9.1 Viruses

9.2 Bacteria

9.3 Protists

9.4 Fungi

Table of ContentsChapter Preview

9.1 Viruses

9.2 Bacteria

9.3 Protists

9.4 Fungi

Chapter 9 Preview Questions

1. What controls which substances come in and out of a cell?a. cell wallb. cytoskeletonc. cell membraned. organelles

Chapter 9 Preview Questions

1. What controls which substances come in and out of a cell?a. cell wallb. cytoskeletonc. cell membraned. organelles

Chapter 9 Preview Questions

2. The structure that contains the genetic material of the cell is the

a. cell membrane.b. nucleus.c. vacuole.d. cytoplasm.

Chapter 9 Preview Questions2. The structure that contains the genetic material of the cell is the

a. cell membrane.b. nucleus.c. vacuole.d. cytoplasm.

Chapter 9 Preview Questions

3. What structure provides energy for the cell?a. ribosomesb. proteinsc. mitochondriad. genetic material

Chapter 9 Preview Questions

3. What structure provides energy for the cell?a. ribosomesb. proteinsc. mitochondriad. genetic material

Chapter 9 Preview Questions

4. What is the structure that receives, packages, and distributes proteins to other parts of the cell?

a. Golgi bodiesb. lysosomesc. chloroplastsd. vacuoles

Chapter 9 Preview Questions

4. What is the structure that receives, packages, and distributes proteins to other parts of the cell?

a. Golgi bodiesb. lysosomesc. chloroplastsd. vacuoles

Suppose you find a seaweed such as the one below. If you were to study one of the leafy structures under a microscope, what would you expect to see? What is the basic unit of structure in seaweeds?

How do structure and function vary among organisms in different domains and kingdoms?

Prefixes

Prefix Meaning of Prefix Example and Meaning of Example

bi- bicolorHaving two colorstwo, twice

Prefix Meaning of Prefix Example and Meaning of Example

con-, com-compareTo look at together to note similarities and differences.

with, together

Prefixes

Prefix Meaning of Prefix Example and Meaning of Example

de- defrostTo remove ice or frost

down, from, reverse the action of

Prefixes

Apply It!Answer the following questions. After reading the chapter, check to see whether your answers are accurate or need to be changed.

1. The word fission means “division into parts.” When a necelled organism reproduces by binary fission, how many new organisms are produced?

two

2. Some bacteria are decomposers. The root -compose means “to put together.” What do decomposers do to dead organisms?

break them down into smaller parts

3. The root -jugate means “to join.” What might conjugation mean?

to join together

Section 9.1:Viruses

How are viruses like organisms?

What is the structure of a virus?

How do viruses multiply?

How can you treat a viral disease?

VIRUSES

SMALL NONLIVING PARTICLEINVADES AND REPRODUCES INSIDE A CELLNONLIVING BECAUSE VIRUSES DO NOT HAVE CELLSTHEY DO NOT USE ENERGY TO GROWTHEY CAN ONLY MULTIPLY INSIDE A CELL

SHAPES AND SIZES OF VIRUSESSMALLER THAN CELLS, VIRUSES ARE MEASURED IN NANOMETERS (A BILLIONTH OF A METER).VIRUSES CAN BE A VARIETY OF SHAPES.

The Structure of VirusesAll viruses have two basic parts: a protein coat that protects the virus and an inner core made of genetic material. Some viruses are surrounded by an outer membrane envelope.

NAMING VIRUSES

VIRUSES ARE NAMED FOR: THE DISEASES THEY CAUSE : HIV, Polio

THE PEOPLE WHO DISCOVER THEM: The Epstein-Barr virus

A PLACE WHERE THEY OCCUR: Ebola Virus

THE ORGANISM THEY INFECT: Tobacco Mossiac Virus

How Viruses MultiplyActive viruses enter cells and immediately begin to multiply, leading to the quick death of the invaded cells.

How Viruses MultiplyHidden viruses “hide” for a while inside host cells before becoming active.

Section 9.2: BacteriaHow do the cells of bacteria differ from those of eukaryotes?

What do bacteria need to survive?

Under what conditions do bacteria thrive and reproduce?

What positive roles do bacteria play in people’s lives?

The Bacterial CellBacteria are prokaryotes. The genetic material in the cells is not contained in a nucleus.

ARCHAEBACTERIA:

ANCIENT BACTERIA PROKARYOTES: BEFORE THE NUCLEUS AUTOTROPHS OR HETEROTROPHS UNICELLULAR LIVE IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS HOT SPRINGS, SALTY ENVIRONMENTS, INTESTINES

EUBACTERIA PROKARYOTES AUTOTROPHS OR HETEROTROPHS UNICELLULAR CHEMICAL MAKEUP DIFFERENT FROM ARCHAEBACTERIA NOT ANCIENT, NOT FOUND IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS

BACTERIA AND THE LIVING WORLD

FUEL PRODUCTION: ARCHAEBACTERIA AND THE PRODUCTION OF METHANE IN DECOMPOSITION. FOOD: CHEESE, YOGURT, CUCUMBERS TO PICKLES, APPLE CIDER TO VINEGAR.

   INFECTIOUS DISEASE SPREAD BY CONTACT WITH:INFECTED PERSON (SNEEZING, COUGHING)INFECTED OBJECT (UTENSILS, FOOD OR WATER)INFECTED ANIMAL (TICKS, DOGS, MOSQUITOES)THE ENVIRONMENT (SOIL, AND SURFACES)

Population Explosion

Suppose a bacterium reproduces by binary fission every 20 minutes. The new cells survive and reproduce at the same rate. This graph shows how the bacterial population would grow from a single bacterium.

Population Explosion

Horizontal axis–time (minutes); vertical axis–number of bacterial cells.

Reading Graphs:

What variable is being plotted on the horizontal axis? What is being plotted on the vertical axis?

Population Explosion

2 cells after 20 minutes;8 cells after one hour;64 cells after two hours.

Interpreting Data:

According to the graph, how many cells are there after 20 minutes? One hour? Two hours?

Population Explosion

The number of cells doubles with each division.

Drawing Conclusions:

Describe the pattern you see in the way the bacterial population increases over two hours.

Population Explosion

Not likely. The bacteria will continue to reproduce at this rate only as long as the conditions are favorable.

Predicting:

Do you think the bacterial population will continue to grow at the same rate? Why or why not?

Section 9.3: ProtistsWhat are the characteristics of animal-like, plantlike, and fungus-like protists?How do algae vary in organization, structure, and function?

PROTOZOANS

 KINGDOM PROTISTA UNICELLULAR SOME FORM COLONIES (VOLVOX) HETEROTROPHS AND

AUTOTROPHSREPRODUCE BY BINARY FISSION CONJUGATION SPORES

CLASSIFIED BY THE WAY THEY MOVE

Animal-Like ProtistsSARCODINES (AMOEBA) MOVE BY MAKING PSEUDOPODSAMOEBA = BLOBLIKERADIOLARIAN = GLASSLIKEFORAMINIFERANS = CALCIUM CARBONATE SHELLSAMOEBAS ARE SARCODINES THAT LIVE IN EITHER WATER OR SOIL. THEY FEED ON BACTERIA AND SMALLER PROTISTS.

SARCODINES

Animal-Like ProtistsParamecia are ciliates that live mostly in fresh water. Like amoebas, paramecia feed on bacteria and smaller protists.

Animal like protists: SLIME MOLDS

 TWO STAGES IN THEIR LIFE CYCLEPROTOZOAN STAGE = THEY ENGULF FOODFUNGUS STAGE = THEY REPRODUCE WITH SPORES              

CILLIATES (PARAMECIUM)MOVE WITH CILLIA (LITTLE HAIRS)PARAMECIUM IS THE MOST COMMONORAL GROOVE-- GULLET--- ANAL PORETWO NUCLEUS :MICRONUCLEUS FOR REPRODUCTIONMACRONUCLEUS FOR OTHER FUNCTIONS

Plantlike Protists

The euglena is a common euglenoid that lives in fresh water. In sunlight, many euglenas can make their own food. Without sunlight, they obtain food from their environment.

FLAGELLATES (EUGLENA) MOVE WITH FLAGELLAMOST UNICELLULAR, VOLVOX FORMS COLONIESSOME AUTOTROPHS (EUGLENA)TRYPANOSOME CAUSES AFRICAN SLEEPING SICKNESS 

PLANTLIKE PROTISTS: ALGAE

• NONVASCULAR PLANTS (NO XYLEM OR PHLOEM TUBES TO TRANSPORT WATER AND FOOD).• FOUND IN SOIL, OCEANS, PONDS & LAKES.• SOME UNICELLULAR• SOME MULTICELLULAR (SEAWEED)• ALL AUTOTROPHS• HAVE CHLOROPHYLL & OTHER PIGMENTS• CLASSIFIED BY THEIR COLOR

GIANT KELP: BROWN ALGAE

• SEAWEED, ROCKWEED, SARGASSUM• MULTICELLULAR• ROOTS ARE CALLED HOLDFASTS• STEMS ARE CALLED STIPES• LEAVES ARE CALLED BLADES• HAVE AIR BLADDERS TO FLOAT

BLUE GREEN ALGAE

• IN THE BACTERIA KINGDOM• SOME FIX NITROGEN FROM AIR TO SOIL• USED TO FERTILIZE RICE PADDIES

RED ALGAE• SOME LIVE 200 METERS DEEP IN THE OCEAN• PRODUCE AGAR USED IN PETRI DISHES• HAVE CHLOROPHYLL AND RED PIGMENTS

GOLDEN ALGAE

• DIATOMS• COMPOSED OF SILICA (GLASS)• HAVE CHLOROPHYLL AND OTHER PIGMENTS (BROWN YELLOW AND ORANGE)• THEY FORM DIATOMACEOUS EARTH

GREEN ALGAE

• CONTAIN CHLOROPHYLL• MOST ARE PLANKTON• FOUND IN FRESH OR SALT WATER

FIRE ALGAE• PRODUCE THE RED TIDE• CALLED DINOFLAGELLATES• PRODUCE TOXINS THAT EFFECT SHELLFISH• HAVE FLAGELLA TO MOVE• PRODUCE BIOLUMINESCENCE

SPOROZOANS

 DON’T MOVE CAUSE DISEASES SUCH AS MALARIAMALARIA IS TRANSMITTED BY THE ANOPHELES MOSQUITO

Section 9. 4: FungiWhat characteristics do fungi share?

How do fungi reproduce?

What roles do fungi play in nature?

What Are Fungi?Fungi are eukaryotes that have cell walls, are heterotrophs that feed by absorbing their food, and use spores to reproduce. The cells of most fungi are arranged in a structure called hyphae.

FUNGI

 NONVASCULAR (NO XYLEM OR PHLOEM TUBES TO TRANSPORT WATER AND FOOD).HYPHAE THREADS TO BREAK DOWN AND DIGEST FOODSOME UNICELLULAR (YEAST)SOME MULTICELLULAR (MUSHROOMS)ALL HETEROTROPHS AND PARASITESSOME SAPROPHYTES (EAT DEAD THINGS)NO CHLOROPHYLL REPRODUCE BY SPORES CONTAINED IN FRUITING BODIES

YEASTS-sac fungi

 REPRODUCE BY BUDDINGGET ENERGY FROM FERMENTATION(SUGAR + STARCH = ALCOHOL + CO2 + ENERGY)NO CHLOROPHYLLKINGDOM FUNGI 

What Are Fungi?Fungi absorb food through hyphae that grow into the food source.

LICHENS 

ALGAE AND FUNGUS LIVING TOGETHERSYMBIOSIS = BOTH BENEFITPIONEER PLANTSPOLLUTION INDICATORS

End of Section: Fungi