TABLET COMPRESSION MACHINE

1

Department of Pharmacy (Pharmaceutics) Department of Pharmacy (Pharmaceutics) | | Sagar savaleSagar savale

Mr. Sagar Kishor SavaleMr. Sagar Kishor SavaleDepartment of Pharmaceutics

avengersagar16@gmail.com2015-016

CONTENTS• Introduction• Process of tablet compression Compression and consolidation Decompression Ejection Scrape off• Rotary tablet press design• Mechanism rotary tablet machine• Press design and layout• Troubleshooting• Reference’s

2

Introduction• The most common method of drug delivery is oral dosage

form of which tablet and capsule are predominant.

• Tablet is more accepted as compared to capsule due to many reason such as cost, tamper resistance, ease of handling, ease of identification and manufacturing efficiency.

• Tablet compression process understanding is resulted in development of formulation.

• Recent advances in the design of tablet compression equipment has conducted resulted in higher efficiency,

minimized tablet variation, greater flexibility.3

• Modern machine provides greater accuracy and efficiency as follows:-

1.Improved material feed system.

2.Improved cam design and material of construction. 3.Multistage compression.

4.Isolated design for quick cleaning and changeover.

5.Improved force measurement techniques.

6.High speed single tablet sorting to reject out of specification tablets.

4

Rotary SingleTooling “D” “B” “BB” No. of station 10 16 20Max. output (tab/hr) 18,000 28800 36000Max.pressure (ton) 6 6 6 Max.tablet die 16mm 13mm 11mm

Length of punch 133.65mm 133.65 mm 133.65 mmMax.depth of fill 17mm 17.5mm 17.5 mmElectrical motor 1.5H.P.,1 Phase,1140rpmNet weight 310 kgGross weight 400kgOver all dimension 600/700/1020mm

5

MINI PRESS-I

PROCESS OF TABLET FORMATION

• The quality of compressed tablet is determined by material fill characteristics and compression behavior.

• Die fill characteristic depend upon material flow properties .

• Steps involved in tablet formation:- 1.Compession and consolidation

2.Decompression 3.Ejection 4.Scrape-off

6

1.COMPRESSION AND CONSOLIDATION• During compression the bulk volume of material is

reduces resulted in the displacement of air.

• Increase in force lead to particle deformation and rearrangement at this stage three principle mode of

deformation are follows:-

1.Elastic deformation 2.Plastic deformation 3.Brittle fractures

7

CONSOLIDATION:-• Consolidation means bonding.• The final tablet properties are affected by consolidation (i.e.

bonding).• Mechanism of consolidation:- 1.Mechanical theory. 2.Intermolecular forces theory.

3.Liquid-surface film theory.

8

DECOMPRESSION• The rate at which force is removed (dependent on

the compression roller diameter and machine speed).

• The rate of decompression can also effect on the ability of the compact to consolidate (form bonding).

• Based on liquid-surface film theory the rate of crystallization or solidification and should have effect on the strength of bounded surface.

• High decompression rate should result in high rate of crystallization, typically slower crystallization rate result in stronger crystals.

9

EJECTION AND SCRAPE-OFF• Tablet ejection-the initial ejection peak force

required to break the tablet adhesion to die wall.

• Inadequate lubrication resulted in high ejection force and possibly tablet failure and there is chances of striation along with the tablet side wall and picking, sticking.

• Ejection force below 200N-optimal upto 400N-common high 400-800 high

10

ROTARY TABLET PRESS DESIGN• Pharmaceutical tablet was generally produced on

rotary tablet press.• Upper and lower punches reside in upper and lower

turret.• Dies are inserted in die table and the dies are

secured by die lock screw.• The upper and lower turrets and die table are

precisely aligned.• The movement of punches is controlled by cam track

and compression roller.• As the entire assembly rotates the upper and lower

punches move along the cam track to accomplish die fill tablet, compression, ejection and scrape-off .

11

PRESS DESIGN AND LAYOUT• Modern rotary tablet presses are typically designed in

separate machine section.

• Rotary tablet compression machine having following section.

1.Upper cam section

2.Lower cam section

3.Compression section

4.Lower mechanical section12

UPPER CAM SECTION• It consist of all upper compression roller and all

adjustment to the position to the upper compression rollers.

• The primary component of upper cam section are as follows,

1.Upper punch removal/dwell cam. 2.Upper punch lowering cam. 3.Upper precompression and main compression

rollers insertion depth adjustment . 4.Upper punch pull up-cam. 5.Cam material of construction.

13

COMPRESSION SECTION

• The compression section contain all components that are exposed to the material.

• The compression section following part 1.Material hopper 2.Feed frame 3.Excess-material stripper 4.Tablet stripper 5.Material recirculation

14

LOWER CAM SECTION

• The lower cam section is completely sealed from the compression section

.• It houses the lower compression rollers, the entire lower cam

track that guided the lower punches as the turret rotates.

• The following part included in lower cam section 1.Fill cam 2.Weight regulation cam 3.Precompression and compression rail 4.Ejection rail 15

LOWER MECHANILCAL SECTION• The lower mechanical section houses the main

drive motor the gearbox, the hydraulic pump, the lubrication pump and signal wire distribution.

• Proper venting and cooling of the lower mechanical section is essential to prevent machine damage and minimizing heat generation

• This section should be equipped with cooling system for product that are sensitive to heat generation (e.g. contain low melting point component that are prone to picking and sticking

16

TROBLESHOOTING • A proper understanding of material compression

characteristic combined with a knowledge of tablet compression equipment allows efficient troubleshooting of production problem.

• Various tablet problem occur in processing 1.Tablet weight variation . 2.Low hardness. 3.Capping and lamination. 4.picking and sticking. 5.Tablet jam and chipping. 6.Poor flow . 7.Punch variation. 8.Hardness variation.

17

• TABLET WEIGHT VARIATION- It caused by various factor e.g. poor flow characteristics of granules, increasing machine speed.

• If weight variation is excessive, the following machine component should be examined-

1.Condition of the lower punch pull-down cam. 2.Condition and position of excess material striper.

3. Feeder paddle speed can examined.

4.Minimum amount of material recirculation is necessary.18

• LOW HARDNESS:- low hardness due to capping or noncompressibility.

• Following guideline should be examined,

1.precompression and compression with large diameter roller.

2.press speed is reduced in order to increase total compression time .

19

• PICKING AND STICKING:- To minimize these problem the following areas should be examined: 1.Heat of compression

2.Press speed. 3.Precompression force

4.Tool condition

5.Tablet stripper

20

REFERENCE’S• James. S.; James. C. B.; Encyclopedia of

pharmaceutical technology. 2 ,Marcell Dekker, vol. 3, 2669-2687.

• Loyd.V.A.; Horward. C. A.; Pharmaceutical dosage forms and drug delivery system, 8,Lipincott William and Wilkins ,227- 230.

• Leon. L.; Herbert. A. L. Joseph. K.; The theory and practice of industrial pharmacy. 3,Varghese publishing house, Bombay, 72-75,293-309.

21

• Lachman. L.; Liberman. H. A. Joseph. B. S. Pharmaceutical dosage form tablet. 2,Marcell Dekker. Vol.1,136-138

• Remington.; The science and practice of pharmacy. 20. Lipincott William and Wilkins.vol.I,863-864

• Martin. A.; Physical pharmacy.4, B.I.Warly.pvt.ltd,New Delhi.448-450

• Aulton M. E.; Pharmaceutics the science of dosage form design.2.Churchill Livingstone.403-405sss

22

23