TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATIVE,fleblanc/projects/2001-2007_GCI...TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION...

This report has been prepared by TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATIVE, on behalf of the INDIAN HOTELS COMPANY LTD, for the ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

MARCH 2003

TAJ MAHAL

AGRA

S I T E MANAGEMENT PLAN

This document has been compiled by ANNABEL LOPEZ

The Site Management Plan has been prepared by TA] MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATIVE in collaboration with the ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA. Our grateful thanks are due to:

NATIONAL CULTURE FUND Secretary Culture Chairman, Project lmplementation Committee Mrs Komal Anand Additional

Secretary Culture Mr Navneet Soni Member secretary

OUR ADVISORS Sir Bernard Feilden ProfJames Westcoat Prof. Ebba Koch Dr Milo C. Beach Ms. Marukh Tarapore Prof Senake Bandaranayake Mr Martand Singh Getty Conservation lnstitute World Monuments Fund

I N D I A N HOTELS COMPANY LTD Mr. Krishna Kumar Chairman and Managing Director Mr Ravi Dubey Senior Vice President

Corporate Communications Mr. Ashish Seth Area Financial Controller

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA W e especially acknowledge: MS Kasturi G. Menon Director Generai Dr R. Grover Jt. Director General D r K. N. Poonacha Director Monuments Dr R.K. Sharma Director Science Mr Shyam Singh Chief

Horticulturist Dr K.K. Muhammad Superintending Archaeologist, Agra Circle Mr K. C. Nauriyal Dy. Superintending Archaeologist, Agra Circle Mr Vikrama Bhuvan Assistant

Archaeologist, Agra Circle Mr M.C. Sharma Sr. Conservation Assistant, Taj Mahal Mr Tapan Bhattacharya Sr, Conservation Assistant, Agra Circle

TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATIVE Ms. Amita Baig Heritage Management consultant Ms. Annabel Lopez Conservation consultant

Rahul Mehrotra Associates Conservation consultant Mr. Navin Piplani Conservation architect

Mr. Arup Sarbhadhikary structurai consukant Ms. Tara Sharma Research consultant

Dr. Priyaleen Singh Landscape architect, Conservation architect

Page Nos .

Introduction .................................................................. I

Mission statement ............................................................ 5

Chapter 1: THE SITE

Regional Context ............................................................ 7

Site Description ............................................................. I I

Cultural Significance ........................................................ 15

Evaluation of Key Issues .................................................... 18

Chapter 2: CONSERVATION

Introduction .................................................................. 23

Principles for Conservation ................................................ 25

Documentation and Research ............................................. 27

Planning and Implementation .............................................. 34

Maintenance and Management ............................................. 36

Chapter 3: LANDSCAPE

Introduction ................................................................... 37

............................. Principles of Historic Garden Conservation 41

Documentation and Research .............................................. 44

Planning and lm plementation ............................................... 47

............................................. Maintenance and Management 48

Chapter 4: VlSlTOR MANAGEMENT AND FAClLlTATlON

Introduction .................................................................. 49

...................... Principles of Visitor Management and Facilitation 51

............................................. Documentation and Research 53

........................ Visitor Management and Facilitation Objectives 61

............................................... Planning and Implementation 63

............................................. Maintenance and Management 68

Chapter 5: SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS

.................................................................. Site Security 69

Risk Preparedness .......................................................... 71

Chapter 6: INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

Introduction .................................................................. 73

............................................. Research and Documentation 74

........................................................................ Planning 76

Implementation ............................................................... 80

Chapter 7: MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES

.................................................................. Introduction 81

............................ Existing legal and administrative framework 83

.............................. Guiding Principles for a Management Policy 85

........................................... Proposed Management Structure 86

.................................................................. Plan of Action 88

Photo Credits ................................................................. 89

................................................................... Bibliography 93

List of Illustrations ........................................................... 95

INTRODUCTION $3

INTRODUCTION

1. The Taj Mahal, wiih the crowded ciiy of Agra as a backdrop.

The Taj Mahal is undoubtedly amongst the most important monumental sites in the world. This, dong with many others, constitutes a common world heritage, to be treasured as unique testimonies to an enduring past. Their disappearance would be an irreparable loss for humanity - the preservation of this common heritage concems us all.

The recognition of the Taj Mahal as a World Heritage Site in 1982 has resulted in increased national and international awareness and concern about the monument and its environment. The Taj Mahal particularly has been the focus of world attention because pollution was seen to be damaging the marble façade and while measures instituted for the amelioration of this condition have already commenced, it is clear that a holistic approach for the restoration of the entire complex is required to preserve the monument.

The need for a Site Management Plan for the Taj Mahal, a World Heritage Site, and indeed all sites, is today a recogmed necessity for effective conservation and protection. The accolade of World Heritage Site status has brought to many of the world's most significant monuments, enormous pressure from visitors who are aware of the value of these sites.

It is clear that a comprehensive understanding of the regional issues are necessary if a long term strategy for the preservation of the Taj Mahal and its environs is to be sustained.

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:$ INTRODUCTION

AREA OF INTERVENTION

LEGEND Core Zone O ure 1. Satellite image of Taj Mahal indicating areas of inteivention in the core zone and the

Buffer i ,ne u

bufier zone.

According to the World Tourism Organisation " from a consewationist point of view, m weii as f i m the p~bkc sectorperqective, the main value of tourism at hetitage sites eSs in that if serves as an intmd~ction to the histotical and cultural background ofa countty orphe wbicb peopie may never appmach otbede. "

Tourism growth internationally in the last twenty or thirty years has necessitated conservationists to take a far more holistic view of the protection of a site. Where previously adequate and timely conservation measures were deemed sufficient for the protection of a site, today these sites face-overwhelming pressures linked to rapid urbanisation, tourism growth, as well as heightened expectations.

TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATNE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003

INTRODUCTION '3

Equally, conservation itself has become highly specialized and it is crucial therefore that a Site Management Plan for the Taj Mahal complex and its environs, brings the cadre of conservation practitioners in different fields of specialization together under a single umbrella. Such a Site Management Plan will ensure that the manner in which the Taj Mahal site is managed and the different forces influencing the site are integrated so that it ensures the cooperation of a much larger constituency of stakeholders. This is based on not just a World Heritage mandate, but also an acknowledged need that conservation and preservation of historic sites is oniy possible when it is hmily rooted in processes of consultation and participation at the local level.

While it is recognized that the future of any monument can oniy be secured within the context in which it is situated, and thus linked to development strategies; the Site Management Plan for the Taj Mahal complex and its environs, seeks to bring together in a single document the institutional and legal frarnework, conservation perspectives and practices, horticultural and water management concerns, and visitor management and facilitation of the Taj Mahal.

The Site Management Plan wdi in due course, address regional concerns linking basic city centric i'ssues such as the availabihty of drinking water or electricity, which directly affect the management and maintenance of the Taj Mahal site itself. It will also address the details of buffer zone planning and management, taktng into its purview through cooperation with the multiple concerned agencies, other concerns related to the city and its future development. For the sake of clarity and as an irnplementation tool, the Taj Mahal Site Management Plan wiii in the first phase address the core monumental area and in the second phase the buffer zone.

The Taj Mahal is a particularly large site; it is a complex of several buildings and gardens all of whch are an integral part of the whole. The Site Management Plan d bring all these areas together so that composite planning will be possible for the entire site. It is based on an understanding of the systems and procedures currently operational and has made every effort to augment and enhance rather than introduce new procedures, which become cumbersome.

The management challenges of the Taj Mahal as a World Heritage Site today cannot be over-stated. ICOMOS in 1982, while endorsing the nomination recornmended that a Site Management Plan be prepared; this is the fîrst attempt to integrate the planning, conservation and management challenges as an ongoing partnership of the AS1 and the private sector.

2. The Taj Mahal, Tomb of the Emperor Shah Jahan and His Queen, England, 1824, Charles Ramus Forrest.

The Site Management Plan will be continuously updated and its success will be measured by its capacity to keep abreast of emerging challenges without ever compromising on the fundamental principles of the authenticity and integrity of the site.

SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 TAJ MAHAL CONSERVAT~ON COLLABORATNE

3. Mr. Ratan Tata at the signing of the MOU between the National Culture Fund, the Archaeoiogical Survey of lndia and lndian Hdels Company Ltd.

This preliminary document has been developed on a relationship of trust and cooperation developed over the last year since the National Culture Fund, the Atchaeological Survey of India, and the Indian Hotels Company Ltd., signed a Memorandurn of Understanding, on the 20' of June, 2001, for the "comemation, restoration and @gradation and beaahzcatwn of The Tq- Mabal and smandng mm': The Site Management Plan for the Taj Mahal is intended to be the guiding principles and strategies based on a successful public private partnership.

The Taj Mahal Conservation Coilaborative (TMCC) came into existence in July 2001 as consultants to IHCL to advise on the development of the projects and schemes envisaged as part of this MOU. This last year has been an intensive learning process to understand the range of issues, which impact the site. These will be examined in greater depth in the main report and as the project develops over the next few years. The TMCC has worked in close partnership with the AS1 to develop ths Site Management Plan and it has been drafted foliowing intensive interaction with officiais of the AS1 in Delhi and Agra.

PRINCIPLES OF THE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN

In recognition of the international significance of the Taj Mahal. a holistic approach to the conservation of the Agra Heritage region is imperative. By conceptualising an overall regional vision, appropriate prominence can be given to the Taj Mahal. This is the long-term objective.

Authenticity and integrity of the entire complex, the monument, the gardens and the environs must be restored as far as it is possible. There must be a clearly articulated vision for the whole and a strategic plan to achieve these goals.

There must be a commiunent t o include the stakeholders of Agra in the decision-making process especially relating to issues, which direaly impact them. The role of the citizens as stated in the 42nd amendment t o the Constitution of lndia " the fundamental dug and responsibilhy of every citizen of lnaïa . . ..to value andpreserve the rich heritage of our composite culture'' could only be reinforced in a spirit of mutual trust

Human Resource Development wiII be a key component in the Site Management Plan enhancing the range of skills both technical and managerial, but most of al1 the development of master craftsmen whose futures can be secure in the preservation opportunities of the Taj Mahal.

Creation of mechanisms to sustain in the long-term CO-operation of the multiple stakeholders as well as professional and technical expertise necessary for different aspects of the site.

There is an imperative need t o continuously improve the visitor experience. The facilities must provide maximum information through multiple media while ensuring the spirit of sanaity and serenity, as the guiding principle of iu development.

Enhance the visitor's perception of the monument and its surroundings and weave these presently disparate parts into a seamless fabric of experience.


MISSION STATEMENT 5

MISSION STATEMENT

At the end ofthejrst Advisors meeting, on the Consemation of the Taj Mahal heldjrom 25fh-28fh September 200 1, we asked Prof: Ebba Koch to wnte about the project, itsprospects andperspectives. She responded substantiveb.

"Dear friends,

1 feel much honored that 1 was asked to make these concluding remarks to Our meeting.

We have been experiencing in the past days somehng which in Mughal terms could be described as a confluence of two oceans, a Majma'-ul- Bahrain, to borrow the title of the famous work on Vedanta and Sufism (1655) of Shah Jahan's son Dara Shkoh. In our meeting, one of the "oceans" was the Indian government, the Archaeologcal Survey of India, represented by its Director General, Kasturi Gupta Menon; the other was the pnvate sector, the Indian Hotels Co. Ltd, represented by its Senior Vice President Ravi Dubey; the National Culture Fund mediating between the two. But it was also a confluence of a group of individuals, the expert advisors and the Taj Mahal Conservation Collaborative team, brought together on the basis of their specific expertise by the convenors of this meeting Rahul Mehrotra and Amta Baig.

In ths unique constellation, a group of experts was gven an officia1 platform to exchange information and ideas with the ASI. Tnis interaction, whch took place in a highly positive spirit, has made the visit to the Taj Mahal and the meetings at Agra so spedal and important. On the site and in the meetings we were busy to discuss specific areas and problems; therefore 1 would like to draw your attention again to the whole monument, so that we can see out respective concems in its overall context. My thoughts are based on a long association with the Taj Mahal; 1 have been working on Mughal art and architecture since 1976, and since 1994, specifically on the Taj Mahal and its urban context.

The success of the Taj Mahal, 1 believe, lies not only in its aesthetic, romantic and symbolic appeal but also in the fact that it expresses in a canonical form the architectural principles of the Mughals. The Taj Mahal is the Moghuls' great contribution to world architecture, and, it is important to note, that from the very begnning it was conceived as such. In the words of Shah Tahan's historian it was to be "the masterpiece of the days to come whch adds to the astonishment of humaAty at large." The monument was thus not only planned as a rnagmficent burial place for Mumtaz Mahal but "uniil the Day of Judgement" it was to testify to the power and glory of Shah Jahan and Mughal rule. The Taj Mahal was built for us, the viewer.

The Taj Mahal complex is laid out on strict principles, which can be derived from the architecture itself. They may also guide us in our concems of conservation and represent themselves as follows:

1. Consistent symmetrical planning with emphasis on bilateral symmetry on both sides of a central axis. The emphasis is on the features in the center, the tomb and the gateways, on both sides are arranged structures mirroring each other. Every component is thus indispensable for the whole of the balanced composition. Each and every structure of the Taj complex is of equal importance and deserves the same kLid of attention.

2. Hierarchy, expressed in a carefd grading of material, forms, and color down to the most minute omamental detail. That means, every omament plays its role in the overall concept, down to the smallest dasa mouldmg. The mausoleum itself is clad in white marble and the subsidiary structures are faced with red sandstone, special features such as domes may be clad in whte marble. This hierarchcally graded colour dualism -generally characteristic of irnperial Mughal architecture but here explored with unparalleled sophistication -connects the monument to ancient Indian shastric traditions where white-coloured stones are assigned to Brahmuls and red ones to kshatriyas, the wamor caste. In h s way the Mughals related themselves archtecturally to the hghest levels of the Indian caste system. The surface of the Taj Mahal is thus not only of aesthetic relevance but, beyond that, cames hghly significant hstorical and sociological associations. The conservation and treatment of the differentiated surfaces of the Taj is a key agenda and featured large in our

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6 MISSION STATEMENT

discussions with Dr. R. K Sharma, Director of Science of the Archaeologcal Survey. It is hoped that the expertise of the Getty Conservation Institute represented by François LeBlanc wdl contribute to find the best solutions for ths sensitive issue.

3. A sophtsticated symbolism in the architectural programme. Here the archttecturaiiy plamed garden emerges as a dominant feature. The concept of the garden of the Tai Mahal goes beyond its plantation part, the reconstruction of whtch was, in our discussions, the spedal concem of Shyam Singh Yadav, Chef of Horticulture of the Archaeologcal Survey, and of James Wescoat of the University of Colorado at Boulder. The garden form of the Taj Mahal represents, as 1 believe, the monumental and idealised expression of the nverfront or water front garden, a specific Mughal version of the Persianate chaharbagh. Senake Bandaranayke has shown in hts analysis of the gardens of S i p y a at Sn Lanka, whtch date from the fifth century A. D., that the chaharbagh made its appearance in South Asia long before the Gst Mughal ernperor Babur claimed to have it brought to Hindustan (1526). It goes, however, to the credit of the Mughals to have developed the spedfic variant of the water front garden, whtch takes advantage of the main water supply of the Indian plains, a large, slow flowing river. In the water front garden, the main bddings are set on a terrace overlooking the nverfront and the four-part chaharbagh element is placed on the land ward side.

In the Taj Mahal, the characteristic configuration of the water front garden was not only used for the funerary garden but also for the arrangement of the subsidiary structures, the forecourt and the bazaar and caravanserai complex. The latter, in its ongmal form, was cross axiaiiy arranged and echoed the layout of the tomb garden; it formed an integral part of the Taj Mahal complex. However, it has been b d t over by the city quarter caiied Taj Ganj and represents an area of concem for possible restoration, at least in form of an architectural model or a computerised reconstruction, a taik that 1 would like to take on. A place to show ths would be the reorganised museum or visitor center, about whch Martand Singh has presented hts ideas.

The garden informs also the symbolism of the Taj, it is a leitmotif of its decoration with flowering plants in stone relief and in the famous pietra dura inlay technique. The flowers on the waiis of the Taj Mahal might not smeU, as the court poet of Shah Jahan tells us, but they do not fade or whtther, and thus express etemal bloom and never endmg spring in the garden palace of Mumtaz, representing a model here on earth of the paradisiacal gardens.

The garden links the Taj Mahal to the city of Agra, to its urban context. In the seventeenth century Mughal Agra was formed by bands of gardens lining the river Yamuna on both sides. Agra was a river front garden city, like Pans or London, described by the poets as "a sweet smehng garden with new blossoms".

Some of this past utopia, at least in the immediate surroundings of the Taj Mahal, can be recreated. The water works of the Taj Mahal, the adjoinkg garden of Khan e Alam and the Mehtab Bagh on the opposite side of the Yamuna could form an ensemble with the Taj Mahal. Our concems go beyond the Taj Mahal to its environment, the dty of Agra and we all work for the reahsation of these ideas. Thank you."

Professor Ebba Koch,

Institute of History of Art, University of Vienna, Austria

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WGIONAL CONTEXT

Taj Mahal, the pinnacle of Mughal architectural glory remains unsurpassed as a jewel in the World's Heritage. Today however it is a victim of its celebration; overburdened with the influx of I tourists and vulnerable in its environment, presenting challenges and opportunities for its conservation, preservation and its presentation.

1

Historically at the crossroads of civilkation, the Emperor Akbar described Agra, 'Yhe eqûon'pcm of the trajîc of the world': when he established the capital of the Mughal Empire here. His , - grandson the Emperor Shah Jahan crowned two generations of

di - 'a architecturai and certainly sepulchrai, grandeur in A g a with this - - entraordinary monument, in the &si half of the ieventeenth century. L

The city of Agra remains at the heart of India with the country's major arterial highways transiting the city and carrying most of the countrv's oroduction and s u ~ ~ l i e s . Traditionai 4. Extreme'ydensecityofAgra

, I L L

trade in indigo, grain and salt has given way to leather, iron foundries and glassworks. The city of Agra has always had a bustling economy although in recent times with the ad hoc development of small and medium scale industries and with infrastructure unable to keep pace, there is extensive decay evident in the hstoric city fabric.

Even so it is a situation not dissirnilar to the seventeenth century when Emperor Jehangir wrote "In the nmber ofbuildigs (in Agra) it is eqzlal to several dies ofIrq, Kburman and Trans Omana put together. M a y persons have erected buihngs of3 or 4 storeys in it. The man ofpeople is so great that moving about in the lanes and ba7aars are dz@caîIt':

The Taj Mahal is the culmination of extensive architectural ambitions in Agra. The tradition of a grand mausoleurn follows Sikandra, the tomb of the Emperor Akbar and the tomb of Itrnad ud Daulah, uncle of Nur Jahan, Emperor Jehangir's favourite wife. l

The Agra Fort, which towers over the city, its ramparts visible from miles around, was declared a World Heritage Site, as '<it cannot be sepmated from the Taj Mahal'! Situated on the West bank of the Yamuna, it was built by Akbar between 1565 and 1573 I 1

l and was briefly abandoned for Fatehpur Silui, (also a World Heritage Site), the new Mughal capital forty kilometres away, built by Akbar between 1571 and 1585. The capital shifted back 1 here and Agra Fort regained its importance with many sections T,j - the cultural fabric of it being rebuilt by Shah Jahan. bordering the Taj Mahal.

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TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATNE

THE SITE

LOCATION MAP

# E - - T

TAJ TRAPEZlLlM ZONE

Fgure 2. Location map and the Taj Trapeziurn Zone.

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The city of Agra also witnessed the development of a spate of river front gardens, designed for the pleasures of the great court. Rmn Bagb, Chini ka Rmqa and Mebtab Bagb are still extant, part of what was an extensive garden development that formed a grand fiontage for the Agra Fort and perhaps more relevant when the river flowed dong the Fort walls.

Over the years, with the shifting of the capital to Delhi and Nadir Shah's systematic plundering of the city, Agra's historic sites gradually fell into disuse and disrepair. Almost 150 years later, early in the 10th century the British established a garrison at Agra. Initially their presence was discreet but they gradually gained control of the Fort and also established a -'cantonment' with its own railway station, public buildings, churches, cemeteries and bungalows, which provided a buffer for them fiom the city. Interestingly today it is still this that provides a sanitized zone protecting the monuments from the city's growth.

The picturesque east bank of the Yamuna is dotted with historic gardens, palaces, pavilions including the quiet tree shaded Ram Bagh, believed to be the earliest Mughal garden laid out by Babur, in 1526.

RIVER F R O N T GARDENS

F$ire 3. K i front gardens.

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PLAN OF THE TAJ MAHAL COMPLEX W H A

SN-EU U l m

O WmmmwIE [ruw am

fl FA-

Y o s a E SmImYIA IIYIiUiWUA U l l l l l m I # U T lAICUmlRJ I M wR3 UlCUllllLl

Fgure 4: Layout c4 the T J Mahal canplax

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SITE DESCRIPTION

Built over twenty-two years from 1632, the Taj Mahal commemorates the love of the Emperor Shah Jahan for his wife Mumtaz Mahal. Bounded by high wails on three sides and the River Jumna on the fourth. The grand design of the Taj Mahal also included Mehtab Bagh on the opposite side of the river, which was believed for many years to be the unfinished black Taj Mahal but is now said to have been conceived as a moonlight garden with a central reflecting pool rnirroring the Taj Mahal. Perhaps it was also a logical continuation of the water front gardens.

The Taj Mahal is part of an eilormous corriplex covering 16 hectares within its walls and twenty-two hectares, inclusive of TajGanjand Khan e Alam. In effect, one third of the complex was planned for visitors to the Taj Mahal.

Entry to the Taj Mahal complex is initiaily through gates in the three boundary walls. This gives way to the Jih Khana or the place of congregation for visitors. Senes of colonnades on all sides provided shelter for the large number of visitors Shah Jahan anticipated would visit the mausoleum. The Jih Kbana has four smaller courtyards in its corners; of these, two house the graves of Sirhind Begum and Satiun Nisa. Two courtyards for tomb attendants on the opposite side provided a composite facdity for ail visitors to the site.

At the south side Taj Gay' is a complex of serais created to provide for the needs of visitors to the Taj Mahal as well as other visitors who may not be housed w i t h the main complex. Earlier known as Mumtazabad, it had classic cruciform layout, gates, and four serais, each with a courtyard. It remains a bustling bazaar although there are bare fragments remaining as evidence of the histonc fabric.

The eastern and western gates were for visitors. However the central focus is the main entrance to the Taj Mahal. It is a huge, highly embellished thirty-meter high red sandstone gateway, which towers over the J ih Kbana. With its fine calligraphy and sandstone inlay it presents a perfect foi1 for the white marble monument beyond. It was the point from which the entire area was guarded as it provides a vantage of the whole complex.

This opens into the Taj Mahal char bagh centered here not by the T0 stress the visual impact, building as with most char baghs, but with a water tank and a externa] aild interna] surfaces central platform designed to view the tomb. formed by veneering slabs

In addition to a complex network of waterways, is a central and crowning components concourse of fountains, which are stiü intact. Al1 are part of an were ~ d ~ r n e d witll inlaid elaborate water system that lifted water from the nver and patterns of stone strips and brought in by aqua ducts through an intrkate system of water fragments. (M.C.Joshi) channels to the gardens. The irrigation system was designed to serve the gardens, as weil histoncally optirnising water resources.

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6. Vertical section through the Taj Mahal, India, c. 1820

On either side of the char bagb is what is called the Naabat Kbana. The bddings all stand in perfect and rigorous syrnmetry creating balance and harmony that have remained undisturbed through the centuries.

Although the gardens have Located 275 metres from the main gate beyond the gardens chanqed s~~ibstantivelv over and the water channels, the mausoleum is the jewel; its perfect - the years, the original layout white proportions offset bp four minarets and flankedby the

remains undisturbed. red sandstone Mosque and Jawab or Mebman Kbana.

The principle materials used in the construction of the Taj Mahal, its minarets and other related buildings, are thin squarish kzkbori bricks and lune mortar. Some quantity of rubble was also used in the foundation. The Mughals used the marble and red stand Stone as a veneer. The crypts are enclosed within eight chambers at two levels totalling sixteen chambers. These outer chambers are unadomed and a simple rendering of lime plaster suffices.

Materials used in .the irilay Extensive use of arches, decorative and functional cbbaz;tris,

include . . .varieties of agate cupolas and gaIdastas embellish this structure. Multiple alcoves inside and out have been used for not only for structural

and jasper, cornelian, lapis, strength but also to break the monotony of the facades. Raised coral and other serrii on a high platform, of the cenotaphs at two levels, the lower precious stones. (M.C.Joshi) houses the remains of the Emperor and his wife with access

lunited to a select few, whde the upper chamber was for visitors and for placing of the chadar, during the m.

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The cenotaphs are also richly engraved with inscriptions from the Quran and are dated. In consonance with Islamic tradition the bodies are buried with their faces towards Mecca and their feet facing south. At the upper level they are enclosed in an intricately carved marblejali (screen) and the 'graves' here are still attended. Origmally Shah Jahan had installed a gold screen around the graves, but he hirnself removed this and had the marble jali installed. The inscriptions here and indeed throughout the site, are earthly descriptions of the Garden of Paradise.

Even today the Taj Mahal is an extraordinary feat of engineering. The entire foundation rests on a compact bed of masonry. Deep wells made of rubble-in-lime inside and stone masonry outside along the riverfront, keep the plmth absolutely dry. A series of arches above the piers support the superstructure. The mausoleum was raised to its height perhaps to avoid the risk of flooding; although today there is little risk as the river waters have receded considerably.

In its conception, the Taj Mahal had i n b d t systems for its continuous life; during Shah Jahan's lifetime there was an annual urs; even after Shah Jahan's death and his interment, there were regular Friday prayers and financial provision for Khddims to maintain the property from t h t y revenue villages yieldmg money from the lands as well as shops and serais withtn the complex. The Khadims maintained the property for many generations.

After the decline of the Mughals the site was victim to vandals and marauders amongst whom Nadu Shah's arrnies were the most notorious. This led to a huge amount of the jewelled inlay being stolen and considerable damage to the facade. The gardens too began to grow d d .

The h s t Taj Comrnittee to oversee repairs and maintenance of the Taj Mahal was established early in the 1 9 ~ ~ century by Lord Minto. Funds were scarce, apart from seliing the produce of the garden to maintain it; the British briefly entertained the possibility of seliing the marble to mobilize resources. Finaily the British appropriated the income of the revenue villages and the Taj Mahal survived.

The fkst efforts at restoring the Taj Mahal served the building well, a period of transformation began in the gardens. It was perceived that the building required better viewing so a large nurnber of trees were felled and lawns laid out to replace the complex and innovative planting patterns of the char bagh. Modern water systems overlaid the traditional system and so that fell into disrepair as well.

Overawed by the grandeur and scale of the monument and dismayed by the decay, Lord Curzon, afîer his arrival, in the early tweritieth century, ordered its restoration according to al1 available evidence and wi.th original material.

The Archaeological Survey of lndia has maintained the Taj Mahal as envisaged by Lord Curzon. It has stabilized the structures, replaced lost inlay and repaired damaged stone.. . an ongoing process of conservation, preservation and restoration. The garden however is not reflective of its original concept and design.

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THE FLIGHT OF SWANS

Th~ym knm, O E e m r Sha&ahan, Thatyouth, gloy and riches allpass may in the stream o f Time.

Mighf the s o m o f f i hart Be made deathIess,fhat wm the &re ofthe Eipmr.

Let the po* of tegalpower Vanish üke the htglotv ofthe sunset sky,

But may one deep sigh Make tender the heauens, t h i ~ wmyour widsh.

The lustre ofalyow aliamonds andpeuris Is like tbe rainbow,

Spreading enchanfmnt ouer the distant sky; If that lustre cJims, Let it uanish,

But m g this Tq-Mahalglisten bight Like a tear dqû on the cbeek o f Tim

You havepasse4 O En@em~ Yom eqûire hm vanished like a &am

Andymr t h n e lies in the clusf. The memoy ofyour wammors

Under whose fr- the earth ona s h M 4 Is borne on the &-ka& mndr @Delhi.

Your mmiians h g no more, The d r k m ofthe nababat mngk no more

With the n@hs ofthe Jumna. The jingling music o f the pincesses anGts

Wich died abun amidt the fmaken ruins, Ibappean in the cry ofthe ctickets

And resoundF in the darkness o f the night. StiIIyow message, untired and unfaiüng,

Ignhng the rise and fall ofeq&ires, The rbythm $129 and death, pmcbms though the ages

With the uoice o f the etd-befeaued "1 h u e not fqotten, I bave notjôf~eotten, O b e h d "

by Rabinciranath Tagore

7.The Tq Mahd, Agra, from the Garden, Thanas DanieIl& William. l

TAI MAHAL CONSERVAT~ON COLLABORATNE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003

THE SlTE IS

CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE

Today, the Taj Mahal is the symbol or the cultural icon of India. The spirit of perfection in the It transcends all barriers, cuts across communities and singular r,lahal is visible only in visions, to represent to the rich cultural diversity and the highly sophisticated heritage of which India is so proud. Its sipficance the structural scheme but

is undisputed as it is the most important image of India. It is also in the selec1:ion and certainly the most familiar building in the world perhaps also utiiization of building because of its pervasive exploitation for commercial purposes. materials, the technique of

construction, and the The Taj Mahal stands apart; it belongs to the nation as a whole and to each Indian individually and is celebrated as the heritage

execution of details.

of the world. It is interesting to see that the largest numbers of visitors to the Taj Mahal are pilgrims of many faiths on their way to or from Mathura and the respect they offer at the grave of Shah Tahan or Mumtaz Mahal is akin to that to a saint or seer. The range of visitors that pay homage to the monument is reflective of the aspirations of a secular and evolved nation with a deep respect for its heritage.

Today the Taj Mahal is an oasis in a city overburdened and degraded and the expansion of visitors to the monument offers to the citizens' respite from urban pressures and indeed many of the residents of Agra still seek refuge in its serene environs, cut off from the noise and chaos that pervades. Simultaneously there are many issues concerning the state of contemporary Agra that have alienated the citizens of Agra from their heritage and these must be resolved; nonetheless there is an inherent pride in being host to this extraordinary monument.

The Taj Mahal is no longer just a building to admire, whether for aesthetic reasons or for its romantic appeal, to most people around the world the Taj Mahal is synonymous with excellence. The Taj Mahal symbolizes the technical and aesthetic perfection of the Indo-Islamic art of building.

Often described as a 'vision a dream, a poem, a wonder', what is notable in the design of this sublime garden tomb, despite its organic unity is the hierarchcal treatrnent of the three divisions: the most sipficant (Taj Mahal and garden), the less significant (gate and forecourt), and then Tg. Ganj, B a n iA lam and Mebtab Bagb. This disposa1 of structural components appears to reflect the Mughal imperial organization, with graded units superimposed on a grand sepulchral construction, and demarcated areas for royalty, guards and attendants, and the cornrnon man all of who used the complex within the said hierarchy. Described as, 'one of the most elegant and harmonious buildings in the world', the Taj Mahal manifests the wealth and luxury of Mughal art.

Travellers have claimed that the Taj Mahal, was European in design and influenced by 17th century architecture. Today we acknowledge it as an amalgam of diverse cultural influences, but wholly lndian in design, implementation, craftsinanship and feeling.


16 THE SlTE

The Taj Mahal with its gardens bears testimony to a tradition whereby the integration of the monument and its gardens is so complete it is not possible to imagine one without the other. The paradise garden here achieves outstanding aesthetic ideals in a tomb garden. The fountains, rel'lecting pools trees and flower gardens together symbolized the concept of paradise on earth.

The Taj marks the culmination of Mughal architecture and expresses a synthesis of various structural traditions. Elements like the cbarbagh, the irregi-ilar octagonal plan ( musamman-i- Baghdad), half domes (nim gumbau), double domes, grand apses, and alcoves predominate in its scheme, but the geiieral structi-ira1 idiom is essentially Indian, that is to Say Mughal, for it is a logical development of the Akbari style.

The monument stands as testirnony to the technical skdl and scientific knowledge of its builders. This is evident from the excellent handling of material and the use of constructional devices: the arches used in raising the grand dome to distribute weight evenly, the method of l a p g the foundation, and the subtle manipulation of minute detds.

The entire complex is planned in such a way that the apparent organic unity of the whole does not obscure the individuality of any part, nor does it detract from the prominence of the Taj Mahal as the centre piece of the ensemble.

According to M.C. Joshi: The origin of the design of the Taj proper seems to lie in the Sabq Bay' (1530-40), a small, unpretentious tomb near the mausoleum of Humayun in Delhi. From there the structural tradition appears to have evolved through the tombs of Humayun (1565-66) and Abdur Rahirn Khan i-Khanan (1627), both in Delhi. The Sabq BurJ is the earliest example of a double-domed Mughal tomb. The tomb of Humayun, where the irregular octagonal design and the system of double doming were improved, represents the next stage. The Taj Mahal, however, being the most evolved and as it turned out the culmination of Mughal sepulchral art, shows an overall rehnement in building technique.

Persian and Central Asian structural traditions can be traced in the irregular octagonal plan and the lofty domes of the main building as well as other buildings of the complex. The dome's bulbous form, constructed at the neck with high drums, is purely a Shah Jahani development. The soaring minarets flankmg the main structure stems from the principal portal of Akbar's tomb, the towers of the mausoleum of I'trnad ud- Daulah, and the corner minarets of Jahangir's tomb.

The minarets at the Taj Mahal bring yet another dimension of grace and proportion. He felt what is most impressive about the Taj Mahal is, "the s@e@ne treatment and not the volume or scale." E.B. I4avell believed, "it was meant to be ferninine.. .it is Mumtaq herse4 radiant in heryouthful beau&"

Dr Pratapaditya Pal believes, "In the long histo7y o f the nation, the buildig is of no particular hhistorical sign$cance, it does not commorate a major victoy, nor does it signz& a national cathartic experience. It does not embod3, a y l o f i princple or instituton, as other buildings in other count& do. It ynboiïqes the intense& personal traged3, o f one man, at the same t h e eqreshg one of the most poweful i ~ u l s e s oj ' the human Jpecies, 'the stmgle to stave o f oblivion". . .not only does the Taj Mahal epitomize the Mughals' love of beauty, it remains the clearest expression of a man's perennial quest for irnrnortality as well as his love for a woman.

TAI MAHAL CONSERVATION COLMBORATlVE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003

IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROPERTY

Country: lndia State, Province or Regions: Uttar Pradesh, Agra District Name of Property: Taj Mahal Geographical CO-ordinates: Lat 27' 10'-27" 1 I'N; Long, 78" 2' E

I " topo-sheet No.54 % (Survey of India) Area of site inscribed: 22.44 hectares Area of Taj Mahal complex: 16.83 heaars

From Sidhi Darwaza on the south, to the river side boundary wall on the north and between the eastern boundary wall along the Khan-i-Alam road on the West and eastern boundary wall along the Dashahara road, including Khan-i-Alam Bagh, Saheli Burj Khasra No. 13, Fatepuri Masjid, Kali Masjid etc. and protected limits.

Figure 5: Plan of the Site inscribed and the buffer zone


18 THE SITE

EVALUATION OF KEY ISSUES

8. The Taj Mahal, Tomb of the Emperor Shah Jehan and his Queen, from 'A Picturesque Tour dong the RNerç Ganges and Jumna'.

Wittiin the irrin~ediate viciriity of the Taj Mahal several measures to mitigate the impact of tourisrri have already been implemented.

Tourist transport has been halted more ,than a kilometre away and electric buses shuttle tourists to the Taj. Shops located within the outer courtyard have been relocated to a new building nearby.

The Taj Mahal itself is in a good state of preservation. Minor defects such as cracking of Stones due to the corrosion of iron clamps have occurred and are addressed as part of a regular and substantive maintenance program.

The Taj Mahal however, suffers from Wear and tear and some degradation due to the large number of visitors. There is however no evidence of any structural distress nor any foundation failure but it has been advised that a geo- technical survey be carried out. This would be justified in view of the importance of the monument and its World Heritage status.

The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), responsible for the repaits, conservation and maintenance of the Taj Mahal, has taken adequate measures to preserve and protect the monument without disturbing its originality.

In 1984, the Government of India constituted a committee of experts to examine various aspects relating to structural stability, aesthetics and tourism impact on the monument and to suggest appropriate measures for preservation and conservation of the monument. The Cornmittee after due deliberations expressed it's satisfaction about the condition of the monument, it's maintenance and the conservation measures being adopted by the ASI. However it was felt necessary to have scientific studies conducted with the aitn of identifymg the causes of deterioration and then prepare an action plan to rninirnize the loss.

A brief summary of the preluninary reports from various institutions available with the AS1 is given in 'Some rxrpects of the Consemation ofthe Tq'Mahal'by P.B.S. Sengar. In 1987, a Mission was organized by ICCROM on behalf of UNESCO to report on the structural and geo-technical aspects of conservation of the Taj Mahal. The objective was to advise the Indian Govemment, through the ASI, on any steps needed to study the stability of the structure and foundation of the Taj Mahal complex and to advise on preventive maintenance procedure.

In January 1987, a mission by M. Laurenzi Tabasso and M. Marabelli of the Instituto Centrale del Restauro, Roma, enlisted the 'Efeets of Air Polntion on the Tg' Mahal and sugestionsfor its consemation: The aiin was to study the effects of air poilution and to advise on measures to be taken for the conservation of the marble and sandstone.


THE SITE

ENVIRONMENTAL PRESSURES

Agra has a population of 1.2 million and is host to more than two million visitors a year. It has grown exponentiaily in the last few decades not as a major industrial town but as a small-scale industrial town. Since it is designated a medium scale town and although planning considerations do apply; much of the concern for the future of Agra was centered around marketing the Taj Mahal at al1 costs.

Infrastructure has failed to keep Pace with development. With the rapid industrialization of Agra, most of the city functions on diesel generators as electricity has a shortfd of more than 60%, meeting neither the requirements of the local industry nor its resident population. Power demandis increasing at the rate of 13% per annurn, with no local generation and outmoded distribution systems further exacerbating the problems.

Water supply is at a critical low, providing about 2 litres of water per head per day, with little hope of respite, as the river is Wtually stagnant and contaminated with sewage and industrial waste. The present sewerage system covers only 20% of the population. The pressure of heavy vehicular traffic in the city centre means as many as three lakh vehicles in the city without increase in roads or control on pollution. Solid waste management is about 30% below capacity.

Even before it was nominated as a World Heritage Site on 15& October 1982, national and international concern had brought into sharp focus the complex issues facing the city of Agra and consequently the Taj Mahal.

In 1972, the 7 d o n tones per annum cmde oil processing rehnery was comrnissioned at Mathura, no more than 50 kms north of Agra, in the teeth of public opposition. This public awaxeness and concern gave rise to several initiatives that have sustained over the years. In 1982, in response to public pressure, the Government of India declared the Taj Trapezium, (refer to figure 4) an area of about 50 krns radius around Agra, as a controlled development zone thus mandating that no major polluting industry would be permitted in this zone.

A Public Interest Litigation was fled in 1984 against the Govemment as initial measures taken by them proved inadequate. The legal provisions of the Taj Trapezium covered only major indusuies and not the small-scale sector. The petition was of the view that the legal provisions of the Taj Trapezium were not sufficient to ensure that the ambient air quaiity in the region would be achieved within the permissible leveis.

- , - . .- WC;. - '4 *C.'

9. Pollution in the Yanuna River

'Pollution' along with 'tourism pressure' is perhaps the greatest threat to the monument today. The factors presently contributing to air pollution have been identified and major steps are being taken to reduce them as far as possible.


20 THE SITE

POLLUTION DATA

199 1 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 SPM (uglm3)

9 1 9 3 95 97 99

S 0 2 - Ambient Air Monitoring Station at the Taj Mahal, Agra

9 1 93 95 97 99 N O x - Ambient Air Monitoring Station at the Taj Mahal, Agra

Figure 6: Pollution Data

TAJ MAHAL CONSERVA-rION COLLABORATlVE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003

THE SlTE 21

OPPORTUNITIES AHEAD

The State Government has launched an Agra Heritage Fund with a corpus of Rs. 5 crores to address infrastructure problems and development around the monuments. This is designed to uulize funds raised from enhanced gate fee towards development of the area around the site in an effort to try and acheve the complex goals and targets set by the Supreme Court and monitored by national experts.

Although today the State has begun to address the vicious cycle of problems of the city's decay, the deche of the economic base, compounded by revenue loss from insecure tourist revenue, requires to be addressed substantively and wdl require enormous political and administrative will to introduce measures to energse the economy.

Equally, philanthropic and aid agencies have contributed towards providmg pollution control, water treatment and solid waste management equipment. However of great concern also are the immeasurable pollutants from the informa1 sector, which requires being included in the development plans.

The proposa1 to declare Agra a World Heritage City requires to be addressed in direct relation to the capacity to improve its infrastructure, quality of life for its citizens and the city's economy. This is an opportunity to h k revitalization of the city's heritage with employment opportunities, so that residents may directly benefit from the large number of visitors to Agra. In a curious irony of our times efforts to preserve the Taj Mahal will fïnally provide a healthier environment for the citizens of Agra.

The Supreme Court judgment has ensured for the first time in India the concerns of conservation and development will be dovetailed. There is a great opportunity to use this mandate to integrate development plans of the city and its monumental heritage.

As long as the people of Agra do not feel that these issues are being seriously addressed"they are unlikely to be sympathetic to the cause of 'Heritage Conservation'. The judgment has had an impact on the economic base of the city. Although ad hoc growth and unplanned industrialization have led to this impasse, the confidence of the residents of Agra has been sorely eroded. The State is making an effort but there remains much to be done and partnership with the community must be the guiding principle for public-private initiatives. As a strategy, the local community must be included in the protection of the Taj Mahal and the city of Agra as a whole.

The Taj Mahal is highly overburdened with more than ten thousand visitors a day to the monument; every effort has been made to attract visitors to Agra without adequate development of city infrastructure or tourism managenient at the regional level.

No vision for the future would be meaningful unless the people of Agra are actively involved at al1 stages. While the Taj Mahal as a monument, is of global signi.ficance, it's future will only be secure within a civic order which provides .first for .the well being of the people of Agra and imbues them with a appropriate sense of pride in the Heritage of the City. (1nd0 US Joint Blue Ribbon Panel)

SITE MANAGEMENT PIAN 2003 TAI MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATIVE

THE SlTE

OTHER TOURIST DESTINATIONS

1&13. T h e is a need to address more system&iilly, the needs of World Heritage Sies like Fatehpur Sikri and Agra Fort and tentath World Heritage Sies like Itimad-ud-Daulah's Tomb and Sikandara and more than 40 dher nationaliy protected muments that enrich the fabnc of the city.


CONSERVATION CHAPTER 2 :

Introduction 23-24 Principles for Conservation 25-26 Documentation and Research 27-33 Planning and Implementation 34-35 Maintenance and Management 36

CONSERVATION 13

INTRODUCTION

The history of repairs, restoration and other conservation actions taken to prevent decay of the Taj Mahal, reflects upon a wide spectrum of approaches, methods and practices engaged over a time span of about 450 years.

The earliest record of its repairs is found in a letter, dated 1652 A.D., where Prince Aurangzeb points out defects in the dome and vaults of the mausoleum to his irnperial father, Shah Jahan. Reference has also been made to the submergence of the Mehtab Bagh following the floods, which require cleaning, although the octagonal pond and buildmgs in the vicinity were reported to be in a good condition. Since then, conservation activity at the Taj Mahal, to prolong the life of this monument has been carried out fairly regular, though documentation is available only of those works undertaken during the British rule.

The UNESCO World Hentage Site nomination dossier States that, 'undPr the British, tbe entire outer sufàce cfofthe Tq* wm repai~ed and cleaned, and the missing stones replaced' The historical time line of conservation repairs highhghts that a great deal of restoration has been undertaken to retain the original de tds and features of the stmctures:

In 1874, the finial smoun t ing the main dome was regtlded, and the dome was made watertight by pointing with Portland cement. In 1936, the cracked and fractured marble stones of the main dome were replaced by fresh ones, and open joints were f3led with special lime mortar after grouting the cracks with hydraulic lime mortar. The inner surface of the dome was plastered with weak cement mortar and left as such for a couple of years to extract salts etc. from the masonry, and this process has been repeated thrice so far The missing precious and serni-precious Stone inlay pieces were replaced with new ones or sometimes even with cement or lune mortar mixed with pigments. New marble and sandstone panels were made to replicate the original carving and surface articulation, and replace the decayed ones. The broken, damaged and decayed building parts like ch.jim, columns, brackets and so forth were replaced with new ones made to original designs and patterns. Sometimes a complete structure like a bt/IJ'or a chami was reconstructed ushg sirnilar building materials and methods.

14. The dome of the Taj Mahal, (Photo by Sumnil Janah)

In Prince Aurangzeb's letter to Shah Jahan, it is stated that there were leaks in the interna1 and external domes and cracks in the vaults over the apartments of the second floor.

SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 TAJ fvüüiAL CONSERVATION COLLABORA-1-IVE

CONSERVATION

In 1902, John Marshall was appointed the Director General of A.S.I., and thereafter a legal framework to uni@ and control nationwide archaeological and conservation work was provided under the Ancient Monuments Preservation Act 1904. Lord Curzon, the then Governor General of India (1899-1905) expressed his passionate involvement in preservation of the cultural heritage. From then onwards, both 'Archaeological Sites and Remains' and 'Ancient Monuments' enjoyed the unbiased protection of the A.S.I.

I

The Conservation Manual (1923) prepared by Marshall provided significant guidance to conservation in India, particularly to the works executed by A.S.1 at that tirne. Later the Act of 1904 was updated and revised in order to provide effective and widely applicable legal and administrative measures, and the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act (1958) was formulated and adopted. The

15. Missing inlay vmk, Sirhi Datwaza. Taj Mahal and such other monuments of national importance were now protected under this Act, and therefore preserved and maintained by the A.S.1 from their consolidated funds.

Considering this national importance of the Taj Mahal, and recogming probable threats from both natural and man-made factors, thematic scientific studies were taken up to investigate the nature of deterioration, behaviour of materials, and the role of pollution and other factors in the damage caused to the Taj Mahal.

The Taj Mahal and its precinct maintain the historical integrity with respect to the aspects of authenticity as mentioned in the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention:

authenticity in design authenticity in materials . authenticity in workmanship, or authenticity in setting.

Conselvation was perceived as In order to achieve the objective of preserving the historical

a specialized practice related integaty, cultural slgruhcance, qdtat ive unity, inherent spirit and enduiuig value of the place, a comprehensive Conservation

exclusively to outstanding Plan is being prepared. This would ensure identification, l?l~n~fTlents taken tare of by protection, conservation and presentation of the 'values' of the. the ASI. place; consequently handing it d o m to the future generations

in its entirety and integrity.

The various aspects of this conservation process include planning, programrning, irnplementation; management, monitoring and review are discussed in the following sections of this document.

TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATIVE SITE MANAGEMENT PIAN 2003

CONSERVATION

PRINCIPLES FOR CONSERVATION

'Imbued with a message fiom the past, the historie monuments of generations of people remain to the present day as living wimesses of theit age-old traditions' (The Venice Charter, 1964). The International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites, formulated in 1964 in Venice, States at its onset the significance of the 'content' (or the message) of a historic monument. The built form is an expression of this inherent intangible content of the historic structure. This intangible content or talue' of a historic monument can be interpreted by an informed ~ understanding of this built form, and hence the need for comprehensive research and documentation.

Once the signifiicance of a historic site is understood and established, a sensitive and informed philosophy of conservation may be evolved and developed. An overall planning for conservation works is included in the - Conservation Plan, which in simple and accessible ternis, would 16. Template for the stop the

set out the significance of the historic environment of the Taj Mahal and its environs. Consequently, the policies and practices that appropriately enable this significance to be retained, revealed or enhanced would be dehned.

In addition to the World Heritage Convention (1972), there are useful conservation charters, principles and guidelines formulated and adopted by the wider international cornrnunity. These are revised from tirne to time in order to maintain their relevance in the evolving contexts of time and place, and retain their applicability universaiiy.

The multiplicity of issues makes it difficult to adhere to any one It is crucial to identify, particular set of guidelines. Therefore the Conservation Plan understand and assess the for Taj Mahal wouid consider the more relevant of these attributes that make a place documents as benchmarks or reference points whilst evolving Of value to Our and us, and developing the conservation philosophy and principles appropriate to the speci6city of our own context and

The recognition and respect

conditions. of these 'values' is therefore fundamental to any planning

In principle, the conservation approach and methods adopted process, particularly in the for the Taj Mahal complex and its environs would build upon context of conservafion. the experiences of the Venice Charter (1964), and the more recently evolved Burra Charter (revision 1999). The 'monumental' ideology of the Venice Charter and the World Heritage Convention (1974) would be adapted making it relevant to the conservation of the Taj Mahal mausoleum itself, and the suentific aspects of documentation, research and publication.


% CONSERVATION

17. Schematic plans of the Taj Mahal, Agra, c. 1805.

For the anciliary historie structures, the relevance of socio- anthropological approach of the Burra Charter would be explored and developed upon the indigenous building traditions and practices. In addition to the adaptability and appropriateness of these principles endorsed by the wider international conservation community, the overarching philosophy of conservation articulated for Taj Mahal would establish its local distinctiveness, and reinforce the contextual specificity of the methods thus engaged.

The emphasis is on the need to recognize the significance of the traditional skills of Our craftsmen who are involved in the care and maintenance of ,these moriuments. The nurturing of traditional skills would complement the emphasis on the use of modern technology in conservation practice.

The specialized scientific process of restoration is based on respect for au overlapping layers of history manifested in the form and content of the historic structure. The methods and techniques of conservation conform to the htghest national and international standards and engaged in consonance with the code of ethics formulated and adopted universally. The need of the day in our own context is to create an awareness that the traditions and skills of our craftsmen are equally, if not more, valuable and indispensable as the ancient monuments they created.

Conservation planning can be effective only if it sets out, at its onset, strategies for implementation and mechanisms for management and monitoring. The wide spectrum of problems at the site would ensure diversity of approaches in preparing the conservation plan; consequently making it flexible and adaptable by providing a specific solution to every unique condition.


CONSERVAI-ION 27

DOCUMENTATION AND RESEARCH

Clear and accurate documentation is an essential means of understanding, defïning and recogmzing the 'values' of a cultural resource; consequently exploring and expressing the nature of the historic monument in its own cultural context.

The 1lth ICOMOS (The International Council on Monuments and Sites) General Assembly, Bulgana set out the Principles for the Recording of Monuments, Groups of Buildings and Sites, which defines recording as, 'the capture of information which describes the physical configuration, condition and use of monuments, groups of buildings and sites at points in time, and it is an essential part of the conservation process'.

The histonc monuments in the Taj Mahal complex, including the 'Taj Mahal itself represent a wide spectrum of architectural expression through their built form, layout of open and built spaces, design, surface articulation, decorative and symbolic features, specific use of materials and so forth.

These records would comprise of tangible and intangible evidence that contribute to complete understanding and informed interpretation of the site - its sigmficance and values. The archiva1 research would highlight histoncal aspects of Taj Mahal and its environs, dlustrating charactenstic expression of the Mughal architecture. The study of Mughal art, craft and architecture would be an intrinsic part of recording, and inform the approach and methods of conservation.

The documentation would include recording of both the existing state of historic structures to be conserved, and the conservation process itself. This would highlight aii significant stages, illustrating the physical state of historic structures before, during and after conservation. In addition to this, the relevant principles and guidelines that have been considered while deciding on specific interventions would be included in the documentation report.

In consonance with Article 16 of the Venice Charter (1964), the documentation process adopted for the Conservation of Taj Mahal stresses upon precise recording of al1 conservation works including preservation, restoration or excavation. To ensure the sunival of the monument future conservators must know what has occurred in the past. This recording would be presented and archived in the form of analytical and cntical reports, illustrated with drawings and photographs. In addition to stiU photography, the entire conservation process would be video documented.

The artistic, aesthetic, arct-iitectural and historical diversity of the Taj Mahal complex exists in unique harmony and uriity of Mughal expression. It is crucial and indispensable to record and document ,this unity of form and content, in order to evolve an informed and holistic conservalion process.

This intensive docunientation would provide an exhaustive resource archive for research scholars and concerned people; consequently promoting their interest and involvement in the preservation of the ciilt~.iral heritage.

SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 TA.i MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATIVE

28 CONSERVATION

Documentatiori is an intrinsic and indispensable ongoing activity throug hout a conservation process.

Principles for the Recording of Monuments, Groups of Buildings and Sites (ICOMOS 1996) assert that the need for recordmg of the cultural heritage is essential to:

a. acquire knowledge in order to advance the understanding of cultural heritage, its values and its evolution.

b. promote the interest and involvement of the people in the preservation of the heritage through the dissemination of recorded information.

c. permit informed management and control of construction works and of all change to the cultural heritage.

d. ensure that the maintenance and conservation of the heritage is sensitive to its physical form, its materials, construction, and its historical and cultural sigmficance.

SAMPLE OF MEASURE DRAWINGS

FATEHBAD GATE COURMARD - COLONNADE

-

ELEVATION

Colkimn i o p t o l

Calurnii ino i l

C?lumn base

SECTION AA'

PART SECTION

Figure 7: Sarnple Measure Drawings


CONSERVATION 2q

HISTORIC BUILDING FABRIC SURVEY

The documentation of historic structures in the Taj Mahal complex is carefully tadored to serve the specific needs of each research, conservation and management component, and the overall objective. In addtion to on-site recording, the secondary information from relevant documents is collected and assessed for decisive evidences; the more directly applicable documents are also appended to the &al report. Sources of reference include written accounts, early maps, photographs, artefacts, drawings, prints, published articles, research studies, annual work reports of ASI, and such other survey records that highlight past works of repair.

One of the principal aspects of the survey is to guide all conservation and management projects, by developing a framework for assessing the resource values, and establishing management objectives.

In this initial stage of the conservation project for Taj Mahal and its environs, the historic building fabric survey has been undertaken in order to 'read', understand and analyse character and values of the place. The entire survey is planned in three phases:

Phase 1 Fatehabad gate courtyard, Fatehpuri gate courtyard, Eastern wali, main Entrance Gateway, and ancillary structures at the southern gateway to the Taj Mahal;

Phase II Condition assessment of the Taj Mahal mausoleum itself. Before this is done, a comprehensive recording of the mausoleum would be done by engaging stereo- photogrammetry and total station survey techniques;

Phase III Mebman Khana, Mosque, Nabat Khanas, Western wail, SabeLi Bz@, and enclosure wall of the Taj Mahal complex.

Scope of the Survey:

The scope and level of recording is dependent on several factors, including the type and complexity of the structure, site logistics, research agendas, potenaal threats, and nature of proposed works. This survey would determine the type of intervention required as well as the methods for conservation. The assessment of the existing condition of the historic fabric would lead to better understandmg of the structural and material performance of the fabric, thus avoidmg irrevocable damage, and allowing appropriate and sensitive conservation. The scope of the fabric survey is defined to include:

The Management Guidelines for World Heritage Sites by Sir Bernard Feilden and Jukka Joltilehto has 4 distinct stages: Survey: methodical inspection, survey and documentation of the resource, its historical setting and its physical environment; Definition: critical-historical definition and assessment of the object and its setting, so giving it its significance; Analysis: scientific analysis and diagnosis of tlie material substance and associated structural system with a view towards its conservation; and Strategy: long-term and short-term programmes for conservation and management of change, including regular inspections, cyclic maintenance and environmental control.

18. Roorns and donnade around Fatehbad courtyard.

SITE MANAGEMENT PIAN 2003 TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATIVE

1. Documentation of physical evidence

30 CONSERVATION

19. Colonnade around Fatehbad gate courtyard.

The understanding and documenta.l:ion of .tradi.l:ional craftsmanship, skills and practices would help maintain the continuity of indigenous building practices through their engagement in indigenous conservation practices and regular maintenance of historic mon~iments.

a. Documenting building elements and recording them accurately on drawings using CAD software.

b. recording every Stone for existing dunensions; decayed, damaged or lost parts, cracks; structural deformations; visible layers; tool marks; joints and jointing grooves; metal clamps, dowels and other jointing material; surface alterations, missing parts and so forth;

c. locating and markmg clearly distinguishable 'new' or later additions, accretions, repairs or replacements to the historic fabric.

This stage of identification and recording of essential building parts and elements would help:

observe, study, analyse and ascertain their location and condition in the original design conception and traditional construction system; consequently recogming historical integrity and authenticity. establish their mutual relationshp in terms of design requirement, performance abhty, compatibility with other materials, physical response (to environment, user needs etc.), aesthetics, workmanshp and so forth. This would lead to an informed conservation process, by determining the nature and degree of intervention. record the effect of time and nature on various aspects of the historic fabric and assess the present condition. This would enable better analysis and interpretation of the historical and archaeological evidences, and elucidate the process of development and decay.

2. Systematic investigation

In order to detect the symptoms and probable causes of decay, damage and loss of historic fabric, systematic scientific investigations are conducted at site. T h s component of the survey involves CO-ordination and scientific analysis of gathered evidence to understand the cause and effect of decay, damage, deterioration or loss of historic fabric. The investigation would be substantiated by necessary laboratory tests and analyses of buildmg materials affected by decay and damage, to identify and ascertain the cause. The A.S.I. and specialists in the fields of chernical conservation, structural engineering, environmental studies, rnicrobiology and so forth would be involved to carry out these specific tests. They would then present their conclusions. The appraisal of recorded historical accounts, and reports of earlier interventions and repair works would form the background study.

SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003

CONSERVATION %

3. Inventory of traditional materiais

Preparation of an inventory of traditional materials used in the construction of the Taj Mahal and other historic structures in the complex. This inventory would include:

a) sources of historic material used in the traditional construction system, including lakba~rri bricks, sandstone, marble, precious and serni-precious d a y Stones, embellishments, inscriptions, decorative painting and so forth;

b) study of their characteristic properties; the inherent qualities of these materials that made their selection desirable and effective for specific purpose. This would reflect upon the specificity of their use - functional, aesthetic, artistic and structural.

c) documentation of construction marks, including those made by a particular usage of tools, and are known as tool marks. The particular direction in which a tool is used, pressure applied on it and a specific technique employed to achieve a particular hnish can be understood by careful analysis of tool marks. However, not all construction marks are tool marks. There are evidences of masons' marks and impressions made intentionally by the craftsmen. A comprehensive recording of al1 such marks may shed light on the anthropological aspects of the building activity in the Taj Mahal complex.

A Fabric Survey is one of the principal ways of understanding, analysing, interpreting and re-establishg traditional building systems and practices. A preliminary visual inspection and study of each structure is essential in order to know and dehne it as a whole. Knowing exactly what is there and having a full record establish the appropriate values established Every building component will be docurnented and analysed, considering ail aspects that will elucidate the use, technique and methodology of original construction or intention. AU later interventions would be recorded in a systematic manner, and the overlapping layers of history revealed and documented.

Modem technology may then be employed in hannony with these age-old practices in order to achieve accurate, economic and effective results. This would revive and reinstate the use of traditional craft culture, building materials and construction systems in contemporary methods and practices of conservation of cultural heritage.

20. Condition of inlay work

It is essential to distinguish al1 new additions, alterations, accretions and replacements from the original fabric, and therefore, specific investigations would be conducted to the building parts where any such evidence is visible.

SITE MANAGEMENT PIAN 2003 TAI MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATNE

!@ CONSERVATION

SCOPE O F THE BUILDING FABRIC SURVEY

1 LAB TESTS 1

- DOCUMENT

PHYSICAL EVIDENCE

fi*** PROPERTIES

SYSTEMATIC INVESTIGATION

SAMPLE O F THE BUILDING FABRIC SURVEY

I

stand caiiina

Stone chajlo

2-L Fdlatad arch

Caiumn capital

Column shaft

Cdumn b a w

SECTiON AA'

Figure 8: Sample of the Building Fabric Survey


CONSERVATION 33

SCIEN-TIFIC INVESTIGA-1-IONS AND ANALYSIS

In order to initiate systematic scientific investigation certain tests are to be carried out on the existing building fabric and new materials that are to be used for the conservation work. The following tests need to be carried out before, during and on completion of the work. The preliminary phase of on-site testing and sampling for laboratory analysis was successfully completed in October 2002.

A. Tests on the existing structures:

1. Sample of lime mortars to be analysed for composition and lime content, at the following locations of the existing structures - l at a height of 200 mm from the floor level l at lintel 1 springing of arch 1 vault levels l at ceiling level Samples for the above tests will be taken separately for lime plaster and lime mortar in masonry;

2. Sample of bricks extracted from the structure at heights (a), (b) and (c) as specified above, for compressive and absorption tests;

3. Endoscopic inspection through holes drilled into the wood of the rafters and doorframes embedded in the masonry and other exposed locations, with photographic record of the condition of the wood in these locations;

4. Inspection and report on the termite infection in wood work; 5. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity tests at the soffits of the stone slab ceilings where

discoloured and deteriorated, to detect interna1 cracking; and results compared to sound piece of similar stone;

6. Tests to be excavated near the wall foundations to see the condition. 7. Tests on the condition of water available, which is used, for construction.

B. Tests on new materials before procurement and during restoration work:

1. Chemical analysis of samples of unslaked lime (categorized as Class B) from proposed sources before procurement;

2. Chemical analysis of samples of unslaked lime brought to the site from time to time, including chemical analysis after slaking;

3. Tests on surkhi and record of fineness modulus thereof, and tests on bricks proposed to be ground to produce surkhi.

4. Tests on lime, surkhi, cement gauged composite mortar proposed to be used in the restoration work;

5. Tests on wood replacements for the presence of termites, and strength; 6. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity tests on typical stone sections proposed to be used as

replacements or additional members for lintels and ceiling slabs mat source mon arriva1 at site l aft er erection;

7 Load and flexural strength tests on samples of stone structural members, before erection.

8 Tests on new bricks, composite mortar, cladding stone slabs, and marble are to be taken from time to time during the work, to ensure the integrity and uniformity of the materials to be used, the properties of which should be as close as possible the original.


PLANNING AND IMFLEMENTATION

34 CONSERVATION

Programming for Conservation Projects

The Conservation Plan, besides d e h g and statmg the phdosophical approach and ethics of conservation, would programme al1 conservation projects to be taken up. The historic b u i l h g fabric survey would inform these conservation projects, by guidmg the degree and nature of intervention, repair and preservation.

The study and assessment of existing condition of historic fabric would define the prioritisation of conservation worlis, based upon the nature and intensity of problems and damage. This priority of works would be assigned in accordance with the urgency of problems:

a. Immediate problems that cause a potential threat to the public or senous risk to the historic structure would be addressed urgently. The financial planning

21. Deteriorated stone inlay.

A balanced approach based on evaluation and prioritisation of resource specific concerns is essential for defining an appropriate conservation methodology.

would ensure allocation from the contingency reserve for immediate interventions;

b. Short-tem projects would address such issues that constitute bulk of the work necessary to preserve the cultural resource and its significance. These would be programmed for the next three years;

c. Medium term planning would take care of problems that do not pose any serious threat in the near future, but could create a probable danger if not addressed in tirne. Such interventions would substantiate and reinforce the short-term works, and achteve (or modify) the long-term objectives.

8. Long term programrning for conservation projects would include items that are considered desirable for overall development and enhancement of the sigmficance and values of the site.

Implementation and Management Mechanisms

Strategies for effective implementation are to be planned as an intrinsic part of planning of conservation projects. A 'Project Execution Mechanism' has been devised to enable smooth and efficient execution of projects. The mechanism aims to ensure regular monitoring, intensive documentation and periodic reporting, whde maintaining transparency in financial transactions. The Management Cornmittee would ensure the adoption of the guidelines of this mechanism at the overali decision-maktng level of the project, and the Co- ordination Unit its implementation at the site.


CONSERVATION 35

The foiiowing guidelines are proposed:

a. Detded cost estimates for various works d be submitted by the executing agency for suggestions and modifications by the advisory body;

b. A complete work schedule for the various conservation items, h k e d with a projected requirement of funds, shall be submitted to Management Committee for further action;

c. For close monitoring of the work, in addition to a project office, a site office at the working site, which will have aii the features of a Conservation Project Office;

d. Joint inspection of the work wiii be carried out every fortnight, and periodic meetings to review the progress and quality of work will be held at site for which suitable facilities will be made available.

e. The source of matenals and quality (predetermined by necessary tests and inspection) d be jointly approved and agreed upon before commencing the work;

f. At the review meetings, the quality of work and samples shall be jointly approved;

g Expenditure statements will be submitted at regular (monthly) intervals for approval and €undmg;

h Interna1 CO-ordination for smooth functioning is desirable for planning, budgeting and execution.

22. Eroded base of a Stone colurnn

PROGRAMMING FOR CONSERVATION PROJECTS

SHORT TERM 4 MEDIUM TERM 1 BUILDING FABRIC SURVEY

LONG TERM 1 OBJECTIVES b

RE-

CO-ORDINATION UNIT

DETAl LED PROJ ECT PLANS

MANAGEMENT COMMllTEE


IMPLEMENTATION

TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATIVE

I

36 CONSERVATION

MAINTENANCE AND MANAGEMENT

Monitoring and Review Strategies:

Rev iews a t r e g u l a r in te rva ls c a n d i r e c t conse rva t i on p r o j e c t s b y co r rec t i ng m i s t a k e s a n d ref i r i ing a p p r o a c h e s .

The irnplementation of a Conservation Plan is effective and efficient only if there is a system of consistent monitoring and periodic reviews of the work. The key to the success of the whole operation is inspection by a competent person. Proper equipment is also needed to carry out monitoring and periodic reviews of the work. In addition to updating the existing data, this information coilected through the process of review and monitoring, would also fachtate future planning, programrning and management of conservation projects.

The consistent review strategy proposed here includes:

I Short t e m monitoring a) regular assessments of the progress of each individual

project - fortnightly and monthly. This would include updating of drawings at al1 stages of work executed at site, and modifications of time and work schedules, if necessary;

b) a half yearly and annual review of individual projects (or groups of projects) together with associated resource constraints - work force at site, hancial, a b s t r a t i v e , policy evaluation, contingencies and so forth;

II Long term monitoring

Long term monitoring wdi provide a way of adaptation with L o n g t e r m m o n i t o r i n g will continuity and change in the physical and cultural contexts; indude re~Ofl ing and rev iew of evolution of management mechanisms and tools; changes in t h e ove ra i l p r o j e c t in i t s en t i r e t y personnel and technology; and the accumulation of increased

e v e r y f i ve years . knowledge and sktlls.

23. Inlay work in need of restoration

TAI MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABO!?ATiVE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003

CHAPTER 3: LANDSCAPE

Introduction Prinuples of Garden Conservation Documentation and Research Planning and Implementation Maintenance and Management

INTRODUCTION

The mausoleurn of Shah Jahan and his wife Murntaz Mahal, stood amidst a setting of gardens carefully created to enhance the building itself. To the irnmediate south of the mausoleurn a char bagh was laid out, beyond the river itself lay the Mehtab Bagh while to the left of the complex was the Khan-i-Alam Bagh. At the tkne of its inception it is evident that these gardens all formed an integral part of the overali vision of the mausoleum. It is known that, "fruits from the trees in the gardens were sold to offset the high costs of maintenance of the site". In a letter to Sir John Murray, Generai de Boigne clearly states that ailowances had been made to the mgavers or priests responsible for the upkeep of the site for both the mausoleum and the gardens.

Descriptions of the gardens to mark the occasion of the 12th trrs, in the Padshahnama of Abd al-Hamid Lahori as quoted in contemporary texts hke the Taj Mahal-The Illumined Tomb' by W.E Begley and Z.A Desai" provides an insight into the tomb garden. "Below the red stone terrace, is the Paradise- like garden, 368 yards square, abounding in aromatic herbs and different kinds of trees. Within the four walkways laid out in the middle of the garden, which are 40 cubits in width, there runs a water channel, 6 yards wide, in which fountains jet up sprouts of water (channelled) from the Jumna. At the confluence of the canais is a platform (chabutma), 28 yards square, around which runs the water channel. In the rniddle of the platform is a reservoir, 16 yards square, f l e d with five fountains. And the floor of the walkways of this replica of paradise (namdzr-ijannag is paved with red stone, set edge-to- edge with utmost artistic skill. On the east and West sides of the garden is a portico (aiwan), 11 yards wide and 7 deep, with two side rooms. And at the back there is a charnber 9 cubits wide

24. The Taj Mahal with European sightseers.

Over the last 1 50 years, ,the link between the gardens and the mausoleum appears to have been broken. The

and 5 deep, and in front a platform (cbabtrtara), 46 by 10 cubits. graduai thinning of trees to The southern wall of the garden is furnished with multiple porticos (azwan h r aiwan) facing north, measuring 12 yards in provide clear views of the

width. At the two corners of this w d . stand two towers fbztrll. mausoleumf as as, the 5 .,,,

resembling the towers of the red Stone piinth." mosque and jawab and the laying out of the lawns at the

When the British took over Agra in 1803, the gardens were time of ~ ~ , - d Curzon reflea a overgrown, obscuring the view of the mausoleum. The h s t plan of the gardens, dating back to 1828 when Col. J.H change in perception on the

Hodgson, the Surveyor General surveyed the entire complex, functional and visual provides some evidence of the planting layout. significance of the gardens.

It was during the t h e of Lord Curzon however, that major changes were wrought on the gardens with the laying out of formal lawns in place of existing orchards and flowerbeds.


"Modelled aper the Persian concept of earthly paradise, the pleasure gardens of the 1 Yh century Mughal emperors exhibited elaborate renditions of cut stone architecture, water chutes, standing pools and flowing fountains, but their very essence was revealed in carefully managed floristic displays. The layout and design of these gardens were Jilled with symbolic meaning that was a direct reflection of Mughal thought and rich iconographie histo y . Yet, not eveything about Mughal gardens was symbolic. Gardens were places of respite and enjoyment where al1 the senses could be stimulated. Each garden was designed to evoke the sounds, smells, touch, taste and visual richness of paradise on earth ...ga rdens were refuges from the torrid summers and lengthy monsoons of India.

eV,-,-%- v-.

' C

25. The Taj Mahal, Agra. William Simpson. Watercolour on paper, England 1864, AD

... because Mughal gardens were intended to be well ordered oases in an otherwise hot, dusty and chaotic environment, they sewed as social centres for many of the rituals and special occasions of courtly life. The beauty and fragrances provided by the floral displays offered a colourful backdrop for major events such as birthdays, coronations, and mariages and as in the case of the Taj, entombments. The availability of fiesh flowers and fiuits was undoubtedly an attractive feature of the gardens. The horticultural arrays were not only alluring settings with symbolic representations; the plants were placed there to serve an economic function too. Fruit production at gardens would often exceed the needs of the royal family, and the surplus could be sold in local markets to offset the high cost ofgarden maintenance. In this way, both immediate and long term needs could be satisjied, and the gardens could be rendered self sustaining. "

(Lentz, David in "The Moonlight Garden" p.p 43-44)


LANDSCAPE 39

Gradually over the hrst quarter of the twentieth century much of the older plant layouts were phased out and replaced with what became a colonial garden. In the hrst few decades of the twentieth century, the gardens were brought under the purview of a Gardens Comrnittee in charge of all the gardens in Agra. The committee comprised of the Collector, Executive Engmeer, Superintendent Government Gardens, Superintendent Muhammadan and British Monuments with the Commissioner, Agra as the chairman. Much of the phasing out of the historic foliage and flora appears to have been executed under the guidance of this committee. Khan-i-Alam itself was transformed into a nursery for the supply of plants.

The importance of the hkage with the river Yamuna has also diminished due to increased road and rail transport and in recent times due to the poor quality of river water. The old water systems located at the Khan-i-Alam gradually feli into disuse and water supply to the gardens is now provided through tube welis. The challenge therefore is to once again integrate the gardens with the mausoleum as envisioned by its creators, as also re- establishing the link with the river, which formed such an important facet of the overall plan for the site.

The recent Supreme Court rulings for ,the increase in the biomass around the Taj Mahal have to be taken into consideration for any future plans for the gardens. This is currently being addressed ,through increased plantations

The h k with Mehtab Bagh appears to have been broken much in both the Mehtab Bagh as earlier and it was only in the 1990's that the Archaeologcal well as the Taj Mahal gardens. Survey of India launched a comprehensive plan for the gardens. Excavations in Mehtab Bagh in 1994-95 revealed for the fïrst time traces of its former splendour and re-established its link with the Taj Mahal.

METHODOLOGY

Inputs from a hydraulic

FINAL CONCEPT PLAN - Final levels - Species seleaion - Layout plan -Water

su~~lv/.channels I

MANAGEMENT PLANS indicating personnel, their inputs. new traditions in the


10 LANDSCAPE

FORE COURT

AREA OF INTERVENTION

MEHTAB BAGH

I

Figure 9 : Sateliite image of the Taj Mahal m p l e x indicating the area of intervention for the Landscape component.

TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATIVE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN

LANDSCAPE 41

PRINCIPLES OF HISTORIC GARDENS CONSERVATION

This project proposa1 aims to follow 'in spitit' the Florence Charter (FC) adopted by ICOMOS in December 1982.

Guidance from the Florence Charter

The Taj Mahal gardens qualiS as an outstanding example of Article 10 of the FC, states, contribution to ihe cultural heritage of humank&d. ~ h e ~ are "ln any work of maintenance, -

nOt merely a setting t0 a famous monWent, but are a cultural conservation, restoration or artefact in the& own right, both from a historical and artistic point of view. They are a testirnony to Mughal culture and

reconstruction of an historic

more specifically to the Mughal char bagh style of the garden, or of any part of it, seventeenth century. In keeping with the Florence Charter, the al1 its con~ t i t~en t feat~res project d strive to conserve the garden in its entirety, to must be dealt with include all the key components of the garden namely -plan and simultaneously. T~ isolate the shape, the plantation, the garden furniture and above all the water system that sustains the garden.

various operations would damage the unity of the

As a hrst step to the conservation of the garden, it is being hol le.* Al1 these aspects will extensively documented in all respects, that is, the water system, be dealt with siniultaneously the plantation, the levels and the b d t fabric. All aspects will be and with eaual res~ect to dealt with simultaneously and 4 t h equal respect to preserve the 'unity' of the whole.

preserve the 'uni$ of the whole.

As stated in Article 15FC, "No restoration work and, above all, no reconstruction work on an historic garden shall be undertaken without thorough prior research to ensure that such work is scientifically executed and whtch d involve everything from excavation to the assembling of records relating to the garden in question and to sùnilar gardens. Before any practical work starts, a project must be prepared on the basis of said research and must be submitted to a group of experts for joint exarnination and approval."

The archiva1 research is being conducted in a manner to determine the original form as well as the practices that were adopted for the maintenance of the garden.

The archiva1 material includes seventeenth century texts, plans, IYodern gardeil tliçtorians travelogues, chronicled accounts and painkgs. On collakg all have examined a range of this information with the fïndmgs on the site, the plan before its final execution will be submitted to a panel of experts as

interpretations to emphasize,

advised in Article 15. While research is showing successive in various ways, the syribolic, interventions in the colonial period, the ideal is to restore it, on aesthetic and functionai the basis of unhpeachable evidence, to the Mughal garden. aspects of Muqhal qardens. - - This decision has been taken, as the garden was the original setting to the Taj Mahal-the illumined tomb of the seventeenth century as it survives today.

SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 TAI MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATIVE

42 LANDSCAPE

26. View of the Taj Mahal garden.

As the spatial layout of the seventeenth century garden is retained in the char bagb pattern, the question of recreating, a concern expressed in Article 17 does not anse. Article 17 of the Florence Charter states, "Where a garden has completely disappeared or there exists no more than conjectural evidence of its successive stages a reconstruction could not be considered an historic garden." The garden as it exists today is very much a seventeenth century garden in its spatiality expressed in the plan form. However, the plantation and the water system wiU need restoration and will be the focus.

Because of the living aspect of this valuable heritage, maintenance of the historic garden post restoration assumes additional significance. As part of the management there will be a well worked out maintenance strategy to include a phasing in and phasing out programme for the plant species.

As stated in article 14 of the Florence Charter, the garden does not exist in isolation but is part of a larger ecosystem, "The historic garden must be preserved in appropriate surroundings. Any alteration to the physicai environment, which will endanger the ecological equhbnum, must be prohibited. These applications are applicable to all aspects of the infrastructure, whether interna1 or external (drainage works, irrigation systems, roads, car parks, fences, care taking facilities, visitors' amenities, etc.).''

While the ecology of the site has been disturbed, leading to changes in the water level and the degrading environmental quality, there d be an attempt to restore the ecologcal equilibriurn through biomass plantation. These will be supplemented by other attempts by the government to clean up the river, which supports the garden in more ways than one.

TAI MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATWE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003

LANDSCAPE 9

In respecting Article 24, of the Florence Charter, .whtch states, ''The historic garden is one of the features of the patrimony whose survival, by reason of its nature, requires intensive, continuous care by trained experts. Suitable provision should therefore be made for the training of such persons, whether htstorians, architects, landscape architects, gardeners or botanists.

Care should also be taken to ensure that there is regular propagation of the plant varieties necessary for maintenance or restoration." Putting together a management framework for the care of the site is a vital component. The nursery adjoining the garden and part of the complex will also be treated as a historic nursery cultivating and supplying the authentic plant material to the garden.

The deslgn of the Visitor Centre in part of the site is in answer to the concem stated in Article 25 of the Florence Charter, which states that, "Interest in historic gardens should be stimulated by every kind of activity capable of emphasizing their tme value as part of the patrimony and making for improved knowledge and appreciation of thern: promotion of scientific research; international exchange and circulation of information; publications, including works designed for the general public; the encouragement of public access under suitable control and use of the media to develop awareness of the need for due respect for nature and the historic heritage. The most outstanding of the historic gardens shall be proposed for inclusion in the World Heritage List."

The Visitor Centre in interpreting the site will disseminate knowledge of the historic garden to the public and will encourage public interest in the site.

This Site Management Plan will ensure that properly trained professionals including landscape architects and mah are adequately equipped to handle and take care of a site of such immense historic significance. The objective is to embrace the principles of the Florence Charter, as far as possible while at the same time will continuingly adapt the proposal to suit and respect the local conditions.

27. Fatepuri gate courtyard.


44 LANDSCAPE


INVENTORY OF EXISTING DATA

Since their inception, there have been substantive interventions to the gardens prier to the Horticulture Department of the AS1 takmg charge. Details of these interventions however, are to be collated. The information currently available is primarily that with the AS1 and contains some indications on previous interventions in the gardens. The data collected through archiva1 research wdi provide resource material for future research into the layout and design of the orignal Mughal gardens.

ARCHIVAL RESEARCH

Research, both through Archival research is an important step in the restoration of historic gardens. Facts gleaned from the archiva1 research will

archival soiirces and field help in suggesting an image of the garden as it must have surveys is important to developed and existed historicaliy. This will enable the prepare a holistic plan for production of a concept plan that strives to capture the

the site. Archival research evolving spirit of the seventeenth century garden.

will generate material for the The concept plan generated through archiva1 research strives to

Visitor Centre and will conjure up an image of the historic garden, which correlated provide the basis for with the following information, will facilitate the process of - preparing a range of formulating a scheme for the restoration of the gardens:

interpretive products to help visitors and tourists Establish ground levels at various points on the site.

appreciate these key Select species for plantation.

components of the Taj Location of plant species.

Mahal complex. Establish an annual garden calendar. Establish the location and functioning of watenvorks. Establish the history of landscaping practices. Establish the presence and location of features.

FIELD SURVEY

On completion of the The garden survey through Ground Penetrating Radar systems will document the following:

archival research, a Topographical Survey / mapping of gardens and complete survey of ,the waterworks. gardens will document the 1. Ornamental plantings within the Taj Mahal complex

existing vegetation, planting (forecourt, tomb-garden and Mehtab Bagh)

layout, garden layout and Location speciMg botanical name, trunk diameter at breast height, average height and canopy radius. water systems. Location of shrubs on plan, specifymg the number of shrubs, their Ml botanical narnés, and average height.


LANDSCAPE 45

Indication of planting beds @erennial/annual) on the plan, specifymg shapes, major dimensions, border material, if any; and the full names of herbaceous beddmg plants.

2. Naturalistic plantings-Nursery area, Khan-i- Alam Bagh, Trees: identiS the trunk location and species of ali trees greater than 6" (15 cm) in diameter. IdentiS the o u t h e of shrub masses and planting areas and their dominant species (e.g., the general layout of the rose garden in the nursery area).

3. Garden Spot Elevations and level changes. 4. Garden Walls, Layout, Waiks and Site fumiture

The field survey will include rriultidisciplinary studies such as paleobotanical studies, hydraulic studies and hortici.iltural research to provide information on historic layouts, species, water systems etc.

WATERWORKS SURVEY

To design and maintain a garden of t h s magnitude would have required extensive and sophsticated watemorks. Whde the aesthetics, which includes the symbolic dimension to design as weli, wdl emerge after coliating the data found in texts and paintings through the studies of an art historian, the scientific studies d address the foliowing issues:

The quantum of water required for efficient functioning and maintenance of the plants, water tanks and fountains. The water demand of the site linked with the clunate and hydrology of Agra at a larger ecological level will be the primary and most crucial aspects of the hydrology studies. Identification of water withdrawal and lifting systems from the main source of water, the river, and further augmentation through wells will be established. Seasonal variations in the demand and supply. Linked to the water withdrawal system the distribution network through terracotta pipes to fountains, pools and plantation beds. Its return to the river would decipher the complete cycle of the water distribution system.

Having established the vanous aspects of the original water The survev of the waterworks system, feasibilrty studies would have to be carried out to check iS expected to reveal an the efficacy of the historical water works in the present day context. These would include: enhanced understanding of

tlie scieritific and aest hetic Sources and quality of water available today. ~ r i n c i ~ l e s that determined the Hydraulic pressure study and Water loss studies. Materials and dimensions of water supply system. Water deficit and plant stress during the summer. Identification and justification of deviations from historical water systems necessary and of features like water tanks, pipes and pumping stations.

iayoui of the water system of ,the garden.


46 LANDSCAPE

Horticulture information will help in framing the garden calendar to suit the seasonal variatioiis and .the climatic changes over the years. The characteristics of the plants along with the hortici+iltural practices adopted by the AS1 presently, will lead to developing maintenance strategies for the site.

The main airn of ,the archaeo-botanical studies is to establish the presence of historic species on site in the subsurface layers of the soi1 as against the modern ,floristic inventory ,that will emerge out of the horticulture studies.

HORTICULTURAL SURVEY

The hndmgs of the horticulture survey are essentially airned at relating the presence of species existing on the site to those found through secondary studies, in order to build an authentic image of the Mughal garden. The information d be checked against hdings of the art historians and Persian scholars who will categonze them into species that are: a. Historically correct b. Indigenous to the area

Information on the characteristics of the plant species will also enable their selection and appropnate location to fulfd certain functions that the garden would have histoncally demanded and the present day needs. The characteristics would also be useful in selecting them, in ternis of the water availability on site.

ARCHAEOBOTANICAL SURVEY

One of the key tools of the archaeo-botanical survey is the pollen analysis through selective excavation and sample pits. The samples collected cover the following aspects:

Poiien, macro-botanical analysis Phytoliths Charred remains and fossilised wood or fruits at site Other archaeo-botanical studies for evidence of the species existing on site (e.g., soil discolorations from organic matter or minerals that indicate planting pits and beds)

The excavation d be carned out at spots identified after the archiva1 research. The spots most hkely to reveal accurate data d be the areas where no interventions in the past have taken place and thus are spots of minimal disturbance. Selective excavations d also be carried out at spots identified through plans made during the colonial period, whch mark out their interventions on the site. In the excavation pits a time line d be established related to layering (stratigraphy) of soils to determine histonc garden levels from the curent surface down to the original garden surface and undisturbed soil.

Through these excavations and fïndings it may be possible to b d d up sections indicating the superirnposed activity surfaces and exhibitkg the layering of plant species on site in order to gve a histoncal perspective to plantation practices. Besides providmg a list of species used in the Taj Mahal gardens, the survey will also help in the accurate location of plant species.

- - --

TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORA-i-IVE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003

PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION MECHANISMS

With the formulation of a detailed conservation plan based on the above field studies and archival studies a working plan will be prepared.

The planning will involve: Establishing personnel needed for efficient stafhng of the various aspects of the site. This will include the regular maintenance staff as well as the personnel needed on a seasonal basis. Framing short term and long term plans to include phasing in and phasing out of plant species. Establishing annual gardening calendar. Identifymg sources of supply of plant material on a regular basis. Suggesting treatment to historic cultivars prone to diseases. Conducting workshops at regular intervals for the training of staff to irnpart knowledge on Mughal planting patterns and species. Identifymg the seasonal variations in the water supply and demand and taking steps to counter seasonal variation in demand and supply of water. Identifjmg mechanisms for maintenance of water works. Ensuring regular monitoring of quality of water supplied to the beds, tanks and fountains. Having the mechanisms in place for the treatment of water as and when needed. This should be tied up with the monitoring mechanisms. Ensuring mechanisms to reduce water loss to minimal levels. Taking cogmsance of the Supreme Court order on biomass plantation and other ecological considerations related to the state of the river Yamuna in all decisions on horticulture and water works.

28. Khan-i-Alam nursery.

Establishing environmentally sound specifications related to the horticultural practices to include:

Preparation of soi1 Sowing of seeds Planting of shrubs Itrees Watering Manuring Pruriing Replacing of species Propagation methods

29. Fore court of Taj Mahal.


MAINTENANCE AND MANAGEMENT

30. Plan of Mehfeb Bagh.

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

The management of the gardens and the heritage values associated with the landscape is critical to the entire conservation strategy. Appropriate guidelines for visitors (visitor circulation, signage and literature) d be formulated prior and during the course of irnplementation to disseminate information on the conservation plan. The setting up of Visitor Centres will also interpret the historic gardens to visitors by highhghting the changing historic landscape over the centuries since its creation. Schedules for maintenance. are devised to ensure short term and long-term maintenance of the site.

HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Management ofstaff and personnel responsible for the gardens is undertaken with the docation of duties associated with the maintenance of'the site. Closely related with the management of personnel is the need for upgrading skiils through regular workshops and trainipg sessions. Identification of specific technical expertise currently unavailable through a systematic review process will be undertaken to ensure appropriate measures are taken to provide such expertise at the Taj Mahal site.

PROGRAMME MANAGEMENT

Maintenance activities Long term and short term work plans will be prepared to

associated with other clearly articulate the overall vision for the site which wiJl be : periodically exarnined and revised as required. New excavations

monument related works . . or'research mav result in the refokulation of work dans and a

WOU^^ be CO-ordinated to reguiar &onitokg system will be established both ;O monitor reduce Wear and tear of the . existing work as well as to enable the up gradation of the

historic fabric. '. conservation strategy if required. Short term and long-term budgets will be formulated based on the work plan to enable the management of financial resources.

INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

The GIS database will be constantly updated and personnel trained to manage the system. A directory of resource persons who can undertake training programs or who are conducting research on the site will be created to ensure that best expertise is available for the preservation of the gardens.


CHAPTER 4: VlSlTOR MANAGEMENT

I u Introduction 49-50 Principles of Visitor Management 5 1-52 Documentation and Research 53-60 Visitor Management Objectives 61-62 Planning and Implementation 63-67 Maintenance and Management 6 8

VlSlTOR MANAGEMENT , 49

INTRODUCTION

Leisure and Tourism are now part of the World culture' and 'International economy', is second only to the oil industry. Tourism is one of the contnbutors to the Indian economy, and is likely to become even more important as it grows globally, into the world's major industry. Once the global situation stabilizes, India d see a spurt in the growth of the tourism industry, particularly as the country has so much to offer the discerning visitor. The Taj Mahal clearly features high on the pnonty list, for both domestic and international visitors and it serves as a major magnet for non-business visitors who come to Agra.

Over the years, the Government has targeted India's heritage sites as a marketable commodity and to sustain t h s idea, it is essential that the integrity and character of the cultural landscape be maintained. Additional inputs are required so that the historical and cultural significance of the Taj Mahal and its precincts are emphasised. There is a need for careful planning, to ensure that new developments do not adversely affect the cultural fabric of the Taj Mahal precincts and the histonc city of Agra in general. A well-maintained historic landscape surroundmg the Taj Mahal would itself be an attraction for high spendmg international tourists.

Barring any calarnities or crisis, which may be temporary in nature, the nurnber of tourists to the Taj Mahal, can only increase. Assuming that the number of tourists does increase, it will be vital to improve and expand the current level of facilities available to tourists.

The international importance of Taj Mahal was recognized for its magnificent conception, perfection of design and worktnanship, and unsurpassed beauty and the complex and the surroundmg monuments were inscnbed on the World Heritage List in 1982. Ever since, the Taj Mahal complex has received a great deal of attention, but there is stdl a lot that needs to be done.

In 1995-96, a toilet block was provided in the south-western corner of the complex. Drinktng water, by installing a jet pump and providing a cooler cabin was also provided for visitors. In conformity with Supreme Court directives, shops located within the outer courtyard have been relocated to a new buildmg especially built for the purpose. The facilities currently available for tourists at the Taj Mahal complex can at best be descnbed as the 'most basic' and are lirnited to toilets, dnnkmg water, tourist guides and photographers. Simdarly a museurn, located in the western Natlbat Khanna draws very few visitors, as few are aware of its presence. The displays must be engaging and informative.

The Ta,j Mahal is a major tourist attraction in the Agra region symbol of the historic cultural heritage of lndia architectural symbol of the Mughal era.

Recognising the regional, national and universal significance of the Taj Mahal, is critical in order to define a broad set of objectives at preserving its historical integrity, cultural significance, unity, inherent spirit and enduring value.


50 VlSlTOR MANAGEMENT

31. Tourists at the Taj Mahal forecourt

The Naubat Khanna on the east would also be activated to create a Museum. This will also help disperse visitors in the complex and facilitate a multiplicity of perspectives of the complex.

Also, not enough is known about the conservation work being carried out by the ASI, on an ongoing basis. A visitor information centre would serve also as a tool to educate visitors about the proposed conservation work and targets. Access to such information wdl ensure greater public awareness and the resulting vigdance with regard to the upkeep of the complex. The Taj Mahal and its accompanymg structures, in its entirety, is not any easy complex to understand as it consists of layers of history and culture, which will be made discernible when communicated appropriately. Thus the combination of an information centre and the museums will go a long way in addressing these aspects.

The participation of the local population should also be sought for activities like the tourist information counters, tourist guides etc. Presently visitors are harassed by unauthorised hawkers, touts and tourist guides who offer to get tourists a good bargain be it in the purchase of handicrafts, the hiring of transport or tourist guides often making the experience for visitors unpleasant. It is thus critical to draw the local population into the site and its related activities in a positive way to make them feel like partners in the process of maintaining the robustness of the monument and visiting the complex. In addition to these issues there are also matters of marketing the site, but when the physical presentation of the site itself is improved these can be addressed.

A comprehensive Visitor Management and Facilitation Plan will help people visiting the site to enjoy and learn about the Taj Mahal and its related group of monuments. Al1 those involved in the preparation of the Visitor Management must address an assessment of the existing problems and the potential for greater damage in future. It is important that the caretakers of the site are guided by precautionary principles and are aware of the consequences of what is proposed.

A comprehensive Visitor Management and Facilitation Plan will be evolved that will:

Enhance the visitor's perception of the monument and its surroundings and weave these presently disparate parts into a searnless fabric of experience. Ensure a high standard for ali amenities at the site. Ensure the development of a positive attitude of visitor welcome, customer care and mission to inform while ensuring the spirit of sanctity and serenity, as the guiding principle of its development.

32. The exit from char bagh into the forecourt.


VlSlTOR MANAGEMENT 51

PRINCIPLES OF VISITOR MANAGEMENT AND FACILITATION

The concept of Visitor Management and Facilitation is undergoing a metamorphosis. 'Feeling', not 'Seeing', is the new mantra. The proposed Visitor Management and Facilitation plan for the Taj Mahal aims to follow the INTERNATIONAL CULTURAL TOURISM CHARTER, (ICTC) for Managing Tourism at places of Hentage Sigmficance, that was to be adopted by ICOMOS at the 12' General Assembly, Mexico, October 1999.

The Taj Mahal, though an architectural achievement of the Indo-Islamic period, today, as a World Heritage site has universal appeal and in a sense, 'belongs' to people the world over. Ali visitors therefore have a right and responsibility to understand, appreciate and conserve its universal values. At a time of increasing globalisation, besides irnproving tourists' access and amenities, it is the interpretation and presentation of the Taj Mahal and its heritage, which d be an important challenge.

The guiding principles for preparing an effective Visitor Management and Facilitation plan is the communication of the significance of the Taj Mahal complex and its precincts and the need for its conservation for the host community and visitors. Reasonable and well-managed physical, intellectual and/or emotive access is both a right and a pridege. It brings with it a duty of respect for the heritage values, interests and equity of the present-day host community, custodians or managers of the historic property and for the cultures from which that heritage evolved.

The ICTC's hrst principle States that, "Since domestic and international tourism is among the foremost vehicles for cultural exchange, conservation should provide responsible and well managed opportunities for members of the host community and visitors to experience and understand that community's heritage and culture at fust hand."

In keeping with this principle, the Visitor Management and Facilitation plan proposes to disseminate information on the protection and conservation of the monuments and aspects hke Mughal architectural and cultural expressions of the Mughal era and in a broader context, the importance of the Agra Heritage region. The Taj Mahal group of monuments is a material and spiritual resource, providing a narrative of historical development. Presently interaction between the Taj Mahal complex and the local comrnunity is dynamic and ever changmg. A large section is dependent on tourism for income generation.

Visitor lY anagement and Facilitation, within a framework of internationally recognised and appropriately applied standards, will help restore the sanctity and serenity of the site, thereby enhancing visitor experience. The Taj Mahal complex made physically, intellectually and emotively accessible to visitors should facilitate an understanding and appreciation of ,the heritage significance of the Taj Mahal and it's setting.



Principles of the International Cultural Tourism Charter, for Managing Tourism at places of Heritage significance, discussed alongside, will in spirit, guide the process of determining the short term and long-terni objectives of the Visitor Management and Facilitation plan.

The success of the plan will depend on how well, .the principle which states that, "Host communities and indigenous peoples should be involved in planning for conservation and tourism," is adhered to.

The proposa1 will acheve positive outcomes and minimize adverse impacts on the lifestyles of the local community, whde respondmg to the needs and aspirations of the visitor and it therefore wlll evolve and adapt to new challenges This will be in keeping a principle of the ICTC, which states that, "The relationship between heritage places and tourism is dynarnic and may involve confiicting values. It should be managed in a sustainable way for present and future generations," and another which states that, "Tourism and conservation activities should benefit the local community."

In a site as important as the Taj Mahal, excessive or poorly managed tourism threatens the physical nature, integrity and significant characteristics of the Taj Mahal and its precincts. The visitor's experience of the place would also be degraded. Visitors to the Taj Mahal complex must have access to information to optimise their understandmg of the site. Specific circulation routes are necessary to minimize impacts on the physical fabnc.

Another important consideration is respect for the sanctity of the mausoleum and the practices and traditions to be observed when visiting the Mosque. Visitors must be encouraged to behave as 'welcome guests' and to conduct themselves in a responsible manner.

In order to effectively do this, the Visitor Management and Facilitation plan will also provide facilities for the comfort, safety and well being of the visitor, thereby enhancing the experience. These considerations will be in keeping with the principle of the ICTC, "Conservation and Tourism Planning for Heritage Places should ensure that the Visitor Experience would be worthwhde, satisfying and enjoyable."

It is essential to have a code of practice to guide the development of tourism at the Taj Mahal and ensure co- ordination of efforts. Such organisational arrangements can only result from a close, mutually beneficial collaboration between the government authorities (ADA) private sector, non- governmental organisations and the local community.

While the Taj Mahal may have a universal appeal, the rights and interests of the local community and the city of Agra, to manage physical, spiritual or intellectual access to certain cultural practices, knowledge, beliefs or activities will be respected. They will be involved in establishg goals, strategies, policies and protocols for the identification, conservation, management, presentation and interpretation of the Taj Mahal and its precincts. This input will be valuable in identifymg traditional cultural practices and expressions, in the tourism context.

TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATlVE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003

VlSlTOR MANAGEMENT


Tourism if over developed, destroys the resources and values which were what attracted tourists to the site in the hrst instance. Tourism is also dynamic and if developed too quickly or thoughtlessly can be destructive to the host community. Even from a cursory study of the Tai Mahal and its precincts, there is apprehension that ibis is to be t&. The problerns facing the Taj Mahal are very simiiar to Bose of heavily L frequented Heritage sites around the world and relate to the

33. Tourists waiking tawards Fatehpuri difficult balance between conserving the site and explaining its - importance to visitors. A careful analysis of the studies carried oui in the past has been done to arrive-at a better understanding of the various issues involved in the preparation of a comprehensive Visitor Management and Facilitation plan.

The data collection process is the &st step towards analysing the wide range of tourist practices at the Taj Mahal complex. The Field Survey highlights certain practices by studying individual spaces and problems peculiar to the Taj Mahal setting and analyse these to produce a set of recommendations for Visitor Management at the Taj Mahal.

DATA COLLECTION

Documents pertaining to the Management of Tourism at World Heritage Sites and studies and books, highhghting the issues related to the Visitor Management and Facilitation of the Taj Mahal complex and its precincts include:

International Charters

INTERNATIONAL CULTURAL TOURISM CHARTER, Managing Tourism at places of Heritage Swficance. ICOMOS October 1999. CULTüRAL TOURISM, International Scientific Symposium, lofh General Assembly, Sri Lanka. ICOMOS.

Studies Related to the Taj Mahal

US NATIONAL PARK SERVICE, Agra Heritage 1 Project Report, 1994. WORLD HERITAGE SITE ASSESSMENT, conducted on behalf of AS1 in 1998. TOURISM IN AGRA, s w e y by McCann Erickson TOURISTS at the TAJ, by Tim Edensor, Published by Routledge, 1998. 34. Tourists at Fatehbad gate.


YI VlSlTOR MANAGEMENT

The Field Survey was conducted in September 2002. The observations made during this visit are designed to stimulate discussions about visitor's facilities and a visitor's perception of the site and form the basis for evolving a Visitor Management and Facilitation plan.

Visitor profile from 1984-99 Year 1 No of visitors

1984-85 1 1 1.29.230

1998-99 Source: SA, ASI, Agra

FIELD SURVEY

Good planning will ensure that the capacity of the site and supporthg infrastructure are balanced. The basis of t h s planning must necessarily be sound research on the visitors' perception of the monument. With this objective in rnind, a basic survey and graphic analysis, of the Taj Mahal complex was undertaken. The survey will form the basis for the preparation of a Visitor Management and Facilitation plan.

The survey included the assessment of the current visitors' circulation pattern; tickethg; visitors' amenities hke drinkmg water fountains, toilets, lockers and shoe racks and other issues, which emerged during the analysis. The scope of work included collection of data at site; preparation of drawings indicating circulation patterns, on base maps (provided by the ASI) and a documentation of the amenities at site. The survey encompassed all issues that related to visitors at site. Feasibility of the reuse of two courtyards previously used as residences for tomb attendants, as Visitor Centres for providing visitor amenities, also formed part of the analysis.

The FIELD SURVEY is compiled into a report in October 2001. To augment it there is a need for a Visitor Proue study', where the specific focus would be tourists' origin, socio economic background, reason for travel, length of stay, experience of the country and satisfaction with the visit. Among the issues which emerged are:

1. VISITOR STATISTICS Approxirnately 20,00,000 people visit Agra annually; of whch almost all visit the Taj Mahal, while only about one-third visit monuments other than the Taj Mahal. For a vast majority of non-business visitors, the Taj Mahal is the main reason for visiting Agra. The tourist season begins in the month of October and lasts through March. The peak months are October, November and December. There is a marked increase in the number of domestic tourists' at the weekend and during school vacations -June and July. The number of international tourists remains nearly constant through the week.

When Friday was a 'free entry' day, to allow access for prayers, the crowds were uncontrollable, often leadmg to a stampede. Entry being free, large crowds from the economically weaker sections visited on Fridays, displaying no regard for the monument and often defacing it. Closing the monument to the general public on Friday and allowing entry only for prayers has

Source: SA, ASI, Agra to some extent resolved the problem.


VlSlTOR MANAGEMENT A

2. VISITORS' ACCESS I

The parking lots towards the Fatehpuri gate (western) and Fatehbad gate (eastern) are congested and disorganized, especially during peak hours. There are no separate bays for tongus, cycle rickshaws or battery- operated vehicles. No amenities like toilets, drinking water for visitors or drivers are provided at the parking areas.

i No system for operation of tongas or cycle rickshaws exists. No is there any system for passenger allocation Visitors are harassed and importuned by these tonga and cycle rickshaw operators. The approach to the Taj Mahal from the east is quite unsightly and congested, with haphazard signboards and unplanned water points adding to the mess. The road too is in poor condition. Souvenir and refreshment stalls make the approach from the east to the Taj Mahal complex untidy and congested. The shops and establishments dealing in handicrafts are unregulated. Unlicensed photographers, unapproved guides and taxis drivers who harass and importune tourists right from the parking lots, make the visitors' experience unpleasant. Unauthorized construction outside the eastern gate (Fatehbad gate) detracts from the historic setting and violates the Supreme Courts' orders.

35. Approach to Fatehbad gate from Shilpgram

3. TICKETING The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) and the Agra Development Authority (ADA), charge an entry fee: Domestic tourists - Rs. 201- International toulists- $10(ASI) and Rs. 5001-(ADA) There is no foolproof system of distinguishing the domestic tourist fiom the international tourist which gives rise to a number of objections. Unattractive tickets, which don't even contain a key plan of the complex. The manual ticketing process is slow and tedious. The Entrance gate where tickets are checked is congested and people wait in long queues. Security check at the gates is far from sophisticated. Guards manually check bags for eatables, mobile phones, etc. not allowed within the premises.

Video cameras are permitted up to the platfonn of the entrance gate, for an extra charge. Still cameras can be used everywhere, except inside the main mausoleurn. No fee is irnposed on still cameras.

ThJ MAHAL nr*

Ticket for fritmational twrists

Museum Ticket



36. Drinking Vi

i 37. Shoe racks

4. VISITORS' AMENITIES No site map has been installed at the entrance, indicating the location of visitors' amenities, available within the complex. The Lockers provided at each gate though adequate are rarely.used. Visitors are perhaps unaware that the facility is available as there is no signage to that effect. Lockers for video cameras are available within the Entrance gate. 50 benches are provided in the garden. Strategically placed benches, facing the monument, are popular while those in remote corners of the garden facing away from the building are rarely used. Whde the Stone benches blend with the setting, the wrought iron benches appear rather obtrusive. Whde the locations for drinking water are quite appropriate, the area around tends to get wet and adversely impacts the building fabric. Water points must be located close to the main mausoleum. In the hot sumrner months, visitors exit from the main mausoleum really parched and there are no water points in close proximity. There is no provision for mineral water anywhere within the complex. Services such as toilets are inadequate and inappropriately located. The general standard of the toilets is rather poor. Though kept clean, few people use them. One reason could be inadequate signage. The European WCs are kept locked and opened only on request. Access for the physicaiiy impaired, though provided, is of a very temporary nature and is lirnited up to the lower platform of the main mausoleum. No toilets for the physicaliy impaited have been provided. Visitors are not allowed to use footwear inside the main mausoleum. They deposit their shoes just below the fbght of stairs leading to the main mausoleum. The racks provided are unsightly and the system chaotic leading to disarray at the base of the monument. Photographers operating within the complex importune visitors. They do not operate on any h e d , rates and visitors are often seen hagglbig with them over rates. A nurnber of people wait on the platform for their prints to be delivered after they have hnished seeing the complex adding to the congestion at this point.

A hrst aid box is available with the caretaker, ASI, seated within the Entrance gate, inside the complex. There are also plans of acquiring a stretcher for emergencies. A wheelchair is available on request.



:ATEHPUN GATE

(WEST GATE)

VISITORS' MOVEMENT & CIRCULATION PATTERN

Western h k p c k e n plth SlRHl DARWAZA - Damatic ar im path (SOUTH GATE) -i Photomhic poins

'ATEHBAD GATE

*STERN GATE)

Figure 10: Visitors' movernent 8 circulation pattern



38. Platforni extending from the main entrance gate tawards the mamoieum.

39. Platfom in the centre of the char W h .

.rr 40. Periphery of the site

5. VISITORSy CIRCULATION PATTERNS

The historic site is under pressure from the large number of people visiting it everyday. Different areas are under varymg degrees of pressure and may be categorized as:

1. Most sensitive Fragile areas under considerable pressure from visitors, where irnmediate remedial action is required. In some cases like the main mausoleum it may not be possible to reduce visitor access. In these cases the intervention must protect the resource and reduce the existing problem but ensure a high quality of visitor experience.

Main tomb/mausoleurn. Platform in the centre of char bagh. Platform extending from the main entrance gate towards the mausoleum.

2. Medium sensitivity Areas with fewer pressures at present because they are generally receiving appropriate levels of use, but where intervention and reduction of pressure would enhance the visitors experience or safeguard against future overuse.

Platform around the main mausoleum Path from entrance gate leading to the main mausoleum.

3. Least sensitive More robust areas or area with very little visitor pressure, at present, which could accept more activity without serious detriment to the structure or the landscape as the case may be.

Periphery of the site Colonnade flanking the entrance gate and overlooking the char bagh. Jawab, Nazlbat Khana on east and West.

Visitors, after entering the main entrance, take pictures on the platform. The crowds at this point are fairly large, detracting from the h s t impact of the Taj Mahal. Descent to the char bagh is from the newly created steps, on either side of the original central steps. Impact of the central vista, and the monument, reflected in the water channel is totally lost. The main mausoleum is the most frequented location in the entire ' complex, and is often very congested and claustrophobic. The periphery of the char bagh is hardly visited. The colonnades on either side of the entrance gate and areas like the Jawab, and Naubat mana remain totally unutilised. Presently visitors are unaware of the existence of Khan-i-Afam Bagh, Satiun Nisa Saheh' BtnJ, Sarhin Di Begum Saheh Bq; all within the Taj Mahal complex.



VANDALISM AND ACCIDENTAL DAMAGE

The sheer volume of traffic through the buildings has taken its toli on the paving stones and the flooring. Overuse of certain areas is resulting in the erosion of steps leadmg from the garden to main mausoleum, Wear and tear of the paving dong the path leading to the main mausoleum and walkways and railings. The marble steps have eroded or are worn out in quite a few places.

Vandalism is resulting in semi-precious stones being removed from inlay. Graffiti is marring the histone fabnc in a number of places. There have been instances of tourists scribbling on the wails despite the security around. Dirt and grease deposits are visible on areas where visitors sit (platforrn adjoining the entrance gate) or touch the wails surfaces as they walk past. The crowd of tourists that fill the upper chambers are at times uncontrollable. The crypt had to be closed to the public in 1996, because the lack of ventilation was causing the CO2 levels to increase and there was a danger of starnpedes. Human breath and body heat raises the temperature and creates hurnidity. People sleep on the terraces and podiums as a respite from the heat The volume of visitors places enorrnous pressure on the conservators who have to battle for space to carry out their work.

INTEGRITY OF THE SITE

Integrity of some original elements is lost due to the alterations or changes to cater to tourism pressures

The light colour concrete paving in the forecourt is a new intervention, creating a harsh refiective surface besides detracting from the visual impact. The ribbed metal paving placed between the sandstone-paved surfaces to connect the walkways and facilitate visitor movement, along the approach to the mausoleum, is inappropriate. Coir Matting is provided from March to July; from the point visitors' remove their footwear to the entrance of the main mausoleum, as the marble floor gets unbearably hot. Barricades along walkways to cordon off areas are both unsightly and obtrusive.

The digital display board in the entrance gate, displaykg air poliution data as mandated by the court is unsightly.

Much vandalism and accidental damage occurs through ignorance of the significance of the site being visited. About 15 lakh people visit the Taj Mahal annually. This places enormous pressure on the structures. Elements like the exquisite inlay work and carved sandstone, because of their fragile nature, have suffered more than others.

42. Concrete forecourt

I

44. Digital display board



A 45. Sinage -Building Information

46. Signage -Garden

48. Siinage - Instructions

SITE INTERPRETATION

There is virtually no information, orientation or facilitation for the visitor to get any information on the Taj Mahal. There is no provision of an enquiry counter, nor is any literature on the Taj Mahal available at site.

Literature: The following departments have their own publications, which are available at their respective offices or are handed out to tourists on arriva1 at the airport, railway station or kept at various hotels in the city. None of these are available at the Taj Mahal complex.

AS1 UPTDC

Booklet available at the AS1 office. Taj Book Agra city guide map - Rs. 21- Tourist guide map - free handout

Ministry of Tourism Agra, Mathura, Bharathpur guide. Agra, guide and map India's World Heritage sites.

Guides Licensed guides operate through a union and their services are to be booked through the Tourism office. Hereditary guides and other unlicensed guides are far in excess of the number required, even in peak tourist season. They importune visitors detracting from the enjoyment of the site. The information imparted is not always accurate and facts are colourfully embellished.

Licensed Guides Type of guides 1 1 Nos. Monument guides ( Only for Taj Mahal 1 20

Rates for Licensed Guides

State level guides 1 8

> 16 1 Services of two guides to be engaged

Renional nuides 1 Government of lndia licence 1 102

Source: Ministry of Tourism, Govt of India. Agra office.

No /group 1 -4 5-15

16

si4xnage Information on the Taj Mahal, has been provided in the fore court, in both English and Hindi. Signs indicating the direction of toilets and Museum are inadequate. There is need for improvement of signage in terrns of location and design as well as the number required for a complex of this scale.

Full day (8 hrs) Rs. 380.00 Rs. 505.00 Rs. 825.00

% day ( 4 hm) Rs. 255.00 Rs. 380.00 Rs. 505.00

Museum The Taj Mahal Museum is housed within the western Naubat Khana. Visitors are charged an entry fee of Rs. 51-. Few people however visit the museum.

For every h w r > 8 hrs Rs. 50.001hr Rs. 50.001hr Rs. 50.001hr


VlSlTOR MANAGEMENT 6 1

VISITOR MANAGEMENT AND FACILITATION OBJECTIVES

Without the capacity to maintain and share an authentic experience that draws on the richness of the monument, the principal attraction, which brings visitors to the Taj Mahal, wdl be eroded. T h s requires the clarity of vision and the courage to resist pressures towards synthetic recreations and additions to the monument, which cater to transient popular tastes.

A comprehensive Visitor Management and Facilitation plan is therefore essential as a pre-condition for m a n a p g the sites tounst potential. This may comprise of short-terrn objectives, achevable within 5 years and long-term objectives, achevable withm a span of 10 to 15 years. These objectives should then be part of the constitutional purpose of all concerned agencies, local authorities, trusts, etc.

SHORT TERM OBJECTIVES

Improvement of visitors' access to the site. Access is important as it allows people to enjoy visiting the site. There are certainly some existing problems and there is potential for improvement. Integration of the transport system, from the parking lot to the gates, in order to strearnhe operations for the tongas, cycle rickshaws, battery vehicles, etc. Upgrading the ticketing system. Evolving visitor circulation for optimum comfort of visitors and maximum utilization of the site. Access to different parts of the site will be managed so as to safeguard particularly sensitive locations and rninimize conflict with areas under restoration. Improving the visitor's enjoyment of the World Hentage site, also helping people understand the World Heritage site designation and its implication. Improving amenities for tourists such as drinking water, toilets, lockers, benches and shoe racks. Developing a CO-ordinated approach to interpretation of the site, which will include, appropriate signage, site maps, etc. Enhance the visitors' perception and understanding of the site by the provision of a visitors' centre and redevelopment of the Museum. Special considerations like site security, risk management and T e fighting. Ensuring that the local community shares the benefits of tourism.

The Field suwey undertaken as part of the Data Collection and Research process assessed the key issues involved in the preparation of a Visitor Management Plan. If these issues are not addressed with sensitivity the consequences can be dire.

The short-term objectives are proposed for Visitor Management and Facilitation, on the basis of .the Field survey and the principles of the INTERNATIONAL CULTURAL TOURISM CHARTER, (ICTC) for Managing Tourism at places of Heritage Significance.


LONG TERhl OBJECTIVES


Foresight and vision are the prime requisites for chalking out long term objectives for Visitor Management and Facilitation. Some long-term objectives can be defined at the onset, while others will emerge during the course of the project.

Restore the sanctity and serenity of the site and thus enhance visitor experience. Properly advertise and promote, the Taj Mahal complex and its precincts, as a World Heritage site and an important cultural asset. Evolve educational programs to assist and invite tourists to respect and understand the local community, their way of culture, history and religion. DeGning the levels of acceptable tourism and provide controls to maintain that level. Manage the site in a sustainable manner and provide visitors with a rewardmg and valuable experience, and they in turn w d make a sustainable contribution to the economy. Introduction of an integrated transport strategy to improve visitor access to the Taj Mahal and the monuments in the core zone, as well as to the places of interest in the buffer zone. Incorporation of an tourism and visitor related statistics and data into the Information and Management database. Integration of initiatives by other agencies (ADA, Tourism dept, etc.), that affects Visitor Management and Facilitation through the Site Management Comrnittee and the CO-ordination unit, as suggested in the Management section of this document.

49. Tourists drinking water from the central channels.



PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION

In order to immediately enhance and augment visitor experience, the PLANNING stage of the Visitor Management and Facilitation plan is the preparation of a set of recommendations for the Taj Mahal and its precincts.

VISITORS' ACCESS

a. Parking lots at Fatehpuri and Fatehbad gates. Redesign parking lots, providing separate bays for private buses, private cars, taxis, 3 wheelers, 2 wheelers, tongas, ycycle ticksbaws, non-polluting vehicles, etc. Provide amenities for drivers and tourists, such as dnnking water, toilets and vendmg machines for refreshments.

b. Operation of non-polluting vehicles, Cycle richshaws and Tongas.

Evaluate the number of vehicles required at each gate, identify the most appropriate &op off points, revise the frequency, operation schedule and tariff and redesign the tickets.

c. Treatment of the road link to Fatehbad gate. Elimnate the incongrnous elements like water tanks and upgrade the facilities like toilets, wherever necessary.

Facilitate a long-term policy decision on shops and handicrafts emporia.

TICKETING

a. Ticketing system Introduce a computerised ticketing system with automated turnstiles and ticket punchmg machines.

Redesign the tickets for domestic and international tourists incorporating the ADA's and ASIys charge on one ticket and including the fees for the museurn, video usage, etc.

VISITORS' AMENITIES

Integrate information desks, enquiry counters and handout of brochures, etc into the proposed Visitor Centres. Provide suitably located amenities like lockers, benches, drinkmg water, toilets, shoe racks, hrst aid and guides/ audio CD-Rom tours with headsets. Provide a space for the photographers

Install adequate signage, maps, and circulation routes.

Appropriate signage, uniform in design and of a standardized format, maps and literature if available at site, will make the experience of visiting .the Taj Mahal more enriching, than it is at present. Based on recommendations niade for each component, detailed design principles will be defined before the lmplementation Phase.



Figure 11: Propoçed circulation and visitor movement.

PROPOSED CIRCULATION AND VlSlTOR MOVEMENT

MEHMAN KHANA

KHAN-E-ALAM NURSERY

KHAN-E-ALAM NURSERY GATE

NAUBAT KHANA

TOWARDS MAUSOLEUM 0

RETURN FROM MAUSOLEUM - TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATNE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003


CIRCULATION AND VISITOR MOVEMENT

Managmg visitor circulation around the site is the key to relieving stress on overcrowded areas and safeguardmg sensitive locations. The proposed visitor facditation plan must:

Provide access for physically challenged.

Devise effective means of reducing the visitor load at the entrance gate, platform in the centre of the char bagh and the main mausoleum.

Improve circulation in the main mausoleum. Being the most frequented location in the entire complex, it gets very congested and claustrophobic. Opening up a few glass panes in the glazed panels could be the solution.

Divert visitor load to the periphery of the complex, perhaps on the way out, after visiting the mausoleum. The colonnades on either side of the entrance gate and areas like the Jawab, and Naubat Khana presently remain totally unutilised.

Incorporate Khan-i-Alam Bagh, the Saheli Bt/@ and into the visitors' circuit. Introducing a heritage walk for Taj Ganj and establishing its central position within an enhanced program of craft demonstrations and production will also be an important experience for visitors.

VANDALISM AND ACCIDENTAL DAMAGE

Channel visitors' along a route, whch prevents vandalism and deploy security personnel wherever required to deter vandalism like graffiti on walls. Install suitable barricades in areas where visitors touch walls, railuigs, etc.

Control access to fragile areas hke the lower chambers where serni precious stone inlay work is accessible and the threat of theft is high.

INTEGRITY OF THE SITE

Allow descent to the char bagh from the central steps, enabling visitors to feel the impact of the central vista and the mausoleum reflected in the water channel.

Introduce potential alternatives to the aluminium barricades, such as freestandmg posts of a suitable design.

Remove the concrete in the forecourt and restore the original level after archiva1 research to determine the original surface and level.

Design the digital board displaying Pollutio~l data to be less offensive.

A program to revive the environs of the Taj Mahal is esserrtial. Liriked wi.th a carefully considered program of public presentations about the historical heritage of Agra, this could be an important experience for visitors. Reconstruction of the newly excavated Mehtab Bagh across ,the Yamuna into a moonlight garden will add to the interest generated for the Taj Mahal as a tourist destination and provide reason for overnight visits, thus generating additional income.

Encouraging visitor appreciation of the landscape and less frequented structures will enhance visitor enjoyment while diverting pressure from the fragile areas.



Public information activities such as meetings, group discussions, audiovisual presentations, guided tours, Display galleries, posters and information campaigns will facilitate education of the local community and visitors alike and be a value.

VISITOR CENTRE

It is clear that the visitors' understandmg of the existence and significance of the Taj Mahal complex and its precincts is crucial for the preservation of the site. At present, most visitors regard only the main tomb and the mosque as structures of architectural, religious and htstorical importance and are largely unaware of the significance of the other structures and gardens withm the Taj Mahal complex, let alone the precincts. 'The ovenvhelmng scale of the main mausoleurn, often doesn't ailow for full appreciation of the multiple facets of the site, and the more subtle stories attached to the monuments of lesser importance hke the .Iàheli Barjs and Naabat Khanas, Many are oblivious to the cultural landscape of ~ h a r bagh or Mehtab Bagh across the river Yamuna.

It is proposed to integrate thts facihty of disserninating information in the monument complex withm the proposed visitor centres. It is envisaged that the visitor centres would go beyond providing facdities and amenities and also provide ongoing interpretation of the Taj Mahal complex and its environs. To a visitor, thts is as essential to the enjoyment of a site, as other facilities and amenities.

The two courtyards on either side of the entrance gate, presently under ualized, have tremendous scope for use as visitor centres. These are strategicaily located adjoining the present east and West entrances to the complex. These courtyards d contain amenities such as toilets, d n n h g water, etc.

The aim is to develop, It is proposed to instaU toilet facilities in the original toilet areas

presentations in the Visitor along the eastern and western wails of the courtyards. Security installations will be located in the two courtyards, elurimating

centres, the need of checks at the gates and leaving the visitor free to an understanding and experience his first view of the Taj Mahal. Given the raised appreciation of World Heritage levels of securit~, these spaces could well become the 'lock' or

values of the entire complex, An 'holding areas' for the entrance to the complex.

able tool in increasing public A facility such as this where tourists can rest before going

awareness and fostering a further into the complex would substantially enhance the comrriitment t0 preserve the experience of visiting the Taj Mahal - especially for tourists historic site. arriving directly from Delhi or other destinations. To explain the

site and its larger dunensions models, multiluigual text and interactive touch screens d be used.

The visitor centre wdi also house a model of the Taj Mahal complex in the Fatehbad gate courtyard. The Fatehpuri gate courtyard will have similar facilities as the Fatehbad gate courtyard except that it is proposed to have a Mughal Garden in the courtyard instead of a model.

TAI MAHAL CONSERVA-rION COLLABORATIVE

- - - - - - -



Information in both centres will be bi-lingual. In desigrmg the visitor centre, care wiil be taken to provide cultural resource management, so that, information is disserninated to the viewer with a ranking of value. It is proposed to provide tourists with on site information, such as well-placed signboards, guide books and iliustrated information brochures, explaining the importance of the site. In the case of the main tomb and the mosque, visitors have to be reminded that they are visiting a sacred shrine, which should inspire respect.

MUSEUM

It is proposed to provide an expansion of visitor experience through an enhanced museurn presence. The two Nazlbat Khana?, located on the east and West of the char bagh are the obvious choices. The eastern Nazlbat Khana will be developed as a famiiy oriented exhibition centre while the western Nazlbat Kham will be developed as an exhibition onented museum. In each case, the buildings will be cleared of its present contents and the architectural features of the building restored or highlighted as required.

The western Naubat Khana will be a professional, albeit smaii, exhibition space. The intention is to have inconspicuous glass cases, fabricated from shatterproof glass, thereby ensuring hgh levels of security and a controlled environment (hurnidity/temperature) within each case. More importantly, they wiii assure that the objects are seen against the historicai fabnc of the Taj Mahal, thereby evoking their architectural context. Occasional glass cases for paintings and text panels will be the only installation on the walls. Objects that are not particularly light sensitive wiil be selected to facilitate long-term display.

In addltion, within the eastern Nazlbat Khana, will be programs of story teliing and games for f a d e s with children to help explain Mughal life and culture. Images, particularly Mughal miniatures and other didactic material will iiiustrate narrative tales, games such as pachisi being played. Elephant fights and the Mughals' love for sports will be displayed with explanatory notes. The design of furniture, like chairs, game tables and display cases will be simple and unobtrusive.

The plan of the two pavilions d l be examined to determine the optimum traffic pattern for visitors. While it is envisaged that most visitors to the Taj Mahal don't have the time or inclination to visit the museum, a substantial number could be expected once the museum is upgraded and the visitor centre and other facilities are operational.

50: Fatehbad gate courtyard - proposed Visitor Centre

Collections housed in the Taj Mahal museum, its reserve collection and archives have been examined but in order to curate an exhibition worthy of the Taj Mahal, loans from various sources will be required.


CHAPTER 50 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS

Site Security 69-70 Risk Preparedness 71-72

SITE SECURITY

Over the centuries, historic sites have endured disasters of unprecedented scope and severity. The Taj Mahal complex too is at a risk from a nurnber of threats. A matter of grave concern in the recent past has been the threat of terrorists attacking this historic monument. In response to these threats received by the Government of India, the Supreme Court's directive has been to appoint a professional agency to undertake the security. As a result, the Archaeological Survey of India on May 1st 2002 entmsted the security of the Taj Mahal to the CISF (Central Industrial Security Forces).

Given the importance of the Taj Mahal, the security system wiU be proactive, rather than reactive. Presently, visitors walk through a Door Frame Metal Detector (DFMD) at Fatehpuri and Fatehbad gates, after purchasing a ticket and CISF personnel frisk each visitor with a Hand Held Meta1 Detector (HHMD). Female visitors are fnsked behind a fabric screen and handbags etc are sifted through manually. The same procedure is repeated at the entrance gate. The security check takes a couple of minutes for each visitor, at each point, often causing a back-up and consequent delay.

CISF personnel expressed the need to install state of the art equipment that could screen visitors and their persona1 belongings, thereby strearnlining the security process. It is proposed to install DFMDs, HHMDs, Xray machines and closed circuit TVs within the Taj Mahal complex to ensure the safety of both the monument and visitors.

In the light of the above, it is apparent that Fatehpuri and Fatehbad gates do not have the space for equipment such as X- ray machines and any interventions of a temporary nature, made in the vicinity, could affect the aesthetics of the site. After a careful study of the possibilities for locating surveillance equipment where it would be minimally intrusive, yet takes the convenience and comfort of the visitors into account, it is proposed that automated turnstiles be installed at the Fatehpuri and Fatehbad gates and the surveillance equipment be installed in the Fatehpuri and Fatehbad gate courtyards.

The whole sequence of sec,yrity checks, ie. Xray machines, DFMDs, etc. could take place in the rooms around the Fatehpuri and Fatehbad gate courtyards. Adequate holding space is available and visitors could view the display galleries and use amenities such as the toilets installed within these courtyards before exiting into the forecourt to proceed through the entrance gate and enter the char bagh area.

51. irary security arrangements at 11 IC ratci ipuri and Fatehbad gateç.

52. Temporary securiiy arrangements at the entrance gate.

Cultural Heritage is always at a risk of destruction through forces of conflict. Once destroyed .the tangible liriks to Our past are severed, even obliterated and immeasurable cultural loss is sustained.


RISK PREPAREDNESS

The more obvious threats to a historical monument are vandalism by visitors and accidental or unwitting damage to the histonc fabric. Fire, floodtng, earthquakes, and civil disturbances are various natural disasters that can potentially stnke a hentage site. Some are predictable and partly controllable, others are simply ovenvhelming. In all cases the consequences can be catastrophc. A case in point is the kind of loss felt after the earthquake in Gujarat, which destroyed much of the architectural heritage of the state.

NATURAL DISASTERS

Natural disasters occur when nature's energy is activated in a destructive manner by way of earthquakes, floods or fires. Natural disasters are damaging, principally because their impact is relatively immediate and often unexpected. Like any other structure, the Taj Mahal too faces a threat from man made hazards. The natural disasters that udl prove damaging to the Taj Mahal are earthquakes and floods. Preparing for such emergencies and responding effectively if it occurs, is a cntical component of disaster preparedness. In the case of man-made disasters, it can hghlight accidents waiting to happen.

Seismic Shocks Earthquakes hke any other natural disaster cannot be prevented. A considerable number of seismic epicentres lie to the N.W. of Agra and two quite senous events with magnitudes between 6.3 and 7.0 on the Richter scale have been recorded within 100km of Agra.

The different elements of the Taj Mahal will react to different seismic modes. The most vulnerable are the chattrir because of their hgh centres of gravis, their slender colurnns and ornamental features such as pinnacles. The central mausoleum, being square, with corners chamfered off, has an almost perfect anti-seisrnic plan. In section, the inner dome braces the structure while the outer dome is so strongly constructed that its stiffness is of the same order as the remainder, so it's vibration mode shouid not be too different. The subsidiary bddtngs are however more vulnerable. It is possible that ray Leigh waves from distant earthquakes couid affect the minarets and pinnacles. To determine the danger that seismic activity near the Taj Mahal couid cause, it is necessary to study the nature of the soi1 under the Taj Mahal. The depth of underlying sedimentary rock and the void ratios of the soils will affect the assessment of the vulnerabhty of the Taj Mahal as the effect of a seismic shock can be increased by a factor of 6 or more by soft ground conditions.

Risk Preparedness can lead to response and recovery strategies, which can lead to timely intervention thereby reducing ,the consequences of the disaster.

Hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, earthquakes, and wildfires inflict billions in damage on communities, including historic structures. It is quite clear that there are some disasters which are predictable and for which we can prepare and can often reduce the risk of occurrence and s~ibsequent dama.ge. 1.t is also clear that there are some natural disasters against which al1 human efforts woi-ild be futile.

SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 T M MAHAL CONSERVATlON COLLABORATIVE

72 INTRODUCTION

Risk Preparedness may not prevent natural disasters, but in some cases it can be fundamental in their prediction and mitigation.

A disaster plan is forward planning for risk reduction, recovery and reduction of loss. Risk preparedness should play and important role in the Site Management Plan of any historic monument. In one as importaiit as .the Taj Mahal, it is crucial so that the monument can be cared for in times of crisis when there is a great need for care and management to reduce loss.

Floods: Floods can occur anywhere and are probably the most destructive of disasters. The capacity and effectiveness of the drainage basin are often a cause of floodmg. Whùe most floods are a consequence of nature, some are man-made or exacerbated by human activity, as a result of excessive clearing of natural vegetation and landforms.

Fires: Fires are a constant threat to any b d t heritage. They have been a constant companion of cidzation and remain a dangerous friend. Large, damagmg &es are often started by small accidents. Given the large number of drawings and photo documentation available on the Taj Mahal, some of which may form part of the display material in the proposed visitor centres; a plan for risk preparedness will be critical to its survival.

RECOMMENDATIONS

T o date there has been little recogmtion of the importance and special needs of the Taj Mahal and its precincts, withm the broad arena of disaster preparedness. A pro-active attitude in relation to disasters affecting the Taj Mahal and its precincts is what is required. It is recommended that an acceptable level of risk be identified and then strategies developed accordmgly.

Risk Assessment by which potential threats to the Taj Mahal and its precincts can be identified d contain a survey of the resources of the Taj Mahal and its precincts and an assessment of potential hazards and vulnerabhty. A Disaster Plan for the Taj Mahal complex and its precincts will have strategies for mitigation (before), response (during) and recovery (after). It d cover everything from the organisational structure of the response team, to insurance details.

A necessary step will be the creation of an interdisciplinary steering committee and a nurnber of initiatives intended to assist in the emergency planning and protection of cultural property from disasters. The purpose of the interdisciplmary steering committee is to provide instruction and guidance on how to prepare for and respond to an emergency. The key aspects to be dealt with are:

emergency plan withm in the management policy,

basic principles of emergency planning,

decision-making in emergencies,

preparing and implementing an emergency dnll. Regular maintenance is crucial, as it d prolong the life of the structures even in the event of a disaster. Installation of smoke detectors, alarms, seismic retrofit, are precautionary strategies, which can be undertaken. Regular testing is required to see that these precautionary strategies are in working condition.

TAI MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATlVE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003

CHAPTER 6: INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

Introduction 7 3 Documentation and Research 74-75 Planning 76-79 Implementation 80

INFORMATION MANAGEMENT 73

INTRODUCTION

Essential to the effective management of the Taj Mahal complex and its precincts is a need for information about the site and how every aspect of the site is used. A complete understanding and assessment of its historical, archaeological and landscape character is a fundamental requirement. Adequate information is crucial on its setting, environment and surroundings; economic trends, tourism studies and any other data that may affect the management of the monument and the achievement of the short-term and long-term objectives as spelled out in this Site Management Plan.

It is essential that all documentation gathered, be available in order to take appropriate decisions to meet the objectives of the Site Management Plan. Furthemore, to judge whether the objectives of the Site Management Plan are being achieved, it is necessary for this information to be accessed by decision makers on a regular basis.

A great deal of information has already been coilected but is held by a variety of bodies, in different formats and is not always readily accessible. This includes the dtfferent departments within the AS1 (Archaeological Survey of India) itself, local authorities like the Agra Development Authority, museurns, and universities and with private research scholars.

A lot of information is also being generated through the Taj Mahal Conservation Collaborative research projects. To be used effectively and to enable an accurate assessment to be made of what other information needs to be obtained, all the available data needs to be collected, integrated and maintained in an 'Information Data basey. It is therefore proposed that a Geographical Information System (GIS) be established, which would form the basis for the development of the 'Information Database'.

The Taj Mahal Conservation project proposes to take the lead in developing an Information Management strategy that can be evolved to define the data standards for the documentation and the management of the cultural heritage of India. The project wiU seek to set up the mechanism for the compilation of a Taj Eah " , ~ ~ ~ t ~ ~ ~ , " ~ fIzpC tz$ Mahal Information Database, which will draw on, complement lgth c. and feed into the existing resource management systems within the ASI. The airn will be to compile a comprehensive database covering the main complex and all the ancfiry areas, and to make the data available to all those who need the resource to irnplement their management responsibilities and carry out their tasks, be it conservation, restoration or visitor facilitation.


74 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

RESEARCH and DOCUMENTATION

54. Study of the Taj Mahal, c.1893.

The research strategy being adopted will enhance the overall understanding of the site, its history, architecture, landscape and conservation thereby facilitating better management of the World Heritage site.

RESEARCH

Research is no longer a luxury than can be restricted to scholars and academics, but, it is a vital and integral part of any Site Management plan, essential to a proper understanding of the site and its effective management.

Research into the different aspects of the site is essential as it improves the understanding of the past through a testing of the existing hypothesis and the gathering of new evidence. Research should be encouraged and promoted to improve an understandmg of the historical and architectural value of the Taj Mahal complex and its precincts, thus facilitating its appropriate management. Without better and improved knowledge, it will not be possible to validate the significance of the site and the contribution it has made to the World's Hentage.

Although the importance of the main mausoleum has been recognized and studied, the current state of out knowledge of some aspects of the site, such as the gardens is still incomplete. Other significant areas, like Mehtab Bagh across the river have not been thoroughly investigated and these areas represent gaps in our understanding of the Taj Mahal in its entirety and are likely to have great potential for the discovery of as yet unknown archaeological evidence.

A number of initiatives for this component are already underway and it is important that these continue and feed into the overall understanding of the site. New discoveries and an understanding of the archaeology will have a direct effect on how it should be managed. It is also vital that the research is not restricted to just the Taj Mahal complex but ultimately covers its precincts like Taj Ganj and the city of Agra as a whole, in order to encompass other aspects of development that affect the monument and its management. The research strategy should also inforrn the interpretive strategy.

There is also a need to research into the most appropriate method of management and treatment for similar World Heritage sites. The Taj Mahal Conservation Collaborative project has initiated the research, involving the required professionals in their specialized fields. The research agendas for the various components like the visitor management and facilitation (pattern, numbers, behaviour, motivation); historic landscape character, the ancient water works system and architectural conservation have been included in this publication in their respective chapters.



DOCUMENTATION

In any Information Management process, it is crucial to first establish, as far as possible, the existing state of documentation. There are certain aspects of the site where much research has already been done. Adequate data has been collected on conservation. A number of scientific studies on the physical condition of the structures, it's structural stability, effects of air pollution on marble, water pollution/ treatment, plasters, materials used in the construction, thermal dilation and weathering behaviour of composite inlay Stone, etc., conducted in the recent past, are available for reference.

Information is avadable on the various restoration measures being adopted at the Taj Mahal complex ltke the use of oxalic acid for patination in irnproving marble lustre and repair of cracks that developed in the veneering marble slabs. A comprehensive bibliography has been compiled and relevant scientific studies carried out in the past pertaining to the monument and the gardens have also been collected.

A Field survey to assess visiter's perception of the monument and the various amenities avadable at site has also been completed. Also available are visitor data and statistics.

In consultation with experts in the field, a possible agenda for further documentation has been specifically designed for the needs of the Taj Mahal. The objective is identification of the necessary documentation required for the development of a GIS Data Management software program. This Data Management software program would play a critical role in defining and guiding all conservation and restoration activities. Future uses envisaged for the program include the updating of the Site Management plan, documentation of the monuments condition and interventions, development of maintenance programs and tourism related issues.

Both conventional and modern scientific methods are proposed for the documentation of al1 aspects of the existing physical condition of the hstoric structure. The site surveys would record the structure in terms of plans, elevations, cross-sections, details, surface articulations, decorative features, surface marks like tool and masons' marks, building matenals, construction system, etc. The measurements taken on site would then be transferred ont0 accurate drawings using Computer Aided Drafting software. The data and drawings thus generated would be integrated into a GIS database, which would be used to highlight conservation issues, and understand and analyse the nature of damage and deterioration caused over tirne to the historic fabric.

Intensive documentation is, an integrated part of the conservation and restoration process of any World Heritage site. The entire documentation process and the records thus generated would help develop better baseline information and new ideas for the purpose of interpreting the Taj Mahal corriplex along with its precincts to visitors.

While drawings of al1 structures within the Taj Mahal corriplex are available they are not necessarily accurate and only 50 percent of its precincts are recorded on basic maps and the average rate of map updating is not very frequent.

- - - - - - - - - - - - -



PLANNING

55. Plate with a picture of the Taj Mahal, England, c. 1825.

The Data Management system will deal with will be architectural documentation, conservation and gardens and water systems in the first phase and in the second phase the systeni will be enlarged to include other topics such as Site Management, Maintenance and Tourism related issues.

The setting up of an Information Management system for the Taj Mahal complex is an initiative that is conceived to deal with all key aspects for conservation, restoration, and management of the site. The amount of necessary data needed to document the Taj Mahal and its complex in its current state and the various phenomena that affect it, is enormous and complex. Therefore the Information Management component will have a pivotal role requiring a great deal of resources. The objectives of the project will be dehned in the planning stage.

USER REQUIREMENT ASSESSMENT The GIS structure for data management wili include the different aspects of the project ranging from the topographic surveys, underground waterways, architectural conservation to site management issues. To ensure a coherent approach, it is essential to identify documentation systems that will be compatible as well as adaptable to the complex system situation found at the site. The system wiU be technically simple, but capable of providing accurate data, easily operated, but reproducible over tirne and takmg into account the local resources, both hurnan and technical, as well as funding availability .

The following site surveys are proposed for a comprehensive documentation of the Taj Mahal complex:

Topographic survey using Total Station. Architectural documentation using a practical approach in dealing with the intricate structures. Material and condition survey, to detennine the state of conservation of the buildings. Garden and water system surveys.

Topographic Survey

As a fïrst measure, it is important to undertake an overall topographic survey of the entire area of intervention, using GPS (Global Positioning Systems) so that any future measurements can be inserted within this framework. The structure of the system and the methodology of the survey will be especially designed for the project.'A network of topographic stations will be identified that will serve to provide a topographic framework for the Taj Mahal complex in general and help correlate the various architectural structures in it. The survey will also be complemented by dixect measurements using traditional methods (measuring tapes, plumbs) and laser measurements.


Atchitectural Documentation


Measure drawings of all the structures within the Taj Mahal complex wiU be carried out using conventional survey techniques. In order to record stone carvings, stone inlay work and calligraphy on the exterior these will be combined with rectified photography, stereo photogrammetry or graphic restitution.

Material and condition survey: This survey wdl include fabric identification as weil as the structure's state of conservation. It d:

Characterize, with the help of a local geologist, the building materials used in the structure both qualitatively and quantitatively, prior to any intervention. eg: rnissing stone inlay, etc. Define, through an analysis of the deterioration, with the help of an interdisciplinary team of geologists, physicists, chemists, etc., problems affecting the structure like fissures, and fractures; scaling and powdering particularly of the red sandstone; biological colonization, including higher plants, open joints; dislodged blocks, corrosion of metals (iron) structural elements leading to iron oxide stains and changes in the colouration of the stone, in particular the yellowing of the marble of the mausoleurn. Assess surface deposits of dust, in particular on the white marble of the mausoleum and study the levels of SPM, acid pollutants (Sulphur dioxide & Nitrogen oxide) Elaborate and analyse the obtained data to arrive at a rational sequence for interventions and thereby develop an appropriate maintenance plan. Develop mortar formulations (for infdl, pointing and renders) for future use in maintenance.

Landscape Survey: Gardens survey will document existing vegetation and planting layouts. Horticultural survey will relate the existing species on site, to those found through secondary studies, to help build an authentic image of a Mughal garden. The survey of the waterworks wiu reveal an enhanced understanding of the scientific and aesthetic principles that determined the layout of the water system. Indication of any sub surface water systems will also be determined through the use of Ground Penetrating Radar systems.

Archaeo-botanical surveys will establish the presence of historic species in the subsurface layers of the soi1 as against the present floristic inventory.

56. Inlay woik with slivers of semi- precious stone.

The GIS Data Management system for the Taj Mahal complex will serve as a pilot project for the ASI, with regards to standards for documentation and the management of the cultural heritage of the whole nation.



The GIS and its associated database will be developed into a full management systeni coiitairiing data not just on the conservation aspects of the various structures, but also for ,the management, mapping, image processing and sta1:istical analysis of .the site.

GIS DATA BASE

It is envisaged that the Information Management system, wdl be an integration of the architectural documentation, topographical surveys and garden and water system surveys, designed as per standard n o m s on a GIS (Geographic Information system) motor and will operate on a RDBMS (Relational Database Management system) platform, having a client-server organization. The GIS solution is being proposed for producing, organizing and analysing the spatial component and RDBMS for the non-spatial component is being explored.

The fundamental functions of the system wiii be: Data entry Archiva1 storage Data retrieval Output Simulation Management

The structure of the data (categories, relations, etc.) and their standards (tolerance, precision, accuracy, vocabulary, etc.) wiii be defïned speci6cally for the Taj Mahal complex. The base plan on which the actual data will be organized will have four-layers of definition:

Outer Terrain Layer: Area around the precinct of the Taj Mahal, including parking lots, access routes, Mebfab Bagb and other areas considered important for the placing of the monument in its context. scale-1: 500 Taj Mahal Complex layer: Taj Mahal complex including the aqueduct and Khan-i-Ahm nursery. scale-1: 200 Building layer: Individual buildings and monuments. scale-1: 50 Detail Layer: Details and surface decorations. scale-1: 20

1 GIS File Names and Graphic Conventions - The system will provide for a consistent file naming system to facilitate file transfer and avoid problems of data management over the long term. Specific information will be included in each füe (e.g., project name and location, data layer name and number, survey date, surveyor, drawn by, checked by, modified on, etc.). Each

I drawing wiii have a layer of symbols, north arrow, scalable graphic bar, and sources of information used to produce the

b drawing (metadata; e.g., GPS, laser transit, 30 m. steel tape, etc.). Consistent symbols as per ASI's conventions for heritage site documentation d be used for different types of features,

57. Missing Stone inlay archaeological condition and matefals.

TAJ MAHAL CONSERVAT~ON COLLABORATNE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003


KEY DESIGN ISSUES

Customised data management software if developed, can aid in:

Monitoring Restoration/Conservation projects Visitor Management and Facihtation Implementation of the Site Management plan Maintenance

Monitoring restoration/conservation projects: Measure drawings, with plans, elevations and a stone by stone restitution of facades, recorded using appropriate technology, wdl be linked to specifications for conservation work that needs to be executed. Resdts of ongoing investigations will also be recorded. Areas that are more complex hke Mebtab Bagb will require additional records like a contour survey. Different levels of recordmg wdl be essential for recordmg the findmgs at different levels, e.g. plant material will be recorded at surface level, the water system at its appropriate subsurface level, and the paleo-botanical findmgs at their respective levels. Regdarly updating the database is one of the ways in which the AS1 can measure the progress of their restoration and preservation efforts.

Visitor Management and Facilitation tool: Data on tourism in addition to quantitative indicators such as nurnbers, revenue, visitor satisfaction, visitor perception of the site and how they think the site can be itnproved, is vital for preparing an effective visitor management plan. Additional data on the changing attitudes of the local popdation if linked on a regdar basis will help the plan to evolve over the years. ,41so of great importance wdl be the economic effect of a visitor management plan on the local population especially the local guides and photographers.

Site Management tool: Over tirne, as the site management plan evolves, the GIS database wdl be further developed and updated to accommodate changes as required. Data when linked to the system at regdar intervals wdl help the implementation of the plan and enable the AS1 to evaluate the evolution of the plan over the years.

Maintenance tool: Maintenance data input will not be a one - the effort. Whde basic data, like documentation of individual structures, d need to be collected only once, any changes in the condition of the building material or the structure itself wiU need updating on a regular basis. The system wdl be designed so that the Maintenance schedules, bar charts, resdts of the monitoring etc. can be easily added and integrated into the GIS database.

The Data Management system to be developed for the Taj Mahal will serve as a meeting (and confrontation) point for specialists of various disciplines involved in the project. It has therefore a very pivotal role and has to be taken into consideration in al1 the sections of the project.

For proper management of the conservation work at site ,there must be good records, which describe each feature, clearly both in text and in illustrations and which can be used to monitor any change on site condition.

SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABOR.41-IVE


IMPLEMENTATION

As a whole the Data Mana.gement system project has ideal objectives with tremendous consequences for the future of the cultural heritage of India. It is important to include an initial phase of identification and assessment of existing data (at ASI) so as to optimise the activities and costs of data survey as well as to prepare archives of ail existing information on the Taj Mahal, thus allowing to project a system that will manage in the best way al1 existing documentation.

An ongoing policy of training staff will also be initiated to ensure the continuity of qualified personnel for the GIS team. Training the required personnel in the use of .the software packages will be vital to the success of the database as a management tool.

The phases involved in designing the Data Management system are:

Objective Identification: A fundamental phase where the scope of the project and the results that are expected are identified. This phase requires interaction between software analysts, the AS1 and the consultants of individual disciplines. First Level Analysis: Analysis by the software analysts, the AS1 and the consultants of the different disciplines, in order to identify and defme the characteristics and standards for the system. Design of the Application System Design of the system by software programmers, following the brief provided by the analysts as closely as possible. Development of the System Implementation of procedures for integrating existing AS1 data and continued development of the GIS software to facilitate use and access of the database by all levels of AS1 staff.

After all components and procedures of the system have been addressed, the actual implementation of the GIS data base d be handled in the following stages:

Data Entry: Data will be attached to the GIS database in a consistent manner, in a forrn compatible to the GIS structure. Digitisation and entry of data wiU be done following the defined standards, such as base cartography, architectural surveys, and deterioration pattern mapping for all photographie images, archiva1 documents as well all alphanurneric data relevant to any of these entries and eventual projects such as restoration intervention. Work wdl also be needed to incorporate the ASI's resource database and the proposed site management structure w i t h the existing AS1 framework. Tests and release of the system: The system will be installed for all users after adequate testing to ensure smooth induction of technology. Training in the use of the system: Ongoing training d be provided for existing and specially appointed personnel within the ASI's structure for the use of whom the system has been designed as well as for technicians and staff responsible for the maintenance and management of the system itself. The training program will prepare the AS1 staff for the adjustments needed to accommodate changing technologies.


CHAPTER 7: MANAGEMENT

Introduction Existing Management Structure Piinciples for a Management Policy Proposed Management Structure Plan of Action

MANAGEMENT 81

INTRODUCTION

In order to achieve the objectives, as drafted in the Site Management Man, there is a clear need for a comprehensive and integrated Management policy. The Site Management Plan for the Taj Mahal complex and its precincts involves a complex set of issues, as diverse as, preserving the cultural significance of the site, restoring the historical integrity of the gardens, maintaining the quality of its architectural heritage, enhancing visitor experience while retaining the unity, inherent spirit and u enduring value of the site. The need for an integrated 5 8 *=rial view of the TaJ Mahal

rnausdeurn. Management policy is apparent from the nurnber of pressures exerted on the monuments within the Taj Mahal complex and the site in general, which if not controiled could be damagmg. Evolving an effective Management poiicy will be fairly complex given the multiple agencies empowered with management authority, w i t h both the core zone and the buffer zone.

The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) is responsible for the conservation and maintenance of the Taj Mahal. There are other agencies responsible for the provision and maintenance of amenities such as toilets, drinking water and bus services from Agra Fort to the Taj Mahal. Located either withui the complex or in the precincts, are offices of Telecommunications Department, Post and Telegraph SeMce, State Horticulture Department and Forest Department, Government of Uttar Pradesh. Within the Taj Mahal complex is an office of the UP Pollution Control Board, which monitors the ait. quality.

The Taj Mahal has adjacent to it, Taj Ga& a living and The proposed Management continuously evolving and developing environment, subject to policy for the Taj Mahal competing and potentiaily conficting pressures and influenced cOmplex and its precincts, by a large number of different interests, both public and private. Tremendous changes to the original land use have

encompasses recognition,

already taken place in this historic area. There is an urgent need; conservation of monuments, to now achieve a correct balance of the conservation of the res t~ ra t i~n of .the historie historic fabric and it's setting with the demands for economic landscape, visiter development of the area. The opportunities provided by a management and facilitation, historic site for the economic benefit of the local community through both conservation and sustainable development have

maintenance, security and the

also to be explored. overall management of the World Heritage site:

A comprehensive Management structure is being proposed, which would ensure identification, protection, conservation and presentation of the 'values' of the place; in its entitety and integrity, for present and future generations, through sustainable resoGce utilisation. There is a need for precise and clear objectives, policies and resources and for a means of implementing upon agreed policies.


82 MANAGEMENT

59. Floinner from the Cencdaph screen. Shaik Laîii c. 1820.

A detailed Management policy will emerge only after those responsible for the site have exarnined and analysed the problerns that need to be resolved. Following this, appropriate solutions can be developed, which will then be integrated with implenientation work being executed by other agencies and individuals.

Policies can only be implemented if there is the CO-operation by the various agencies involved with the site. There are various factors that need to be balanced through, while drafting a Management Policy:

The need to conserve the historic fabric and its setting. The primary reason for prescribing the Taj Mahal group of monuments on the World Heritage list is the historical and cultural sigmficance of the monuments, especialiy the main mausoleum. The landscape has evolved over the years and what is visible today is not what was origindy conceived. Restoring the historic ambience of the gardens has to be considered. The Taj Mahal has attracted visitors ever since its completion and is today a favoured tourist destination. Continued access to visitors, but enhanced by a better understanding of the site, which will lead to greater enjoyment is desirable. Properly managed tourism can be an enormous advantage through the generation of additional resources, which can be utilised for conservation and maintenance of the site. A Site Management Plan, sympathetic to tourism will be essential to the well being of both, the site and the community.

The Management policy seeks to establish a platform for all those concerned about the future management of the Taj Mahal to move fonvard together. In doing so it may introduce additional powers or suggest that the role of an existing body be modified. While the Site Management Plan sets out some detailed project proposals, the management policy seeks to reinforce a legal and administrative framework and principles for action to help irnplement these projects.

Two specific mechanisms are therefore proposed. The hrst is a Management Plan Comrnittee, formed primarily of representatives of the ASI, local authorities, local community, Governrnent departrnents and other agencies. Their task is to oversee the delivery of the recommendations arising from the Site Management Plan and to encourage all partners to adopt the plan's outcome.

The second is a dedicated Co-ordinating Unit, which can be assigned specific tasks in relation to the project proposais within the Site Management Plan. This will comprise of representatives from the specialised branches within the ASI, the local Development Authority, non-governrnent technical professionals and agencies as deemed necessary.


MANAGEMENT 83

EXISTING LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

AS1 HEADQUARTERS - DELHI

The ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA (ASI) is the The Archaeological Survey of main agency responsible for the protection of the Taj Mahal India bas a long tradition of complex and its group of monument as prescribed on the World being the caretakers of Heritage list. The AS1 was established in 1861 and functions as an attached office of the Department of Culture, Ministry of historic moni-iments in this Culture. Under the Ancient Monuments and hchaeological country* In this respect the Sites and Remains Act of 1958, the AS1 looks after 3606 AS1 has a history of more .than monuments in the country, which are of national importance. a hllndred veat-5 in

I

It's major activities are manifold and include: preservation of the Maintenance, conservation & preservation of centraliy monumeiits. The AS1 funds al1 protected monuments and sites.

Conducting archaeological exploration & excavations. the structural conservation

Chemical preservation of monuments and antiquarian and preservation works, with

remains. allocatiori inade by the Architectural survey of monuments.

Setting up and re-organisation of site museurns.

Training in Archaeology and creating awareness of the hentage of the country.

Implementation of the provisions of Antiquity and Art Treasure Act 1972.

The AS1 has 18 circle offices and 2 sub circle offices responsible for the monuments of the region, facilitated by the technical branches of the AS and around 8000 employees.

AGRA - CIRCLE OFFICE

The Agra Circle of the AS1 is the sole agency responsible for the administration of the Taj Mahal complex, besides looking after its restoration, maintenance and conservation. The AS1 also has an office in the entrance gate of the Taj Mahal complex.

The Taj Mahal alone has 137 persons on its roils. The complex is under the supervision of a Sr. Conservation Assistant who is responsible for the overali conservation, management and day- to-day monitoring of the site. Assisting him is an office attendant. Caretakers are responsible for the work being executed at site. Masons, cutters and artisans are employed on a daily wage, depending on the requirement. Regular employees along with daily wagers carry out the regular cleaning of the site. Besides these, the monument cleaners keep the place dust and cobweb free and undertake the removal of weeds, plants and beehives. Three lower division clerks are employed as booking clerks at the ticket counter.

Government of India. Every year the Senior Conservation Asst. prepares a proposal, listing the urgent works required to be undertaken.

Other agencies involved with the site Agra Development Authority Telec~mmunications Department Post and Telegraph Services State Horticulture Dept. Forest Department Irrigation Department Uttar Pradesh (UP) Tourism

Agencies involved with monitoring UP Pollution Control Board Supreme Court Monitoring Commiaee.

SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003 - - -

TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATIVE

84 MANAGEMENT

AS1 HEADQUARTERS - DELHI

1 DIRECTORGENERAL 1 I

ADDITIONAL DIRECTOR GENERAL

JOINT DIRECTOR GENERAL r DI RECTORS

ADMINISTRATION

CONSERVATION

PLANNING

EXCAVATION & EXPLORATION

CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAMME

PROJECTS & MUSEUM

INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY

ANTlQUlTY

MUSEUMS

PUBLICATIONS

SUPPORTING STAFF F

AGRA - CIRCLE OFFICE

SUPERINTENDING ARCHAEOLOGIST

TAI MAHAL CONSERVAI-ION COLIABOWIIVE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003

I

DEPUTY SUPERINTENDING

ARCHAEOLOGIST (2)

ASSTT. SUPTDG. ARCHAEOLOGIST

ASSISTANT ARCHAEOLOGIST (6)

TAJ MAHAL SITE LEVEL

3LD CLERKS

DEPUTY SUPERINTENDING ARCHAEOLOGICAL

ENGINEER -

ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICER -

SECURITY OFFlCER

MANAGEMENT 85

GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR A MANAGEMENT POLICY

The Management Policy will set out clear objectives for an initial five-year period within the context of the long-term objectives. It will also clearly identify responsibilities for implementation and outline ways in which these can be achieved. It is essential that a code of practice be agreed upon, to gmde the co- ordination of efforts for the mutual benefit of aJl the agencies involved. The Management Policy will be the document to guide action over a fixed period and is intended to promote both the authenticity and integnty of the Taj Mahal complex and its precincts. It airns to do so by setting policies and an action programme for stnking the correct balance between conservation, landscape restoration, access and tourism and the needs of the local cornrnunity and maintaining this balance once it has been achieved.

While formulating the objectives of the Site Management Plan, it wiU be necessary to:

1. Improve visitor facilitation and management while ensuring priority to conservation.

2. Ensure that any decision regarding the Taj Mahal complex reflects the best interest of the site and respects National and International n o m s and standards.

3. Create a buffer zone in the Site Management Plan, which extends from the Shahjahanabad gardens and the Taj National Park to include the Agra Fort and its environs.

4. Examine the Supreme Court recommendations to declare Agra a World Heritage city.

5. Monitor, CO-ordinate and ensure that the imperatives of the different nodal agencies, such as the State Government, ASI, ADA and tourism are addressed.

The foliowing are guiding principles for developing a comprehensive and integrated Management Policy:

1. Develop and manage an integrated conservation, restoration and preservation program.

2. Examine all project proposals to ensure that the integrity and authenticity of the site is retained.

3. Assess the employment potential, to include the local cornmunity in the protection of their heritage.

4. Provide for Human Resource development, in order to enhance a range of skills, including technical and managerial skills of personnel involved with different aspects of the site. Due consideration will be given to the development of master craftsmen whose skills can be passed down to the next generation.

60. Detail of pietra dura inlay work on the exterior of the Taj Mahal.

61. Inlay in need of reçtoration.

SITE MANAGEMENT PIAN 2003 TAJ MAHAL CONSERVATION COLLABORATIVE

PROPOSED MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE

86 MANAGEMENT

The proposed management structure for the implementation phase will meet the compiled requirement and still be flexible enough to adjust to the dynamics of change.

62. Taj Mahal, Colin Campbell Cooper.

i I MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE

Management Plan Committee will include:

DG, ASI. Directors, AS1 - Science, Conservation, Monuments Local authorities - Commissioner of Agra. Representative of .the Local Community Representative of the Dept. of Tourism Representatives from Government depts. and agencies active -within the zone, as deemed necessary, from time to time. Professional expertise.

A Management Committee to implement the proposed Site Management Plan, for the Taj Mahal, will be composed of principaily those bodies, which have contributed to the formulation of the Site Management Plan. It will be formed to act as the primary forum for issues concernifig the management of World Heritage Sites. The decisions of the comrnittee will

emerge by consensus. The representation of the local community in the Site Management Committee will be ensured. Such a comrnittee wiil need to meet at least twice a year, and should fulhl the following roles:

Oversee the implementation of general and specitic recommendations made within the Site Management Plan, and monitor the success in meeting the targets. Establish a forum for management issues, and continue to CO-ordmate efforts towards concerted management within the Taj Mahal complex Review reports from responsible bodies and agencies, on projects which affect the site Agree to action programs and priorities for developing specific aspects of the plan. Monitor the condition of the site, and develop and agree on appropriate action to deal with threats to its well- being. Develop and agree to further policies and codes of practice for protection, recording and research, access, interpretation, and preservation of the site, as well as safeguarding the livelihoods and interests of those living and working within the zone, and to encourage the adoption of such policies by responsible bodies and agencies Within the overriding need to conserve the Taj Mahal complex and its precincts, promote the economy of the region. Agree with the work program and provide general direction for the proposed Co-ordination Unit.

Review the conclusions and recommendations w i t h the Site Management Plan, to determine the frequency of the updating of the plan, and to oversee the process when it occurs.


MANAGEMENT 87

CO-ORDINATION UNIT

A Co-ordination Unit is also proposed, whch will make initial contributions to this effort to deliver the objectives of the Management Plan and to establish communication between those who have an interest in seeing the Site Management Plan succeed, to CO-ordinate efforts, and to secure comrnitment and resources for this work. The Co-ordination Unit needs to be small and flexible in its operation to achieve its objectives. By fostering liaison and communication, some of the existing perceived burden in fulhlling all the requirements on individuals and organisations may be reduced. The role of the Co- ordination Unit will not be to replace the efforts, which others may be able to provide in seeing the Site Management Plan succeed, but it can carry out the following functions:

63. The Taj Mahal complex and its precincts.

Service the Site Management Plan Committee, and dong with the partners construct annual work programs to meet agreed priorities Ensure communication and liaison with ail those involved in the management of resources within the Taj Mahal complex and its precincts. Provide assistance with advice and information, schedule monument consents, and setting and monitoring standards for work. Maintain and update the proposed Taj Mahal database, and provide users of the resource with the information they need. Monitor and review regularly the physical condition of the site and devise, target and implement, management actions to deal with potential or actual threats to the site. Where necessary, CO-ordinate joint bids for funding from other sources for projects. Devise and manage specific projects associated with the Site Management Plan process which may affect the Taj Mahal complex and its precincts. Review the Site Management Plan and provide for its regular updating

The Co-ordmation unit wouid comprise of:

To conserve a site as com~lex SA and Asst Archaeologist, ASI, Agra Circle. Representative of Horticulture Branch, ASI. Representative of Chemical Conservation branch, AS1 Representative of ADA, Agra.

Non-Government technical professionals. Representatives from other agencies as deemed necessary from time to time.

I

as the Taj Mahal and its precincts necessitates a very comprehensive view, a holistic approach and a strategy and a management stri~cture that relates to its character.

SITE MANAGEMENT PIAN 2003 TAJ MAWU- CONSERVATION COLLABORATIVE

88 MANAGEMENT

64. Dome atop Mehman Khanna

The Management policy for the Taj Mahal complex and its precincts makes recommendations which it is hoped will attrad consensus among national and local statutory bodies to form a basis for concerted action.

PLAN OF ACTION

As is clear from the wide-ranging nature of this Site Management Plan, the extent and number of bodies and individuals involved in the Taj Mahal complex and its precincts is large, and embraces planning, environmental issues, landscape, tourism and visitor management interests, currently exercised by a wide range of authorities and agencies. It is impossible to see meaningful progress towards achievement of the objectives of the management plan unless a dialogue is established or reinforced between the different agencies and continues as part of the process of overseeing the realisation of the Management Policy.

ADOPTING THE MANAGEMENT PLAN

The Management Policy has been framed to provide for policies and recommendations for action which can be taken by a nurnber of different bodies and individuals to be overaii benefit to the World Heritage and its setting. It is hoped therefore that this plan can be agreed and adopted by ail local authorities, statutory bodies and agencies which operate relevant controls or policies withm the Taj Mahal complex and the city of Agra at a broader level. It is also envisaged that it wdl obtain the support of those who live and work within the buffer zone of the site. It is also hoped that the proposais for management action embodied within this plan will fonn a series of guidelines for a sustainable approach to the Taj Mahal precincts on the part of those who manage visitor attractions and their advisers.

COMMUNICATION

There will also be a need for wider communication with people living within the buffer zone and in the vicinity of the site and the voluntary sector, so that people are aware of how the plan may affect them and so that those implementing the plan are aware of local concerns.

REVISING THE PLAN

Planning is an interactive exercise and it is envisaged that the Management Plan will not stay relevant to current citcumstances for more than the normal planning cycle of around five years. It is recommended therefore that mechanisms should be put in place through the proposed Management Plan Committee to ensure that the necessary refreshment of the policies, revisiting the issues and reframing the recommendations takes place so that the plan can continue to provide for the active care of this World Heritage site in the future.

TAI MAHAL CONSERVAT~ON COLLABORATNE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003

PHOTO CREDITS 89

PHOTO CREDITS

Cover page: Photograph of the Taj Mahal with the platform in the char bagb. Source: TMCC, c 2001.

Insert: Panoramic view of the Taj Mahal. John Murray, England, c. 1860. Albumen print, 12 x 495/8 in(30.5~126 cm), Paul F. Walter. Source: Romance of the Taj Mahal.

Acknowledgements: The Taj Mahal, photo by Robert Holmes. Source: Romance of the Taj Mahal.

Table of Contents: Relief portrait bust of Shah Jahan, by a Northern European artist at the Moghul court. C. 1630-40. Alabaster with polychromy 41/2 x 31/4 in (1 1.5 x 8.4 cm) Rijks museum, Amsterdam. Source: Romance of the Tai Mahal.

INTRODUCTION

1. The Taj Mahal, with the crowded city of Agra as a backdrop. Source: Internet - Source unknown.

2. The Taj Mahal, Tomb of the Emperor Shah Jahan and His Queen, England, 1824, Charles Ramus Forrest. Aquatint with hand coloring, 8x103/4 in (20.3x27.3cm) Max and Peter Allen. Source: Romance of the Taj Mahal.

3. Mr. Ratan Tata s igmg the MOU. Source: Photograph, TMCC, c 2001.

Chapter 1 THE SITE

Insert Old map of the city of Agra Source: The Moonlight Garden. D e t d map of Agra, India, h s t half 18' century. Cloth 292 cm x 272 cm. Maharaja Sawai Singh II, city Palace Museum, Jaipur.

4. Extremely dense city of Agra Source: TMCC.

5. Taj Ganj - the cultural fabnc bordering the Taj Mahal. Source: TMCC.

6. Vertical section through the Taj Mahal, India, c. 1820. Opaque water colour on paper, 221/4x 31 in(56.5x79cm) Trustees of the Victoria and Albert Museum, London. This is part of a group of drawings made by a Delhi or Agra artist for Col. Powell Phpps, who was superintendent of Public Buildings in India from 181 6 to 1822. Source: Romance of the Taj Mahal.

7. The Taj Mahal, Agra, from the Garden, published 1801 (colour litho) by Thomas Daniell (1 749-1 840) & William (1 769- 1837) Source: BAL177079, Private Collection/Bridgeman Art Library.

8. The Taj Mahal, Tomb of the Emperor Shah Jehan and his Queen, plate 25 from 'A Picturesque Tour along the Rivers Ganges and Jumna', engraved by Thomas Sutherland (b.c.1785) pub. by Rudolf Ackermann, 1824 (aquatint) by Charles Ramus Forrest (fl.1802- 27)(after) Source: STC95257Private Collection/Bridgeman Art Library Credit: The Stapleton Collection

9. Pollution in the Yamuna River Source: TMCC.

SITE MANAGEMENT PtAN 2003 TAJ MAHAL CONSERVAI-ION COLLABORAl'IVE

90 PHOTO CREDITS

10. Fatehpur S h i . Source: S p e a h g Stones: World Cultural Heritage Sites in India, Eicher Goodearth Ltd, New Delhi.

11. Agra Fort Source: TMCC.

12. Sikandara Source: TMCC.

13. Itimad-ud-Daulah's Tomb Source: TMCC.

Chapter 2 CONSERVATION

Insert Missing Inlay Source: TMCC, circa 2002.

14. The dome of the Taj Mahal, (Photo by Sumnil Janah), Source: Romance of the Taj Mahal.

1 5. Missing inlay work, Sirhi Danua~a. Source: TMCC, circa 2002.

16. Template for the finial atop the dome. Source: TMCC, c 2001.

17. Schematic plans of the grounds of the Taj Mahal, Agra, c. 1805, Opaque water colour on cloth , 1101/4x337/16 in (280x85 cm), Museum fur Indische Kunst, Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz, BerlinPest) Source: Romance of the Taj Mahal.

18. Rooms and colonnade around Fatehbad courtyard. Source: TMCC, c 2001.

19. Colonnade around Fatehbad gate courtyard. Source: TMCC, c 2001.

20. Condition of inlay work. Source: TMCC, c 2001.

21. Deteriorated stone inlay. Source: TMCC, c 2001.

22. Eroded base of a stone column. Source: TMCC, c 2001.

23. Inlay work in need of restoration. Source: TMCC, c 2001.

Chapter 3 LANDSCAPE

Insert Taj Mahal in Morning Light, Sita Ram, , detdc.1815, Paul F.Walter. Source: Romance of the Taj Mahal.

24. The Taj Mahal with European sightseers. From a manuscript of Amal-i.Salih, a hstory of Shah Jahan, India, c. 1815. Opaque watercolour on paper, The British Library, London. Source: Romance of the Taj Mahal.

25. The Taj Mahal, Agra. William Simpson. Watercolour on paper, England 1864, AD. 131 /2 x 20 in. ( 34.3 x 50.8 cm) Trustees of the Victoria and Albert Museum, London.(1130-1869) Source: Romance of the Taj Mahal.

26. View of the Taj Mahal garden. Source: Photograph, ASI, Photo Archives, Agra, 1914

27. Fatepwi gate courtyard. Source: TMCC, c 2001.


PHOTO CREDITS 9 1

28. Khan-I-Alam. Source: TMCC, c 2001.

29. Fore court of Taj Mahal Source: TMCC, c 2001.

30. Plan of Mehtab Bagh. Source: The Moonlight Garden Plan-Lisa Scheer, based on 1789 engraving- James Newton.

Chapter 4 VISITOR MANAGEMENT AND FACILITATION

Insert Drhking water fountain Source: TMCC, c. 2001.

31. Tourists at the Taj Mahal forecourt Source: TMCC, c. 2001.

32. The exit from char bagh into the forecourt. Source: TMCC, c. 2001.

33. Tourists wallung towards Fatehpuri gate Source: TMCC, c. 2001.

34. Tourists at Fatehbad gate. Source: TMCC, c. 2001.

35. Approach to Fatehpuri gate from Shilpgram Source: TMCC, c. 2001.

36. Driniung Water Source: TMCC, c. 2001.

37. Shoe racks Source: TMCC, c. 2001.

38. Platform extending from the main entrance gate towards the mausoleum. Source: TMCC, c. 2001.

39. Platform in the center of char bagh. Source: TMCC, c. 2001.

40. Penphery of the site Source: TMCC, c. 2001.

41. Saheli Burj Source: TMCC, c. 2001.

42. Concrete forecourt Source: TMCC, c. 2001.

43. Barncades used to cordon off areas. Source: TMCC, c. 2001.

44. Digital display board Source: TMCC, c. 2001.

45. Signage -Bu i lhg Information Source: TMCC, c. 2001.

46. Signage -Garden Source: TMCC, c. 2001.

47. Signage -Directions Source: TMCC, c. 2001.

48. Signage - Instructions Source: TMCC, c. 2001.

49. Tourists drinlung water from the central channels. Source: TMCC, c. 2001.

50. Fatehbad Gate Courtyard - proposed Visitor center Source: TMCC, c. 2001.


R PHOTO CREDITS

Chapter 5 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS

Insert Security arrangements at the Entrance gate Source: TMCC, c. 2002.

51. Temporary security arrangements at the Fatehpuri and Fatehbad gates Source: TMCC, c. 2002.

52. Security arrangements at the entrance gate. Source: TMCC, c. 2002.

Chapter 6 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

Insert Drawing of the entrance gate- plan and elevation. Source: Bagley and Desai

53. Copy of design from the top of Shah Jehan's cenotaph, Inida, c.early 19' c. Embroidery on silk. 68 118 x 19 11/16 in. (173 x 50 cm.) Trustees of Victoria and Albert Museum, London. Source: Romance of the Taj Mahal.

54. Study of the Taj Mahal, c.l893.I,ockwood de Forest, Oil on board, 127116 x 7 7/8 in. (31.5 x 20 cm) Santa Barbara Museum of art, Gift of Mr and Mrs. I<ellam de Forest. Source: Romance of the Taj Mahal.

55. Plate with a picture of the Taj Mahal. England, c.1825.Staffordshi1-e earthenware; irnprinted: T. Hall and sons; Oriental scenery: Tomb of the Emperor Shah Jahan. 141 /8 x 181 /4 in. ( 35.9 x 46.4 cm) Paul F. Walter. Source: Romance of the 'I'aj Mahal.

56. Inlay work with slivers of serni-precious stone. Source: TMCC, c 2001

57. Missing stone inlay Source: TMCC, c 2001

C hapter 7 MANAGEMENT

Insert Interior view of the Taj Mahal, India. C. 1820, Opaque water colour on paper, 23 x 17 in(58.4x43.2 cm), Gary Crawford. Source: Romance of the Taj Mahal.

58. Aerial view of the Taj Mahal mausoleum. Source: 501 Images of Taj Mahal - Rupinder Khullar, Page 41.

59. Flower from the Cenotaph screen. Shaik la tif.^. 1820.Detail of a page from an album prepared for Robert Home. A g a c. 1820. Opaque water colour on paper, 14518 x 25718 in (37.1x65.7 cm),The Ehrenfeld Collection. Source: Romance of the Taj Mahal.

60. D e t d of pietra dura inlay work on the exterior of the Taj Mahal, Photo by Stephen Market. Source: Romance of the Taj Mahal.

61. Inlay work in need of restoration. Source: TMCC, c 2001

62. Taj Mahal, Colm Campbell Cooper, United States, early 20' C. Oil on Canvas. 43 x 36 '/4 in. (109.2 x 93.3 cm) S h e d Helene Seeley Henderson. Source: Romance of the Taj Mahal.

63. The Taj Mahal complex and its precincts. Source: Internet - Source unknown.

64. Dome atop Mehman Khanna Source: TMCC. c 2001.

TAJ MAWV CONSERVATION COLLABORATIVE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN 2003

BIBLIOGRAPHY 93

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A list of the Publications referred to, for the preparation of this document:

Briefing Document for Expert Meeting, Conservation of the Taj Mahal, 25-28& September 2001, Delhi -Agra, Taj Mahal Conservation Collaborative, 2001.

Background Document for Expert Meeting, Conservation of the Taj Mahal, 24-28& September 2002, Delhi -Aga, Taj Mahal Conservation Collaborative, 2002.

Concept Papers on Taj Protection Mission. l'rashant TXvedi, Vice C hairrnan A.D .A., Taj Trapezium Zone Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority, Aga.

Stonehenge World Heritage Site, Management Plan Chris Blandford Associates, English Heritage, 2000.

Hadrian's Wall, World Heritage Site, Management Plan English Heritage, 1996.

Taj Mahal, World Heritage Site Assessment Report, Annabel Lope? INTACI-1, June 1998.

The Moonlight Garden - New Discoveries at the Taj Mahal, Ed E Lxabeth Mqnihan, Arthur M Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institute and University of Washington Press, Seattle and London, 2000.

Taj Mahal - The Illumined Tomb W. E. Begley and Z.A Desai, Aga Khan Programme for Islarnic Architecture and University of Washington Press, Seattle and London, 1989.

The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, No. 24 of 1958, Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi.

International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites, The Venice Charter, Venice, 1964.

UNESCO World Heritage Convention, Paris. 1972.

World Heritage Site Nomination Dossier, Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi, 1982.


Nara Conference on Authenticity, Nara, 1994.

Principles for the Recording of Monuments, groups of Buildings and Sites, llth ICOMOS General Assembly, Sofia, 1996.

Management Guidelines for World Cultural Heritage Sites, Sir fiilden B.M. andJokilebto f., Rome, 1998.

Guidelines for Conservation, A Technical Manual. Sir Feilden B.M. INTACH, 1989.

The Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance, The Burra Charter 1979, revisions 1981, 1988, 1999(rev.)

Historical Timeline, Sbama T., T.M.C.C, New D e h , 2001.


ILLUSTRATIONS 95

ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure 1. Satellite image of Taj Mahal indicating Areas of intervention. Source of the satellite image: \nnv.spaceimaginy.com

Figure 2. Location map and trapezium. Source: Taj Mahal, World Heritage Site Assessment Report, Annabel Lope? INTACH, June 1998.

Figure 3. River front gardens. Source: Agra Heritage Project, US National Park Service Report, 1994.

Figure4. Plan of the complex. Source of base image: Archaeological Survey of India.

Figure5. Site inscribed and the buffer zone Source: Taj Mahal, World Heritage Site Assessment Report, Annabel Lope3 INTACH, June 1998.

Figure 6. Pollution Data. Source: Concept Papers on Taj Protection Mission. Prashant Thedi , Vice Chairman A.D.A., Taj Trapezium Zone Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority, Agra.

Figure 7. Sample Of Measure Drawings. Source: Measure Drawings, TMCC.

Figure 8. Sample Of The Building Fabric Survey Source: Measure Drawings, TMCC.

Figure 9. Satellite image of the Taj Mahal complex indtcating the Area of Intervention for the Landscape component. Source of the satellite image: \wv.snace ima~n~.com

Figure 10. Visitors' Circulation pattern Tourists at the Taj Mahal by Tim Edensor.

Figure 11. Proposed Circulation and Visitor movement. Source: Visitor Management Plan, TMCC.


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