcsKyfwmeJ@ taumif;qHk; Oya'utkyfcsKyfwm b,f[mu ydkaumif;ovJqdkwJhar;cGef;xkwfzl;ygw,f// ol[mEdkifiHa&;tawG;ac: awG&J@zcifwpfOD;jzpfovdk tkyfcsKyfolawGu tkyfcsKyfcHjynfolawGudk zdESdyftkyfcsKyfwmudk qef@usifawG;ac:cJhwJhol vnf;jzpfygw,f// 'gayrJh ol[m'Drdkua&pDqdkwJh jynfolvlxkutkyfcsKyfwJhpepfudkawmh ouf0if,Hk=unfr_ r&SdcJhygbl;//

47



ynmwwfvlwef;pm;wpfpku wd ki f; jynfud ktkyfcsKy fwmud k oabmusolyg/ /ynmwwfvlwef;wpfpkutkyfcsKyfwJhpepf[m taumif;qHk;pepfvdk@ ,lqol vnf;jzpfygw,f// ol@twGufawmh ol@&J@taumif;qHk;vleJ@ taumif;qHk;Oya' ar;cGef;twGuftajzu 2 rsdK;pvHk;yg// taumif;qHk;vla&m taumif;qHk;Oya'a&mtkyfcsKyfcdkif;wmyg//'Dvdkqdk&ifar;cGef;wufvmwmu b,fvdkvlawG[m t&pPwdkw,fajymwJh taumif;qHk;/'grSr[kwf tawmfqHk;vlawGvJ/ taumif;qHk; Oya'qdkwmuvnf; b,fvdkOya'rsdK;vJ/ b,fvdktr_awGudk tawmfqHk;vlawGuqHk;jzwf+yD; b,fvdktr_awGudkawmhtaumif;qHk;Oya'eJ@ qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSm vJqdkwmygyJ// taumif;qHk;Oya'eJ@tkyfcsKyfjcif;aumif;usdK;u EdkifiHom;tm;vHk;[m Oya'u owfrSwfjyXmef;xm;wJh twdkif;yJ tkyfcsKyfqHk;jzwfcH&rSmyg// wjcm;zufuqdk;usdK;u Oya'[mtcsdeftcgeJ@ tajctaeudkvdkuf+yD;aysmhajymif;wef vnf; raysmhajymif;Edkifygbl;// Oyrm - 'kuQdw rdbudk cdk;0Suf&SmaºuG;wJhvli,fwa,muftwGuf Oya'&J@qHk;jzwfcsuf[m avmif;upm;oGm;zdk@ &HyHkaiGudkcdk;wJhvltwGuf qHk;jzwfcsufeJ@ ruGmEdkifygbl;?

t&pPwdkw,fu taumif;qHk;vdk@qdkwJhOya'udk tawmfqHk;vlawG&J@vufxJudkxnfh+yD; vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udktkyfcsKyfapcsifwmyg? ajr&Sifya'o&mZfacwf (tv,facwf)wkef;u tkyfcsKyfyHkawG[m t&pPwdkw,f&J@tawG;tac:ay:rSm trsm;}uD;tajccHygw,f?'Dae&mrSm tv,facwfqdkwmudk tusOf;csHK;wifjyvdkygw,f? tv,facwfqdkwm a&mrtifyg,macwfukefqHk;+yD;aemufydkif;rSmay:aygufvm+yD; vuf&Sdt&if;&Sifpepfrwdkifcifwnf&SdcJhwJh acwf}uD;ygyJ? tJh'D acwfuvl@tzGJ@tpnf;awGrSm tkyfcsKyfolawG[m txufwef;v$mynmwwfvlwef;pm;wpfpkjzpf+yD; woD;yk*~v jynfolawG[m v,f,mrJhawmifolv,form;qif;&Jom;awGyJjzpfygw,f// qif;&Jom;jynfolawG[m olwdk@&J@v,fydkif&Sif t&SifocifeJ@ &dkrefuufovpf c&pf,mefausmif;awmfawGudk tvkyftaºuG;jyK&wJholawGvnf;jzpfygw,f// tjyeftvSeftaeeJ@ olwdk@[m ausmif;awmf/'grSr[kwf v,fydkif&SifawGqDuae wjcm;olawG&J@usL;ausmfr_uae tumtuG,f&&SdcJh=uygw,f// 'gayrJh qif;&Jom;jynfolawG[m tzdESdyfcHb0uaerausmfvGefcJhovdkv,fydkif&SifawG&J@ u|efb0eJ@ toufquf&olawGvnf;jzpfygw,f// 'Dajr&Sifya'o&mZfacwfrSm tkyfcsKyfolt&m&SdeJ@ uufovpfausmif;awmf wdk@[m tjrJtm%mvGefqGJae=u+yD; olwdk@awG=um;rSm yÉdyuQawGtjrJaygufzGm;aecJhygw,f// tkyfcsKyfolawG[mjynfolawGudk zdESdyfovdk ausmif;awmfawGuvnf; tkyfcsKyfolawGtygt0if jynfoltm;vHk;udk ausmif;awmf&J@ vHk;0 xdef;csKyfr_atmufrSmxm;zdk@}udK;yrf;cJh+yD; wcsdK@umvawGrSmqdk&if tpdk;&awGudk v$rf;rdk;EdkifcJhygw,f// tkyfcsKyfolawG[m olwdk@&J@tm%mudkbk&m;ay;tm%m (Divine Rights) vdk@,lq+yD;awmh tm%mudk tºuGif;rJhusifhoHk;ygw,f// 'Dtv,facwf[m Oa&myrSm bmoma&; tajymif;tvJjzpfjcif; (y&dkwufpwifh*dk%f; ay:aygufvmjcif;)/ ajr&Sifya'o&mZf±dk;&mtawG;tac:awGudk odyHenf;uswJhtawG;tac:awGeJ@ tpm;xdk;Edkifjcif;eJ@ aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf jzpfay:wdk;wufvmjcif;

48



wdk@twGuf tJh'D ajr&Sifya'o&mZfpepfqdwfokOf;oGm;+yD; vl@tzGJ@tpnf;awG[mvnf;'Duae@ajymae=uwJh armf'efvl@tzGJ@tpnf;opfqDudk wjznf;jznf;eJ@ wqifhcsif;pDwdk;wufvmygawmhw,f//

ajr&Sifya'o&mZfacwfwkef;u tkyfcsKyfolawG[m tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mudkudk,fydkifypPnf;taeeJ@ &_jrifcJhwJhtwGuf tm%mudk udk,fydkifypPnf;tjzpf toHk;cscJh=uw,f// 'DacwfawGrSm Oya'awG&SdayrJh tkyfcsKyfolawG[m tºuGif;rJh tm%mydkif awGjzpfwJhtwGuf olwdk@awG&J@w&m;pD&ifcsuf/ qHk;jzwfcsufawG[m udk,fusdK;udk=unfhwJh/ w&m;r#wr_r&SdwJh/ bufvdkufwJh/ cef@rSef;wGufqvdk@r&wJh pD&ifqHk;jzwfcsufawGyJjzpfygw,f// 'g[mvufcHEdkifp&m&SdwJh pD&ifqHk;jzwfcsufawGr[kwfygbl;// vlcsif;twlwl/ usL;vGefwJhtjypfcsif;twlwl wpfa,mufudkawmhvGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhay;+yD; wjcm; wpfa,mufudkawmh jypf'%f}uD;}uD;csrSwfwmrsdK;rjzpfoifhygbl;//

'DvdkrsdK; udk,fusdK;zufwJh/ w&m;r#wr_r&SdwJh/ rSefuefwdusr_r&SdwJh/ zdESdyfwJhqHk;jzwfcsufawG&J@ qef@usifzufjzpfwJh rSefuef wduswJh/ bufvdkufr_uif;wJh/ cef@rSef;vdk@&wJh/vlawGtm;vHk;tay:w&m;r#wr_&SdwJh w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;qdkwJh tawG;tac: eJ@ tavhtusifh[m vuf&SdacwfrDwJhvl@tzGJ@tpnf;awGudk a&mufvmygawmhw,f// ajr&Sifya'o&mZfacwfuae vuf&Sdacwfudk jAKef;pm;}uD;a&mufvmwmr[kwfovdk vlenf;pkuolwdk@qENtwdkif; vltrsm;pktay: zdESdyfcsKyfcs,f wJhacwfuae vnf; tckajymajymaewJhw&m;Oya'utkyfcsKyfwJhacwfudk v#yfwysuftwGif; a&mufvmcJhwmr[kwfygbl;//ajr&Sifacwfuae vuf&Sdwkd;wufwJhacwfa&mufatmif/ tkyfcsKyfolawGu olwdk@oabmqENtwdkif;tkyfcsKyfqHk;jzwfwJhacwfuae w&m;Oya'utkyfcsKyfwJhacwfudka&mufatmuf awmfvSefa&;aygif;rsm;pGm/ tawG;tac:wdkufyGJaygif;rsm;pGm/ tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfaygif;rsm;pGmudk jzwfoef;vmcJh&wmyg?

w&m;Oya'jzifhtkyfcsKyffjcif;ESifh w&m;Oya'utkyfcsKyfjcif;w&m;Oya'jzifhtkyfcsKyffjcif;ESifh w&m;Oya'utkyfcsKyfjcif;w&m;Oya'jzifhtkyfcsKyffjcif;ESifh w&m;Oya'utkyfcsKyfjcif;w&m;Oya'jzifhtkyfcsKyffjcif;ESifh w&m;Oya'utkyfcsKyfjcif;w&m;Oya'jzifhtkyfcsKyffjcif;ESifh w&m;Oya'utkyfcsKyfjcif;

txufrSm w&m;Oya'utkyfcsKyfwJhacwfvdk@oHk;vdkufwmudk owdjyKrdapvdkygw,f? w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;udk w&m;Oya'utkyfcsKyfjcif;vdk@oHk;E_ef;vdkufwmyg?w&m;Oya'utkyfcsKyfjcif;qdkwm w&m;Oya'jzifhtkyfcsKyfjcif;eJ@ t"dyg,fcsif; rwlygbl;?w&m;Oya'jzifhtkyfcsKyfjcif;qdk&if Oya'u tkyfcsKyfolawG&J@toHk;awmfcHjzpfoGm;rSmyg//tJ'Dvlwpfpk[m Oya' qdkwJht&mudkoHk;+yD; tkyfcsKyfawmhrSmyg// 'g[m tJ'DtkyfcsKyfwJhvlawG[m w&m;Oya'&J@txufrSm&Sdw,f qdkwJhoabmjzpfaeygw,f// 'gayrJh w&m;Oya'utkyfcsKyfjcif;vdk@oHk;vdkufwJhtcgrSmawmh Oya'[m toHk;cHr[kwf awmhyJ tkyfcsKyfwJht&m jzpfoGm;ygw,f// 'g[m tkyfcsKyfolvlwef;pm;tygt0if EdkifiHwGif;rSm&SdwJhjynfolrSefor#tm;vHk;udk Oya'u tkyfcsKyfwm jzpfoGm;+yD; Oya'&J@txufrSm b,folrSr&Sdbl;qdkwJhoabmaqmifoGm;ygw,f// 'ga=umifh w&m;Oay'pdk;rdk;a&; (Rule of Law) qdk

49



wm w&m;Oya'utkyfcsKyfjcif;yJjzpfygw,f//

w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;. vdktyfcsufrsm;w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;. vdktyfcsufrsm;w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;. vdktyfcsufrsm;w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;. vdktyfcsufrsm;w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;. vdktyfcsufrsm;

txufrSmaqG;aEG;cJhwmawG[m w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;&J@ ordkif;aemufcHawGyJjzpfygw,f// tckqufvuf+yD; w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;&Sdzdk@twGuf vdktyfcsufawGeJ@ vufawG@b0rSm ta&;}uD;yHkudk qufvufwifjyoGm;ygr,f// w&m;Oya' pdk;rdk;a&;&J@t"du tawG;tac:uawmh tpdk;&tygt0if jynfoltm;vHk;[m Oya'udkav;pm;vdkufem&+yD;Oya'[m txGÉfjrwfqHk;jzpfw,f/ w&m;Oya'&J@txufrSm b,folrSr&Sdovdk vlwdkif;vlwdkif;[m Oya'&J@a&S@arSmufrSm wef;wlnDr#r_ &Sdw,fqdkwmygyJ// oDtdk&Dt&uawmhw&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;r_&Sdzdk@twGufqdk&if jynfolawG[m wowfrwfwnf;&SdwJh/ jynfolawGodwJh/ bufrvdkufwJhOya'awG&J@tkyfcsKyfr_udkyJcH&rSmjzpfayrJ h vufawG@rSmawmhw&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;qdkwm tpdk;& tm%musifhoHk;a&;eJ@ywfouf+yD; pnf;rsOf;awG/abmifawGwnfaxmifzdk@ygyJ// wenf;tm;jzifhqdk&if tpdk;&awG[m Oya' awGt&omtm%musifhoHk;cGifh&Sd+yD; jynfolawG&J@ oabmqENeJ@tnDom tkyfcsKyfcGifh&Sdwmyg// orRwyJjzpfjzpf/ 0ef}uD;csKyfyJjzpfjzpf wdkif;jynfudktkyfcsKyfwJhae&mrSm olwdk@&J@udk,fydkif[efyefeJ@tawG;tac:udk xif[yfw,fvdk@qdkayrJh olwdk@tygt0if tpdk;&wckvHk;&J@ aqmif&GufcsufawG[m jyXmef;xm;wJhw&m;Oya'&J@ abmifudkausmfvdk@r&ygbl;//

w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;r_trSefwu,f&Sdzdk@qdk&if Oya'eJ@ ywfouf+yD; t"dut*F g&yf(5) ck vdktyfygw,f// 'gawGuawmh-

(1) Oya't&om &mZ0wf'%foifhjcif;(1) Oya't&om &mZ0wf'%foifhjcif;(1) Oya't&om &mZ0wf'%foifhjcif;(1) Oya't&om &mZ0wf'%foifhjcif;(1) Oya't&om &mZ0wf'%foifhjcif;vlwpfa,muf[m Oya'csdK;azmufvdk@ 'grSr[kwf wm0efysufuGufvdk@omjypf'%fcH&rSmjzpf+yD; tJh'DOya'uvnf; wlnDwJhjypfr_usL;vGefolrSefor#udkwlnDwJhjypf'%fay;EdkifwJh Oya'jzpfzdk@vdkygw,f//

(2) jynfol@Oya'(2) jynfol@Oya'(2) jynfol@Oya'(2) jynfol@Oya'(2) jynfol@Oya'Oya'w&yfukda&;qGJr,fqkd&if jynfolawGua&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufxm;wJhukd,fpm;vS,ftrwfawGe@JzGJ@pnf;xm;wJh ygvDrefv$wfawmfua&;qGJ&rSmyg?ygvDrefv$wfawmfqkdwmuvnf; ygwDpkH'Drkdua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJt& zGJ@pnf;xm;aomygvDrefrsdK;jzpf&ygr,f? 'ghtjyif Oya'awG[m jynfolawGodu|rf;&if;ESD;wJhOya'awGjzpfzdk@vdkygw,f// vlwpfOD;udkawmh Oya'udkcsdK;azmufw,fqdk+yD;tjypf'%fay;+yD;awmh tvm;wl csdK;azmufolwjcm;wpfOD;udkawmh vspfvsL&_wJh vkyf&yfrsdK;awG/ tcGifhtvrf;rsdK; ukd&SdapwJh Oya'rsdK;awmhrjzpfoifhygbl;// 'DtcsuftwGuf tpdk;&[m Oya'awGudk jynfol awGodatmif

50



xkwfjyefjyXmef;&rSmjzpf+yD; jynfolawGuvnf; tJh'D Oya'eJ@ywfouf+yD; od&Sdatmif avhvmzdk@vdkygw,f//

(3) w&m;0ifaomOya'(3) w&m;0ifaomOya'(3) w&m;0ifaomOya'(3) w&m;0ifaomOya'(3) w&m;0ifaomOya'w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;ajym&mrSm txufrSmwifjycJhwJhtwdkif; Oya'utkyfcsKyfjcif;jzpfwJhtwGuf tpdk;&tygt0if jynfolawGtm;vHk;u Oya'&J@tkyfcsKyfwmudkcH&rSmyg// aocsmwmu Oya'wpfckqdkwm ol@tvdk tavsmufjzpfrvmygbl;// vlawGua&;rS&rSmyg// vlawGqGJwJhae&mrSmvnf; tkyfcsKyfolawGu qGJrSmrvdk@ tkyfcsKyfolawG&J@ oabmqENwpfckwnf;eJ@oma&;r,fqdk&if tJh'DOya'[m tkyfcsKyfolawGtoHk;cszdk@twGuf jzpfoGm;ygvdrfhr,f// jynfolawG&J@ oabmwlnDcsufr&wJhOya'[m 'Drdkua&pDtkyfcsKyfa&;pepft& w&m;r0ifygbl;//'Drdkua&pDr&SdwJh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rSm w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;r_ r&SdEdkifwmrdk@ w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;r_&Sdzdk@qdk&if 'Drdkua&pDenf;t& w&m;0ifwJhOya'awGvdktyfygw,f//

(4) Oya'worwfwnf;&Sdr_(4) Oya'worwfwnf;&Sdr_(4) Oya'worwfwnf;&Sdr_(4) Oya'worwfwnf;&Sdr_(4) Oya'worwfwnf;&Sdr_Oya'wpfck[m vlwdkif;vlwdkif;tay:rSm worwfwnf;&Sdzdk@vdkygw,f// Oya'a&;qGJol (vGwfawmftrwf)/ Oya'udktaumiftxnfazmfol (0ef}uD;tzGJ@)/w&m;a&;0efxrf; (a&S@ae/ w&m;ol}uD;) awGt ygt0if tpdk;&t&m&Sdwdkif;[mvnf; usL;vGefwJhtjypftwdkif; wjcm;jynfolawGenf;wl jypf'%fcH&rSmyg//

(5) bufvdkufjcif;uif;r_(5) bufvdkufjcif;uif;r_(5) bufvdkufjcif;uif;r_(5) bufvdkufjcif;uif;r_(5) bufvdkufjcif;uif;r_vlyk*~dKvfwOD;csif;pD[m Oya'&J@a&S@arSmufrSm wef;wlnDr#r_&Sdzdk@vdkygw,f// tjypf&Sdjcif;/ tjypfuif;jcif;[m 'Dtay:rSmyJ tajccH&rSmjzpf+yD; w&m;ol}uD;awG&J@tusdK;tjrwf/ 'grSr[kwf udk,fydkifqHk;jzwfcsufay:rSm rrlwnf&ygbl;// vlwdkif;vlwdkif;[m Oya'&J@a&S@arSmufrSm vlrsdK;/ wdkif;&if;om;/ bmoma&;t,l0g'/touf/ usm;§r ra&G; tqifhtwef;wlnDzdk@ vdktyfygw,f//'gawG[m w&m;Oya'pdk;rd k;r_&S da&;twGuf Oya'eJ@w&m;pD&ifr_awGeJ@

ywfoufwJh vdktyfcsufawGyJjzpfygw,f// EdkifiHudk tkyfcsKyfwJh,E W&m; awGeJ@ywfoufwJhvdktyfcsufawGuawmh-

(1) zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'(1) zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'(1) zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'(1) zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'(1) zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'qdkwm EdkifiHwdkif;rSm r&SdrjzpfvdktyfwJhOya'jzpfovdk Oya'awGtm;vHk;&J@ txGÉftxdyf Oya'ygyJ// tajccHOaya'awGrSmyg0ifwJht"dutcsufawGuawmh EdkifiHtpdk;&eJ@ jynfolawG =um;uqufqHa&;/tpdk;&XmeawGt=um; qufqHa&;/ tpdk;&&J@tm%m/ jynfolawG&J@ tcGifh

51



ta&;eJ@ wm0ef0wW&m;/ tajccHOya'udk b,fvdk jyifqif&r,f pwmawGyJjzpfygw,f// zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkwm omref vlwpfa,muf&mZ0wfr_usL;vGef&if b,fvdktjypfay;&r,fqdkwmudk azmfjywJhOya'r[kwfygbl;// 'gayrJh&mZ0wfjypfr_awGudk qHk;jzwfr,fh &mZ0wfOya'awG/ tjiif;yGm;r_awGudkajz&Sif;r,fh w&m;rOya'awGudk b,fvdka&;qGJ&r,fqdkwJh vrf;nGefay;wJh yifrOya'yJjzpfygw,f// EdkifiHwdkif;rSm tJ'D zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'qdkwm &Sd&rSmjzpf+yD;'Drdkua&pDeJ@ w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;r_&Sdzdk@qdk&if tpdk;&[m tJ'DzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyf yHkudkausmfvGef+yD; bmrSvkyfaqmifqHk;jzwfvdk@r&ygbl;//

(2) vGwfvyfpGmw&m;pD&ifa&;(2) vGwfvyfpGmw&m;pD&ifa&;(2) vGwfvyfpGmw&m;pD&ifa&;(2) vGwfvyfpGmw&m;pD&ifa&;(2) vGwfvyfpGmw&m;pD&ifa&;w&m;pD&if&mrSm bufvdkufr_uif;wJhpD&ifr_jzpfzdk@qdk&if w&m;ol}uD;awG[mvGwfvGwfvyfvyf w&m;pD&ifEdkifzdk@ vdkygw,f// olwdk@[m Oya'jyKv$wfawmf/'grSr[kwf tpdk;&0ef}uD;tzGJ@ 'grSr[kwf wjcm;t&m&Sd wpfOD;OD;&J@ v$rf;rdk;xdef;csKyfwmudk cHae&w,fqdk&if tr_awGudkqHk;jzwf&mrSm vGwfvGwfvyfvyfeJ@w&m;r#r#ww qHk;jzwfEdkifawmhrSm r[kwfygbl;// w&m;r#wr_r&Sdjcif;[mw&m;Oya'pdk;rd k;r_r&S dwmeJ@twlwlygyJ// 'ga=umifh w&m;ol}uD;awG&J@vGwfvyfpGmw&m;pD&ifEdkifjcif;[m w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;r_&Sda&;twGuf tvGefta&;}uD;ygw,f//

(3) jynfol@vGwfawmf(3) jynfol@vGwfawmf(3) jynfol@vGwfawmf(3) jynfol@vGwfawmf(3) jynfol@vGwfawmfw&m;Oa'pdk;rdk;a&;qdkwJhtawG;tac:[m vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pDtawG;tac:eJ@,SOfwG J +yD;wd k;wufvmwJhtwGuf 'Drd kua&pDenf; twdkif;tkyfcsKyfzd k @tkyfcsKyfrJholawGudk jynfolawGua&G;aumufwifajr‡mufzdk@vdkovdk w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&; &Sdzdk@twGufqdk&ifvnf; Oya'awGudk jynfolawGu a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufxm;wJh v$wfawmftrwfawGua&;qGJzdk@vdkygw,f// trwfawGOya'jyK&HkeJ@rvHkavmufao;ygbl;// olwdk@qGJwJhOya'[m jynfol awGaxmufcHzdk@awmhvdkygao;w,f//

(4) &JeJ@ ppfwyfudk jynfolawGu xdef;csKyfjcif;(4) &JeJ@ ppfwyfudk jynfolawGu xdef;csKyfjcif;(4) &JeJ@ ppfwyfudk jynfolawGu xdef;csKyfjcif;(4) &JeJ@ ppfwyfudk jynfolawGu xdef;csKyfjcif;(4) &JeJ@ ppfwyfudk jynfolawGu xdef;csKyfjcif;'Dtcsuf[mvnf; ta&;}uD;wJhtcsufwcsufyg// urBmay:rSm=unfhvdkuf&if'Drdkua&pDeJ@ w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;r_r&SdwJh wdkif;jynfawGrSm jy\emawGudk Oya'a=umif;t&rajz&Sif;yJ &JeJ@ppfwyfudktoHk;cs+yD; tiftm;oHk; ajz&Sif;wwfwmudkawG@&ygw,f// 'g[mvlwpfpkuae+yD;awmh &JeJ@ppfwyfudk v$rf;rdk;xdef;csKyfxm;vdk@ygyJ// jynfolawGuom 'Drdkua&pDu ay;wJhtcGifhta&;twdkif; &JeJ@ ppfwyfudkxdef;csKyfEdkifr,fqdk&if tiftm;oHk;+yD; zdESdyfajz&Sif;wJhtjzpfrsdK;&SdrSmr[kwfygbl;?

52



'ga=umifh 'Drdkua&pDeJ@w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;r_&Sdzdk@qdk&if jynfolawGu &JeJ@ ppfwyfawGudk xdef;csKyfEdkifcGifh&Sdzdk@vdktyfygw,f//

w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;ESifh jynfol@u¾w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;ESifh jynfol@u¾w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;ESifh jynfol@u¾w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;ESifh jynfol@u¾w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;ESifh jynfol@u¾

txufrSmaqG;aEG;cJ hwJhtcsufawGudk jyefvnfoHk;oyf=unfhr,fqdk&ifxl;jcm;wJhtcsufu w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;r_&Sdzdk@twGuf jynfolawG&J@yg0ifywfoufr_tcef;u¾[m ta&;}uD;a=umif;ay:vGifaeygw,f// wzufujyef=unfh&if tpdk;&udk jynfolawGu tzufzufuaexdef;csKyfwJhtwGuf tpdk;&eJ@ jynfol=um; wif;rmr_/ jydKifqdkifr_awGjzpfapw,f/ vpfb&,f tawG;tac:atmufuae woD;yk*~v (jynfol) awG&J@tcef;u¾udk a&S@wef;wifvGef;tm;}uD;w,f/ tpdk;&udk tpGrf;ukef xdef;csKyf+yD; yHkpHcGufxJxnfh+yD;rS tm%musifhoHk;cdkif;w,fvdk@ ,lqaumif;,lqEdkifygw,f// 'gayrJh 'Drdkua&pDtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfeJ@ qef@usifwJh EdkifiHa&;pepfeJ@ tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfawG&J@ ordkif;wav#mufudkjyef=unfhr,fqdk&if tJh'DpepfawG&J@ tkyfcsKyfa&;awGrSm jynfolawG&J@tcef;u¾ vHk;0r&SdwmudkawG@&ygvdrfhr,f// 'ghtjyif tkyfcsKyfolawG&J@ tm%mudk uef@owfr_r&Sdwmvnf;awG@Edkifygw,f// t*FvdyfawmfvSefa&;/ jyifopfawmfvSefa&;pwJh awmfvSefa&;umvawGrSm aomrwfa[mhbf (Thomas Hobbs 1588-1679)/ *|ef-avmcfh (JohnLocke 1632-1704) pwJh t*Fvdyf EdkifiHa&;tawG;tac: ynm&SifawGeJ@ wjcm;tawG;tac:ynm&SifawGu jynfolawG&J@u¾udka&S@wef;wif+yD; tpdk;&/ tkyfcsKyfa&;/ tm%muef@owfa&;/ jynfol@tcsKyftjcmtm%m/ vGwfvyfcGifh pwmawGudk awG;ac:wifjyvm+yD;rS 'Drdkua&pDqdkwm &Sifoefwdk;wuf vmcJhwmyg// 'g[m 'Drdkua&pDeJ@ w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;r_&Sdzdk@twGuf jynfol@qENudk a&S@wef;wifzdk@vdkw,fqdkwmudk oufaojyaewmygyJ?

jynfolawG&J@tcef;u¾eJ@ywfoufvdk@ wjcm;Oyrmwpfckjyygqdk&if aomrwf-a[mhbf&J@ tpdk;&jzpfvmyHktay: tawG;tac:udk jyefoGm;&ygvdrfhr,f// a[mhbf&J@tqdkt& tapmydkif;vl@tzGJ@tpnf;awGrSm tpdk;&qdkwmr&SdcJhygbl;// 'gayrJh vlwdkif;vlwdkif;rSm vGwfvyfr_qdkwm tjynfht0&SdcJh=uw,f// vlwdkif;&J@&nf&G,fcsuf[mOpPmypPnf;&&Sdzdk@jzpfwJhtwGuf vlwdkif;[m wOD;udkwOD;&efolvdkoabmxm;=u+yD;jydKifqdkifwdkufcdkufaecJh=uw,f// tJh'DtwGuf olwdk@tcsif;csif;=um;rSm yÉdyuQawGeJ@omjynfhESufae+yD; vHkjcHKr_qdkwm b,fol@qDrSmrSr&SdcJhygbl;// 'ga=umifhvlom;awG[m olwdk@awG&J@ vGwfvyfr_ wcsdK@udkpGef@v$wf+yD; olwdk@&J@vHkjcHKa&;twGuf vlwpfpkudk tkyfcsKyfcGifhay;cJh=uw,f// 'Dae&mrSm t"du tcsufu tkyfcsKyfcGifh&wJholawGu ae&mwumrSm}uD;pdk;zdk@r[kwfygbl;// vlawGtcsif;csif;=um;rSm vHkjcHKr_&Sdatmif aqmif&Gufzdk@ygyJ//a[mhbfu tpdk;&jzpfvmyHkudktckvdk awG;ac:cJhayrJh tpdk;&&J@tm%mudkuef@owfzdk@udkawmh rESpfoufcJhygbl;// tpdk;&rSm tm%m ukefr&SdEdkif&if vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk aumif;aumif;tkyfcsKyfEdkifpGrf;r&SdwJhtwGuf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;[m rlvutajctae jzpfwJh/ vHkjcHK

53



r_r&SdwJh a[mhbf&J@ (Natural Order) obm0tajctaeudk jyefa&mufoGm;vdrfhr,fvdk@qdkygw,f// ol@&J@tºuGif;rJh tm%mydkif tpdk;&udk qef@usifawG;ac:oluawmh *|efavmhcfygyJ// avmhcf u vlawG[m tºuGif;rJh tm%mydkiftpdk;&r&SdyJ ,Ofaus;pGm/ +idrf;csrf;pGmaexdkifEdkifayrJh OpPmypPnf;r&SdyJawmh +idrf;csrf;pGmraeEdkifbl;vdk@ qdkygw,f// olu quf+yD;awmh vlwdkif; vlwdkif;[m vGwfvyfr_udk,fpD&Sd=u+yD; tpdk;&u vlom;awG&J@ vGwf vyfr_udkav;pm;+yD; jynfolawG&J@ oabmwlnDcsuf twGif;uaeom tm%mudk usifhoHk;zdk@awG;ac:cJhygw,f// a[mhbf[m tpdk;&&J@ tm%muef@owfa&;/ jynfol@tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifqdkifa&; (Popular Sovereignty) wdk@udk pwif awG;ac:cJhwJhyk*~dKvfjzpfygw,f// ol@&J@ tawG;tac:awG[m tar&duefEdkifiH&J@ vGwfvyfa&; a=ujimpmwrf;a&;om;olrsm;tay: v$rf;rdk;r_tjynfh&SdcJh±H kru vuf&Sd vGwfvyfr_tawG; tac:awG[mvnf; ol@&J@tawG;tac:awGudk xif[yfvsuf&Sdwkef;ygyJ// 'Dtcsuf[m tpdk;&udktm%muef@owfa&;eJ@ jynfolvlxk&J@ tcef;u¾udk a&S@wef;wifa&;[m ta&;}uD;w,fqdkwmudk !$ef;qdkaejcif;ygyJ//

wenf;ajym&r,fqdk&if jynfolvlxku tpdk;&&J@tm%mudk uef@owfa&;/'Drdkua&pDta&;awGrSm ryg0ifbl;qdk&if w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;r_r&SdEdkifbl;qdkwmygyJ// w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;r_&SdwJhEdkifiHawGeJ@ w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;r_r&SdwJhEdkifiHawGu jynfolawG&J@ EdkifiHa&;pdwf0ifpm;r_/ Ed_;=um;r_eJ@ yg0ifywfoufr_rSwfwrf;awGudk avhvm=unfhr,fqdk&if w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;r_&SdwJhEdkifiHawGrSm vltrsm;pk[m EdkifiHa&;todEd_;=um;r_&Sdvdk@ avhvmvdkufpm;+yD;yg0ifywfouf=uygw,f// 'gayrJh qif;&J+yD; w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;r_r&SdwJh urBmhwwd,EdkifiHawGrSmawmh jynfolawG[m EdkifiHa&;rSm pdwf0ifpm;r_enf;yg;+yD; EdkifiHa&;eJ@cyfa0;a0;aewmudkawG@&ygw,f// 'g[m jynfolawG&J@ tjypfawmhr[kwfygbl;// tkyfcsKyfwJhvlawGu jynfolawG EdkifiHa&;rSm pdwf0ifpm;r_r&SdrS/ EdkifiHa&;eJ@ w&m;r#wa&;awGrSm yg0ifywfoufr_r&SdrSolwdk@pdwfwdkif;us cs,fvS,fvdk@&rSmjzpfwJhtwGuf jynfolawGudk zdESdyfxm;vdk@jzpf&wmyg?

jrefrmEdkifiHta&;udkjyef=unfhr,fqdk&ifvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHrSmw&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;r_r&Sdwm AdkvfcsKyfae0if;tm%modrf;wJh 1962 ckESpfuwnf;uyg// ppftpdk;&wav#mufvHk;rSmjyKwJhOya'awG[m w&m;0ifwJh/ wowfrwfwnf;jzpfwJh Oya' r[kwfovdk pD&ifqHk;jzwfcsufawG[mvnf; w&m;Oya'pdk;rd k;a&;twGufvdktyfwJh w&m;r#wwJh/bufvdkufr_uif;wJh qHk;jzwfcsufawGr[kwfygbl;// EdkifiHwdkif;rSm r&SdrjzpfvdktyfwJh zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'[m jrefrmEdkifiHrSm&SdvsufeJ@ tpdk;&[m zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkeJ@tnDrtkyfcsKyfygbl;// 1974 ckESpfwkef;u ppftpdk;&tvdkusa&;qGJxm;wJh zGJ@pnf;yHk Oya'awmifvuf&Sdppftpdk;&uroHk;Edkifawmhygbl;// vGwfvyfpGmw&m;pD&ifa&;r&Sdovdk Oya'jyKrJhjynfol@vGwfawmf (ygvDref)vnf; r&Sdygbl;// &JeJ@ppfwyfudk jynfolu xdef;csKyfzdk@aeaeomom jynfolawGu olwdk@udk a=umufae&wmyg// jynfolawG&J@ EdkifiHa&;rSmyg0ifywfoufr_uvnf; ppftpdk;&puwnf;u r&Sdawmhwmyg// EdkifiHom;trsm;pk[mEdkifiHa&;uae cyfa0;a0;rSmae=uygw,f// trSefrSm w&m;Oya' pdk;rdk;r_&Sda&;eJ@ 'Drdkua&pD

54



&Sda&;wdk@rSm txufrSmwifjycJhovdk jynfolawG&J@yg0ifr_r&Sd&if rjzpfwJhtwGufjynfolawG&J@yg0ifywfoufr_[m jrefrmEdkifiHw&m;Oya'pdk;rd k; a&;=udK;yrf;r_rSmtvGefta&;}uD;ygw,f// 'Drdkua&&&Sda&;rSmvnf; jynfolawGryg0if&if rjzpfEdkifovdk'Drdkua&pD&&Sdonfhwdkifatmif jynfolawG EdkifiHa&;rSmryg0ifbl;qdk&if &&Sdxm;wJh'Drdkua&pDeJ@ w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;yg jyef+yD;qHk;&H_;oGm;EdkifwJhtwGuf jrefrmjynfolawGEdkifiHta&;rSmyg0ifvmzdk@ aqG;aEG;wifjyvdkuf&ygw,fcifAsm;//

udk;um;udk;um;udk;um;udk;um;udk;um;

Brodie, J. (Ed.).(1999). Critical Concepts: An Introduction toPolitics. Scarborough, London, Sydney, Mexico City, NewDelhi, Tokyo, Singapore, Rio de Janeiro: Prentice-Hall. ISBN0-13-082453-4

Johnson, L. (2001). Political Science: An Introduction to ModernDemocratic State. 2nd ed. Peterborough, Orchard Park,Letchworth, Rozelle: Rroadview Press. ISBN 1-55111-369-4

Li, B. (2000, April 30 2000). Perspective. What is Rule of Law?[Online available http://www.oycf.org/Perspectives/5_043000/what_is_rule_of_law.htm] [19 April 2003]

55



urBmhw&m;&kH; orkdif;pmrsufESmopfzGifhvSpfjcif;

tJvfz&ufEdk;Edk

rwfv 11 &uf ae@onf tjynfjynfqkdif&m &mZ0wf w&m;±kH; (Interna-tional Criminal Court, ICC) zGifhvSpfvkdufonfhtwGuf urBmhw&m;&kH; orkdif;wGifpmrsufESmopfw&yf zGifhvSpfonfhae@[k qkd&ayrnf? w&m;±kH;zGifhyGJ tcrf;tem; ukde,fomvefEdkifiH o[d*f+rdK@ ygvDreftaqmuftOD;&Sd ol&Jaumif;cef;r (Knights Hall)wGif usif;y&m e,fomvefbk&ifr}uD; bdx&dpf (Queen Beatrix) ESifh ukvor*~taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; udkzDtmeef wkd@tygt0if/ +AdwdefEdkifiHtygt0if w&m;±kH;tm;axmufcHonfhEdkifiHaygif; 89 EdkifiHrS tpdk;&udk,fpm;vS,frsm;vnf; wufa&mufcJh=uygonf? xdkzGifhyGJtcrf;tem;udk ordkif;0ifae@wae@[lI vnf;aumif;/ w&m;r#wr_twGufuwdu0wfjyKonfh vuQ%m[lIvnf;aumif; tjynfjynfqdkif&m todkif;t0ef;rsm;uazmfjycJh=uygonf?

Ttjynfjynfqkdfif&m &mZ0wfw&m;±kH;onf t+rJwrf; w&m;±kH;jzpf+yD;/ xdkw&m;±kH;.wm0efrSm rsdK;jzKwfowfjzwfr_ (Genocide)/ vlom;jzpfr_udk qef@usifusL;vGefaom&mZ0wfr_ (Crime against Humanity) ESifh ppf&mZ0wfr_rsm;twGuf w&m;r#wr_udk &SmazGay;a&; jzpfygonf? tjynfjynfqkdif&m &mZ0wfw&m;±kH;&Sdjcif;onf tem*gwfwGif tqkdyguJhokd@aom &mZ0wfr_usL;vGefolrsm;tm;ta&;,l&ef oufqdkif&mEdkifiHrsm;u ysufuGufaomtcg usL;vGefjcif;cH&olrsm;twGuftm;udk;&mvnf;jzpfaponf? xkd@tjyif aemufxyf ydkaygh/ =o*wfpwdk yDEdkacs;ESifh q'rf[lpdefvdkvlrsm; w&m;pGJqdkcH&jcif;rS uif;vGwfjcif;rsdK;&&SdapEdkifawmhrnf r[kwfonfrSmvnf; aocsmonf?

w&m;±kH;xkdif&ef rJay;a&G;cs,fcHxm;&aom w&m;ol}uD; 18 OD;wkd@onf xkdzGifhyGJtcrf;tem;Y e,fomvefbk&ifr}uD; bdx&dpf (Queen Beatrix) ESifh ukvor*~taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; udkzDtmeef a&S@arSmufwGifwOD;csif;pD usrf;opPm}udrfqkdcJh=u

vl htcGifhta&;

56



onf? w&m;ol}uD;rsm;onf &dk;om;pGm/ opPm&SdpGm/ ormorwf uspGmESifh wm0efaus¹yGefpGm ‚if;[email protected];udk xrf;aqmifrnfjzpfa=umif;/ pHkprf;ppfaq;jcif;rsm;ESifh w&m;pGJqdkjcif;rsm;rS v#dK@0Suf0Sufoifhaomt&mrsm;ESifh qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;. v#dK@0Sufoifhonfrsm;udk tav;teufxm;rnfjzpfa=umif;opPm}udrfqkdcJh=uonf?

w&m;ol}uD; 18 OD;teuf 7 OD;rSm trsdK;orD;rsm;jzpf=uygonf? w&m;ol}uD;rsm;ukda&G;cs,f&mwGif a'otm;vHk;ukd ukd,fpm;jyKEdkif&efESifh trsdK;orD;w&m;ol}uD;rsm;yg yg0ifEdkif&ef &nf&G,f+yD; tmz&du/ tm&S/ um&pfbD,H/ ta&S@Oa&my/vufwiftar&du/ ajrmuftar&duESifh taemuf Oa&mywdk@rS udk,fpm;vS,favmif;43 OD;xJrS *Ce% jyifqifxm;aom a&G;aumufyGJvkyfief;pOfjzifh a&G;cs,fcJhjcif;jzpfygonf? aemufqHk;w&m;ol}uD;jzpfol jyifopfvlrsdK; uavmuf a*smf'g (Claude Jorda)tm;a&G;cs,f+yD;csdef rwfv 7 &uf/ aom=umae@txd 33 }udrfrJay;cJh&ygonf? trsdK;orD;w&m;ol}uD; 7 OD;rSm awmiftmz&duEd kifiHol ukvor*~tjynfjynfqkdif&m&mZ0wfcHk&Hk;(&0rf'gEdkifiHtr_) OuUX eAefewrf ay;av; (Navanethem Pillay)tygt0if tk di f,mvef/ rmvD/ b&mZD;/ *gem/ aumhpwm&DumESif hvpfAsm;EdkfifiHrsm;rSjzpf=uonf?

w&m;ol}uD;tjzpfta&G;cH&olrsm;rSm-

(1) bdkvD;AD;,m;EdkifiHrS &DeD bvufref; (Rene Blattmann)/ Oya'ygarmuQESifhw&m;a&;0ef}uD;a[mif;?(2) tdkif,mvefEdkifiHrS armf&if; [mh'if uvmh (Maureen HardingClark)/ ,l*dkqvm;AD;,m;EdkifiHa[mif;qdkif&m ukvor*~cHk&Hk; udk,fpm;vS,fv$Jpm&w&m;ol}uD;/ w&m;vdkESifh w&m;cHa&S@aetjzpf 26 ESpf/(3) rmvDEdkifiHrS zawmfrmwm 'rfbDvD'dkif,m&m (Fatoumata DembeleDiarra) / ,l*d kqvm;AD;,m;Ed kifiHa[mif;qdkif&m ukvor*~cH k&H k;udk,fpm;vS,fv$Jpm&w&m;ol}uD;/ brmudk (Bamako) t,lcH&Hk;w&m;ol}uD;tzGJ@ OuUXa[mif;/(4) +AdwdefEdkifiHrS qm tif'a& zl;azmh (Sir Adrian Fulford) txufw&m;&Hk;w&m;ol}uD;/ &mZ0wfusifhxHk;ESifh vl@tcGifhta&; oif&dk;n$ef;wrf;a&;om;ol(5) x&D;eD'wf'f ESifh wdkbm*dkrS um;vf ['fqef zD;vpf (Karl Hudson-Philips)/ a&S@aecsKyfa[mif;ESifh Oya'a&;&m 0ef}uD;(6) *smreDrS [ef yDwm um;vf (Hans-Peter Kaul) tjynfjynfqdkif&ma&S@ae/ oHwrefESif h td kifpDpD (ICC) twGuf Ed kifiHud k,fpm;vS,f(Negotiator)

57



(7) uae'gEdkifiHrS zD;vpfay; um;&Sf (Philippe Kirsch) oHwrefESifhOya'a&;&m u|rf;usifol/ 1998 tdkifpDpD xlaxmifaom &krf; nDvmcHobmowd?(8) zifvefEdkifiHrS tmuD aumf&lvm (Erkki Kourula) EdkifiHjcm;a&;XmeOya'a&;&m n$ef=um;a&;rSL;csKyf/ tjynfjynfqdkif&m Oya'u|rf;usifol?(9) *gemEdkifiHrS tmcl; *e cltef,m,D;,m (Akua Ghana Kuenyehia)*gemwuUodkvf tr_aqmif n$ef=um;a&;rSL;ESifh Oya'XmearmfuGef;xdrf;?(10) aumhpwm&DumEdkifiHrS tJvpfZbuf tdk'Dtdk befeDwdk (ElizabethOdio Benito)/ tjynfjynfqdkif&m Oya' ygarmuQ/ ,l*dkqvm;AD;,m;EdkifiHa[mif;qdkif&m ukvor*~cHk&Hk; w&m;ol}uD;//(11) qdkufy&yf EdkifiHrS a*smh[D,dk yDupf (Gheorghios Pikis) w&m;&Hk;csKyfOuUX/ Oa&my vl@tcGifhta&;w&m;&Hk; txl; w&m;ol}uD;a[mif;?(12) jyifopfEdkifiHrS uavmuf a*smf'g (Claude Jorda)/ ,l*dkqvm;AD;,m;EdkifiHa[mif;qdkif&m ukvor*~cHk&Hk; OuUX/ yJ&pf t,lcH&Hk; tpdk;&a&S@aea[mif;?(13) awmiftmz&duEkdifiHrS eAefewrf ay;av; (Navanethem Pillay)/1995 ckESpfrSpI &m0rf'gEdkifiHqdkif&m ukvor*~&mZ0wfcHk&Hk; OuUX/ awmiftmz&du txufw&m;&Hk; tr_aqmif w&m;ol}uD; a[mif;?(14) tDwvDEdkifiHrS arm&dk aygvwD (Mauro Politi)/ ,l*dkqvm;AD;,m;EdkifiHa[mif;qd ki f&m ukvor*~cH k& H k ; ud k,fpm;vS,fvG Jpm&w&m;ol}uD;?t,lcHw&m;&Hk;w&m;ol}uD;/ tjynfjynfqdkif&m Oya' ygarmuQ?(15) qmrdktmEkdifiHrS wDvdkrm eD&GefeD pvdwf (Tuiloma Neroni Slade)ukvor*~ESifh tar&duefEkdifiHqdkif&m oHtrwf/ qmrdktmEdkifiH a&S@aecsKyfa[mif;?(16) awmifudk;&D;,m;EkdifiHrS qeftef apmif (Sang-hyun Song) qdk;vftrsdK;om;wuUodkvf/ Oya'ygarmuQ/ pma&;q&m?(17) b&mZD;EdkifiHrS qJAD;,m; 'D zD*l&D'dk pwdkifem(Sylvia de FigueiredoSteiner)/ qefaygvdk jynfaxmifpk t,lcHw&m;&Hk;w&m;ol}uD;/ jynfaxmifpktpdk;& a&S@aea[mif;?(18) vpfAsm;EdkifiHrS tefeDwm tlqufum (Anita Usacka)/ vpfAsm;zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk w&m;&Hk; w&m;ol}uD;/ vpfAsm;wuUodkvf Oya'ygarmuQ?wdk@jzpfygonf?

w&m;pD&ifonfhcef;r r&SdbJ w&m;&Hk;udk 0efxrf; 60 jzifhpwifvnfywfrnfjzpf+yD;yxrOD;qHk;=um;emppfaq;r_rSm v tawmf=umOD;rnfjzpfygonf? w&m;&Hk;onfpHkprf;ppfaq;&ef&Sdaom wdkifwef;onfhtr_aygif; 200 ausmfudk vufcH&+yD;jzpfaomfvnf;rnfonfhf tr_awGudk =um;emppfaq;rnfqdkonfrSm w&m;vdka&S@aecsKyfqHk;jzwfcsuf

58



tay:wGifrlwnfaeygonf? w&m;vdka&S@aersm;cef@tyf&efvdktyfaeao;ojzifhtenf;qHk;wESpftwGif; rnfonfhtr_udkr# ppfaq;EdkifOD;rnfr[kwf[k cef@rSef;=uygonf?

tjynfjynfqkdif&m&mZ0wfw&m;&kH;ukd vkdvm;axmufcHonfhEkdifiHrsm;&SdovkdraxmufcHaomEdkifiHrsm;vnf;&Sdonf? w&kwf/ &k&Sm;ESifh tdENd,EdkifiHwdk@u w&m;&Hk;xlaxmifr_udk qef@usifuef@uGuf=uonf? raxmufcHonfh EdkifiHrsm;xJwGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpkvnf; tygt0ifjzpfonf? orw bDvfuvifwefvufxuf w&m;&Hk;xlaxmif&ef pmcsKyfudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhaomfvnf;/ a*sm*sf 'AvsL bk&Sf orwtjzpfa&G;cs,f wifajr‡mufcH&+yD; r=umrSDrSmyif tkdifpDpDudk qef@usifaom vSHKaqmfr_udk pwifcJh+yD;‚if;wdk@. axmufcHr_rsm;udk jyefvnf&kwfodrf;cJhonf? tar&duefEdkifiHom;rsm; tjynfjynfqkdif&m &mZ0wfw&m;&Hk;. zrf;0&rf;rsm;rS uif;vGwfcGifh&&ef EkdifiHwumokd@ vkdufvHpnf;&kH;xm;&m EdkifiHaygif; 22 EdkifiHrS oabmwlnDcsufrsm; &,lxm;cJhygonf? Oa&my,leD,Hurl w&m;&kH;xlaxmifr_ukdtav;teufaxmufcHtm;ay;cJhonf? Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;ESifh wjcm;taemufEdkifiHrsm;u tdkifpDpD. p&dwfpuudk tukeftuscHrnfjzpfonf?

w&m;&Hk;xlaxmif&ef 1998 &krf; pmcsKyf (1998 Rome Treaty) udk vufrSwfa&;xdk;+yD;onfh EdkifiHrsm;rS oHk;yHk ESpfyHkeD;yg; twnfjyKcsufray;ao;acs? w&m;&kH;xlaxmifa&;wGif tar&duefESifh wjcm; t"duusaom EdkifiHrsm;rygojzifh jynfhpHkvHkavmufr_r&Sda=umif; tar&duefvlrsdK;Oya'a&;&mu|rf;usifolwOD;u qdkyg onf?

tdkifpDpD. w&m;pD&ifydkifcGifhonf aemufa=umif;jyeftusdK;oufa&mufr_&Sdrnfr[kwfyJ w&m;cHonf w&m;&Hk; xlaxmifa&;wGifyg0ifaomEdkifiHrsm;rSjzpfv#if odk@r[kwfxdkEdkifiHydkife,fajrrsm;wGifusL;vGefonfh &mZ0wfr_rsm;jzpfv#if xkdtr_udkom udkifwG,frnfjzpfygonf? tkdifpDpDwGif us,fjyef@aom w&m;pD&ifydkifcGifhtm%m &Sdaomfvnf;onf2002 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 1 &ufae@ aemufydkif;usL;vGefaom&mZ0wfr_rsm;ESifh EdkifiHrsm;uw&m;cHudk ‚if;wdk@bmompD&ifppfaq;r_ rjyKvkyfvdkonfh tcgrsm;Yom pD&ifppfaq;Edkifrnfjzpfonf?

rnfokd@yifqkdap tjynfjynfqkdif&m&mZ0wfw&m;&kH; arG;zGm;vmr_onftm%m&SifEdkifiHrsm;wGif aexkdifae=u&aom jynfolrsm;tzkd@ tm;xm;&mtjzpf ar#mfvifh=u&ayonf?

rSwfcsufrSwfcsufrSwfcsufrSwfcsufrSwfcsuf

Nations Elect 18 Judges for Global Criminal Court, ByEvelyn Leopold and Irwin Arieff (Reuters), Sat February

8, 2003. udk bmomjyefqdk udk;um;azmfjyjcif;jzpfygonf?

59



tajccHOya'a&;&m owif;twdktxGmrsm;

rSwfwrf;ESifh okawoeXmejrefrmEdkifiHa&S@aersm;aumifpD

EdkifiHawmfvHkjcHKa&;tufOya' zsufodrf;ay;&efv@ltcGifha&; aumfr&Sifuawmif;qdkEdkifiHawmfvHkjcHKa&;tufOya' zsufodrf;ay;&efv@ltcGifha&; aumfr&Sifuawmif;qdkEdkifiHawmfvHkjcHKa&;tufOya' zsufodrf;ay;&efv@ltcGifha&; aumfr&Sifuawmif;qdkEdkifiHawmfvHkjcHKa&;tufOya' zsufodrf;ay;&efv@ltcGifha&; aumfr&Sifuawmif;qdkEdkifiHawmfvHkjcHKa&;tufOya' zsufodrf;ay;&efv@ltcGifha&; aumfr&Sifuawmif;qdk

EdkifiHawmfvHkjcHKa&;tufOya'udk rav;&Sm;EkdifiH.w&m;0ifvl@tcGifha&;aumfrD&Sifu rav;&Sm;tpkd;&tm; awmif;qdkvdkufygonf? rav;&Sm;Ed kifiHwGifEdkifiHawmfvHkjcHKa&;tufOya't& rouFmolrnfol@udkrqkd jypf'%fcsrSwfEdkifonf/w&m;pD&ifjcif;r&SdbJ tcsdeftuef@towfr&Sd xdrff;odrf;xm;Edkifygonf? Tokd@typf'%fcsrSwfjcif;/ w&m;rpD&ifbJxdef;odrf;jcif;onf tajccHvl@tcGif ha&;rsm;udkcsdK;azgufjcif;jzpfonf[k aumfr&Sif. tpD&ifcHpmwGifazmfjyxm;jyD; zsufodrf;ay;&efvnf;awmif;qdkxm;onf?

rav;&Sm;EdkifiH. vHkjcHKa&;tufOya'ukd 1960ckESpfjynfhuwnf;u jyXmef;xm;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? xkdOya'jyXmef;pOfumvu rav;&Sm;EdkifiHonf uGefjrLepfaysmufusm;rsm;udk tjyif;txef ESdrfeif;ae&aom tcsdef jzpfygonf? xkdvHkjcHKa&;Oya't& EdkifiHawmfvHkjcHKa&;udk tE Wm&m,fjyKEdkifa=umif; oHo,&Sdolrsm;udk (2)ESpfxd xdrf;odrf;cGifh &Sdygonf? xkd@okd@xdrf;odrf;xm;cGifh&SdtwGuf &Jrsm;taeESifh xdef;odrf;xm;jcif;tay: bmr#oufaojy&efrvdkay? xkd@tjyifxdrf;odrf;xm;Edkifonfh umvudkvnf;tcsdeftuef@towfr&Sd oufwrf;wdk;Edkifayonf? rav;&Sm;EdkkifiH vl@tcGifha&;aumfrD&Sif(ql[muef) u xkdjynfwGif;vHkjcHKa&;tufOya'udk taemufEdkifiHYjyXmef;xm;aomt=urf;zuf0g'wdkufzsufa&;Oya' uJhokd@aom Oya'rsdK;jzifh tpm;xdk;vdk=uonf?xkdtpm;xkd;rnfh Oya'opfrsm;Y rnfokd@aom jypfr_rsdK;udk usL;vGefa=umif; twdtusazmfjy&ef/ xdef;odrf; zrf;qD;xm;olrsm;udk (3) vausmfv#if ±kH;wifw&m;pJG&ef/ w&m;rpGJ

tajccHOya'a&;&m

60



v#ifvGwfay;&ef/ tr_rsm;udk pD&ifoHk;oyf &efvdka=umif; ponfjzifh vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&maumfr&Sifu qdkxm;onf?

tpdk;&uw&m;0ifzGJ@pnf;ay;xm;onfh tzGJ@tpnf;wcku ,ckuJhokd@ tpD&ifcHpmrsdK;a&;om;cJhjcif;onf rav;&Sm;EdkifiH. tjiif;yGm;p&mtjzpfqdk; Oya'w&yfudktjyif;xefqHk;pdefac: a0zefr_w&yfjzpfygonf? avmavmq,fY tpPvmrfrpf ppfaoG;ºuGrsm;[k uifyGef;wwfxm;ol (70) cef@udk TOya't& zrf;qD; xdef;odrf;xm;qJjzpfonf?

jyefvnftouf0ifvmaom jrefrmvli,fav,mOfjyefay;qGJr_jyefvnftouf0ifvmaom jrefrmvli,fav,mOfjyefay;qGJr_jyefvnftouf0ifvmaom jrefrmvli,fav,mOfjyefay;qGJr_jyefvnftouf0ifvmaom jrefrmvli,fav,mOfjyefay;qGJr_jyefvnftouf0ifvmaom jrefrmvli,fav,mOfjyefay;qGJr_

q,fpkESpfwckausmf ikwfvsdK;aeaom jrefrmausmif;om;vli,fESpfOD; av,mOfjyefay;qGJcJhr_ukd taemufb*Fvm;jynfe,f bm&qwf c&dkif puf&Sifw&m;±kH;u vGefcJhonfhESpf {+yDvu jyefvnfpwifvkduf+yD;/ ,ck {+yDv yxrtywftwGif;u ±kH;csdef;wausmhjyefcsdef;vkdufonf? tqkdygtr_onf xdkausmif;om; 2 OD;u befaumufrS&efukefokd@jyefoef;rnfh xkdif;ava=umif;ykdif av,mOf jyefay;qGJum tdENd,EdkifiH uvuwWm; avqdyfokd@qif;oufapcJhonfh 1990 ckESpf Edk0ifv 11 &ufae@u pwifcJhjcif;jzpfonf? 1991 ckESpf Ekd0ifbmv wGif 4if;wkd@ 2 OD; tm; tmrcHjzifh vGwfay;cJh+yD;/ tr_rSmvnf; 12 ESpf=umr# qkdif;iHhxm;cJhonf?

21 ESpft&G,f ukdpkd;jrifh(EdkifiHwumqufqHa&;ESifh pDrHcef@cGJa&; aemufqkH;ESpf/&efukefwuUokdvf)ESifh ukdausmfOD; (&lyaA' aemufqkH;ESpf/ &efukefwuUokdvf) wkd@tm;tdENd, tpkd;&u av,mOfjyefay;qGJr_ wm;qD;a&;tufOya' (Anti- HijackingAct) t& ta&;,lw&m;pJGxm;cJhjcif;jzpfonf?

taemufb*Fvm;jynfe,f &Jrsm;u 2002 ckESpf {+yDv tapmykdif;u a'vDaetdrfwGif ukdpkd;jrifhtm; vma&mufzrf;qD;cJhonf? tdENd, EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;*sufp0efqif; jrefrmEdkifiHc&D;pOfrS jyefvm+yD; &ufowWwywftwGif; ukdpkd;jrifhtm;zrf;qD;oGm;jcif;jzpfaoma=umifh tdENd,tpkd;&onf jrefrmppftpkd;&tm; vdkufavsmqufqHvkdI vnf;aumif;/ jrefrmppftpkd;&. zdtm;ay;r_a=umifhvnf;aumif; Tokd@ukdpkd;jrifhtr_ukd jyefvnf az:aqmifjcif;jzpfa=umif; a0zefolrsm;uqkd=uonf? jypfr_xif&Sm;ygu ESpf&Snf axmif'%fuscH&Edkifa=umif; ukdpkd;jrifh.a&S@ae a': eef'dwm [ufpum uqkdygonf? ukdpkd;jrifhtm; ,cktcg tmrcHjzifh ,cifutwkdif; tdENNd,EdkifiHwGifaexkdifcGifhjyKxm;onf? tr_ukd ZGefv 'kwd,ywftwGif;Y qufvuf =um;emppfaq;rnfjzpfonf?

ukdpkd;jrifhwkd@ ESpfOD;onf av,mOf jyefay;qGJ&mwGif vlukdaoapEdkifaomvufeufwpkHw&m rygonfomru jyefay;qGJ&jcif;&nf&G,fcsufrSmvnf; ppftm%m&SifatmufY 'Drkdua&pDuif;rJhaeaom/ zdESdyfcHae&aom jynfolvlxk. tajctaersm;ukd urBmhjynfolrsm;tm±kH pkdufvmap&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifhqGJcJhjcif;om jzpfaom

61



a=umifh vl@tcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;olrsm;ESifh axmufcHolrsm;u ukdpkd;jrifh. Tr_ukdydwfypfap&ef tdENd, tpkd;&tm;zdtm;ay;awmif;qkdv#uf&Sdonf? Ttr_ taetxm;ukd tuJcwfapmifh=unfhavhvmol 0g&ifha&S@aewOD;u uGif;vkH;u|wfvGwfEdkifrvGwfEdkifqkdonfrSm50-50 tajctaeY &Sda=umif;ajymqkdonf?

tD*spfEdkifiH. tqHk;r&Sdaom ta&;ay:Oya'tD*spfEdkifiH. tqHk;r&Sdaom ta&;ay:Oya'tD*spfEdkifiH. tqHk;r&Sdaom ta&;ay:Oya'tD*spfEdkifiH. tqHk;r&Sdaom ta&;ay:Oya'tD*spfEdkifiH. tqHk;r&Sdaom ta&;ay:Oya'

tD*spfEdkifiHwGifjyXmef;xm;aom zdESdyfaomOya'jzpfonfh ta&;ay:Oya'zsufodrf;&ef vSHK@aqmfr_rsm; }uD;xGm;vmr_udk tqHk;owfoGm;ap&ef&nf&G,f+yD; azazmf0g&Dv23 &ufae@wGif tD*spftpdk;&u tvsifpvdk oufwrf;wdk;jr‡ifhcJhygonf?

xdkOya'tm; owfwrf;wdk;rnfh Oya'=urf;udk jynfol@v$wfawmfwGif trSwfrxif tpdk;&u wifoGif;vm+yD;/ xdk@ae@ wae@xnf;rSmyif ‚if;Oya'=urf;udk twnfjyKjyXmef;&ef tylwjyif;aqmif&GufcJhygonf?

jynfol@vGwfawmfwGif trwfae&m 454 ae&mwGif vuf&Sdtm%m& trsdK;om;'Drdku&ufwpfygwDu trwfae&m 424 ae&mjzifh v$rf;rdk;xm; ygonf? tD*spfEdkifiHudk1967 ckESpf uwnf;u ta&;ay: Oya' trSwf 162 (1958) (Emergency LawNo. 162, 1958) jzifh qufwkdufeD;yg; tkyfcsKyffcJhygonf?

xdkta&;ay: Oya'wGif oHo,&Sdolrsm;tm;tcsdeftcgra&G; zrf;qD;ydkifcGifhESifhw&m;±kH;wifppfaq;jcif;r&SdyJ umv&Snf =umpGm xdrf;odrf;ydkifcGifhESifh t&yfbufrS ppfbufqdkif&mw&m;&Hk;odk@v$Jajymif;jcif;udpPrsm;/ odk@r[kwf vGwfvyf+yD;w&m;r#waom&Hk;wifppfaq;a&;qkdif&m EdkifiHwum pHowfrSwfcsufESifh rjynfhrSDaom vkyfxHk;rsm;usifhoHk;onfh EdkifiHawmfvHkjcHKa&;txl; w&m;&Hk;rsm;tm%mrsm;/ oydwfarSmufr_udkwm;jrpfjcif;/ qENjyjcif;ESifh vltrsm;pka0;awG@qHkaqG;aEG;cGifhwdk@udkvnf; wm;jrpfjcif;ESifhqifqmjyKvkyfjcif; odk@r[kwf EkdifiHawmfvHk+cHKa&;ta=umif;jycsufjzifh owif;pmrsm; tm;ydwfypfjcif; tp&Sdaom tajccHvGwfvyfr_tcGifhta&;rsm;udk uef@owfcsKyfcs,fEdkifaomtm%mrsm;tyfESif;onfhjyXmefcsufrsm;yg0ifonf?

3 ESpfw}udrf jyefvnfoufwrf;wdk;jr‡ifh&aom xdkOya'onf vGefcJhaom arv2003 ckESpfwGif owfwrf;ukefqHk;rnfjzpf&m/ tpdk;&onf owfrSwf&ufudk aESmifhaES;r_r&SdyJ a&S@wdk;owfrSwfjcif;jzifh jyXmef;csuftopfukd vl@tcGifhta&; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ vlxktzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. qef@usifuef@uGufonfh vSHKaqmfr_rsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;cJha=umif; tpD&ifcHrsm;wGif us,fus,fjyef@jyef@awG@&ygonf?

axmiffcsDaomtwdkuftcHrsm; twdtusqdk&v#if “rlqvifnDaemifrsm;”(Muslim Brotherhood) uJhodk@aom rlqviftzGJ@tpnf;0ifrsm;onf ,ckESpfrsm;twGif; TfOya'jzifh zrf;qD;xdrf;odrf;cHcJ h&ygonf? wcsdK@onf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmw&m;pGJqdkjcif;/ &Hk;wifppfaq;jcif;r&SdbJ/ odk@r[kwf Oya'taxmuftul&&Sdapjcif;r&SdbJ

62



pOfqufrjywf topfwdk;jr‡ifhcsrSwfaom trdef@rsm;jzifh txdrf;odrf;cHae&ygonf? zrf;qD;xdrf;odrf;cHae&pOf EdkifiHawmf vHk+cHKr_axmufvSrf;a&;tzGJ@. ESdyfpufn‡if;yrf;jcif;rsm; vnf;us,fus,fjyef@jyef@&Sdaeygonf/

+yD;cJhaomtywfrsm;u tD&wfwGifjzpfay:vmEdkifaomppftm; qef@usifolrsm;onfvnf; xdkOya'jzifh xdrf;odrf;cHcJh&ygonf? ‚if;wdk@txJwGif qdk&S,fvpfavhvma&;XmecsKyfudk udkif&dkwGif pwifwnfaxmifcJholvnf;jzpf ppfqef@usifa&; v_yf&Sm;olwpfOD;vnf;jzpfol umr,fvf cgvD (Kamal Khalil) vnf;wOD;tygt0ifjzpfonf? olonfazaz:0g&Dv 18 &ufae@wGifaysmufqHkk;oGm;cJhjcif;jzpfygonf? EkdifiHawmf vHk+cHKa&;t&m&Sdrsm;u ‚if;.rdom;pkudk olonf txdrf;odrf;cHae&a=umif; wdk;wdk;wdwfwdwftoday;cJhaomfvnf; ol@tm;rnfonfhae&mwGif xdrf;odrf;xm;onf udkrl rajymjyacs?olonf yef;em&if=uyfa0'emcHpm;ae&+yD; r=umao;rS DurS }uD;rm; aomcGJpdwfukor_cH,lcJ h&mrS jyefvnfemvefxcgpjzpfonf? oltwGufta&;w}uD;vdktyfaeaomaq;0g;udk ‚if;. rdom;pk0ifrsm;u ol@xHydk@ay;I r&EdkifjzpfaecJhygonf?

jynfol@v$wfawmfwGif; xdkOya'twGuf ckcHumuG,ftacstwifaqG;aEG;onfhtcsdefumvrSm tifrwefrSwkdawmif;+yD; tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;u t=urf;zufr_qef@usifwdkufzsufa&;ppfudk t"duta=umif;jycsuftjzpfaxmufjy+yD; oufwrf;wdk;jr‡ifh&eftxl;vkdtyfa=umif;qdkygonf? jynfol@v$wfawmfESifh twdkifyifcHaumifpDa&;&m 0ef}uD; ur,fvf tDvf-&SZvD (Kamal El-Shazly)u 2001 ckESpf pufwifbmv11 &ufrSpI &Jrsm;. vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mudk t}uD;tus,fwdk;jr‡ifhay;cJhonfh tar&duefEkdifiHrS t=urf;zufr_qef@usifa&; Oya'jyKa&;vkyfief;pOfudk erlemtjzpf axmufjycJhonf[kqdkygonf?

v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f 454 OD;rS twdkuftcHygwDrSvmol 30 OD;om Oya'oufwrf;wdk;jcif;udk uef@uGufrJ ay;cJh=uygonf? ‚if;wdk@u tD*spfEdkifiHwGif oHk;ESpfausmfvmonfhwdkifatmif t=urf;zuform;rsm;. wdkufcdkufr_rsm; r,fr,f&& r&SdcJha=umif;qdkygonf?

0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; tvGJoHk;pm;r_jzifhpGyfpGJcH&0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; tvGJoHk;pm;r_jzifhpGyfpGJcH&0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; tvGJoHk;pm;r_jzifhpGyfpGJcH&0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; tvGJoHk;pm;r_jzifhpGyfpGJcH&0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; tvGJoHk;pm;r_jzifhpGyfpGJcH&

b*Fvm;a'&Sf@ 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; &Sduf [pDem (Sheikh Hasina) onf±k&Sm;xHrS wdkufcdkufa&; *sufav,mOfrsm; 0,f,ljcif;ESifhygwfoufI vm'fpm;a=umif;pGyfpGJxm;onfh tr_wcktwGuf azaz:0g&Dv 2 &ufae@wGif tmrcH &&SdoGm;ygonf?

1996 rS 2001ckESpfxd 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfcJh+yD;/ ,cktwdkuftcHacgif;aqmifjzpfolrpfZf [mpDemonf vlxk&HyHkaiGxJrS tar&duefa':vm 124 oef;udk 1999 ckESpfwGif±k&Sm;xHrS MiG 29 trsdK;tpm; ppfav,mOf &Spf pD;0,f,lI wvGJtoHk;cscJhonf[kpGyfpGJcHcJh&ygonf? olronf jypfr_xif&Sm;ygu axmif'%f 7 ESpftxduscHzG,f&m&Sdygonf?

63



olru xdk*sufav,mOfrsm;udk &dk;&Sif;aom tay;t,ljzifh 0,f,lcJhjzpfa=umif;qdkum olrtay:pGyfpGJcsufrsm;udk jiif;qdkcJhygonf? olr. tmrcHtwGuf rpfZf [mpDem'gum+rdK@v,fw&m;&Hk;odk@vma&mufpOf &mESifhcsDaom olrtm;axmufcHolrsm;u&Hk;awmf tjyifbufwGif pk&Hk;cJh=u+yD; tpdk;&qef@usifa&; aºuG;a=umfoHrsm; atmf[pfcJh=uonf?

wu,fawmh xdktay;t,lonf ±k&m;ESifhESpfEdkifiHcsif;n‡dE_dif;aqG;aEG;r_a=umifhxdkav,mOfrsm;udk aygufaps;xuf enf;aomaps;jzifh0,fEdkifcJhojzifh EdkifiHawmftwGuftar&duefa':vm 170 oef;oufomcJha=umif; olr. a&S@ae &dkudkEl'if rmr'f (Roko-nuddin Mahmud) uqdkygonf?

xdkodk@0,f,lzdk@tay;t,lvkyf&mwGif 'gumaiG 7 bDvD,H (tar&duefa':vm124) oef;eD;yg; jzKef;wD;cJha=umif;/ av,mOfrsm;onf rqdkpavmufwif'g jzifh0,f,lcJhonfqdkonfrSm t"dy`m,fr&Sdaompum;r#omjzpfa=umif; tpdk;&a&S@ae tuf'lvmref;r'f [pem (Abdullah Mahmud Hasana) udk w&m;&Hk;odk@wifjy+yD; tmrcHay;jcif;udk uef@uGufcJhygonf?

vuf&Sd0ef}uD;csKyf umvD'g ZD,m (Khaleda Sia) tpdk;&u b*Fvm;a'h&SfuJhodk@ qif;&JaomEdkifiHtzdk@ acwfrSD *sufav,mOfudk 0,f,l&ef odk@r[kwf ydkifqdkif&efrSmcufcJonfht&mjzpfa=umif;qdkygonf?

rpfZf [mpDemtpdk;&uvnf; xdk*sufav,mOfawGjzifh EdkifiH&J@ avwyfudk acwfrSDatmifvkyfzdk@&nf&G,fcJha=umif;qdkygonf?

ESpfbufpvHk;. av#mufxm;csufudk=um;em+yD;aemuf w&m;ol}uD; trf tZDZl[uf (M Azizul Huq) u olrtm; 'gumaiG 100000 (72500 bwf) cH0efcsKyfESifhtmrcHay;vdkuf+yD;/ rwfv 13 &ufae@wGif pGyfpGJcsufrsm;tm;ajz&Sif;&ef w&m;&Hk;awmfodk@vma&mufzdk@ trdef@cscJhygonf/

tvGJoHk;pm;r_wdkufzsufa&;AsL&dku 2001 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 11 &ufae@wGifrpfZf [mpDemESifh wjcm; ajcmufOD;udk tvGJoHk;pm;r_jzifhtr_zGifhcJhjcif;jzpfonf? xdktr_udka'oqdkif&m txl;w&m;ol}uD;rsm; w&m;&Hk;wGifZefe0g&Dv 29 &ufae@uwifoGif;cJh+yD;/azaz:0g7Dv 2 &ufae@urS yxrOD;qHk;t}udrf=um;emppfaq;cJhjcif;jzpfygonf? =unf;wyfESifh avwyft}uD;tuJa[mif;tygt0if olrESifhtwlwlw&m;pGJcH&ol ajcmufOD;udkvnf;w&m;&Hk;u azaz:0g&Dv 2 &ufwGif tmrcHay;cJhygonf?

rpP ZD,m tpdk;&onf 2001 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv ‚if;wdk@pwiftm%m&,lcsdefrSp+yD; rpP [mpDemESifh olr.tpdk;&tzGJ@0ifa[mif;wcsdK@udk tvGJoHk;pm;r_ 12 ckjzifhw&m;pGJqdk tr_zGifhcJhygonf? t"dutwdkuftcHygwD t0grD (Awami) . vuf&Sdacgif;aqmifjzpfol rpP [pDemu tpdk;&onf olrESifh olrtm;axmufcHolrsm;udk t&Suf&ap&ef tr_rsm;zGifhaea=umif;pGyfpGJajymqdkcJhygonf? rpP [pDemonf olrtay: tr_zGifhxm;aom tvGJoHk;pm;r_rsm;qufpyf+yD; txdef;todrf;rcHcJJh&zl;yg? olronf aiGa=u;

64



tusdK;tjrwfrsm;r&dk;rom;&,lonfh aemufxyftr_wckjzifhvnf; tmrcH &,lcJh&zl;ygonf/ wjcm;tr_rsm;rSm pHk;prf;ppfaq;aeqJjzpfonf?

w&m;&Hk;u orw om;. axmif'%foufwrf;udk avsmhhcsvdkufjcif;w&m;&Hk;u orw om;. axmif'%foufwrf;udk avsmhhcsvdkufjcif;w&m;&Hk;u orw om;. axmif'%foufwrf;udk avsmhhcsvdkufjcif;w&m;&Hk;u orw om;. axmif'%foufwrf;udk avsmhhcsvdkufjcif;w&m;&Hk;u orw om;. axmif'%foufwrf;udk avsmhhcsvdkufjcif;

t,lcHw&m;&Hk;u tvGJoHk;pm;r_jzifhjypf'%fcsrSwfcHcJh&ol awmifudk;&D;,m;orw uifa'*sHK;om;. rlvaxmif'%f 42 v udk 18 vodk@ avsmhayghcsrSwfcJhygonf?qdk;vf;+rdK@awmf t,lcHw&m;&Hk;u azaz:0g&Dv 2 &ufae@wGif uifa[mift (KimHong-up) 53 ESpftm; vm'faiGrsm;&,lr_ESifh tcGefa&Smifr_twGuf axmif'%f 2 ESpfESifhaiG'%f tar&duefa':vm 560000 csrSwfvdkufygonf?

w&m;cHonf t&ifujzpfcJhaom tvm;wljypfr_rS oifcef;pm&,ljcif; rjyKchJojzifh vltrsm;tay:opPmazmufovdkjzpf+yD;/ orwom;[laom *k%fyk'fudk udk,fusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf rw&m;toHk;cscJha=umif; w&m;ol}uD;uqdkygonf? w&m;ol}uD; tdkqDbif(Oh Se-bin) u xdkuJhokd@aomtjzpfrsdK;xyfrHrjzpfyGm;&efumuG,fonfhtaejzifh}uD;av;aom jypf'%fcsrSwf&jcif;jzpfa=umif;qdkygonf?

odk@aomfvnf; w&m;ol}uD;u w&m;cHonf ol&JhrSm;,Gif;aomvkyf&yftwGufvGefpGmaemifw&cJh+yD; ol&J@vkyfazmf udkifzufrSwqifhom tusdK;tjrwfrsm;&,lcJhjcif;jzpfaoma=umifh odyfqdk;0g;aomtajctaetjzpf w&m;&Hk;u r,lqa=umif; qkdygonf?

tmacs;wGif bmoma&;w&m±kH;zGifhtmacs;wGif bmoma&;w&m±kH;zGifhtmacs;wGif bmoma&;w&m±kH;zGifhtmacs;wGif bmoma&;w&m±kH;zGifhtmacs;wGif bmoma&;w&m±kH;zGifh

tif'kdeD;&Sm;EdkifiH tmacs;jynfe,f+rdk@awmf bef'gtmacs;wGif axmifESifhcsDaomrGwfpvifvltkyf}uD;onf +rdK@awmfvrf;rwav#muf csDwufum rlpvifESpfopful;tcrf;tem;ESifh yxrqkH;aom rGwfpvifbmoma&; w&m;±kH; &S&D,m(Sharia Court) zGifhyGJtcef;tem;ukdrwfv 4 &ufae@wGifqifEGJ=uonf?

vlaygif;waomif;eD;yg;&Sdaom vltkyf}uD;onf bavmifya'gif (BlaungPadang) uGif;wGif pk&Hk;cJh=u+yD;/ +rddK@awmf0efaetdrfodk@csDwufcJh+yD;aemuf +rdK@wGif;vSnfhvnfum rlvuGif;jyifodk@jyefvmcJh=uygonf? pk&Hk;vm=uolrsm;onf wefqmqifxm;aom qifESpfaumifOD;aqmifum rlqvifbmoma&;w&m;&Hk; (&Sm&D,m w&m;&Hk;)ESifh tmacs; (Aceh) jynfe,fwGif &Sm&D&Smtm; wjznf;jznf;taumiftxnfazmfvmr_udk }udKqdka=umif; ydkpwmrsm;o,faqmifvSnfhvnfcJh=uygonf?bmoma&;qdkif&m0ef}uD;Xmeu qdwf t*sD [lqif t,f rlem0g (Said Agil Husin al-Munawar)ESifh xdyfydkif;tpdk;&t&m&Sdtrsm;tjym;onf xdkae@u w&m;0if &Sm&D,mw&m;&Hk;zGifhyGJtcrf;tem;wufa&muf&ef pDpOfxm;onf[kod&ygonf?

Te,fonf &Sm&D,mOya'udk taumiftxnfazmfcsrSwfonfh wckwnf;

65



aome,fjzpfonf? urBmwGif rlqvifvlOD;a&trsm;qHk;jzpfaomEkdifiHjzpfaomfvnf;tpPvrfonf tif'dkeD;&Sm;. EdkifiHawmfbmom r[kwfacs?

w±kwfw&m;±kH; axmif'%fwoufcsrSwfw±kwfw&m;±kH; axmif'%fwoufcsrSwfw±kwfw&m;±kH; axmif'%fwoufcsrSwfw±kwfw&m;±kH; axmif'%fwoufcsrSwfw±kwfw&m;±kH; axmif'%fwoufcsrSwf

tar&duef tajcpdkuf twdkuftcH 0ef bdkifusif; (Wang Bingzhang)onf olv#dKvkyfr_ESifh t=urf;zufvkyf&Sm;r_a=umifh oltay:csrSwfxm;aom woufwu|ef;tjypf'%ftm; 31 &ufae@wGif t,lcH0ifcJh&m &H_;edrfhoGm;cJhygonf? tar&duefEdkifiHEdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;rS =um;0ifaqmif&Gufr_&Sda=umif; tpD&ifcHcsufrsm;&Sdaomfvnf; ,cktcg &Hk;wifppfaq;r_rSm+yD;qHk;oGm;+yDjzpfum w&m;&Hk;u t&ifcsrSwfxm;aom pD&ifcsuftrdef@udk xyfrHtwnfjyKcJha=umif; 'g[m aemufqHk;qHk;jzwfcsufjzpfa=umif; a&S@ae,ef;rif (Yang Min) u qdkygonf?

touf 55 ESpf&Sd 0ef (Wang) onf azazmf0g&Dv 10 &ufae@wGif &Sefusif;(Shenzhen) &Sd tv,ftvwfw&m; &Hk;wcku olv#dKvkyfr_ESifh t=urf;zuftkyfpkwckudk OD;aqmifr_jzifh axmif'%fwoufwu|ef; csrSwfjcif;cHcJh&ygonf?

olonf 1982 ckESpfESifh 1990 t=um; xdkif0rfEdkifiHodk@ axmufvSrf;a&;owif;rsm;ay;ydk@jcif;ESifh wzef xdkif0rfEdkifiHrS aiGa=u;tpm; w&m;r0if ppfoHk;ypPnf;rsm;udk v#dK@0Suf&,lydkifqdkifcJhjcif;jzifh tjypf&Sda=umif;qdkygonf?

aq;ukor_jiif;qkd/ tzsm;vGefI rDvdkqdkApf w&m;&Hk;rvma&mufEdkif?aq;ukor_jiif;qkd/ tzsm;vGefI rDvdkqdkApf w&m;&Hk;rvma&mufEdkif?aq;ukor_jiif;qkd/ tzsm;vGefI rDvdkqdkApf w&m;&Hk;rvma&mufEdkif?aq;ukor_jiif;qkd/ tzsm;vGefI rDvdkqdkApf w&m;&Hk;rvma&mufEdkif?aq;ukor_jiif;qkd/ tzsm;vGefI rDvdkqdkApf w&m;&Hk;rvma&mufEdkif?

ppf&mZ0wfr_jzifh±kH;wifppfaq;cHae&aom ,l*dkqvyforwa[mif; rDvdkqdkApfonf aq;0g;ukocH&ef xyfrHjiif;qef+yD;aemuf tvGeftrif; aeraumif;jzpfaeojzifh w&m;±kH;okd@ vma&mufEdkifjcif;r&Sdaoma=umifh tr_ukd aemufw}udrf xyfrHa&G@qdkif;cJh&ygonf?

‚if;&H k;wifppfaq;r_udk =um;emvsuf&Sdaom w&m;ol}uD; &pfcsuf ar(Richard May) u rDvdkqdkApfonf ol. aoG;zdtm;usqif;&ef aq;0g;ukor_ydkrdkcH,lzdk@q&m0efrS n$ef=um;csufay;aomfvnf; xdkaq;ynmt&t=uHjyKcsufudk cH,l&efjiif;qefcJha=umif;qdkygonf?

usef;rma&;qdkif&mta=umif;jycsufrsm;a=umifh rwfv 18 &ufae@wGif xdk&Hk;wifppfaq;r_udk w}udrfa&G@qdkif;cJh&+yD;/ rwfv 25 &ufae@wGifwzef=um;emppfaq;&efowfrSwfxm;cJhygonf? ,l*dkqvyfEdkifiHa[mif;qdkif&m tjynfjynfqdkif&m&mZ0wfcHk&Hk;wGif rDvdkqdkApf. csdK@wJ@aomusef;rma&;a=umifh tr_oGm;tr_vmudk aESmifh,Suf=uef@=umaponfrSm ,ckt}udrfonf ckESpf}udrfajrmufjzpfygonf?

w&m;vdka&S@ae a*smhz&D edkuf (Geoffrey Nice) u ,ckvdktajctaersdK;ESifhqufvufpcef;roGm;Edkifa=umif; w&m;&Hk;odk@av#mufxm;cJhygonf? w&m;vdkbuftm;

66



Ttr_ESifhygwfoufonfh wifjycsufrsm;udk arv 16 &ufae@xd w&m;0ifay;tyfxm;+yD;jzpfygonf? odk@aomf olwdk@onf tcsdefydkrdkvdktyfa=umif; }udrfzefrsm;pGm qifajcay;cJh=uygonf?

rDvdkqDApfonf ppf&mZ0wfr_/ vlom;jzpfr_udkqef@usifusL;vGefaom&mZ0wfr_(Crime against humanity) ESifh 1990ESpfrsm;twGif; abmfvuefa'otm;c&dkat;&Sm;/ abmhpeD;,m;ESifh udkqdkAdktjzpftydkif;ydkif;cJGJapcJhaom ppfyGJoHk;yGJtwGif;jzpfyGm;cJhonfh vlrsdK;rsm;tm;rsdK;jzKwfowfjzwfr_ (genocides)/ rsm;twGif; [email protected];u¾ESifhygwfoufonfh pGJcsufwpfck/ pkpkaygif; pGyfpGJcsuf 60 ausmfudk&ifqdkifae&ygonf?

orwa[mif; rpf yvmppf axmif'%f 11 ESpfcsrSwfcH&orwa[mif; rpf yvmppf axmif'%f 11 ESpfcsrSwfcH&orwa[mif; rpf yvmppf axmif'%f 11 ESpfcsrSwfcH&orwa[mif; rpf yvmppf axmif'%f 11 ESpfcsrSwfcH&orwa[mif; rpf yvmppf axmif'%f 11 ESpfcsrSwfcH&

oD[dwf (The Hague) +rdK@&Sd ukvor*~w&m;&Hk;u abmhpeD;,m; qmbforwa[mif; bDvf*sem yvmppf tm; 1992-95 abmhpeD;,m;ppfyGJtwGif; usL;vGefcJhonfh vlom;jzpfr_udk qef@usifaom &mZ0wfr_twGuf azaz:0g&Dv 27 &ufwGif axmif'%f 11 ESpf csrSwfvdkufonf?

abmhpeD;,m;ppfyGJtwGif; abmhpeD;,m;&Sd c&dktufESifh rlqvifrsm;udkESdyfuGyfonfh v_yf&Sm;r_wGif OD;aqmifr_tcef;rS yg0ifv_yf&Sm;cJha=umif; abmhpeD;,m;vlrsdK;touf 72 t&G,f oHr%dpdwf"gwfydkif&SiftrsdK;orD; yvmppfu vGefcJhaomESpfucH0efcsufjyKum tjypf&Sda=umif;0efcHcJhygonf? xdkv_yf&Sm;r_wGif axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaomvlrsm; owfjzwfcHcJh&+yD; axmifaygif;&maygif;rsm;pGm tdk;rJhtdrfrJhjzpfapcJhonf?

tr_=um;emppfaq;aom w&m;ol}uD;tzGJ@. tvSnfhusw&m;ol}uD;OuUX&pfcsuf ar (Richard May) u olrtay:csrSwfonfh jypf'%fzwf=um;pOf yvmppfonf bmcHpm;r_rSr&SdovdkawG@&ygonf?

abmhpeD;,m;qmbfppfwyfOD;pD;csKyfESifh ol.'kwd,orwtjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifcJhaom ppftwGif;u abmhpeD;acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfol 0g&rf;ajy; &m'dkAef um&m'pfESifh teD;uyfqHk;r[mrdwfjzpfcJhol yvmppfudk w&m;vdka&S@aersm;u axmif'%f 25 ESpfcsrSwfay;yg&efawmif;qdkcJhygonf?

ESdyfuGyfjcif;/ twif;t"rRae&yfa&G@ajymif;apjcif;/ vlowfjcif;/ n‡if;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;/ Oya'ESifhrnDaomzrf;qD;csKyfaESmifr_jyKjcif;/ &uf&ufpufpufjyKjcif;ESifh vlom;rqefaomvkyfaqmifr_rsm;tygt0if vlom;jzpfr_udk qef@usifusL;vGefaom &mZ0wfr_jzifh olrwGiftjypf&Sda=umif; vGefcJhaomESpf atmufwdkbmvwGif yvmppfu rxifrSwfyJxkwfazmf 0efcscJhygonf?

tjyeftvSeftaejzifh w&m;vdkbufuvnf; 1992-95ckESpf abmfpeD;,m;ppfyGJumv tqdk;0gqHk;aom ppf&mZ0wfjzpfonfh rsdK;wHk;owfjzwfr_tygt0ifolr tay:pGJcsufwifxm;aom wjcm;pGJcsufrsm;tm;vHk;udk ±kwfodrf;&ef oabmwlcJhygonf? ppf

67



twGif; vlrsdK;pkoef@pifjcif;[kvlodrsm;aom v_yf&Sm;r_udk us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ESifh tpDtpOf&Sd&SdazmfaqmifonfhumvY axmifcsDaom abmhpeD;,m;rlqvifESifh abmhpeD;,m;c&dktufrsm;udk okwfoifowfjzwfr_tay: wm0ef&Sda=umif;udkvnf; olru0efcHcJhygonf?

olrudk,fwdkifta&;}uD;aomae&mu yg0ifacgif;aqmifr_a=umifh ra&rwGufEdkifaom tjypfrJhjynfolrsm; om;aumifjzpfcJh&jcif;twGufvnf;aumif;/ xdkuJhodk@aom vltrsm;xdcdkufepfemcJh&jcif;ESifh rdrd.jynfolrsm;.*k%foduQmudk tpGef;txif;jzpfapcJhwmudk t+rJtrSwf&aerSmjzpfa=umif; olru &Hk;awmfudkajym=um;cJhygonf?

olronf abmvuefta&;tcif;umvtwGif; ppf&mZ0wfr_jzifhtjypf&Sda=umif;0efcHonfh ,l*dkqvm;AD;,m;EdkifiHa[mif;. tqifhtjrifhqHk;xdyfwef;t&m&SdwOD;jzpfonf?

yvmppf. tjypf&Sda=umif;0efcsawmif;yefjcif;onf &mZ0wfr_twGufwm0ef&Sdr_udk rnfodk@r# ajymif;vJI&rnf r[kwf[kqdkum ppf&mZ0wfr_w&m;vdka&S@aecsKyfumvm ',fvf yGefwD (Carla del Ponte) uolrudk axmif'%f 15 ESpfrS 25 ESpftxdcsrSwfay;&ef&Hk;awmfodk@ av#mufxm;cJhygonf?

ppft+yD;wGifolronf vufawG@qefaomajymif;vJr_rsm;}uHKawG@cJ h&+yD;abmhpeD;,m;ppfyGJudk tqHk;owfapcJhonfh 1995 a'wef +idrf;csrf;a&; oabmwlnDcsufaxmufcHcJh+yD;onfhtcg olronf taemufwdkif;vdkvm;onfh&yfwnfr_udk vufcHvmcJhonf?

olr. w&m;cHa&S@aecsKyfu ppf+yD;umv olr.vkyfaqmif&yfwnfr_ESifhtouft&G,fa=umifh axmif'%f ckESpfESpf rS &SpfESpftxdom csrSwfay;yg&ef av#mufxm;cJhonf?

olr. vlrqefaomacgif;aqmifr_twGuf olronf tvGefwufºuGaomtrsdK;om;a&;0g'Dtjzpf csD;ajr‡mufjcif;cHcJh&ygonf? wcsdefu qmbfvlrsdK;r[kwfolrsm;tm; vlrsdK;pkoef@pifjcif;udk &mZ0wfr_r[kwfyJ omrmefjzpf&dk;jzpfpOf obm0tjzpfxifxif&Sm;&Sm;umuG,fajymqdkcJhonfh olrtm; ol&Jaumif;uJhodk@vnf; oabmxm;cJh=uygonf?

w&m;vdkbufu yvmppftm; ,l*dkqvm;AD;,m;edkifiHa[mif;rS tjynfjynfqdkif&m&mZ0wfcHk&Hk;wGif w&m;pGJqdkcH&ol abmhpeD;,m;qmbfacgif;aqmifrsm;xJhrS/ acgif;trmqHk;ol/ oabmxm;wif;rmqHk;olESifh rlqvifqef@usifhqHk;olESifh wOD;wnf;aomtrsdK;orD;[k azmfjy=uygonf?

ppf&mZ0wfr_twGufaxmif'%fppf&mZ0wfr_twGufaxmif'%fppf&mZ0wfr_twGufaxmif'%fppf&mZ0wfr_twGufaxmif'%fppf&mZ0wfr_twGufaxmif'%f

1990 ckESpfrsm;u ±kwfw&ufpwif jzpfyGm;cJhaom qmbfh-c&dktufppfyGJwGifqmbfvlrsdK;tay:usL;vGefcJhaom ppf&mZ0wfr_rsm;twGuf t+idrf;pm; c&dkat;&Sm;

68



AdkkvfcsKyf rmudk aemfuf (Mirko Norac) tm; a'oE W&w&m;&Hk;wcku axmif'%f12 csrSwfvdkufygonf?

ol@tm; 1991 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv/ tenf;qHk; qmbfvlrsdK;t&yfom; 50udk *dkpfypf (Gospic) teD; owfjzwf&mwGif pDpOfaqmif&Gufr_jzifh &D*sDum (Rijeka)ajrmufbufpGef;&Sd tuf&D,m;wpf (Adriatic) +rdK@ w&m;&Hk;u jypf'%fcsrSwfcJhjcif;jzpfygonf?

aemfuf (touf 34ESpf) onf a'oE W&w&m;&Hk;rS ppf&mZ0wfr_jzifh jypf'%fcsrSwfcH&ol tqifhtjrifhqHk; c&dktuf t&m&Sdjzpfygonf?

rpPwm qDqJvf tjypfr&Sda=umif; av#mufvJcsufay;?rpPwm qDqJvf tjypfr&Sda=umif; av#mufvJcsufay;?rpPwm qDqJvf tjypfr&Sda=umif; av#mufvJcsufay;?rpPwm qDqJvf tjypfr&Sda=umif; av#mufvJcsufay;?rpPwm qDqJvf tjypfr&Sda=umif; av#mufvJcsufay;?

qmbfvlrsdK;oabmxm;jyif;xefol tvGeftu|HtrsdK;om;a&;orm;Adk*sDqvAf qDqJ (Vojislav Seselj) u rwfv 25 &ufae@wGif vlom;jzpfr_udkqef@usifusL;vGefaom&mZ0wfr_ESifh ol@tay:pGJqdkxm;aom ppf&mZ0wfr_rsm; tm;vHk;twGuftjypfr&Sda=umif; ukvor*~w&m;&Hk;odk@ av#mufvJcsufay;cJhygonf?w&m;&Hk;wGifzwf=um;oGm;aom ol@tay:pGyfpGJcsuf 14 csuftwGuf tjypfr&Sd a=umif;qdkygonf?

rpPwm qDqJ onf oD[dwfwGifw&m;&ifqdkifae&aom ,l*dkqvAf orwqvdkAdk'ef rDvdkqDApf. EdkifiHa&;t& r[mrdwfwOD;vnf;jzpfcJhygonf? olonf 1990ckESpfrsm;u abmfvuefppfyGJtwGif; &uf&ufpufpufESdyfuGyfr_/ rsdK;jzKwfjcif;/ vlowfjcif;ESifhn‡if;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;rsm;tygt0if &mZ0wfr_rsm;udk abmpeD;,m;/ c&dkat;&Sm;ESifhqm;AD;,m;ajrmufydkif; AdkAdk'Dem (Vojvodina) jynfe,fwdk@wGif usL;vGefcJhonf[kqdkygonf?

azaz:0g&DvtwGif; ueOD;w&m;&Hk;odk@vma&muf&mwGif rpP qDqJu oltay:w&m;pGJqdkcsufwGifyg0ifaom pum;vHk;rsm;pGmudk em;rvnf[kqdk+yD; xkacsv$mwif&efjiif;qdkcJhygonf?

AdkvfcsKyf}uD; 0&efwkdtm; w&m;pGJqkdAdkvfcsKyf}uD; 0&efwkdtm; w&m;pGJqkdAdkvfcsKyf}uD; 0&efwkdtm; w&m;pGJqkdAdkvfcsKyf}uD; 0&efwkdtm; w&m;pGJqkdAdkvfcsKyf}uD; 0&efwkdtm; w&m;pGJqkd

ta&S@wDarm&Sd ukvor*~w&m;vdka&S@aersm;u tif'dkeD;&Sm; umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;a[mif;/ ppfbufqdkif&m t}uD;tuJjzpfol 0g&ef@wdktm; 1999 ckESpf ta&S@wDarmwGif vlom;csif;pmemr_ uif;rJhaom &mZ0wfjypfr_jzifh w&m;pGJwifvdkufygonf?

qdk;0g;aom&mZ0wfr_rsm;qdkif&mtzGJ@ (Serious Crimes Unit) u 0g&ef@wdk/wjcm; xdyfydkif;t&m&Sd ajcmufOD;ESifh xdkpOfu tkyfcsKyfa&;r_;jzpfolwdk@tm; rJay;yGJ rwdkifrSDESifhrJay;yGJ+yD;aemuf vlowfr_/ twif; t"rRae&yf&if;jyefvnfydk@ aqmifr_ESifh vGwfvyfa&;axmufcHolrsm;tm; tjypfay;pD&ifr_rsm;twGuf ‚if;wdk@u w&m;pGJqkdvdkufa=umif; qdkygonf?

69



cef@rSefajctm;jzifh vl1000 cef@ toufqHk;&_H;cJhonfh t=urf;zufv_yf&Sm;r_pwifcJhaom tif'dkeD;&Sm;vdkvm;ol jynfol@ppftkyfpkrsm;twGuf axmufyHhaiGudktif'dkeD;&Sm;A[dktpdk;& &HyHkaiGxJrS xkwf,lay;cJhonf[k ‚if;wdk@uqdkygonf? jynfol@ppftkyfpkrsm;onf 1999 tawmtwGif; ta&S@wDarmEdkifiHw0Srf;wGifusL;vGefcJhaomvlom;csif;pmemr_uif;rJhaom &mZ0wfr_qDOD;wnfonfh pepfwusjyifqifxm;aomv_yf&Sm;r_ESifh pDrHudef;udk wDtifeftdkif (tif'dkeD;&Sm;ppfwyf)ESifhtwl vkyfaqmifcJh=uonf[k‚if;wdk@. tr_pGJcsufrSm qkdxm;ygonf? Ttr_ukd 'DvDc&dkifw&m;&Hk;wGif wifoGif;tr_zGifhcJhygonf? zrf;0&rf;rsm;xkwfjyef&ef awmif;qdkxm;+yD; xdk0&rf;rsm;tm; tif'dkeD;&Sm;a&S@aecsKyfESifh tjynfjynfqdkif&m&JtzGJ@ (Interpol) odk@vnf; ay;ydk@xm;rnfjzpfonf?

tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; [wfqef 0d&,k' (Hassan Wirayuda)u tif'dkeD;&Sm;tpdk;&u ‚if;wdk@tm; todtrSwfjyKrnfr[kwfa=umif; &nfn$ef; ajymqdkcJhonf? ‚if;u ta&S@wDarmwGif&Sdaom w&m;&Hk;onf tjynfjynfqdkif&m w&m;&Hk;wckr[kwfa=umif;qdkygonf? w&m;&Hk;onf EdkifiHtwGif; ‚if;.w&m;pD&ifydkifcGifh e,ferdwftwGif;Yom w&m;pD&ifydkifcGifhuef@owfowfrSwfxm;ojzifh ‚if;.w&m; pD&ifykdifcGifhe,fy,fudkausmfvGefI rnfoludkr# w&m;pD&ifEdkifpGrf;r&Sda=umif;qdkygonf?

vGwfvyfaom vlxkqENcH,lyGJusif;y&mY AdkvfcsKyf}uD; 0g&ef@wdkonf vHk+cHKa&;tckdiftrm aqmif&Guf&ef ysufuGufcJha=umif;ESifhygwfoufI wm0ef&Sda=umif; trsdK;om;vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sif pHk;prf;awG@&Sd&ojzifh 2000ckESpf azaz:0g&DvwGif xdyfwef;vHk+cHKa&;0ef}uD;tjzpfrS tvkyfxkwfypfjcif;cHcJh&oljzpfygonf?

crmeDw&m;&Hk;crmeDw&m;&Hk;crmeDw&m;&Hk;crmeDw&m;&Hk;crmeDw&m;&Hk;

crmeDacgif;aqmifrsm;udk &Hk;wifppfaq;&ef tjynfjynfqdkif&mtultnDjzifhw&m;&Hk;wckxlaxmifa&;twGuf ukvor*~ESifh uarBm'D;,m;tpdk;&wdk@ rwfv 17&ufae@wGif oabmwlnDcsuf&&SdoGm;cJhygonf? ,ckoabmwlnDcsuftopfonfjyifopfESifh *syefwdk@. }uD;rSL;aqmif&Gufr_atmufrS taxGaxGnDvmcHu wifoGif; onfhrl=urf;tay:tajccHxm;ygonf?

uarBm'D;,m;+rdK@awmf zEGrfyifrSm a=unmcJhonfh oabmwlnDcsufrl=urf;t&uarBm'D;,m; w&m;ol}uD;rsm;onf qHk;jzwfcs&mwGif EdkifiHjcm;om;w&m;ol}uD;rsm;ESifhoabmwlnDr_&,l&rnfjzpfonf? 0ef}uD;csKyf[Gefqef. tpdk;& tzGJ@onf oabmwlnDcsufrl=urf;udk vufcHoabmwl+yD;jzpfojzifh uarBm'D,m;v$wfawmfrS aemufqHk;twnfjyK vufrSwfa&;xdk;jcif;rjyKrSD ukvor*~taxGaxGnDvmcH. oabmwlvufcH&efapmifhqdkif;ae[kod&ygonf?

xkwfjyefa=unmcsuft& uarBm'D;,m;bufrS pH k;prf;ppfaq;jcif;ESif hw&m;pGJqdkjcif;vkyfief;tqifhrsm;wGif ydwfyifwm;qD;aom vkyf&yfrsm;jyKvkyfEdkifrnf

70



r[kwfaomfvnf; a&maESmxm;aom w&m;ol}uD;tzG J @qH k;jzwfcsufrsm; ud kydwfqdk@Edkifrnfjzpfonf? cHk&Hk;ukefusp&dwftwGuf&efyHkaiGudpPtygt0if oabmwlnDcsufygtcsuf awmfawmfrsm;rsm;onf +yD;jywfatmifaqmif&Guf&ef&Sdaeao;ygonf?

yl;wGJw&m;ckH±kH; wnfaxmif&efvGefcJhaom 5 ESpfausmf uwnf;u aqG;aEG;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? uarBm'D;,m; w&m;&Hk;pepfonfh cspm;r_ESifh 0ef}uD;csKyf[Gefqef. EdkifiHa&;t&xdef;csKyfr_atmufwGif&Sd+yD; tqifhtwef;rrSDouJhodk@ us,fus,fjyef@jyef@jrif awG@&ygonf?vltrsm;tm&Hkxm;&aom EdkifiHa&;tr_rsm;Y zrf;qD;r_udk ol@trdef@t&om jyKvkyf&+yD;/qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;onf r=umc%qdkovdk rnfodk@csrSwf&rnfudk}udKwifajymxm;avh&Sdygonf? jynfolrsm;u uarBm'D;,m; w&m;ol}uD;rsm;oufoufjzifh tr_ppfaq;pD&ifygurSefuefr#waomqkH;jzwfcsufjzpfEdkifrnf r[kwfa=umif; ,kH=unfae=uonf? yl;wGJw&m;±kH;ukd oabmwlvufcHvkdufjcif;onf jynfolvlxk. ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmar#mfvifhapmifhpm;csuf taumiftxnfay:vmonfhoabmjzpfonf?

okd@aomf qufvuf &ifqdkifausmfv$m;&rnfh tcuftcJrsm;pGm&Sdao;a=umif;ESifh w&m;&Hk;xlaxmifEdkif/ rEdkifrSm ,ckxdtwdtusrqdkEdkifao;a=umif; oHwrefrsm;ESifhwjcm;cGJjcm;pdwfjzmolrsm;u qdkygonf?

w&m;pGJqdkjcif;rS uif;vGwfcGifh tar&duefEdkifiHESifh &m0rf'gEkdifiHwdk@oabmwlnDw&m;pGJqdkjcif;rS uif;vGwfcGifh tar&duefEdkifiHESifh &m0rf'gEkdifiHwdk@oabmwlnDw&m;pGJqdkjcif;rS uif;vGwfcGifh tar&duefEdkifiHESifh &m0rf'gEkdifiHwdk@oabmwlnDw&m;pGJqdkjcif;rS uif;vGwfcGifh tar&duefEdkifiHESifh &m0rf'gEkdifiHwdk@oabmwlnDw&m;pGJqdkjcif;rS uif;vGwfcGifh tar&duefEdkifiHESifh &m0rf'gEkdifiHwdk@oabmwlnD

[email protected];rsm;udk EdkifiHwbufbufucGifhrjyKygu tjynfjynfqdkif&m&mZ0wfcHk&Hk;odk@w&m;pGJqdk&efydk@aqmifjcif;rS uif;v$wfcGifhoabmwlnDcsufudk tar&duefEdkifiHESifh &m0rf'gwdk@vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhygonf?

tar&duefEdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; aumfvif;ay:0J (Colin Powell) ESifh &m0rf'gEdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; csmvf; rl&D*ef'D (Charles Murigande) wdk@onf xdkoabmwlnDcsufudk rwfv 4 &ufae@wGifvufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhygonf?

tar&duefEdkifiHonf ol@EdkifiHom; t&yfbufESifh ppfbufacgif;aqmifrsm;udkEdkifiHa&;t&if;cHjzifh w&m;pGJqdkjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfvmEdkifonfh[laom &_axmifhrSaeItjynfjynfqdkif&mw&m;&Hk;udk qef@usifuef@uGufcJhygonf?orwa[mif; uvifwefvufxufwGif w&m;&Hk;xlaxmif&efoabmwlnDr_pmcsKyfudk tar&duefu vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhaomfvnf; twnfjyKa&;twGuf qD;edwfodk@vHk;0a&muf&SdcJhjcif;r&SdyJ arvwGiforwbk&Sftpdk;&u pmcsKyfyg yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&ef wm0ef0wW&m;rsm; tm;vHk;udky,fzsuf±kwfodrf;&ef qHk;jzwfcsufcscJhygonf?

tar&duefESifhvufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhaom wjcm;EdkifiHrsm;rSm tmz*efepPwef(Afghanistan)/ tmZmbdkif*sef (Azerbaijan)/ bm&def; (Bahrain)/ '*sDabmhwD(Djibouti)/ 'dkareDuef orwEdkifiH(the Dominican Republic)/ ta&S@wDarm(East Timor)/ tJvfqmaA;'g (El Salvador) / *efbD,m (Gambia)/ a*smf*sD,m

71



(Georgia)/ [Gef'l;&yfpf (Honduras)/ tdENd, (India)/ tpPa&; (Israel)/rm&S,fu|ef;pk (Marshall Islands)/ armfh&Daw;eD;,m; (Mauritania)/ rdkufc&dkeD;&Sm;(Micronesia)/ aemf&l; (Nauru)/ eDayg (Nepal)/ ygavmuf (Palau)/ &dkar;eD;,m;(Romania)/ oD&dvuFm (Sri Lanka)/ wef*spfupPwef (Tajikistan)/ wlAvl(Tuvalu) ESifh ObufupPwef (Uzbekistan) wdk@jzpfygonf?

vlxkqENcH,lyGJ acscsif;nmwGifusif;yvlxkqENcH,lyGJ acscsif;nmwGifusif;yvlxkqENcH,lyGJ acscsif;nmwGifusif;yvlxkqENcH,lyGJ acscsif;nmwGifusif;yvlxkqENcH,lyGJ acscsif;nmwGifusif;y

EdkifiHawmifydkif;udk jynfaxmifpkwGifxm;rxm;tqHk;tjzwfay;Edkifrnfjzpf+yD;/q,fpkESpf=um cGJxGufa&;orm;rsm;. awmfvSefykefuefr_udk EdkifiHa&;t& ajy+idrf;a&;twGuf cdkifrmaom tajccHrsm;csrSwfEdkifrnf[k ±k&Suar#mfvifhxm;aom zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktopfwcktwGuf rwfv 23 &ufae@wGif tE W&m,f}uD;aom vlxkqENcH,lyGJwckudkacscsif;nmY usif;ycJhygonf?

ppfyef;aeonfh acscsif;vlrsdK; oef;w0ufausmfu olwdk@orwESifh v$wfawmfudkolwdk@udk,fwkdifa&G;cs,fEdkifrnfh zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHrl=urf;udk vufcHoabmwl&efawmif;qdkcJ hygonf? tu,fI xdkrl=urf;udktwnfjyKvufcHusifhoHk;rnfqdkygu‚if;wdk@tm; ±k&Sm; EdkifiHtwGif;rSm tjrifhqHk; ukd,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifhay;rnf[laom aemufxyfrufvHk;wckudkvnf; ±k&Sm;orw Avm'D,m ylwifuajym=um;cJhygonf?

olykeforw tvef rmpfu'dk@Af (Aslan maskhadov) acgif;aqmifaomcGJxGufa&;orm;rsm;u wkdif;jynfwGif ppfjzpfaepOf xdkvlxkqENcH,lyGJusif;yjyKvkyfjcif;rSmw&m;r0if[kqdkcJhygonf?qENrJay;yGJt}udKumvwGif [email protected]&;udk t&Sdefwdk;jr‡if hrnf[k owday;pum;ajymum rmpfu'dk@Afu ppfyG JjzpfyGm;aeao;oa&G@rnfonfhvlxkqENcH,lyGJudkrS todtrSwfjyKrnfr[kwf[k rwfv 19 &ufae@wGifajym=um;cJJhygonf?

vl}uD;vli,fra&G;owfaom olemjyKq&mr axmif%f woufusvl}uD;vli,fra&G;owfaom olemjyKq&mr axmif%f woufusvl}uD;vli,fra&G;owfaom olemjyKq&mr axmif%f woufusvl}uD;vli,fra&G;owfaom olemjyKq&mr axmif%f woufusvl}uD;vli,fra&G;owfaom olemjyKq&mr axmif%f woufus

vDom (Lethal) yg0ifa&maESmxm;aomaq;0g;jzifh txl;ojzifh arG;uif;puav;ESifh ouf}uD;&G,ftdkvlemrsm; udkowfjzwfr_jzifh pGyfpGJcHxm;&ol 'ufcsf (Dutch)vlrsdK; olemjyKq&mr vlpD 'D bmuf (Lucy de berk) tm; vlowfr_av;r_/ vlowf&ef}udK;pm;r_oHk;r_twGuf oD[dwf (The Hague) &Sd w&m;&Hk;w&Hk;u rwfv 24 &ufae@wGif axmif'%fwoufwu|ef;trdef@csrSwfcJhygonf?

'Dbmuf (touf 41) onf rlvu 1997ckESpf azaz:0g&DvrS 2001 ckESpfpufwifbmvt=um; olrtvkyfvkyfcJhaomaq;&Hk 3 &HkwGif vlowfr_ 13 r_ESifh vlowf&ef}udK;pm;r_ 3 r_jzifh pGyfpGJcHcJh&ygonf?

72



w&m;vdka&S@aeu vlpD 'D bmuf (Lucy de berk) touf 41 onf vlaojcif;udk pGJvef;ae+yD;/ ,Of,Ofav;ESifh pdwfa0'emcHpm;ae&onfh tjyKtrl&SdaomtrsdK;orD[kqdk+yD; axmif'%f woufwu|ef;csrSwfay;&ef av#mufxm;cJhygonf?

okd@aomfw&m;vdkbufu olrtjypf&Sda=umif; wdkuf&dkufoufaorsm;jyo&efysufuGufcJh+yD;/ pdwfa&m*gqdkif&mprf;oyfr_t& pdwfydkif;qdkif&ma&m*gvuQ%mrsm;&Sdaomfjim;vnf; olronf t=urf;ywrf;vkyfwwfaom pdwfa&m*ga0'em&SifwOD;awmhr[kwfa=umif; od&ygonf? wdusa&&mr_r&SdaomoufaoESifh pdwfa&m*g qdkif&mtpD&ifcHpmrsm;udkaxmufjy+yD olr&J@a&S@aeu tr_rS uGif;vHk;u|wfv$wfay;&ef av#mufxm;cJhygonf?

olronf arG;uif;puav;i,foHk;OD;ESif h ouf}uD;&G,ftkdtrsdK;orD;wpfOD;wdk@tm;owfjzwfr_av;r_udk usL;vGefcJha=umif;ESifh wjcm;arG;uif;puav;i,fESpfOD;ESifh ouf}uD;&G,ftdk yifpifpm;wOD;tm;owfjzwf&ef}udK;pm;cJha=umif;jzifh jypfr_xif&Sm;a=umif; w&m;&Hk;awmfu qdkygonf?

73



tajccHOya'a&&m jrefrmavhxHk;wrf;Oya'eJ hwdkif;&om;Ak'

Documents

Transcript of tajccHOya'a&&m jrefrmavhxHk;wrf;Oya'eJ hwdkif;&om;Ak'