MA Course Old Church Slavonic Language and Culture

Jos Schaeken, Russian and Eurasian Studies, Leiden University

TABLES OLD CHURCH SLAVONIC – RUSSIAN: THE NOUN1

Introductory remarks

Do not interpret the OCS and Russian tables as ‘OCS Russ.’, but as ‘Proto-Slavic (South Slavic) OCS’, ‘Proto-Slavic (East Slavic) Russ.’, etc. (However, Russian does contain many OCS elements through a secondary borrowing process.)

Two important Proto-Slavic morphological isoglosses: (a) Isg -o-stems: South Slavic -omь and North Slavic (West and East) -ъmь; (b) Apl - o-stems and Gsg and NApl - ā-stems: South Slavic -ę and North Slavic -ě (‘-ě3’; Russ. -i comes from the hard-stem declension).

OCS Npl = Vpl; Ndu = Adu = Vdu, Gdu = Ldu, Ddu = Idu; Nsgn = Asgn = Vsgn, Npln = Apln = Vpln; Nplf = Aplf. – Russ.: vocative and dual forms gradually disappeared in Old Russian.

OCS: consonant alternations in stems ending in k, g, x as a result of velar palatalization. − Russ.: alternations gradually disappeared in Old Russian.

OCS: tables Id (kamenь), IIb (slovo), IIc (imę), IId (otročę), IIIc (mati), IIId (crьky) contain the (non-productive class of) consonant stems with GLsg -e and Gpl -ъ, and for masculine nouns (Id) Npl -e (cf. Russ. type гражданин ‘citizen’, Npl граждане).

Category ‘animate-inanimate’. OCS: for ‘animate’ optional Asg = Gsg in masculine (very rarely also female) nouns. – Russ.: for ‘animate’ in declension class I masc.2 Asg = Gsg, and in all classes Apl = Gpl. See also below, Appendix II.

1 Old Church Slavonic tables based on: Jos Schaeken & Henrik Birnbaum, Die altkirchenslavische Schriftkultur: Geschichte – Laute und Schriftzeichen – Sprachdenkmäler. München, 1999, pp. 218-224. 2 Russian declension classes: I masc. (слон), I neutr. (болóто), II (женá), III masc. (путь), III fem. (кость), Group имя, and Group мать and дочь.

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OCS – Ia: Masculine nouns in -ъ/-ь, Gsg -a Nsg grad-ъ člověk-ъ vъpľ-ь mǫž-ь kraj-ь Gsg grad-a člověk-а vъpľ-а mǫž-а kraj-a Dsg grad-u člověk-u/-ovi vъpľ-u mǫž-u/-evi kraj-u Asg grad-ъ člověk-ъ/= Gsg vъpľ-ь mǫž-ь/= Gsg kraj-ь Isg grad-omь člověk-omь vъpľ-emь mǫž-emь kraj-emь Lsg grad-ě člověc-ě vъpľ-i mǫž-i kraj-i Vsg grad-e člověč-e vъpľ-u mǫž-u kraj-u Npl grad-i člověc-i vъpľ-i mǫž-i kraj-i Gpl grad-ъ člověk-ъ vъpľ-ь mǫž-ь kraj-ь Dpl grad-omъ člověk-omъ vъpľ-emъ mǫž-emъ kraj-emъ Apl grad-y člověk-y vъpľ-ę mǫž-ę kraj-ę Ipl grad-y člověk-y vъpľ-i mǫž-i kraj-i Lpl grad-ěxъ člověc-ěxъ vъpľ-ixъ mǫž-ixъ kraj-ixъ NAdu grad-a člověk-а vъpľ-а mǫž-а kraj-a GLdu grad-u člověk-u vъpľ-u mǫž-u kraj-u DIdu grad-oma člověk-oma vъpľ-ema mǫž-ema kraj-ema

Historical declension class: masculine -o-/- o-stems.

Russian – Declension class I masc. Nsg слон язык вопль врач случай Gsg слона языка вопля врача случая Dsg слону языку воплю врачу случаю Asg слона язык вопль врача случай Isg слоном языком воплем врачом случаем Lsg слоне языке вопле враче случае Npl слоны языки вопли врачи случаи Gpl слонов языков воплей врачей случаев Dpl слонам языкам воплям врачам случаям Apl слонов языки вопли врачей случаи Ipl слонами языками воплями врачами случаями Lpl слонах языках воплях врачах случаях

Old Church Slavonic – Russian: Russ. vocative боже. OCS Npl -i for hard -0-stem declension: cf. in Russian still сосед ‘neighbour’, Npl соседи;

черт ‘devil’, Npl черти (elsewhere -y, taken from Apl). Russ. Gpl -ов/-ев/-ев and -ей: see below, tables Ib and Ic. Russ. DILpl -ам/-ям, -ами/-ями, -ах/-ях, see below, table IIIa.

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OCS – Ib: Masculine noun in -ъ, Gsg -u Nsg syn-ъ Npl syn-ove NAdu syn-y Gsg syn-u Gpl syn-ovъ GLdu syn-ovu Dsg syn-ovi Dpl syn-omъ DIdu syn-ъma Asg syn-ъ/= Gsg Apl syn-y Isg syn-ъmь/-omь Ipl syn-ъmi Lsg syn-u Lpl syn-oxъ Vsg syn-u

Historical declension class: masculine -u-stems. (The original Isg ending was -ъmь, Dpl -ъmъ and Lpl -ъхъ.)

Old Church Slavonic: Non-productive class with about half a dozen of monosyllabic words, including synъ ‘son’,

volъ ‘ox’, vrьxъ ‘top’, domъ ‘house’, medъ ‘honey’, polъ ‘half; gender’. Merger of masculine -u- and -o/- o-stems already takes place in OCS; cf. table Ia with

optional Dsg -ovi/-evi for human beings (člověkovi, mǫževi) and Vsg -u in - o-stems.

Old Church Slavonic – Russian: OCS Gsg -u – Russ. Gsg -у/-ю (‘second genitive’): много снегу ‘lots of snow’ (partitive); с

испугу ‘out of fear’ (fixed expressions). OCS Lsg -u – Russ. Lsg -у/-ю (‘second locative’): в саду ‘in the garden’, в бою ‘in battle’. OCS Gpl -ovъ – Russ. Gpl -ов/-ев/-ев: spreads to I masc. instead of original -ъ/-ь >

Russ. - , which still exists in various categories, like солдат ‘soldier’, Gpl солдат; сапог ‘boot’, Gpl сапог; глаз ‘eye’, Gpl глаз; раз ‘time’, Gpl раз; апельсин ‘orange’, Gpl апельсин (also апельсинов).

See also below, Appendix I.

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OCS – Ic: Masculine nouns in -ь, Gsg -i Nsg pǫt-ь Npl pǫt-ije (-ьje) NAdu pǫt-i Gsg pǫt-i Gpl pǫt-ii (-ьi < *-ьjь) GLdu pǫt-iju (-ьju) Dsg pǫt-i Dpl pǫt-emъ/-ьmъ DIdu pǫt-ьma Asg pǫt-ь Apl pǫt-i Isg pǫt-emь/-ьmь Ipl pǫt-ьmi Lsg pǫt-i Lpl pǫt-еxъ/-ьxъ Vsg pǫt-i

Historical declension class: masculine -i-stems. (The original Isg ending was -ьmь, Dpl -ьmъ and Lpl -ьхъ.)

Old Church Slavonic: The declension of the non-productive class of masculine nouns in -ь, like pǫtь ‘road’, is the

same as the declension of the productive class of feminine nouns in -ь, like kostь (see below, table IIIb), except for Isg and Npl.

Except pǫtь ‘road’, there are attestations of about twenty words in this class, including gvozdь ‘nail’, golǫbь ‘dove’, gostь ‘guest, friend’, grъtanь ‘throat’, zętь ‘groom’, ľudije (Pl tantum) ‘people’, tatь ‘thief’, črьvь ‘worm’, ǫglь ‘coal’, lakъtь ‘elbow, ell’, nogъtь ‘nail, claw’, pečatь ‘seal’, gospodь ‘lord’, zvěrь ‘beast’, ognь ‘fire’.

Russian – Declension class III masc. Nsg путь Npl пути Gsg пути Gpl путей Dsg пути Dpl путям Asg путь Apl пути Isg путем Ipl путями Lsg пути Lpl путях

Old Church Slavonic – Russian: Russ. vocative господи. OCS Gpl -ii/-ьi < *-ьjь – Russ. Gpl -ей (see also below, table IIIb): extents into I masc.

instead of original -ъ/-ь > Russ. - . Russ. DILpl -ям, -ями, -ях, see below, table IIIa. OCS gvozdь ‘nail’ – Russ. гвоздь, -я. OCS golǫbь ‘dove’ – Russ. голубь, -я. OCS gostь ‘guest, friend’ – Russ. гость, -я. OCS nogъtь ‘nail, claw’ – Russ. ноготь, -гтя. OCS zvěrь ‘beast’ – Russ. зверь, -я (NB Ipl зверьми, alternatively зверями). OCS grъtanь ‘throat’ – Russ. гортань, -и (III fem.). OCS pečatь ‘seal’ – Russ. печать, -и (III fem.).

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OCS – Id: Masculine nouns in -ь, Gsg -e Nsg kamen-ь Npl kamen-e NAdu kamen-i Gsg kamen-e (-i) Gpl kamen-ъ GLdu kamen-u/-iju (-ьju) Dsg kamen-i Dpl kamen-emъ/-ьmъ DIdu kamen-ьma Asg kamen-ь Apl kamen-i Isg kamen-emь/-ьmь Ipl kamen-ьmi Lsg kamen-e/-i Lpl kamen-еxъ/-ьxъ Vsg kamen-ь (?)

Historical declension class: masculine -n-stems (-men-/-en-). (The original GLsg ending was -e, Isg -ьmь, Dpl -ьmъ and Lpl -ьхъ.)

Old Church Slavonic: The original Nsg -y is sporadically attested: kamy (instead of kamenь) ‘stone’ and plamy

‘flame’. Non-productive class with about half a dozen words, including kamenь ‘stone’, plamenь

‘flame’, korenь ‘root’, prьstenь ‘ring’, remenь ‘belt’, stepenь ‘stairs’, jelenь ‘deer’.

Old Church Slavonic – Russian: OCS kamenь ‘stone’ – Russ. камень, -мня. OCS korenь ‘root’– Russ. корень, -рня. OCS remenь ‘belt’– Russ. ремень, -мня. OCS jelenь ‘deer’– Russ. олень, -я. OCS stepenь ‘stairs’– Russ. степень, -и (III fem.). OCS plamenь ‘flame’– Russ. пламя, -мени (Group имя).

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OCS – IIa: Neuter nouns in -o/-e, Gsg -a Nsg lět-o blag-o poľ-e lož-e znamenij-e (-ьj-) Gsg lět-a blag-а poľ-а lož-а znamenij-a Dsg lět-u blag-u poľ-u lož-u znamenij-u Asg lět-o blag-o poľ-e lož-e znamenij-e Isg lět-omь blag-omь poľ-emь lož-emь znamenij-emь Lsg lět-ě blaʒ-ě poľ-i lož-i znamenij-i Vsg lět-o blag-o poľ-e lož-e znamenij-e Npl lět-a blag-a poľ-a lož-a znamenij-a Gpl lět-ъ blag-ъ poľ-ь lož-ь znamenij-ь Dpl lět-omъ blag-omъ poľ-emъ lož-emъ znamenij-emъ Apl lět-a blag-a poľ-a lož-a znamenij-a Ipl lět-y blag-y poľ-i lož-i znamenij-i Lpl lět-ěxъ blaʒ-ěxъ poľ-ixъ lož-ixъ znamenij-ixъ NAdu lět-ě blaʒ-ě poľ-i lož-i znamenij-i GLdu lět-u blag-u poľ-u lož-u znamenij-u DIdu lět-oma blag-oma poľ-ema lož-ema znamenij-ema

Historical declension class: neuter -o-/- o-stems.

Russian – Declension class I neutr. Nsg болото благо поле жилище здание Gsg болота блага поля жилища здания Dsg болоту благу полю жилищу здании Asg болото благо поле жилище здание Isg болотом благом полем жилищем зданием Lsg болоте благе поле жилище здании Npl болота блага поля жилища здания Gpl болот благ полей жилищ зданий Dpl болотам благам полям жилищам зданиям Apl болота блага поля жилища здания Ipl болотами благами полями жилищами зданиями Lpl болотах благах полях жилищах зданиях

Old Church Slavonic – Russian: Russ. DLpl -ам/-ям, Ipl-ами/-ями and Lpl -ах/-ях, see below, table IIIa.

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OCS – IIb: Neuter nouns in -o, Gsg -es-e Nsg slov-0 Npl slov-es-a NAdu slov-es-ě Gsg slov-es-e (-i) Gpl slov-es-ъ GLdu slov-es-u Dsg slov-es-i Dpl slov-es-emъ DIdu slov-es-ьma Asg slov-o Apl slov-es-a Isg slov-es-emь Ipl slov-es-y Lsg slov-es-e/-i Lpl slov-es-еxъ Vsg slov-o

Historical declension class: neuter -es-stems. (The original GLsg ending was -e, Isg -ьmь, Dpl -ьmъ and Lpl -ьхъ.)

Old Church Slavonic: Non-productive class with about a dozen words, including slovo ‘word’, nebo ‘heaven’,

čudo ‘miracle’, tělo ‘body’, kolo ‘wheel, disc’, isto ‘intestines’ (only Pl and Du), oko ‘eye’ (Gsg očese, Npl očesa; Du according to table IIIb: oči), uxo ‘ear’ (Gsg ušese, Npl ušesa; Du according to table IIIb: uši).

Old Church Slavonic – Russian: Russ. небо ‘heaven’ and чудо ‘miracle’ with insertion of –еs-, but only in plural. Thus: Gsg

неба, Dsg небу; Npl небеса, Gpl небес, Dpl небесам. OCS kolo ‘wheel, disc’ – Russ. колесо, -а. Russ. derivations of the type слово ‘word’ словесный ‘word-’; тело ‘body’ телесный

‘bodily’. Russ. Pl очи ‘eyes’ and уши ‘ears’ based on original Du forms (see above).

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OCS – IIc: Neuter nouns in -ę, Gsg -en-e Nsg im-ę Npl im-en-a NAdu im-en-ě Gsg im-en-e (-i) Gpl im-en-ъ GLdu im-en-u Dsg im-en-i Dpl im-en-emъ DIdu im-en-ьma Asg im-ę Apl im-en-a Isg im-en-emь Ipl im-en-y Lsg im-en-e/-i Lpl im-en-еxъ Vsg im-ę

Historical declension class: neuter -n-stems (-men-). (The original GLsg ending was -e, Isg -ьmь, Dpl, -ьmъ and Lpl -ьхъ.)

Russian – Group имя Nsg имя Npl имена Gsg имени Gpl имен Dsg имени Dpl именам Asg имя Apl имена Isg именем Ipl именами Lsg имени Lpl именах

Old Church Slavonic: Non-productive class with about half a dozen words: imę ‘name’, brěmę ‘burden’, vrěmę

‘time’, plemę ‘tribe, people’, sěmę ‘seed’, pismę ‘letter, writing’, čismę ‘number’.

Old Church Slavonic – Russian: Russ. DILpl -ам, -ами, -ах, see below, table IIIa. OCS imę ‘name’ – Russ. имя; brěmę ‘burden’ – бремя; vrěmę ‘time’ – время; plemę ‘tribe,

people’ – племя; sěmę ‘seed’ – семя. OCS pismę ‘letter, writing’ – Russ. письмо ‘letter’ (but письмена ‘letters’, письменность

‘literature’, письменный ‘written’). OCS čismę ‘number’ – Russ. число. Russ. пламя ‘flame’: see above, table Id. Russ. вымя ‘udder’, знамя ‘banner’, стремя ‘stirrup’, темя ‘crown’: not attested in OCS.

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OCS – IId: Neuter nouns in -ę, Gsg -ęt-e Nsg otroč-ę Npl otroč-ęt-a NAdu otroč-ęt-ě Gsg otroč-ęt-e Gpl otroč-ęt-ъ GLdu otroč-ęt-u Dsg otroč-ęt-i Dpl otroč-ęt-emъ DIdu otroč-ęt-ьma Asg otroč-ę Apl otroč-ęt-a Isg otroč-ęt-emь Ipl otroč-ęt-y Lsg otroč-ęt-e/-i Lpl otroč-ęt-еxъ Vsg otroč-ę

Historical declension class: neuter -ent-stems. (The original Lsg ending was -e, Isg -ьmь, Dpl -ьmъ and Lpl -ьхъ.)

Old Church Slavonic: Non-productive class with about half a dozen of words (young or small beings): otročę

‘child’, agnę ‘lamb’, žrěbę ‘foal’, kľusę ‘beast of burden’, kozьlę ‘little goat’, ovьčę ‘little sheep’, osьlę ‘young donkey’.

Old Church Slavonic – Russian: OCS suffix -ęt- – Russ. suffix -ат-/-ят- in plural of words ending in -онок/-енок referring

to young animals: котенок ‘kitten’, Gsg котенка; Npl котята, Gpl котят, Dpl котятам.

The suffix -ят- can also be found in (obsolete) Russ. дитя ‘child’, GDLsg дитяти, Isg дитятей/дитятею (now ребенок, Pl дети).

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OCS – IIIa: Feminine (and masculine) nouns in -a, Gsg -y/-ę Nsg žen-a rǫk-a zemľ-a duš-a zmij-a (-ьj-) Gsg žen-y rǫk-y zemľ-ę duš-ę zmij-ę Dsg žen-ě rǫc-ě zemľ-i duš-i zmij-i Asg žen-ǫ rǫk-ǫ zemľ-ǫ duš-ǫ zmij-ǫ Isg žen-ojǫ rǫk-ojǫ zemľ-ejǫ duš-ejǫ zmij-ejǫ Lsg žen-ě rǫc-ě zemľ-i duš-i zmij-i Vsg žen-o rǫk-o zemľ-e duš-e zmij-e Npl žen-y rǫk-y zemľ-ę duš-ę zmij-ę Gpl žen-ъ rǫk-ъ zemľ-ь duš-ь zmij-ь Dpl žen-amъ rǫk-amъ zemľ-amъ duš-amъ zmij-amъ Apl žen-y rǫk-y zemľ-ę duš-ę zmij-ę Ipl žen-ami rǫk-ami zemľ-ami duš-ami zmij-ami Lpl žen-axъ rǫk-axъ zemľ-axъ duš-axъ zmij-axъ NAdu žen-ě rǫc-ě zemľ-i duš-i zmij-i GLdu žen-u rǫk-u zemľ-u duš-u zmij-u DIdu žen-ama rǫk-ama zemľ-ama duš-ama zmij-ama

Historical declension class: feminine (partly masculine) -ā-/- ā-stems.

Russian – Declension class II Nsg жена рука земля душа змея Gsg жены руки земли души змеи Dsg жене руке земле душе змее Asg жену руку землю душу змею Isg женой рукой землей душой змеей Lsg жене руке земле душе змее Npl жены руки земли души змеи Gpl жен рук земель душ змей Dpl женам рукам землям душам змеям Apl жен руки земли души змей Ipl женами руками землями душами змеями Lpl женах руках землях душах змеях

Old Church Slavonic – Russian: Dpl -amъ, Ipl -ami and Lpl -axъ of the -ā-/- ā-stems gradually spread to all other

declension classes during the Old Russian period.

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OCS – IIIb: Feminine nouns in -ь, Gsg -i Nsg kost-ь Npl kost-i NAdu kost-i Gsg kost-i Gpl kost-ii (-ьi < *-ьjь) GLdu kost-iju (-ьju) Dsg kost-i Dpl kost-emъ/-ьmъ DIdu kost-ьma Asg kost-ь Apl kost-i Isg kost-ijǫ (-ьjǫ) Ipl kost-ьmi Lsg kost-i Lpl kost-еxъ/-ьxъ Vsg kost-i

Historical declension class: feminine -i-stems. (The original Dpl ending was -ьmъ and Lpl -ьхъ.)

Old Church Slavonic: The declension of the productive class of feminine words in -ь, like kostь ‘bone’, is the

same as the declension of the non-productive class of masculine nouns in -ь, like pǫtь (see above, table Ic), except for Isg and Npl.

Russian – Declension class III fem. Nsg кость Npl кости Gsg кости Gpl костей Dsg кости Dpl костям Asg кость Apl кости Isg костью Ipl костями Lsg кости Lpl костях

Old Church Slavonic – Russian: Russ. DILpl -ям, -ями, -ях, see above, table IIIa. OCS Ipl ending -ьmi – Russ. дверь ‘door’, Ipl дверьми (alternatively дверями); лошадь

‘horse’, Ipl лошадьми (alternatively лошадями) and others; also лечь костьми ‘fall in action; work to death (often ironically)’.

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OCS – IIIc: Feminine nouns in -i, Gsg -er-e Nsg mat-i Npl mat-er-i NAdu (not attested) Gsg mat-er-e (-i) Gpl mat-er-ъ GLdu (not attested) Dsg mat-er-i Dpl mat-er-emъ DIdu (not attested) Asg mat-er-ь/= Gsg Apl mat-er-i Isg mat-er-ijǫ (-ьjǫ) Ipl mat-er-ьmi Lsg mat-er-i Lpl mat-er-еxъ Vsg mat-i

Historical declension class: feminine -er-stems. (The original GLsg ending was -e, Dpl -ьmъ and Lpl -ьхъ.)

Old Church Slavonic: Non-productive class, including mati ‘mother’ and dъšti ‘daughter’.

Russian – Group мать and дочь Nsg мать Npl матери Gsg матери Gpl матерей Dsg матери Dpl матерям Asg мать Apl матерей Isg матерью Ipl матерями Lsg матери Lpl матерях

Old Church Slavonic – Russian: Russ. DILpl -ям, -ями, -ях, see above, table IIIa. OCS Ipl ending -ьmi – Russ. дочь ‘daughter’, Ipl дочерьми (alternatively дочерями).

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OCS – IIId: Feminine nouns in -y, Gsg -ъv-e Nsg crьk-y Npl crьk-ъv-i NAdu (not attested) Gsg crьk-ъv-e (-i) Gpl crьk-ъv-ъ GLdu (not attested) Dsg crьk-ъv-i Dpl crьk-ъv-amъ DIdu (not attested) Asg crьk-ъv-ь/= Gsg Apl crьk-ъv-i Isg crьk-ъv-ijǫ (-ьjǫ) Ipl crьk-ъv-ami Lsg crьk-ъv-e/-i Lpl crьk-ъv-axъ Vsg crьk-y

Historical declension class: feminine -u-stems. (The original GLsg ending was -e.)

Old Church Slavonic: Non-productive class with about a dozen words, including crьky, crьkъve ‘church’; ľuby,

ľubъve ‘love’ (also prěľuby ‘adultery’); kry (normally Nsg krъvь), krъve ‘blood’; svekry, svekrъve ‘mother-in-law’; buky, bukъve ‘letter’; smoky, smokъve ‘fig’; žrьny, žrьnъve ‘millstone’; neplody, neplodъvе ‘barren woman’; cěly, cělъve ‘healing’.

Old Church Slavonic – Russian: OCS crьky, crьkъve ‘church’ – Russ. церковь, -кви (III fem.). OCS ľuby, ľubъve ‘love’ – Russ. любовь, -бви (III fem.). OCS kry (krъvь), krъve ‘blood’ – Russ. кровь, -и (III fem.). OCS buky, bukъve ‘letter’ – Russ. буква, -ы. OCS smoky, smokъve ‘fig’ – Russ. смоква, -ы. ОCS žrьny, žrьnъve ‘millstone’ – Russ. жернов, -а.

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Appendix I: Merger of -o- and -u-stems in Slavic

OCS Russian Polish Czech BCS Nsg dymъ dyma dym dým dim Gsg dyma dyma, -u dymu dymu dima Dsg dymu dymu dymowi dymu dimu Asg dymъ dym dym dym dim Isg dymomь dymom dymem dymem dimom Lsg dymě dyme, -ú dymie dymu dimu Npl dymi dymy dymy dymy dimovi Gpl dymъ dymov dymów dymů dimovā Dpl dymomъ dymam dymom dymům dimovima Apl dymy dymy dymy dymy dimove Ipl dymy dymami dymami dymy dimovima Lpl dyměxъ dymax dymach dymech dimovima

Appendix II: Animate-inanimate (Townsend & Janda 1996: 155)3

“I see my: son, sons, wife, wives, dog, dogs” Russian Polish Czech BCS Vižu … Widzę … Vidím … Vidim … Asg = Gsg syna, psa syna, psa syna, psa sina, psa Asg žënú żonę ženu ženu Apl = Gpl synovej, psov, žën synów Apl żony, psy syny, ženy, psy sinove, žene, pse

3 Charles E. Townsend & Laura A. Janda, Common and Comparative Slavic: Phonology and Inflection: with special attention to Russian, Polish, Czech, Serbo-Croatian, Bulgarian. Columbus OH, 1996.