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MERCHANT SHIPCONSTRUCTION

Especially written forthe Merchant Navy

BY

H. J. PURSEYEXTRA MASTER

Formerly Lecturer in Ship Construction to the School of NavigationUniversity of Southampton

GLASGOWBROWN, SON & FERGUSON, LTD., NAUTICALUBLISHERS52 DARNLEYTREET

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Classification of ships . .Lloyd's dimensions . . .Sectims used in shipbuildingConnections . . . . . .Strengthening of joints and partsRivetinn . . . . .Electric arc welding . . . .General types of ships ..Stresses and strains in shipsSystems of construction . .Keels . . . . . . . .Cellular double bottoms . .Frames . . . .Beams . . . . . . ..Watertight bulkheads . .

. . . .ystems of pillarmgMassed pillaring . . . .Hatchways . . . . .Shell and deck plating . .Sheathed decks and wood decks/Bilge keels . . .. .Deep tanks . . . . . .Peaks and panting arrangementsStems . . . . . . . .

d ~ u d d e nnd sternframes . .Sterns . . . . . . . .Shaft tunnel6 . . . . . .d s t e r n tubes and propellers . .Twin screws . . .Superstructures and deckhousesRaised quarter decks . .Bulwarks . . . . . .Engine and boiler rooms . .Hatch beams and coven . .Hawsepipes . . . . . .Masts and derrick posts . .Ventilators . . . .Refrizerated shim . . . .

CONTENTS

SECTION I-GENERAL

.Strengthening for ice navigationPides to tanks and bikes ..

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CONTENTSSECTION 11-THE CONSTRUCTTON OF OIL TANKERS

PACE

General requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147General arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148Structure in the bottom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152Structure under the deck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152Side framing .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152Longitudinal bulkheads . . . . . . . . . . . 152Cross ties . . . . . . 154Transverse bulkheads . . 154Framing at ends of ship . . . 154Cofferdams . . . . . . 156Hatchways . . . . . . . . 156Superstructures . . . 156Freeing arrangements . . 156Pumping and piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156Tests .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 156

SECTION II IS HI PY AR D PRACTICEPreliminary drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160Preparations for building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162. . .uilding the ship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163Prefabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164. . . .aunching the ship . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 165

SECTION IVSURVEYS. STEEL. TONNAGE. FREEBOARD AND LOADLINESSurveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169Types and testing of steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172Tonnages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174Freeboard . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

. . . .oadlines and tonnage marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180SECTION V-LONGITUDINAL STRESSES AND STRESS DIAGRAMS

Bending stresses on girders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185Longitudinal bending stresses on ships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

SECTION VI-DEFINITIONSDefinitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

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INDEXA PAGE

A-brackets . . . . . . 106After peak . . . . 88After peak bulkhead . . 54. 56Air holcs . . . . . . . . . . 201d ~ i ripes. . . . . . . . . 134. 177Air tests . . . . . . . . . 44Allowancc for propelling power 175Alternative tonnage . . . . 179.'i82. 201. . . .luminium. connection to steel 10Aluminium deckhouses . . . . . 110Aluminium welding . . . . . . 26Amidships . . . . . . . . 201Anglc bars . . . . . . . 6Angle connections . . . . . . 10Anglos. toes and heels . . . . . 208. . . .nnual surveys . . . 3. 170Arnls of rudders . . . . . . . . 95Arc welding . . . . . . 19Assignment of loadiines . . . . 3. 177

BBalanced rudders . 95. 96. 97. 99Bar keels . . . . . . . . . 38Bar stems . . . . . . . . 92BarsBase line . . . . .Basic minimum freeboardBeam knees . . . .~~BeamsBeams. hcnding a i d erectingBeams. half . . .Beams. hatch . .Beams. onnitudinai . .Bearing pintle . . . .Bending moment . .Bendine frames and beamsBendins of girdersBendins slabs . . . .Bending stress . . . .Bend tests . . .~ i l g eeels . . . .Bilge suctions . . .Blank flanges . . .Blind holes . . .Blow holes . . . .Hlowpipe. oxy-acetyleneRudy plan . . . .Boiler point rivet .Doiler rooms . . .Bolted axle rudder . .Bossing for twin screws . .Boss plale . .

. . . . 6. . 201. . . 177. . 5250. 52.'84. 116. . 163. 164. 52. 70

. . 118so. si.'70. 152. . . 50. . 96ixC i98 . 201. . 163. . 30; i85-190. . . . 163

. . 185-189. . 172.173

Bottom. laying down .Bottom structure in tankerBoundaries of bulkheadsRaw height . . . .Bow lines . . . . . .Bracket floors . . . .Brackets . . . .Brackets. toes a nd heelsBreadth mouldedBrcaks of superstructure;Breasthook . .Bridges .Bridge front'bulkhkad . .Brine traps . . . .Building slip . . . .Bulb angles . . . .Bulbous bow . . . .Bulb plate . . . .Bulk carrier . .Bulkhead boundaiiks .Bulkhead plating . .Bulkhead spacing . .Bulkhead stiffeners . .Bulkheads. after peak . .Bulkheads. collision . .Bulkheads. corrugatcd . .Bulkheads in tankers .Bulkheads. longitudinal .Bulkheads for deep tanksBulkheads. tests . . . .Bulkheads. transverse . .Bulkheads. wash . . . .. . . .ulwarksBuoyancy. reserve. . .uoyancy curveButtock linos . .Buttress bracketsButt joints .Butt welds .Butts .Butts. shift of . . .

CCamber . . . . . .Cant frames . . . .Cantilever frames . .Cargo doors . . . .Carlings . . . . . .Carriers . . . . . .. . 14 i Casings . . . . .116. 154 / Castings . . .99 l Caulking. . . . . .. . 106 Ceiling .. . 74 I Cellular do& bdkoms

PAGE. . . . 163. . . 152. . . . 58. . . . 178. .. . . .. . . . l310. 152. . . . 208. . . 4. . . 201. . . . 88. . 108. 201. . . 110. . . . 128. . . . 163. . . . 6. . . 92. . . . 6. . . . 140. . . . 58. . . . 56. . 54. 201

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214 MERCHANT SHIP CONSTRUCTIONPAGE 1~

Centre girder . . . . . 38. 42. 152.Centre iine . . . . . . . 202Channel bars . . . . . . . . 6Chain plates . . . . . . . . 202Chocks . . . . . . . . . . 78Cleats . . .Coamings. hatch .Coamings. ventilatorCoefficient of finenessCofferdams .Coliin plateCollision bulkheadCombination svsiem . .Comolete supe;structure shin . . . . 202Comiressiv~stress . . . . . . 30Concentratcd loads . . . . . 187Conditions of assim~nent . . . 177

Counter stern . . . .Countersunk riveting . .Couplings . . .Covers. hatch . .Covers. ventilator . .Crack arrcstors . . . .Cropping . . . . . .Cross bunkers . . . .Cross ties . . . . .Crown of tankCruiser stern . . . .Crutches . . . . . .Curtain "late . . . .Curve of bending momentCurve of floodable lcngthCurve of loads . . . ...~ - ~ ~ ~ ~ -Curve of shearing force .Curve of weightsCutting by oxy-acetyleneDeadlightsDeck glrdcrsDeck housesDeck lineDeck openingsDeck platingDeck ~l a n sDeck Funncr . . . 60Deck stringer . . . 72. 76. 78. 84Decks . . . . . . 28. 72. 74. 76. 78.80. . . .eductions for tonnage . . 175Defects o f weldinc . . . . . . 24Deep framing . . . . 48. 88Deep tanks . . . . 84. 86. 148. 154Deep tank suctions . . . . . . 134Deoth . . . . . . . . . 4.178~ i i g o n a l s . . . . . . . . 160Diaphragm plates . . . . . . 112Dimensions . . . . . . 4Discharges . . . . . . 136. 177Distortion effects in welds . . 22

Distributed loadsDocking surveys . . . .!/Double bottoms . . .Doubling plates . . . .Double plate rudder .Drags . . . . . .Drawings . . . . . .Drift punch . . . .Drilled holes . . . .Drydocking . . . .Duct keels . . . .Effectivc superstructure .Elastic limit . . . .Electric arc welding . .Electrodes . . . .Elliptical stern . . . .Engine room . . . .Entrance . . . . .Equipment . . . .Excess of hatchways . .Exempted spaces . .Expansion trunk . . . .

F

.loors . . . . . .Floors. rise of . . .Flush deck ship . . . .Flux . . . . . .ForecastlesFore peaks . . . .Forgings . . . . . .Frame numberinc .Frame snacingFraming . . .Frames . . . 35.Freeing arrangements . .Full scantlina ship . .. . . .arboard strakeGas carrier . .Girders. bcnding $icsscsGrades of steel . . . .

Gross tonnage

PAGE. . 188. 189. . l71~ 7 . 1 1 6 .48. . 12. 62. . . 95. . . . 165. . . . 160. . . 18. . . . 16. . . 33. . 38

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GudgeonsGussets

INDEX

Half beams . . . . . . 52, 70Half block model . . . . . 162Half breadth plan . . . . . . 160Half length amidships . . . . . . 205I-lard spots . . . . . . 24Hatch ha ms . . . . . . . 118Hatch end beams . . 68Hatch coamings . . . 66, '88, 70,'i56, 177Hatch covers . 118, 120, 178Hatchways 50, 52,'64, 66, 68, 70, 84, 156Hawsepipe . . . . . . . . 122Heels . . . . . . . . . . 208Height of coamings . . . . 66, 126Height of air pipes . . . 134Hogging . . . . . . . . 32,'i90, 193Holds, insulated . . . . . . . . 128Horning . . . . . . . . . 164Hose tests . . . 205-..Hounds . . . . . . . . 205

. -Insert plates . . . . 12. 62. 66. .Insulation . . . . . 128Integration . . . . . 190Intercostals . . . . 4 0 205~.- -Inverted angles . . . . . 6Inverted T-bars . . . . . 6Tshcrwood systcm . . 34, 148Joggling . . . .Joggled systems . .Joints . . . .Kcel blocks . .Keels . . . .Knees . . . .Landing edges . .Laps . .~ a p p e doinis . .Launching . .Lengths . . . .Lightening holes . .Limher holes . .

Loads, curve of .Loadline disc . .Loadlines, assignmentLocal weilrhts . .~ockrd -uptressLocking bars . .Locking pintle .

MMacGregor hatchesMachinery spacesMachine weldingManholes . ,Margin lineMargin plate . .Massed pillars . .Mast partncrs . .Masts~iddlc-line'bulkheadrModified tonnageMoulded dimensionsMould loft . .

N

PAGE

Nett register tonnage . .Non-return valves 175. . 132,'i36, 205Notches . . . . . . . . . 24Notch-resistant steel . . . . . . 172Numbering deck plates . . . 72. 206Numbering framcs . . . . 48, 206Numbering shell plates . . . . 72, 206O

Occasional surveys . .Off and fair . . .Offsets . . . . . .Oil tanks . , . . . .Oil tankers . . . .Oven floors . . . .openings . . . . . .Ordinary pillars . . . .Ordinary sterns . . .Ore carrier . . . ~Optical projection of line?Oxter platc .Ony-acctylene bloip ipe .Palm platcs . . . .Pan head rivct . . . .

Manting . . . . . .Panting beams and stringers/Peaks . . . . . .Penetration . . . .Periodical survevsPermanent gangways . .Permanently closed-in spaL.esPermanently-reduced lonnagcPermissible length . .Perpendiculars . . .Pillars . . . . .Pintles . .Pipes at buikheadi ' . .Pipes in weldr . . .Piping . . .

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216 MERCHANT SHIP CONSTRUCTIONPAGE I

Pitch of rivetsPlans . . . . . .plate bracket knees . . .Plate floors . . . . .Plate stems . . . . . .Piate preparation . . . .Plating . . . .Plates . . 18.62. 7'2;plimsoll mark . . . . .Plue hatches . . . . . .plumbing . . . . . . . .Plummer blocks . . . .Poop bulkheads . . . . . .poops . . . . . .VPoundina . . . . . .prefabrication . . . . . .Preparation for welding . .Profile . . . . . . . .Propeller post . . . . . .Pro~ell ing ower allowance . ./propellers . . . . . . .Punched holes . . . .flPumain~ . . . . . . 13'2:~ ~ - ~ = - ~YPumo roomsQuarter deck . . . . . 28. 112Quartcr line . . . . . . . 206Quarter pillars . . . . . . . 60RackingRag . . . .RailsRaised auarter d&kRake . .~efrigerated'shipRegister tonnageReserve buoyancyResidual stress . .Ribbaods . . . .Rigging . . .Rimers . . . .Rise of floor . .Rivet barsRivets . . . .Round bars . .VRx~dders . . ........Rudder bearings . .Rudder posi . .Rudder trunk .Run . . . .Running-up tanksSagging . . . .Sagging momentsScallops . . . .Scantlings . .Scarphed joints . .Screivc board . .Scuppers . . . .Seam . . . .Sections . . . .Semi-balazced ruddersSet iron . . . .

Shaft tumels . .Shearing force . .Sheathed decks . .

! S t o m valvesI Strain . .Strakes . .Strapped joints . .Streamlined ruddersStrength continuity ofStress concentrationsStress diagrams . .Stress in welds .~ ~ - ~ - ~Striking plate ./ Stringem. deck ./ ~tr /nie rs .anting~tnng ers. ldc . .1 Strong beams .

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Su&tructures . . . .suryeys .. . .Systems of const&tionSwedged bulkheads .Tabernacle . . . .Tack welds . . . .Tail end shaft . . . .TanksTank side bracket; ' . .Tank suctions . . . .~ a n ksts . .Tap rivets . . .T-bars . . . . . .Templates . . . .Tensde stress . . . .Tensile tests . . . .Tests. air . . . . . .Tests. hose . .Tests of bulkheads ' . .Tests of materials . .Tests of rivets . . .Testa of tanks . .Three-hatch ship . . . .Three-island ship . .Thickness of plating . .Tie plates . . . . . .Timber loadlinw . .T-jointsTO= of a i l i s and brack'eisTonnage . . . . . .Tonnage deck . . . .Tonnage of hatchways .Tonnage mark . . . .Topside tank8 . . . .Transom . . . . . .Transom floor . . . .Transom stem . .

INDEXPAGE. . . . 134. . . 104. . . . 23. . 132. 13420810s; li0.'156, 208

3. 169. 170. 171. . . . 34. . . 56

Transverse bulkheads . .Transverse framing . .Transverses . . .Transverse system . .Triggers .. . . .Tripping . . . . . .Tripping brackets . .Tumble home . . . .Tunnel recess . . . .Tunnel well . . . .Tunnels . . ..~ e e neck; . . .Twin screws . .Types A and B shids . .Types of ships . . .Types of weld . . .

UUndercutting . . . .Under deck tonnage .

vValve chest . . . .Valves. non-return . .Valves. storm .Ventilation in tan);;rs . .Ventilators . . . .Vibration . . . . .

WWash bulkheads~Washplates . .Watertight bulkhe&ds . .Watertight floors . .Web frames . . .Wedm . . . . .Weiats . curve of . .Welded joints . . . .. . . .elded platingWeldinx . . . . .Wells . . . .Wood decks' . . . .

217PAGE