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Executive Summaries of 1994 Annual Reports

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Programs, Units and Sc1entific Resource Groups

February, 1995

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BEAN PROGRAM

CASSAVA PROGRAM

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TROPICAL FORAGES PROGRAM

RICE PROGRAM

HILLSIDE PROGRAM

TROPICAL LOWLANDS PROGRAM

LAND MANAGEMENT SRG

BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH UNIT

GENETIC RESOURCES UNIT

BIOMETRY UNIT

VIROLOGY RESEARCH UNIT

GERMPLASM DEVELOPMENT SRG

GENETIC DIVERSITY SRG

DISEASE ANO PEST MANAGEMENT SRG

PRODUCTION SYSTEMS & SOIL MANAGEMENT SRG

INSTITUTIONAL RELATIONS & DEVELOPMENT SUPPORT

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60

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71

76

83

87

94

107

SEAN PROGRAM

In 1994 CIAT underwent ma1or trans1t1ons 1n organ1zatlon 1nclud1ng the move to proJect based management reflectad 1n th1s summary For the Sean Program these changas were accompan1ed by 1mportant m1lestones 1n our work 1n additlon to continuad advances across a bread range of research and network actMtles Among the h1ghhghts are

The Core Collect1on of germplasm has moved fully from a development and testlng stage to maturlty as a research tool Th1s year evaluat1ons were conducted for seed prote1n types tolerance to low P and Mn tox1C1ty adaptat1on to water def1c1t and temperatura response of phenology

The Sean Program s 15 year old set of un1form nursenes was restructured focus1ng on one ma1n nursery the lnternatlonal Sean Nursery (ISN) wh1ch will be run on a two year cycle Nat1onal programs and the pnvate sector are encouraged to contnbute hnes to the ISN and collaborators 1n several countnes w1ll evaluate the ISN for tra1ts not read1ly tested by CIAT

The Program now has 1n house capab1ht1es for develop1ng molecular markers for econom1c tra1ts Us1ng recomb1nant 1nbred hnes developed w1th1n the program molecular markers for genes for tolerance to common bactenal bhght bean golden mosa1c wus and drought are be1ng developed

The trag1c war 1n Rwanda lead to the Seeds of Hope inltlat1ve Th1s ma1or collaborat1ve effort between IARCs NGOs and fore1gn a1d programs has the duel goals of help1ng rehef efforts prov1de Rwandan farmers w1th seed stocks of bean and other crops wh1le protect1ng the genet1c d1vers1ty 1n the reg1on and of understand1ng how genet1c d1vers1ty 1s affected by maJar catastrophes and how d1vers1ty should be managed 1n Mure rehef efforts

Confirm1ng our cont1nued comm1ttment to 1mprovement of bean product1on through plant breed1ng over 15 bean cult1vars denved from CIAT matenals were released by NARS 1n 1994

Bean Project Area BP Phaseolus D1vers1ty

Project BP01 Phaseolus Conservat1on Rece1ved about 2 000 access1ons from Rwanda Surundl Honduras and Ch1le Placed 1 356 access1ons 1n long term storage Renewed stocks for short term storage of 1 472 access1ons D1stnbuted 8 877 access1ons 6 007 w1th1n CIAT and 2 870 to researchers 1n 19 countnes Developed a GIS pred1ctJve model for presence of w1ld P vulgans

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Pro)ect BP02 Phaseotus Genetlc Structure Completad charactenzatlon of seed prote1ns 1n the core collectJon Usad RAPO markers to vahdate the select1on procedure used to develop the core collectJon lnrt1ated laboratory evaluat1ons to find molecular markers hnked to drought tolerance res1stance to BGMV and res1stance to Common Bactenal Bhght Evaluated a un1form nursery of 208 entnes 1n three enwonments 1n Colombia Chile Costa R1ca Honduras Mex1co USA Canada Spa1n and lran te exam1ne relat1ons among phenology adaptat1on and d1sease reactJons Confirmad res1stance te bean pod weev1l (Ap1on godmam) 1n new germplasm (w1th INIFAP) Charactenzed chmb1ng snap bean germplasm for pod trSits growth hab1t days te flower seed characters and phaseohn type Class1fied prote1n fractJons of seed of P coccmeus and P polyanthus us1ng methods developed for charactenz1ng races of P vutgans

Pro)ect BP03 Wlld and Cultlvated Phaseolus Specles Expanded program of JnterspecJfic crosses te 1nclude a w1der range of P acutlfOflus germplasm and the f1rst P coccmeus parents (1mmune te BGMV) New sources of w1ld P Vulgans res1stant te Zabrotes subfasc1atus were Jdent1fied and charactenzed for arcehn vanants

Pro)ect BP04 Bean Utllizatlon Demonstrated that P coccmeus has h1gher prote1n content and dJgest1billty than P vutgans

Bean Pro)ect Area BY Bean Yleld Stab1llty

Pro)ect BY01 Blotlc Stress Reslstance Charactenzed the wulence d1vers1ty of the angular leaf spot pathogen (Phaeo1saflops1s gflseota) for d1fferent geograph1c reg1ons us1ng dJfferent1al cult1vars The d1vers1ty was then assoc1ated w1th DNA polymorph1sms detectad w1th RAPOs 1n arder to understand the evolut1on of the pathogen Charactenzed the DNA polymorph1sm and wulence d1vers1ty of Col/etotflchum tmdemuth1anum 1n Colombia us1ng RAPOs and dJfferentJal cult1vars Demonstrated d1fferences 1n seed transmJSSJon of common bactenal bhght Xanthomonas campestns for cult1vars and bred hnes 1n Uganda (w1th NARO Uganda) Charactenzed the dJstnbutJon of bean common mosa1c wus (BCMV) for 12 countnes 1n Afnca show1ng that a NL3 type stra1n 1s the most w1dely d1stnbuted but JS not found 1n Eth10p1a (w1th Wellesborne UK) Oemonstrated that necrotJC stra1ns of BCMV were found 1n naturally 1nfected seed of many wild legumes 1n Uganda and that aph1ds can serve as vectors between bean and wild legumes (w1th NARO and Wellesborne)

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Demonstrated that CAL 143 possesses good mult1ple d1sease res1stance for halo bhght powdery mildew and ALS 1n several parts of Afnca Based on prehm1nary data found that res1stance to Ap1on godmam 1s controlled by one or two dom1nant genes (w1th INIFAP Mex1co) ln1t1ated a project for mult1ple 1nsect res1stance 1n Central Amanea (w1th PROFRIJOL) In evaluatlons of 180 F3 populat1ons 1n Tanzan1a for res1stance to bean stem maggot (BSM) found that the hne ZPv 292c gave espec1ally prom1s1ng progeny Found vanat1on among cult1vars for adult attract1on 1nfestanon and larval surv1va1 of BSM Demonstrated that res1stance to bean weevil (Acanthose/1des) 1s not due to amylase 1nh1b1tors or certa1n volatile compounds but that av1d1n (not found 1n bean) 1s a very strong growth 1nh1bitor (w1th NRI UK) Found better sources of res1stance to bruch1ds 1n P acutlfOIIus and P lunatus

Project BY02 Ablotlc Stress Tolerance For Andean germplasm showed that vanatlon 1n depth of root1ng 1s a mechan1sm of drought avo1dance Us1ng the s~mulatlon model BEANGRO showed that greater root growth would enhance y1eld under water def1c1t even 1n shallow so1ls and for early matunng cu1t1vars Through use of recomb1nant 1nbred hnes showed that erect growth hab1t IS not assoc1ated w1th peor y1eld under water defic1t For Andean and Mesoamencan germplasm developed hnes show1ng excellent levels of drought tolerance comparad to tolerant checks ldent1fied add1t1onal germplasm w1th h1gh levels of f1eld tolerance to low P ava1lab1hty 1nclud1ng further germplasm from hot spots 1n Peru and Mex1co Found that root surface area root fractal d1mens1on and rootlng angle correlata well w1th effic1ent P uptake Found cult1var d1fferences 1n N2 fixat1on under low P ava1lab1hty ldent1fied prom1s1ng germplasm for tolerance to ac1d s01ls 1n Malaw1 Charactenzed leaf bronz1ng assoc1ated w1th up to 50% y1eld loss 1n Tanzan1a ( Problem Y ) as assoc1ated w1th so1ls show1ng low Mn and Mg but found that the problem does not respond to s1mple fert1hzer reg1mes

Project BY03 lmproved Yleld Potentlal Found that sorne Andean hnes developed for warm enwonments also grow well at h1gh latrtude s1tes 1n Argentina Chile and South Afnca Showed that the temperatura senSitiVIty of photopenod response of flowenng 1s controlled by genes bes1des Ppd and Hr

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Developed a crop s1mulat1on modal for bean that uses genotypes (seven genes Fm Ppd Hr Fd SSz 1 and two add1t1onal hypothet1cal genes for seed s1ze) rather than cult1var spec1fic coeffic1ents to represent cult1var d1fferences and that can account for over 60% of observad vanat1on 1n seed we1ght and phenology Through s1mulat1on expenments w1th the model BEANGRO showed that 1ncreas1ng leaf photosythet1c rate by creatlng th1cker leaves should 1ncrease seed y1eld even though LAI 1s reduced Confirmad that use of Andean germplasm for 1mprovement of M1ddle Amencan cult1vars (e g as sources of d1sease res1stance) w111 be d1fficult dueto reduced y1eld potentlal Showed that random 1ntermat1ng 1n early generat1ons can 1ncrease seed y1eld of S4 famll1es presumably due to breakage of undes1rable linkages In compansons 1n Uganda of seed y1eld and cook1ng tra1ts of mult11Jne vanet1es confirmad the y1eld advantages of mult11ines but benef1ts vaned w1th the m1x of lines u sed

Bean Project Area BL Sustalnlng Bean Productlv1ty In Latm Amenca and the Carlbbean

Project BL01 Germplasm lmprovement (Latln Amer1ca) LlberatiOn of CIAT lines select1ons from crosses or germplasm d1stnbuted by CIAT as cult1vars by nat1onal programs 1ncluded

Peru (INIA) Jac1nto Bayo Moch1ca and Garza INIA Ecuador (INIAP) INIAP 416 Canana Brazll (vanous) Ouro Branco Corrent Bambu1 Xamego

Project BL02 Network Development (Latm Amerlca) Complementary subpro¡ect BL51 Proyecto reg1onal de fn¡ol zona And1na (PROFRIZA) Formad farmer groups for artesan seed productiOn 1n Boliv1a Ecuador and Peru ldent1fied 23 races of anthracnose 1n the reg1on perm1tt1ng more strateg1c use of res1stance ldent1fied prom1s1ng sources of res1stance for ma¡or d1seases 1n the reg1on Us1ng commumty based part1c1patory methods developed so11 conservat1on strateg1es for bean product1on reg1ons In Ecuador the commumty El Inca rece1ved a spec1al recogn1t1on from FAO for the~r efforts

Complementary subproject BL52 Proyecto reg1onal de fn¡ol para Centro Amanea MéxiCO y el Canbe (PROFRIJOL) ldent1fied prom1s1ng sources of heat tolerance 1n nursery evaluated by the Umvers1ty of Puerto R1co (pro¡ect co leader) Advanced stud1es on breed1ng for mult1ple d1sease and pest res1stance

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Project BL03 lntegrated Bean Productlon Systems (Latln Amerlca) In follow up surveys 1n Colombia found that 50% of farmers spray en a calendar bas1s te control whltefly desp1te results 1nd1cat1ng that the 1nsect does not cause econom1c damage but that 78% of farmers were 1nterested 1n apply1ng concepts of s1mpllfied act1on thresholds In compansons of IPM systems w1th farmer pract1ces found no d1fferences 1n y1eld Wh1le many components of IPM for 1nsect pests are avallable for Colomb1a Ecuador and Peru concluded that more farmer part1c1patory work 1s needed te refine methods Establlshed cu1t1var adaptat1on web bllght and P fert11izatlon tnals 1n the forest marg1ns of Brazll 1dent1fy1ng web bllght as a cnt1cal constra1nt (w1th CPAF/Acre)

Bean Project Area BA Sustalnlng Bean Productlvlty m Sub Saharan Afnca

Project BA01 Germplasm Development (Sub Saharan Afnca) D1stnbuted f1rst Afncan BCMV nursery (NIGPADN) w1th bc3 or bc22 sources of res1stance wh1ch already show excellent y1elds Evaluated 100 llnes of the BALSIT for ALS res1stance 1n Uganda 1n response te survey show1ng that ALS 1s the most 1mportant Pan Afncan bean d1sease Preparad random matad populat1ons of the most tolerant matenals for bean stem maggot D1stnbuted and evaluated AFBYAN 111 the th1rd Pan Afncan un1form y1eld tnal

Complementary subproject BA54 Bean 1mprovement 1n Malaw1 Evaluated hnes from the 1992 VEF Rwandan germplasm and the CIAT Core Collect1on Conducted a prehm1nary bean vanety tnal of 34 entnes 1n tour enwonments

Project BA02 Network Development (Sub Saharan Afrlca) Conducted Pan Afncan workshops en edaph1c stresses and en bactenal and wal d1seases Conducted f1rst CIAT MultldiSCiphnary Course (8 weeks)

Subpro1ect BA12/BA51 Collaborat1ve bean research network for the eastern Afnca reg1on (EABRN) phase 3 Evaluated 1ntegrated management of root rots 1n Kenya (pro¡ect headed by KARI) find1ng severa! tolerant hnes representlng d1verse gra1n types

Subpro1ect BA13/BA~ Great Lakes reg1onal bean research network (RESAPAC) phase 3 Collaborated 1n the Seeds of Hope program te gu1de rehef efforts and te a1de farmers 1n protect1ng genet1c d1verS1ty after the war 1n Rwanda

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Complementary subpro1ect BA52 Southern Afnca reg1onal bean research (SADC) Estabhshed a system of zonal tnals for the reg1on The SAZBEN (100 hnes) was d1stnbuted to 10 countnes and SAZBYT (15 entnes) to seven

Pro)ect BA03 Seed Dlstrlbution and Farmer Partlclpat1on {Sub Saharan A frica) Conducted workshop on alternat1ve seed product1on systems 1n the reg1on Conducted d1agnost1c study of seed product1on 1n Uganda suggestlng that farmers grow few vanetles apparently due to the strong 1nterest 1n bean as a cash crop Stud1ed strateg1es for low cost d1stnbut1on of 1mproved bean cult1vars Stud1ed seed d1ffus1on of cv Lyamungu 90 1n Tanzan1a

Complementary subpro1ect BA55 Sw1ss assoc1ate for the bean research program 1n Uganda Used farmer part1c1patory methods to gu1de research on so11 1mprovement pest and d1sease management and release of new bean vanetles Developed strategy for conserv1ng bean germplasm w1th seed dry1ng to 6% over s1hca gel and stonng seed 1n hermet1cally sealed conta1ners

Pubhcatsons and Workshops

Art1cles 1n refereed ¡ournals Other art1cles Presentat1ons at meetlngs or workshops

lnv1ted papers Regular papersfposters

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CASSAVA PROGRAM

The CIAT Cassava Program 1n collaboratiOn w1th the Genet1c Resources Unlt (GRU) the B1otechnology Research Umt (BRU) & the Vlrology Research Umt (VRU) organ1zes 1ts act1V1t1es around four research areas Mamhot Genet1c Resources Gene Pool Oevelopment Crop Management and Product Process & Market Oevelopment The Program also plays an act1ve role 1n catalys1ng and promotlng mechamsms for enhanced cooperat1on among 1nst1tut1ons and 1nd1V1duals at nat1onal reg1onal and global levels

Mamhot Genetlc Resources

Purpose To conserve and charactenze b10d1verS1ty for 1mprov1ng cassava quahty and productiVIty

New germplasm of cult1vated cassava and Mamhot spec1es were 1ncorporated 1nto the world collect1on th1s year Collect1on actiVItles followed newly recommended documentatiOn schemes wh1ch should hm1t the hkehhood of acqu1nng duphcate access1ons and facil1tate use of the germplasm S1multaneously a data base document1ng the d1stnbut10n of Mamhot spec1es was begun The data base 1s compatible wrth Geograph1c lnformat1on Systems and w11l be apphed to apprec1at1ng the ecolog1cal provenances of wlld germplasm

Molecular markers were usad to confirm putat1ve duphcates 1n the germplasm collectlon suggested by pnor morpholog1cal and 1sozyme charactenzat1on resultlng 1n a reduct1on of the total number of access1ons to be ma1nta1ned 1n the field gene bank Markers based on amphficatiOn of polymorph1c ONA sequences (RAPOs) were apphed to measunng relatJonshJps among ehte clones adaptad to d1fferent product1on ecozones to form a base data set for quant1fy1ng d1vers1ty 1n vanous components of gene pools avallable for cassava 1mprovement Two types of molecular markers RAPOs and RFLPs from ONA probas developed at CIAT were usad to construct the first genet1c map of cassava basad on the1r segregat1on 1n an 1ntraspec1fic cross

Evaluatlon of the sama cross for morpholog1cal and physlolog1cal charactenst1cs has begun toward understand1ng the genet1c bas1s of useful vanat1on

The core collect1on of cassava germplasm was evaluated for four parameters of root quahty to assess d1vers1ty ava1lable for the development of cassava for d1fferent end uses Ory matter content cyanogen content starch content and amylose percentage of starch were evaluated and assoc1at1on among these characters were stud1ed S1gn1ficant d1fferences were found 1n starch funct1onal propert1es between groups of genotypes w1th h1gh and low cyanogen content

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The hentabthty and effect of enwonmental condtttons on cyanogenests were atso studted Th1s 1nvest1gat1on and germplasm charactenzat1on w1ll be fac1htated by 1mprovements made th1s year 1n the assay procedure for cyanogens ehm1nat1ng the need te work w1th nox1ous reagents Progress was also made toward understand1ng the basts of cassava s ab1hty te ma1nta1n h1gh photosynthet1c rates under cond1ttons of drought and temperatura stress H1gh act1v1ty of photosynthet1c enzymes and unusual anatom1c features poss1bly related te xerophyt1c adaptat1on were d1scovered 1n two Mamhot spec1es Research was 1ntt1ated toward the recogntt1on of blochemlcal 1nd1cators that could be used 1n screen1ng cassava germplasm for res1stance to post harvest detenoratton or toward man1pulat1on of detenoratton through genet1c eng1neenng

Cassava Gene Pool Development

Purpose Te develop cassava gene pools for 1mproved y1eld quahty and res1stance te or tolerance of maJar pests d1seases and ab1ot1c stresses

The effic1ency of cassava breed1ng for dry matter product1on 1s be1ng 1mproved by bas1ng select1on of prom1s1ng matenals on 1nd1ces developed by factor analys1s tak1ng 1nto account the hentab1hty of the most relatad tra1ts such as number of commerc1al roots plant arch1tecture and leaf retent1on

The development of a reproduCible protocol for genet1c transformat1on conttnues te be etus1ve Regenerated putat1ve transformad cassava plants fatled te express the GUS gene but two plants showed res1stance te Basta herb1c1de The 1ntegrat1on of the 1ntroduced genes 1s be1ng stud1ed

Add1t1onal sources of host plant res1stance te m1tes thnps cassava bactenal bhght and root rots have been detectad 1n f1eld andfor greenhouse germplasm evatuat1ons Only d1fferent1al tolerance has been observad 1n certa1n genotypes under heavy mealybug attack Res1stance te wh1tefhes Interpretad by low surv1val te adult stage a longer hfe cycle and a h1gher detachment of nymphs and pupae 1s closely related te the concentrat1on of tncomes 1n young cassava leaves

Screen1ng of cassava germplasm under low P and low K so1ls has resultad 1n the select1on of severa! genotypes w1th very good nutnent use effic1ency Those genotypes allocated more photosynthates to storage roots than te stems Although cooler chmates 1mpose senous constratnts to photosynthettc capactty tt has been posstble to detect genotypes wtth constderably htgher ratas that wtll contnbute to the tmprovement of yteld potenttal tn the htghland ecosystems

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A total of 27 new genotypes have been added to the ehte clone pool wh1ch 1ntegrate h1gher dry matter y1eld res1stance to the ma1n bJot1c and ab1otlc constra1nts and good quahty for d1fferent end uses The select1on of two elite clones w1th h1gh levels of res1stance to bactenal bhght 1n the h1ghlands (SM 524 1 and CG 402 11) w1U contnbute to the 1ntegrated control of the d1sease 1n that ecosystem

The contlnuous JntroductJon of Lat1n Amencan germplasm 1nto Afnca has resultad 1n the select1on of severa! ehte genotypes for the sem1 and reg1ons of Northern N1gena Although the frequency of ACMV res1stant genotypes among Latln Amencan germplasm 1s very low two clones of pure Latln Amencan ongm have been selected w1th good levels of res1stance by liTA scJentJsts

Cassava gene pools developed JOintly by CIAT and the Tha1 NatiOnal Programare prov1d1ng better chances for the selectiOn of ehte genotypes among As1an cassava breeders A steady progress 1n cassava breed1ng can be observad when companng the latest select1ons w1th the local checks or prev1ously released vanet1es Cult1vars such as Rayong 60 and Kasetsart 50 are demonstratlng bread adaptat1on capac1ty

Ehte germplasm selected by Braz1han SC1ent1sts w1th1n a spec1al prOJect for the sem1 and and sub tropical ecosystems financed by IFAD 1s be1ng subjected to farmers evaluat1on 1n arder to ga1n feedback on select1on entena and speed up the vanetal select1on and d1ffUs1on process

lntegrated Crop Management

Purpose To promete susta1nable cassava product1on 1n maJar agroecosystems of Latln Amenca and As1a by develop1ng pnnc1ples of and component technolog1es for 1ntegrated crop management

Research on quahty of plantlng matenals 1nd1cated that stakes from well fert1hzed so1ls had h1gher nutnent contents better germ1nat1on and h1gher root y1eld 1n subsequent crops under low soJI fert1hty The 1ncrease 1n y1eld due to better stake quahty ranged from 60 to 90% 1n absence of chem1cal fert1hzer apphcatiOn These find1ngs have 1mportant pract1cal 1mpllcat1ons for cassava producers espec1ally where so1ls are low 1n fert1hty

Data collect1on on soll losses and so1l charactenzat1on on eros1on plots 1n Ou1hchao and Mondomo 1n Colombia 1s 1n Jts seventh year and const1tutes a valuable source for model vahdatiOn and development

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Erod1b1hty of sods ( K factor of the USLE model) 1ncreased w1th t1me and real so1l losses were cons1stently h1gher than those pred1cted by the model Newly developed model equat1ons to est1mate K for the two s1tes were based on easy to determine phys1cal surface soil charactenst1cs and resultad 1n a much better pred1ct10n of sed losses

Contour ndges hedgerows w1th dwarf elephant and vet1ver grass and undersow1ng w1th less competltlve forage legumes e g Chamaecnsta rotund1fol1a have been 1dentlfied as susta1nable cropp1ng technolog1es and are 1n the process of farmers evaluatiOn and on farm testlng 1n collaborat1on w1th the H1IIS1des Program and natiOnal organ~zat1ons A plant for extract1on of essent1al od from Cltronella hedgerows was constructed w1th a farmers group as an attempt to develop 1ntegrated concepts hnk1ng conservatlon components to opportun1t1es for 1ncome generat1on

Follow1ng SIX years of research to develop a range of technology components for prevent1ng so1l degradat1on 1n cassava based cropp1ng systems 1n As1a greater emphas1s 1s now be1ng placed on partiCipatory evaluatlon w1th farmers of the most appropnate opt1ons In a pro¡ect supported by the Sasakawa Foundat1on e1ght pdot s1tes 1n tour countnes (Tha1land Indonesia Ch1na V1etnam) have been selected In July a workshop was organ1zed at Aayong Tha1land to fam1hanze natonal program agronom1sts and extens1on leaders w1th farmer part1c1patory research methodolog1es

The complete sequence of cassava ve1n mosa1c wus (CVMV) has been determ1ned and a PCA method to detect the v~rus developed Dunng the molecular charactenzatiOn of cassava common mosa1c wus (CCMV) the presence and the encaps1dat1on of a defect1ve ANA spec1es was conf~rmed Defect1ve ANA spec1es often 1nterfere w1th wal rephcat1on and may be a natural control for the d1sease caused by CCMV

Three spec1es of phytosend predators of the cassava green m1te from Braz11 have been successfully estabhshed 1n Afnca Two spec1es of paras1t01ds of the cassava mealybug and ene phytosend predator of the cassava green m1te from CIAT have been released 1n N E Brazd Laboratory stud1es show that the d1pteran m1dge Forc1pomy1a enophora 1s capable of transm1tt1ng the baculowus from 1nfected to non 1nfected cassava hornworm larvae Th1s 1s the first recordad case as far as we know of an 1nsect wus be1ng vectored by another 1nsect spec1es

There has been enthus1aSt1c response from nat1onal and state level agenc1es 1n N E Brazil to the farmer partiClpatory techn1ques that are be1ng 1mplemented w1th1n the 1ntegrated pest management pro¡ect funded by UNDP D1agnost1c surveys completad dunng the year are prov1d1ng an essent1al framework for 1ntegrated act1VIt1es by researchers extens10n1sts and farmers

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Product, Process and Market Development

Purpose To strengthen hnks between farmers and markets and obta1n onentat1on for gene pool development through research on process product and market development

An •nternat1onal meeting on Cassava Flour and Starch organ1zed 1n collaboratlon w1th CJRAD SAR was held at CIAT 1n January 1994 130 sc•ent1sts from 20 countnes attended the meeting at wh1ch papers on current uses and futura potent1al phys1co chem1cal propert1es b1oconvers•on and by product use and treatment technology development new products and 1ntegrated cassava pro¡ects were presentad

The p110t plant for the product1on of cassava flour located on the Atlant1c Coast of Colombia has 1ncreased 1ts sales to the small scale food 1ndustry and penetrated the adhes1ves market The plant has now moved to semlcommerc•al product10n that will prov1de rehable data on 1ts econom•c feas1b1hty 4 cassava flour plants have been estabhshed 1n d1fferent reg1ons of Peru by CARITAS

Fermentad cassava starch has preven to be the umque 1n terms of confernng expans1on propert1es to bakery products Tnals w1th ma1ze nce and patato fa1led to produce mod1fied starches w1th expans1on propert1es Th1s cassava charactenst1c could open up 1mportant mche markets for starch 1n d1etary and gluten free products

A hydrocyclone that concentrates starch m1lk and thereby reduces water use has been successfully f1eld testad by NRI 1n small scale starch extract1on faetones 1n Colombia The adoptlon of th1s Simple technology would substantlally reduce the pollut¡ng effect of effluent from these faetones

lnstltutlonal Development

Purpose To 1ncrease the effect1veness of natlonal reg1onal and global research and development systems for cassava

The global cassava needs assessment exerc1se that was 1n1tlated 1n 1993 has been completad Th1s study has quant1fied the ma¡or constra1nts faced by cassava farmers and processors by continent and by ecosystem Th1s 1nformatlon 1s 1n the process of be1ng further rev1ewed by nat1onal program collaborators

Program sclent1sts partiClpated 1n a rap1d rural appra1sal conducted dunng August 1994 1n 3 prov1nces of South Ch1na as part of a largar strateg1c plann1ng exerc1se to set pnontles for cassava R and D

12

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

The study h1ghhghted the overnd1ng 1mportance of cassava as an 1ndustnal crop for starch the grow1ng demand for th1s product potentlal enwonmental problems assoc1ated wrth process1ng waste d1sposal and the reduced number of cult1vars that are be1ng grown

The Second lnternat1onal Sc1ent1fic Meet1ng of the Cassava B1otechnology Network (CBN) held from 21 to 26 August 1n Bogar Indonesia was attended by 150 sc1ent1sts Progress 1n the mapp1ng of the cassava genome regenerat1on and genetlc transformat1on was reportad Pnont1es for the employment of these tools 1n resolv1ng b10t1c and b1ot1c constra1nts mod1fy1ng quahty charactenst1cs or enhanc1ng end use poss1bilrt1es were estabhshed

Program Developments

Carlos Lozano the cassava patholog1st s1nce 1972 ret1red on 10 May 1994 S1nce then Fernando Correa the R1ce Program patholog1st has been superv1s1ng the research on cassava d1seases Marc1o Porto the CIAT liT A sc1ent1st res1gned from CIAT on 30 March 1994 to take up a pos1t1on as cassava agronom1st w1th the Southern Afr1can Root Crop Research Network 1n Mozamb1que Susan Poat s contract w1th the Manab1 Cassava Development ProJeCt term1nated on 28 March 1994 Llncoln Sm1th b1olog1cal control spec1ahst JOined the Program 1n May 1994 as a Sen1or Research Fellow to work w1th the IPM project The appo1ntment 1n September 1994 of Claud1a Guevara as Cassava Curator 1n the GRU has enhanced our capac1ty w1th respect to the germplasm mandate

13

TROPICAL FORAGES PROGRAM

Th1s Annual Report was preparad for the Program Comm1ttee of the Board of Trustees meeting 1n February 1995 lt follows a smlar format to the 1992 93 B1enmal Report and should be cons1dered 1n conJunctlon w1th that document A pohcy was estabhshed 1n 1993 to produce a substant1al report for w1despread d1stnbut1on 1n Spamsh and Enghsh only every two years As the next comprehens1ve b1enmal report w1ll be produced later th1s year the report of actiVItleS for 1994 w111 be bnef

Tropical Forage Germplasm Development Clanfy1ng the need and the v1S1on

There were considerable developments both w1th1n the CGIAR and CIAT dunng the year that 1mpacted on the Trop1cal Forages Program (TFP) The ch1ef of these were avallab1hty of funds a move to matnx systems a Centers x Systemw1de Programs 1n the CGIAR and Programs x ScJent1f1c Resource Groups 1n CIAT and staff and management changas There has been a contJnued attempt to ma1nta1n the 1ntegnty of the research program nevertheless there JS uncerta1nty amongst staff of the Program on such fundamental 1ssues as d~rect1on VJSJon and capac1ty (or resources) Hence 1n add1t1on toa summary of the research outcomes and pnontJes 1t 1s useful to clanfy the current SJtuatJon and Jnd1cate the future agenda

Program Strategy

Technlcal aspects The overall goal of the Trop1cal Forages Program (TFP) JS to acqUJre 1dent1fy and 1mprove trop1cal forage germplasm for subhum1d and hum1d trop1cal lowlands and m1d altJtude hllls1des wh1ch w1ll contnbute to mcreased and more eff1c1ent meat and mllk product1on soJI 1mprovement and weed and eros1on control 1n trop1cal productJon systems

lnadequate nutnt1on JS the majar hmJtatJon to Jncreased an1mal productlon 1n all trop1cal farm1ng systems In trop1cal Amenca quahty rather than quant1ty of feed JS the 1ssue whereas 1n As1a and Afnca where land resources are more hm1ted both quant1ty and quahty of feed are 1mportant and forage JS a complement to crop res1dues

The ut1hty of forages to contnbute to more susta1nable agncultural product1on systems under good management 1s not d1sputed But the 1ssue deserves more attent1on 1n v1ew of the on go1ng pubhc debate of harmful effect of hvestock on natural resources where there 1s overgraz1ng and where government pohcJes encourage unnecessary cleanng of forests

14

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

AttentJve readers wlll have observad that the words ac1d 1nfert11e so1ls have been dropped from the goal statement H1stoncally the focus has been on the select1on of spec1es for ac1d 1nfertJie solls New access1ons spec1es and even genera were 1dent1fied for vast areas for wh1ch there were no 1mproved cult1vars Many of these new cult1vars were also hlghly product1ve on more fert1le sods because of the1r v1gor and d1sease and 1nsect res1stance The TFP wlll cont1nue to evaluate new acquJsJtJons under cond1t1ons of ac1d 1nfertlle so1ls and h1gh d1sease and 1nsect JncJdence However 1t w111 also evaluate the same germplasm on more fert1le solls and look to spec1fic needs for areas w1th more fertlle solls

Though there was always a mandate for forage development for both subhum1d and hum1d areas there was more act1v1ty 1n pasture ~mprovement 1n the hum1d trop1cs where there JS greater occurrence of ac1d solls In future we w1ll endeavor to JdentJfy germplasm for the full extent of the subhum1d zone (180 270 plant growth days) Th1s wlll g1ve a focus to prov1S10n of feed for the dry season wh1ch can be a ma¡or hmJtatJon 1n both zonas Further the emphas1s has changed to 1nclude other uses for forages than as grazed pastura namely fodder soll cover barners for eros1on control and green manure

These changes WJII also ahgn the TFP more closely w1th the TAC pnonty ecoreg1on of the subhum1d and hum1d trop1cal lowlands and more eas1ly def1ne the global role that the TFP can play W1th1n the Systemw1de Llvestock Program

The responsJbJhty of scJentJsts w1th1n the TFP 1s not fulf1lled unt1l they can be assured the1r contnbut1on to vanous aspects of selectJon and 1mprovement ot forages has been 1ncorporated 1nto a product1on system Thus a cruc1al aspect ot the strategy ot the TFP JS the dehvery of new torage germplasm 1n the torm ot components tor product1on systems through on farm part1c1patory research and act1ve collaborat1on w1th NARDS

When the strategy document was wntten for the TFP as a germplasm development program (Strateg1c Plan CIAT 1992) 1t was assumed that research on Jncorporat1on of forages 1nto farm1ng systems would be carned out by the Natural Resource Management Programs W1th1n CIAT and by the NARS The former are concerned w1th the 1mpact of forage components on whole product1on systems 1n terms of so1l processes and land use dynam1cs and pohcy 1ssues that wlll contnbute to susta1nable product1on systems The NARDS (government un1versJtJes and NGO s) are well placad to partJClpate 1n advanced evaluat1on tnals of new forage germplasm But due to cont1nu1ng structural and staff changas 1n the NARDS 1t has become obv1ous that there 1s a need for the TFP to have an act1ve role 1n fac1htatlng the process of development and adopt1on We env1sage achJev1ng th1s through two pro¡ects Development of Forage Components and lnstJtut1onal Development

15

Structural aspects The gradual replacement of the Sectlon structure w1th a Pro]ect structure has g1ven more respons1b1hty for plannrng and f1nanc1al management to 1nd1v1dual sc1ent1sts and causad the Program to focus on research that can be ach1eved w1th more hmrted resources Three are now 8 Projects w1th1n 3 Program Areas but w1th stdl a need for coord1nat1on and representatron at the Program level

Collaborat1on across Programs 1s berng accommodated w1th1n act1v1t1es of 1nd1v1dual projects w1th1n the TFP even where a proJect may be s1tuated wrth1n another Program In add1t1on there IS more relaxed 1nteract1on and collaborat1on between sc1ent1sts across Programs now that the new structure 1s becom1ng consohdated

From a Program perspect1ve the Sc1ent1fic Resource Groups are beg1nnrng to funct1on wrth1n the areas of 1ntra d1sc1phnary exchange of 1deas scrent1f1c overs1ght and rnter program pro¡ect formulat1on However sorne d1scrphnary areas are not well catered for e g an1mal product1on and econom1cs We hope that there 1s a status quo on further structural changa

Resource allocatlon The reduct1on 1n the number of core pos1t1ons from 9 5 to 8 and the operat1onal budget by 30 percent has placad heavy demands on the rema1nrng sc1entrsts 1n the TFP The reduct1on rn the number of staff 1s a greater hm1tat1on than the reduct1on 1n operat1ng expenses because of the need for remarn1ng staff to cover for areas for wh1ch there 1s no pos1t1on and to spend t1me 1n spec1al project development to recover lost resources Our pohcy 1s to attempt to recover these needed resources d1rectly or through collaborat1ve arrangements w1th our IARC NARDS and pnvate sector partners

There 1s a lack of capablllty 1n the areas of soc1o econom1cs entomology seed b1ology ecology and hvestock product1on We are try1ng to source funds for a person w1th skdls 1n soc1ology and economrcs to work 1n the area of forage component development and w1th the NARDS lt 1s hkely that a research fellow w111 be attracted to work on host plant res1stance but there 1s a need to secura a permanent pos1t1on 1n th1s area The seed brology posrt1on may be compensated for 1f resources can be attracted for seed phys1ology research on wdd spec1es w1th1n the GRU and by estabhsh1ng a self supportrng seed unrt wrth1n the TFP lt has been suggested that ILRI place a hvestock productron specrahst at CIAT to complement the work of the TFP Add1t1onal resources are needed for postdoctorate pos1t1ons 1n order to make fuller use of the capab1ht1es of Senror Sc1ent1sts who of necesslty spend considerable t1me 1n representat1on and pro¡ect development and superv1s1on

More transparency and a s1mphfied account1ng system w1ll be needed as we move more fully 1nto a Project system F1xed costs for central serv1ces and research serv1ces now take up 30% percent of the project budgets

16

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Speclal pro)ect fundlng The endeavor to source new fund1ng 1s now beanng fru1t Dunng 1994 Spec1al ProJects were approved for Forage R&D 1n Southeast As1a (AIDAB) Research on anthracnose 1n Stylosanthes (ACIAR) Research 1nto Genotype x EnVIronment lnteract10n (GTZ) Forages for the forest marg1ns Caqueta (Nestle) and there appear to be good prospects for severa! other collaborat1ve pro)ects

Structural changes wlthln the CGIAR The proposed changes to the CGIAR removed the uncerta1nty of rap1dly declin1ng resources but also ra sed soma uncerta1nty as to futura d1rect1on We now see that we can be a party to the changas and thus 1nfluence the outcome The TFP IS well placed to part1c1pate 1n the Systemw1de Llvestock and Genet1c Resources Programs and the Ecoreg1onal Program for trop1cal Amenca

The Systemw1de Llvestock Program has not been formally established but we were representad 1n the 1n1t1al consultat1on for the Global Program of ILRI where the mandate of CIAT to develop forage germplasm for subhum1d and hum1d trop1cal areas was recogn1zed Severa! proJect proposals were subm1tted for the Systemw1de Llvestock lnlt1at1ve and these Wlll be d1scussed 1n March w1th the consultant app01nted to develop th1s ln1t1at1ve

The Systemw1de ln1t1at1ve on Genet1c Resources 1s prov1d1ng funds for a workshop to formalize the establishment of a Forage Genet1c Resource Network CIAT 1s respons1ble for the organ1zat1on of th1s meet1ng

Research ActJvJties in 1994

Part of the process of determ1n1ng needs and sett1ng goals 1s the annual rev1ew of proJects Th1s rev1ew 1s well covered 1n the reports for each ProJect lt 1s suffice here to h1ghlight a few outcomes and pnontles that have and wlll contnbute to atta1n1ng the Program object1ves

Project Forage Genetlc Resources Notable accomplishments 1n 1994

a procedure established for productlon of grass seed of h1gh quality progress 1n establish1ng a forage genet1c resources network

Pnont1es for 1995

develop a strateg1c plan for futura germplasm acqu1s1t1on pubhcat1on of rema1n1ng germplasm catalogues establishment of a research program 1n seed phys1ology

17

Project Forage ecotypes wlth known envlronmental adaptatlon

Notable accomphshments 1n 1994 new access1ons Wlth potent1al for pastura fodder soll cover and eros1on barners 1dent1fied for the m1d alt1tude hllls1des savannas and forest marg1ns MCAC and Southeast As1a w1th1n the genera Arach1s Cratyl1a Centrosema and Brachlafla

Pnontles for 1995 develop a strategy te meet global needs for forages 1n subhum1d and hum1d reg1ons hold a workshop en Cratylla te set pnont1es for future research commence evaluat1on of a range of new genera for the1r potentlal as forage use the GIS data base te produce d1stnbut1on maps and ass1st 1n

1nterpretat1on

Project Brachlarla enhancement Notable accomphshments 1n 1994

an 1nternat10nal workshop held en the genus Brachlafla new access1ons of Brachlafla 1dent1f1ed for reg1onal evaluatlan coarse mapp1ng of the apom1x1s gene sources of res1stance te foliar bhght 1dent1fied

Pnontles for 1995 mult1ply a set of 15 20 Brachlafla select1ons & hybnds for reg1onal evaluat1on cont1nue w1th fine mapp1ng of apom1x1s gene re act1vate program en host plant res1stance of sp1ttlebug

Project Enhanced Arachls genepools

Notable accomphshments 1n 1994

100 access1ons of Arach1s pmto1 are now ava1lable 1n Braz1l 60 at CIAT tnals for G x E adaptatlan commenced at 6 s1tes 1n Colombia supenor access1ons of Arach1s pmto1 1dent1f1ed for the hum1d trop1cs dry season savannas and Southeast As1a

18

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Pnont1es 1n 1995 cont1nued acqu1s1t1on of germplasm of forage Arach1s w1th emphas1s on dner areas mult1plicat1on of prom1s1ng access1ons for on farm tnals commence 1ntens1ve stud1es on d1sease suscept1b11ity research on reducmg costs of establishment research on seed quality

Project Stylosanthes cultlvars w1th anthracnose res1stance and hlgh perslstence Notable accomplishments 1n 1994

1mproved 1noculat1on methods developed for anthracnose set of host d1fferent1als developed & assembled for anthracnose genet1c d1vers1ty measured by RAPO analys1s

Pnont1es for 1994

Project

complete charactenzat1on of 1solates of Colletotnchum gloeosportodes develop and acqUire DNA probes 1dentrty new sources of res1stance to anthracnose

Forages wlth hlgh nutnt1ve value

Notable accomplishments 1n 1994

eluc1dat1on of factors necessary to develop screen1ng procedures for tann1ns the feed value of legumes demonstrated w1th cows of med1um genet1c potent1al

Pnont1es for 1995

develop lia1son act1v1tles w1th other groups 1nvolved 1n stud1es on tann1ns 1n1t1ate stud1es on the effect of G x E on leed quality commence collaborat1ve graz1ng tnals on forage quality w1th NARS

Project Adaptlve attrlbutes of forages to acld so11s

19

Notable accomphshments 1n 1994 1nterspec1fic d1fferences demonstrated 1n acqu1S1t10n and ut1hzat10n of N Pandea d1fferences 1n Ca acqu1s1t1on shown between Brach1ana spec1es greater Ca uptake occurs 1n grass legume than grass alone pasturas

Pnontles for 1995

evaluate usefulness of phys1olog1cal tralts for screen1ng for ac1d soll adaptat1on commence study to relate plant nutnt1on and forage quahty attnbutes

Project Forage components of known performance In productlon systems Notable accomphshments 1n 1994 (1n collaborat1on w1th other Programs and NARDS)

success of legume B dtctyoneura assoc1at1on 1n a sllvopastoral system 1n Costa R1ca 1mproved soll fert1hty of natural fallow 1n hllls1des w1th Centrosema macrocarpum usefulness of ac1d soll tolerant Pamcum maxtmum as a hve barner 1n hllls1des publicat1on of a forage seed systems rev1ew

Pnont1es for 1995

on farm tnals to assess the ut1hty of herbaceous & shrub legumes assess methods of 1ntroduct10n of legumes 1nto the natural fallow systems estabhsh a collaborat1ve on farm evaluatlon program 1n 7 countnes 1n SE As1a seek fund1ng for a pos1t1on 1n soc1o econom1cs to part1c1pate 1n on farm research

Project lnstltutlonal support and tralnlng for dellvery of forage and forage systems

Notable ach1evements 1n 1994

fund1ng obta1ned to develop a forage research and development network 1n SE As1a regular newsletters produced for RIEPT MCAC and RIEPT Savannas cont1nued pubhcatlon and w1despread d1stnbut1on of Pasturas Trop1cales

20

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Pnont1es for 1995

cont1nued v1s1ts to estabhsh pnontles for forage research and 1dent1fy collaborators a RIEPT MCAC workshop on Establishment of A pmtot grass assoc1at1ons

Estabhsh mechan1sms for tra1n1ng us1ng b1 lateral fund1ng estabhsh mechamsms for closer mteract1on w1th other forage sc1ent1sts 1n the Systemw1de Llvestock Program

Achlevlng the vlslon

The program goal IS very bread lt 1s 1n sett1ng clear ob¡ect1ves that facets of the goal become atta1nable However clanty of VISIOn w111 only occur as the Program and more part1cularly each IndiVIdual 1n the Program senses sorne contnbutiOn to that goal That th1s 1s occurnng can be seen from outputs g1ven 1n more detall 1n the follow1ng reports

Further we acknowledge that our goals w111 only be ach1eved w1th collaboratiOn and 1nput from other Programs and Un!ts and Support Groups w1th1n CIAT and from colleagues outs1de CIAT 1n the government 1nst1tut10ns un1vers1t1es and NGO s and other IARC s

Tropical Forage Germplasm Development Clanfylng the need and the vaslon

There were considerable developments both w1th1n the CGIAR and CIAT dunng the year that 1mpacted on the Trop1cal Forages Program (TFP) The ch1ef of these were avallab1hty of funds a move to matnx systems a Centers x Systemw1de Programs 1n the CGIAR and Programs x Sc1ent1f1c Resource Groups 1n CtAT and staff and management changas There has been a cont1nued attempt te ma1nta1n the 1ntegnty of the research program nevertheless there 1s uncerta1nty amongst staff of the Program en such fundamental 1ssues as d1rect1on VISion and capac1ty Hence 1n add1t1on to a summary of the research outcomes and pnont1es 1t 1s usetul to attempt to clanfy what as the current Sltuat1on and 1nd1cate the future agenda

Program Strategy

Techmcal aspects The overall gaol of the Trop1cal Forages Program (TFP) 1s te acqu1re 1dent1fy and 1mprove trop1cal forage germplasm for subhum1d and hum1d trop1cal lowlands and m1d alt1tude h111s1des wh1ch w1ll contnbute to 1ncreased and more effic1ent meat and mllk product1on soll 1mprovement and weed and eros1on control 1n tropical product1on systems

21

lnadequate nutnt1on 1s the ma¡or hm1tat1on to 1ncreased an1mal productiOn 1n all tropical farm1ng systems In Latln Amanea quahty rather than quantlty of feed 1s the 1ssue whereas 1n As1a and Afnca where land resources are more hm1ted both quantrty and quahty of feed are 1mportant and forage 1s a complement to crop res1dues

The ut1hty of forages to contnbute to more susta1nable agncultural product1on systems under good management 1s not d1sputed But the 1ssue deserves more attent1on 1n v1ew of the on go1ng pubhc debate of harmful effect of hvestock on natural resources where there IS overgraz1ng and where government pohc1es encourage unnecessary cleanng of forests

Attent1ve readers w111 have observad that the words ac1d 1nfert1le soils have been dropped from the goal statement H1stoncally the focus has been on the select1on of spec1es for ac1d 1nfertile soils New access1ons spec1es and even genera were 1dent1fied for vast areas for wh1ch there were no 1mproved cultlvars Many of these new cult1vars were also h1ghly product1ve on more fert1le so1ls because of the1r v1gor and d1sease and 1nsect res1stance The TFP Will cont1nue to evaluate new acqu1s1tlons under cond1t1ons of ac1d 1nfertile so1ls and h1gh d1sease and 1nsect 1nc1dence However 1t w111 also evaluate the same germplasm on more fertile so1ls and look to spec1f1c needs for areas w1th more fertile soils

Though there was always a mandate for forage development for both subhum1d and hum1d areas there was more actiVIty 1n the hum1d trop1cs where there 1s greater occurrence of ac1d so1ls In future we w1ll endeavor to 1dent1fy germplasm for the full extent of the subhum1d zone (180 270 plant growth days) Th1s will g1ve a focus to prov1s1on of feed for the dry season wh1ch can be a ma¡or hm1tat10n 1n both zones

These changes w111 also ahgn the TFP more closely w1th the TAC pnonty ecoreg1on of the subhum1d and hum1d trop1cal lowlands and more easily def1ne the global role that the TFP can play w1th1n the Systemw1de L1vestock Program

The respons1b1hty of sc1ent1sts w1th1n the TFP 1s not fulf1lled unt1l they can be assured the1r contnbutlon to vanous aspects of select1on and 1mprovement of forages has been 1ncorporated 1nto a product1on system Thus a cruc1al aspect of the strategy of the TFP 1s the dehvery of new forage germplasm 1n the form of components for product1on systems

When the strategy document was wntten for the TFP as a germplasm development program (Strateg1c Plan CIAT 1992) 1t was assumed that research on 1ncorporat10n of forages 1nto farm1ng systems would be carned out by the Natural Resource Management Programs w1th1n CIAT and by the NARS

22

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

The former are concerned w1th the 1mpact of forage components on whole product1on systems 1n terms of soli processes and land use dynam1cs and pohcy 1ssues that w1ll contnbute to susta1nable product1on systems The NARDS (government umvers1t1es and NGO s) are well placed to part1c1pate 1n advanced evaluatiOn tnals of new forage germplasm But due to cont1nu1ng structural and staff changes 1n the NARDS 1t has become obv1ous that there 1s a need for the TFP to have a role 1n facli1tat1ng the process of development and adopt1on We env1sage ach1ev1ng th1s through two proJects Development of Forage Components and 1nst1tut1onal Development

Structural aspects The gradual replacement of the Sect1on structure w1th a ProJect structure has g1ven more respons1b1hty for plann1ng and financ1al management to 1nd1v1dual sc1ent1sts and causad the Program to focus on research that can be ach1eved w1th more hm1ted resources There 1s stlil a need for coord1nat10n and representat1on at the Program level

Collaborat1on across Programs 1s be1ng accommodated w1th1n act1v1t1es of 1nd1v1dual proJects w1th1n the TFP even where a proJect may be s1tuated w1th1n another Program In add1t1on there 1s now more relaxed 1nteract1on and collaborat1on between sc1ent1sts across Programs now that the new structure 1s becom1ng consohdated

From a Program perspect1ve the Sc1ent1fic Research Groups are now beg1nn1ng to operate effect1vely w1th1n the areas of 1ntra d1sc1phnary exchange of 1deas sc1ent1fic overs1ght and 1nter program pro1ect formulat1on However sorne diSCiphnary areas are not well catered for e g an1mal nutntiOn and econom1cs

Resource allocatlon The reduct1on 1n the number of core pos1t1ons from 9 5 to 8 and the operat1onal budget by 30 percent has placed heavy demands on the rema1n1ng sc1ent1sts 1n the TFP The reduct1on 1n the number of staff 1s a greater hm1tat1on than the reduct1on 1n operat1ng expenses because of the need for rema1n1ng staff to cover ter areas for wh1ch there 1s no pos1t10n and to spend t1me 1n spec1al proJeCt development to recover lost resources Our pohcy 1s to attempt to recover these needed resources d1rectly or through collaborat1ve arrangements w1th our IARC and NARS partners

There 1s a lack of capab1hty 1n the areas of soc1o econom1cs entomology seed b1ology ecology and hvestock product1on We are try1ng to source funds for a person w1th sklils 1n soc1ology and econom1cs to work 1n the area of forage component development and w1th the NARS lt 1s hkely that a research fellow wlil be attracted to work on host plant res1stance but there 1s a need to secura a permanent pos1t1on 1n th1s area The seed b1ology pos1t10n may be compensated for 1f resources can be attracted for seed phys1ology research on w1ld spec1es w1th1n the GRU and by estabhsh1ng a self support1ng seed un1t w1th1n the TFP

23

lt has been suggested that ILRI place a hvestock product1on spec1ahst at CIAT to complement the work of the TFP Add1t10nal resources are needed for postdoctorate pos.t1ons 1n arder to make fuller use of the capab1ht1es of Semor Sc1ent1sts who of necess1ty spend considerable t1me 1n representatlon and pro¡ect development and superv1S1on

More transparency and a s1mphfied accountlng system w111 be needed as we move more fully 1nto a Pro¡ect system F1xed costs for central serv1ces and research serv1ces now take up 30% percent of the pro¡ect budgets

Spectal pro¡ect tundmg The endeavor to source new tund1ng 1s now beanng fru1t Dunng 1994 Spec1al Pro¡ects were approved for Forage R&D 1n Southeast As1a (AIDAB) Research on anthracnose 1n Stylosanthes (ACIAR) Research 1nto Genotype x Enwonment lnteract1on (GTZ) Forages for the forest marg1ns Caqueta (Nestle) and there appear to be good prospects for severa! other collaborat1ve pro¡ects

Structural changas w1thm the CG/AR The proposed changas to the CGIAR removed the uncerta1nty of rap1dly dechn1ng resources but also ra1sed sorne uncerta1nty as to future dlrect1on We now see that we can be a party to the changas and thus 1nfluence the outcome The TFP 1s well placad to part1c1pate 1n the Systemw1de L1vestock and Genet1c Resources Programs and the Ecoreg1onal Program for trop1cal Amenca

The Systemw1de Llvestock Program has not been formally estabhshed but we were representad 1n the lnitlal consultatiOn for the Global Program of ILRI where the mandate of CIAT to develop forage germplasm for subhum1d and hum1d trop1cal areas was ~ecogn1zed Severa! pro¡ect proposals were subm1tted for the Systemw1de Llvestock lnltiatlve and these w111 be d1scussed 1n March w1th the consultant appo1nted to develop th1s inltlatlve

The Systemw1de lnltiatlve on Genet1c Resources 1s prov1d1ng funds for a workshop to formahze the establishment of Forage Genet1c Resource Centers Network CIAT 1s respons1ble for the orgamzatlon of th1s meet1ng

Research Actlvitles In 1994

Part of the process of determ1n1ng needs and sett1ng goals 1s the annual rev1ew of pro¡ects Th1s rev1ew 1s well covered 1n the reports for each Pro¡ect lt 1s suffice here to h1ghhght a few outcomes and pnont1es that have and w11i contnbute to atta1n1ng the Program ob¡ect1ves

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Project Forage Genetlc Resources Notable accomphshments 1n 1994

estabhshed a procedure for productiOn of grass seed of h1gh quahty progress 1n estabhsh1ng a forage genet1c resource centers network

Pnont1es for 1995

develop a strateg1c plan for future germplasm acqu1S1t1on pubhcat1on of rema1n1ng germplasm catalogues establishment of a research program 1n seed phys1ology

Project Forage ecotypes wlth known envlronmental adaptat1on Notable accomphshments 1n 1994

new access1ons w1th h1gh potent1al 1dent1f1ed for the m1d alt1tude hllls1des savannas and forest marg1ns MCAC and Southeast As1a w1th1n the genera Arach1s Cratlyf¡a Centrosema and BrachJana

Pnont1es for 1995

develop a strategy te meet global needs for forages 1n subhum1d and hum1d reg1ons hold a workshop on Cratylia to set pnontles for future research commence evaluatiOn of a range of new genera for the1r potent1al as forage use the GIS data base te produce d1stnbut1on maps and ass1st 1n 1nterp retat1on

Project Brach1ana enhancement Notable accomphshments 1n 1994

an 1nternat1onal workshop held en the genus BrachJana new access1ons of BrachJana 1dent1f1ed for reg1onal eva1uat1on coarse mapp1ng of the apom1x1s gene

Pnont1es for 1995

mult1ply a set of 15 20 BrachJana selectlons & hybnds for reg1onal evaluatlon cont1nue wrth f1ne mapp1ng of apom1XIS gene react1vate program en hostplant res1stance of sp1ttlebug

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Project Enhanced Arach1s genepools Notable accomphshments 1n 1994

100 access1ons of Arachts pmtot are now ava1lable 1n Brazll 60 at CIAT tnals for enwonmental adaptat1on commenced at 6 s1tes 1n Colombia supenor access1ons of Arachts pmtot 1dent1f1ed for the hum1d trop1cs dry season savannas and Southeast As1a

Pnont1es 1n 1995 contlnued acqu1s1t1on of germplasm of forage Arachts for dner areas mult1phcat1on of prom1s1ng access1ons for on farm tnals research on reduc1ng costs of establishment research on seed quahty

Project Stytosanthes cultlvars w1th anthracnose reslstance and h1gh persisten ce Notable accomphshments 1n 1994

1mproved 1nocuat1on methods developed for anthracnose and follar bhght A set of host d1fferent1als developed for anthracnose genet1c d1vers1ty measured by RAPO analys1s

Pnont1es for 1994

complete charactenzat1on of 1solates of e gloeosponodes Develop and acqu1re DNA probes

Project Forages w1th hlgh nutr1tlve value Notable accomphshments 1n 1994

eluc1dat10n of factors necessary to develop screen1ng procedures fortann1ns the feed value of legumes demonstrated cows of h1gh genet1c potentlal

Pnont1es for 1995

develop ha1son actiVItles w1th other groups 1nvolved 1n stud1es on tanmns 1n1t1ate stud1es on the effect of G x E on feed quahty commence collaborat1ve graz1ng tnals on forage quahty w1th NARS

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Project Adapt1ve attrlbutes of forages to ac1d soils Notable accomplishments 1n 1994

1nterspec1fic dlfferences demonstrated 1n acqu1s1t1on and ut1ilzat1on of N P and Ca dlfferences 1n Ca acqu1s1t10n shown between Brach1ana Sp8CI9S greater Ca uptake occurs 1n grass legume than grass alone pasturas

Pnont1es for 1995

evaluate usefulness of phys1olog1cal tra1ts for screen1ng for ac1d so1l adaptat1on study commenced to relate plant nutnt1on and forage quailty attnbutes

Project Forage components of known performance 1n product1on systems Notable accomplishments 1n 1994

success of a an m1xed legume B dtctyoneura 1n a s1lvopastoral system 1n Costa R1ca Centrosema macrocarpum shown to 1mprove soli fert1ilty of natural fallow usefulness of ac1d so1l tolerant Pamcum maxtmum as a ilve barner 1n hlils1des publicat1on of a forage seed systems rev1ew

Pnont1es for 1995

establishment of more on farm tnals to assess the ut1ilty of shrub legumes assess methods of 1ntroduct1on of legumes 1nto the natural fallow systems establish a collaborat1ve on farm evaluat1on program 1n 7 countnes 1n SE As1a seek fund1ng for a pos1t1on 1n soc1o econom1cs to part1c1pate 1n on farm research

Project lnstltutlonal support and tralning for dehvery of forage and forage systems Notable ach1evements 1n 1994

fund1ng obta1ned to develop a forage research and development network 1n SE As1a regular newsletters produced for RIEPT MCAC and R1ept Trop1cal Lowlands

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contlnued pubhcat1on and w1despread d1stnbut1on of Pasturas Tropicales

Pnontles for 1995 contlnued v1s1ts to estabhsh pnont1es for forage research and 1dent1fy collaborators hold a RIEPT MCAC workshop on On farm tnals and forage seed product1on Estabhsh mechan~sms for tra1n1ng us1ng b1 lateral fund1ng estabhsh mechan1sms for closer 1nteract1on w1th other forage sc1ent1sts m the Systemw1de Livestock Program

Achlevlng the vlslon

The program goal rs very broad lt 1s 1n sett1ng clear ob¡ect1ves that facets of the goal become atta1nable However clanty of VISIOn w1ll only occur as the Program and more part1cularly each Individual 1n the Program senses sorne contnbutiOn to that goal That th1s 1s occurnng can be seen from outputs g1ven 1n more detall 1n the follow1ng reports

Further we acknowledge that these goals are only be1ng ach1eved w1th collaboratiOn and 1nput from other Programs and Unlts and Support Groups w1th1n CIAT and from colleagues outs1de CIAT 1n the government 1nst1tut1ons un~vers1tleS and NGO s and other IARC s (Appendlx)

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RICE PROGRAM

The R1ce Program has been the smallest of CIAT s programs and 1n recent years expenenced a slgn¡ficant reductlon when 1t went from 6 Sen1or Staff (SS) poSitlons 1n 1992 to 3 7 SS 1n 1994 The program has made an commendable effort to ma1nta1n research actlvltleS at the h1gh level of comm1tment to excellence that has charactenzed 1t for more than 25 years Due to a fund1ng cns1s of the lnternat1onal Network for Genet1c Evaluat1on of R1ce for Latin Amanea (INGER LAC) the nce program has also been 1n charge of malnta1n1ng although at a m1n1mum level the network actlvltles for the reg1on while stable fund1ng 1s found 1n collaboratlan w1th IRRI

Project 1 (RL01) lmproved Lowland Rice Gene Pools

Activity Latin American Jrrigated Rice Partnersh1p lmtiatlve, FLAR A watershed event dunng 1994 was the effort to create an assoc1at10n of pnvate and pubhc sector nce 1nst1tUtlons farmer cooperat1ves and 1ndustnes to fund 1nternat1onal 1rngated nce research Subsequently (1n early 1995) the Fondo Latlnoamencano de Arroz de R1ego became a reahty As far as we are aware 1t 1s the first t1me 1n the develop1ng world that an organ1zat1on has been created to self fund 1nternatlonal agncultural research on a food crop lt should place Latln Amanean nce 1mprovement on a more susta1nable long term path s1nce the benef1ts denved from research will now feed the research 1tself as d1rect benef1ac1anes take 1ts control and respons1b1hty CIAT 1s one of s1x members (along w1th Brazil Colombia Uruguay Venezuela and IICA) that pledged a total of US$315 000 for 1995 The 1nlt1al fund1ng comm1tment 1s for three years CIAT was Instrumental 1n coordlnat¡ng the process that gave life to FL.AR and g1ves the Fund the rehab1hty and cred1blhty needed fo~ such an 1nternat10nal effort

Actlvlty Germptasm Development Charactenzatlan of tra1ts closely assoc1ated w1th h1gh y1elds 1nclud1ng early v1gor and moderate t1llenng w111 enhance the opportumt1es to 1ncrease the y1eld potentlal 1n our reg1onal germplasm adaptad to the d1verse d1rect seeded condltlons found throughout L.AC A recurrent select1on proJect to 1ncrease the y1eld potent1al of lowland nce lnltlated 1n 1993 prov1ded the elements to build four new base populat1ons wh1ch will be d1stnbuted to key NARs 1n 1995 There are d1fferences among these base populatlans ma1nly 1n terms of the1r genet1c background and the cytoplasm source Breed1ng actlvltles 1n collaborat1on w1th ICA/CORPOICA /FEDEARROZ 1n Colombia led to the release of Oryz1ca Yacu 9 as a vanety for 1rngated condltlons 1n sorne areas 1n Colombia while collaboratlve actlvltles w1th ICTA 1n Guatemala led to the ldentlflcatlan of two prom1s1ng hnes that will be released as vanet1es 1n early 1995

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Advanced breed1ng hnes comb1mng res1stance to nce blast Tagosodes oryzJcotus RHBV h1gh y1eld potent1al and good gra1n quahty were 1dentlfied and will be d1stnbuted to NARs 1n 1995 The 1nhentance of the res1stance to Tagosodes 1n Makahoka and Mudgo was stud1ed results suggested that res1stance may be under the control of a s1ngle dom1nant gene mod1f1ed by a m1nor gene wh1ch affects the express1on of the res1stance depend1ng on the plant genotype and length of exposure to the 1nsect A course workshop on anther culture was held at CIAT to share CIAT s knowledge and expert1se on us1ng AC 1n breed1ng and to st1mulate closer collaboratiOn between t1ssue cultunsts and breeders The analys1s on the genet1cs of AC response was completad Results corroborate the s1mple 1nhentance and 1s propasad that the AC response could be 1nhented as an 1ncomplete dom1nant tra1t Results also suggested that gene(s) encod1ng for callus 1nduct1on plant regenerat1on and gra1n length segregate 1ndependently Data from d1fferent expenments confirmad that AC 1s under genet1c control and that the cytoplasm of the female parent 1n a cross comb1nat10n 1s very 1mportant bes1des h1gh response to AC can be transferred to non respons1ve types Therefore through a recurrent select1on scheme 1t 1s poss1ble to develop 1nd1ca gene pools respons1ve to AC

Project 2 (RU01) lmproved Upland Rice Gene Pools

Actlvlty Germplasm Development S1nce 1992 we have been emphas1z1ng populat1on 1mprovement rather than ped1gree breed1ng to 1ncrease genet1c d1vers1ty and vanablllty (hence potent1al response to select1on) In 1994 the th1rd cycle of recurrent select1on for earhness gra1n quahty and blast res1stance was completad for three populat1ons and a new ene was created Advanced hne development to help smaller and 1nc1p1ent NARS upland nce programs st1ll plays an 1mportant role and 1s resultlng 1n vanetal raleases and 1mpact BoliVIa released two vanetles 1n 1994 Sac1a 3 Tutuma and Sac1a 4 J1sunu Genet1c stud1es to understand the mechan1sms and the genet1c control of the most 1mportant tra1ts for nce pastura assoc1at1ons was also 1n1t1ated through an ODA funded spec1al pro¡ect 1n collaboratiOn w1th EMBRAPA Brazil

Actlvlty Slllcon EHiclency of Rice Genotypes S1hcon defic1ency was 1dent1fied as a ma¡or prev1ously unrecogn1zed y1eld and y1eld stab1hty constra1nt for savanna nce over the past severa! years and research reportad 1n 1994 focused on the search for genet1c vanatlon 1n S1 eff1c1ency wh1ch m1ght be useful 1n genet1cally ra1s1ng the leve! of th1s element 1n the plant S1gn1ficant vanat1on on the arder of 100% was found 1n percent tiSsue S1 contents 1n severa! plant organs among 60 genotypes exam1ned Th1s appears to support the poss1b1hty of breed1ng for h1gher S1 levels Further confirmatory work 1s underway

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Actlvlty Physlologlcal mechanlsms for acld son tolerance H1stoncally breeders have usually screened emp1ncally for edaph1c adaptat1on at particular srtes Bas1c genet1cs and mechan~sms are rarely addressed wh1ch has hampered the development of effect1ve screen1ng methods To develop an understand1ng of pnnc1ples and mechan~sms we comparad the growth patterns and nutnent uptake of both ac1d tolerant and susceptible genotypes under dlfferent lim1ng rates 1n both field and pot expenments lt was found that the range of so1f ac1d1ty wh1ch d1fferenc1ates tolerant from susceptible genotypes 1s much h1gher than expected Even a small amount of lim1ng elim1nated ac1d so11 stress Second 1t was demonstrated that the certa1n genotypes could not atta1n h1gh y1efd because of the1r 1nabillty to absorb certa1n nutnents (N P Ca) wh1ch was causad by 1nadequate root1ng Th1rd 1t was demonstrated that the tolerant genotypes atta1ned h1gher y1eld because 1) they ma1nta1ned h1gher rh1zosphere pH lowenng soluble Al concentrat1on and excluded Al from entenng the roots and/or 2) because they ma1nta1ned a h1gher absorpt1on rate of Mg

ProJect 3 (RP01) Durable Blast Resistance Bfast 1s the most 1mportant d1sease 1n nce cuft1vat1on Breed1ng for durable nce blast res1stance has been one of the ma¡or efforts of the R1ce Program 1n the last five years Charactenzat1on of the genet1c structure and v1rulence d1vers1ty of the blast pathogen 1s allow1ng nce sc1ent1sts at CIAT to develop a novel breed1ng strategy for th1s type of res1stance The strategy 1s based on the relat1onsh1p found between genet1c famlf1es and VlrUfence factors of the fungus that allows us to 1dent1fy comb1nat1ons of res1stance genes wh1ch have no correspond1ng comb1nat1ons of Vlrulence genes 1n 1nd1v1dual 1solates of the fungus The lack of these comb1nat1ons 1n the pathogen IS assoc1ated w1th the presence of genet1c lineages Res1stance denved from th1s strategy 1s be1ng demonstrated to be more durable than 1n the past

Project 4 (RP04) Rice Traits for Enhanced Weed Control

Activ1ty Rice tra1ts to resist the competition of an associated pasture R1ce based systems are relevant agropastoral alternat1ves for the ac1d solf savannas Compet1t1on between nce and sorne of the assoc1ated pasturas can take a 5 30% toll on nce y1elds Bas1c understand1ng of the mechan1sms 1nvolved 1n nce pastura compet1t1on 1s needed to gu1de breed1ng for spec1fic key nce tralts to w1thstand pastura 1nterference For th1s purpose work was conducted 1n the Colomb1an Uanos 1nvoiv1ng above and below ground growth analys1s for e1ght nce cuft1vars and BrachJarJa decumbens also measunng PAR 1ntercept1on and est1mat1ng root mass of both spec1es us1ng carbon 1sotope d1scnm1nat1on analys1s Under favourable ra1nfall (1585 mm) and nutnt1on compet1t1on was ma1nfy an above ground process of light capture start1ng only once the pasture became taller and ieafier than nce 45 days after emergence (dae)

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Whereas nce he1ght and root growth were not relatad to compet1t1on effects LAI and PAR JnterceptJon were strongly correlated w1th pastura suppress1on and would thus be key tra1ts 1n select1ng for nce compet1t1veness aga1nst seedhng B decumbens These tra1ts must be recorded on nce grow1ng 1n compet1t1on and screened for after 45 dae Th1s work JS sponsored by the BntiSh ODA 1nvolv1ng also CNPAF/EMBRAPA 1n the Braz1han Cerrado

Actlvlty RP01 Anaeroblc seed vigor S1nce nce cannot eas1ly emerge and estabhsh through a water layer under trop1cal cond1t1ons most farmers dra1n the1r padd1es dunng the first weeks of crop establishment wh1ch unfortunately enables weeds to become estabhshed as well An 1nterest1ng new 1dea JS to develop nce hnes wh1ch can emerge through a water layer leav1ng the weeds underneath In 1994 we acqUJred and mult1phed a set of 104 IRRI hnes wh1ch are reportad to have anaerob1c seed1ng tolerance We w111 attempt to conf1rm th1s reports 1n 1995 by 1mplement1ng the screen1ng techn~que at CIAT hopefully 1dent1fy1ng some outstand1ng hnes for use as parents 1n breed1ng

Pro¡ect 5 (RP03) D1vers1f1ed Tagosodes/R•ce Ho¡a Blanca VIrus

Actlvlty Characterlzatlon of sources of res1stance to RHBV There are reports from Tohma 1n Colombia that the vanety Llanos 5 JS more susceptible to RHBV than prev1ously thought lt was conf1rmed that even trad1t1onal genotype used as a source of res1stance to RHBV nce 1s susceptible when plants are JUvenlle The most 1mportant find1ng however 1s that the CIAT nce res1stant vanet1es are more susceptible when tested w1th the Tohma colony and wus 1solate as comparad w1th the CIAT colony and wus 1solate Although Colombia 1 rema1ns an 1mportant source of RHBV res1stance 1n the CIAT RHBV breed1ng program changas 1n the select1on strategy are be1ng 1mplemented to make the select1on process more ngorous These find1ngs emphas1ze the 1mportance of broaden~ng the genet1c bas1s of res1stance to RHBV

Actlv1ty Control of RHBV through coat protem medlated cross protectlon and anti sense RNA strategles The preparat1on of cONA hbranes and the molecular charactenzatlon of RHBV has led to the des1gn of novel wus res1stant strateg1es to genet1cally eng1neer commerc1ally grown nce cult1vars Two d1fferent strateg1es are be1ng attempted a) the nucleocaps1d (NC) cross protect1on and b) the antlsense gene down regulat1on of the maJOr NS4 non structural prote1n The down regulatlon of th1s prote1n may be a novel method of produc1ng wus res1stant plants by breakmg the cycle of transmJSSIOn Transgen1c plants have the NS4 antlsense and the NC constructs have been 1dent1f1ed

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The NS4 antJsense was expressed as RNA Th1s S1gn1f1cant development allows for the analys1s of the effect of the maJar non structural gene and to determ1ne the down regulatiOn of th1s wal gene There w111 be cont1nu1ng analys1s of transgemc nce conta1mng both genes and of the progeny of these plants for the1r react1on to RHBV

Project 6 (RP04) Components for lntegrated Pest Management

Actlvlty Yleld loss functlons for multlspecles weed lnterference Th1s project attempts to develop components and methodolog1es for IPM and to ass1st nat1onal programs 1n formulatlng nce IPM projects and seek1ng fund1ng (CIAT s Act1on Plan and pos1t1on paper on IPM) Weeds of nce 1n LAC cost 218 mdhon US$ a year and herb1c1de consumpt1on 1n 1s on the 1ncrease D1rect seeded nce 1s otten sprayed wlth herb1c1de m1xtures up to three or four t1mes per season and trop1cal nce can be grown tw1ce a year Late herb1c1de apphcatiOns are otten not econom1cal Th1s study developed a methodology to denve econom1c thresholds for multJ spec1es weed 1nfestat1ons 1n d1rect seeded nce w1th opt1ons to remove sorne s1te spec1fic1ty constra1nts Such thresholds are the key to unlock IPM for weeds 1n nce and could reduce herb1c1de apphcat1ons by up to 30% A s1mple and b1olog1cally reahst1c rectangular hyperbola was f1tted to pred1ct y1eld losses from weed mfestatiOns Th1s model can be adJusted to account for relevant s1te constra1nts such as d1fferences 1n grow1ng seasons and 1n the 1nterval between crop and weed emergence Y1eld loss pred1ct10ns can be made from s1mple v1sual est1mat1on of weed cover The model denved was 1ncorporated 1nto a s1mple deClSIOn support prototype programmed 1n LOTUSR for mak1ng econom1c dec1s1ons on weed control The methodology denved has been presentad at d1fferent meetlngs 1n Latln Amenca and to the Colomb1an federat1on of nce growers (FEDEARROZ) who have cons1dered th1s a pnontary area for work

Acttvtty Latln American nce IPM workshop October 23 28 1994 a FAO sponsored workshop on IPM 1n nce for LAC was held at CIAT w1th part1c1pants from Venezuela Ecuador Colomb1a Cuba and Brazd IPM 1n nce was rev1ewed and a proJect propasa\ to fund technology transfer and adapt1ve research by each country w1ll be wntten

Pro)ect 7 lnformatton and Technology Shanng

Actlvlty Carlbbean Rice lmprovement Network (CRIN) A search for renewed fund1ng for the CRIN network continuad w1thout much progress The potent1al donar the EC accepted the concept 1n pnnc1ple 1n early 1993 but asked CARDI rather than CIAT to lead 1t We have offered our help to CARDI and they confirm they wdl need our ass1stance based on our expenence and the detaded proposal we preparad 1n 1992

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Actlvlty RL02 Latln Amer1can Rice Fact Sheet A Lat1n Amanean R1ce Facts Sheet 1s neanng complet1on a handy yet deta1led summary of the key facts regard1ng nce product1on trade consumpt1on and the adopt1on of 1mproved vanet1es across countnes and 1n d1fferent agro ecolog1es

Actlvlty RL53 Hlghllghts of INGER Latln Amerlca In 1993 1994 V1gorous efforts continuad te seek renewed fund1ng for the nce germplasm network INGER LAC 1n clase coordlnat1on w1th IRRI A comprehens1ve proposal was preparad for ¡o1nt submiSSIOn Although these efforts have not yet succeeded 1n find1ng a w1lhng donar CIAT and IRRI conunued te keep INGER LAC ahve by shanng the costs 1n a bndg1ng mode dunng 1994 In 1993 81 sets were d1spatched te 14 countnes 1n LAC Data en 44 nursenes were returned te the reg1onal coord1nator at CIAT g1v1ng a return rate of 54 3% The average rate of data return over the last 5 years was 46 1% In 1994 99 nursenes were d1stnbuted the data IS ¡ust beg1nn1ng te return Dunng the penad covered by th1s report (1993 94) the reg1on released 18 vanet1es 10 of wh1ch (55 5%) were matenals exchanged through INGER In the s1x vanet1es bred locally 4 of the 13 parents used 1n the crosses were d1stnbuted through the network In th1s penad vanous pubhcat1ons were completad and d1stnbuted te NARS a) INGER Nursery Results 1991 b) IV Breeders Workshop Report 1992 e) INGER Nursery Results 1992 d) INGER Steenng Comm1ttee Meeting 1993 and INGER Annual report 1994 Due te lack of funds only ene meet1ng took place dunng th1s penad the IX lnternatlonal R1ce Research Conference for latln Amenca (IRRC LAC) 1994 The meet1ng was attended by 297 part1c1pants from 21 countnes

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HILLSIDE PROGRAM

lntroduct1on The Goal of the Hdls1de Program 1s to 1mprove the welfare of the hills1de farm1ng commun1ty by develop1ng susta1nable commerc1ally v1able agncultural product1on systems Spec1fic ob1ect1ves are (1) To charactenze the mechan~sms lead1ng to resource degradatiOn and assess technolog1cal opt1ons (2) To generate agroecolog1cally and econom1cally v1able components acceptable to farmers for soil and water conservat1on and management pract1ces (3) To strengthen the capac1ty of nat1onal systems to generate and transfer resource enhanc1ng technology

Program Development Pnnc1pal staff has doubled from three to s1x PhD level sc1ent1sts due to spec1al pro¡ect fund1ng In add1t1on to the core funded soc1olog1st (Program Leader) product1on systems spec1ahst (1n Central Amenca) and so1ts spec1altst spectal pro¡ect fund1ng was obta1ned for two add1t1onal sen1or sc1ent1st pos1t1ons (so1ls spec1ahst resource econom1st) 1n Central Amenca and a post doctoral fellow (anthropolog1st) at CIAT Palm1ra Three out of tour staff members from the lowland program ass1gned 1n November 1993 to work 1n the h1llstdes agroecosystem are 1mplement1ng ¡o1nt workplans An Andean h1IIS1des 1nterprogram pro¡ect was planned and f1eld expenments were planted w1th slgn¡f¡cant add1t1onal 1nput by bean cassava trop1cal forages land use and lowlands sc1ent1Sts who have actlvltles w1th1n th1s pro¡ect

Pro1ect Areas

Central Amencan Htllsldes W1th the approval by Sw1ss Oevelopment Cooperat1on of US$1 000 000 for the first two year phase of a spec1al pro¡ect 1n Honduras and N1caragua recry¡tment was completad for two sc1ent1sts to be outposted 1n Honduras 1n fall of 1994 Agreement was reached for one of these pos1t1ons to be a shared ClAT /CIMMYT soil sc1ent1st posted 1n Honduras The f1rst off1C1al meeting of th1s pro¡ect s steenng comm1ttee was held 1n May 1994 w1th representativas from IARC reg1onal and nat1onal partner 1nstltut1ons Research pnontles were set and a 6 month workplan outhned Gu1dehnes for cooperat1on w1th nat1onal and local ¡nst1tut1ons were agreed upon S1te charactenzat1on surveys 1n1t1ated 1n 1993 continuad A case study of farmer dec1s1on mak1ng 1n the Atlant1c httoral hllls1des of Honduras showed that 1t1nerant agnculture was more susta1nable than prev1ously beheved Forest to pasture convers1on was more a consequence of the low productiVIty of da1ry farm1ng 1n the lowlands wh1ch leads to the colon1zat1on of steep slopes for pastura Local operat1onal comm1ttees the pro1ect s mechan1sm for lntennstltutlonal collaboratlon 1n watershed s1tes were set up 1n Honduras and Nicaragua

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Andean Hlils1des

Project 1 The effects of sOJI degradatJon The h1IIS1de agroecosystem 1s charactenzed by extreme spatlal d1vers1ty over short d1stances at plot farm and watershed scale In the Andean case study s1te (R10 Ovejas watershed) expenments across s1x benchmark land use types are supply1ng data for nutnent and water balance and crop models d1rected at understand1ng sources of vanab1hty Soli prof1le 1nformat1on compatible w1th the requ1rements of the IBSNAT surte of crop models has been keyed to mapp1ng un1ts to analyse sources of vanab1hty at the watershed scale Spat1al autocorrelat1on of soli chem1cal propert1es across contrastlng land uses strat1fied by enwonment showed autocorrelat1on for many propert1es notably C and Al and m1cronutnents across contrastlng land use types The results of th1s study w11l be used to def1ne representat1ve propert1es for the d1fferent land use mapp1ng umts

Mechamsms of resource degradat1on A key 1ssue 1s whether human pressure on land use has 1rrevers1bly changed for better or for worse the product1v1ty potentlal of the so1l For th1s exploratory study and untli other 1nd1cators are vahdated 1rrevers1b1hty 1s defined as a change of state of the so1l resource wh1ch cannot

readliy be overcome by the apphcat1on of fert1hzers Max1mum y1eld tnals us1ng bean ma1ze and cassava as 1nd1cator crops were seeded across s1x h1IIS1de land uses rang1ng from 40 year old secondary forest to 1ntens1vely cropped cassava land Early results 1nd1cate that d1fferent land uses have not resultad 1n 1rrevers1ble so1l degradat1on wh1ch cannot read1ly be overcome by fertli1zers Research on 1nd1genous 1nd1cators used by farmers to assess soli degeneratiOn showed that soli macrofauna spec1fically earthworms were a w1dely used 1nd1cator 1n the study s1te A survey of soli macro fauna patterned after the CIAT work 1n the Colomb1an savannas 1s be1ng carned out across ten contrastlng land use types dunng the wet and dry seasons 1n the R10 OvejaS watershed The lowest b1od1vers1ty of macrofauna 1s be1ng found 1n the 1ntens1vely cult1vated bean ma1ze cassava land use type Results wlil be relatad to the max1mum y1eld potent1al tnals to vahdate macrofauna b1od1verslty as an 1nd1cator of so1l degradatiOn

Project 2 Declslon support systems A prototype dec1s1on support system for land use plann1ng 1n the hlils1des w11l help stakeholders to choose among alternativa technolog1es An 1nnovat1ve prototype reqUires 1nformat10n about how technology cho1ce at the farm leve! (1e farmer dec1s1on mak1ng) affects resource degradat1on at the watershed scale Ava1lable tools (eg expert systems GIS hnked S1mulat1on models) do not transfer effects across d1fferent scales nor are su1table b1oeconom1c models cahbrated for h1IIS1de farm1ng cond1t1ons An 1nnovat1ve b1oeconom1c model was tested hnk1ng farmer deCISIOn mak1ng w1th crop models wh1ch s1mulate the effect of farmer dec1s10ns and results preparad for pubhcatiOn Progress was made 1n assess1ng the apphcab1hty w1th avaliable data of s1mulat1on models to assess degradatiOn processes such as run off and n1trate leach1ng

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The effects of changas 1n land use on degradat1on processes at the watershed level have been modelled for a pllot catchment area determ1n1ng consequences of plot level effects for degradatiOn at the watershed scale Th1s research wlll prov1de tools to be tested w1th CIPASLA the local consort1um of 1nSt1tut10ns 1n R1o OveJaS

DJagnostJc SlmulatiOn modellmg Th1s research conducted w1th CIAT s Land Use and lmpact Assessment Unlts developed methods for determ1n1ng payoff to a1ternat1ve research pro¡ects Methods were apphed to three Andean case study watersheds to ass1st 1n s1te select1on and proJeCt des1gn a tra1n1ng manual was drafted The Land Use Un1t began GIS analys1s of reg1onal soll degradatlon 1n the h1IIS1des 1n relatlon to ma1n dra1nage systems hydroelectnc power 1nstallat10ns and populat1on d1stnbut1on but results are not yet ava1lable Payoff to eros1on control and 1mproved fallow technolog1es were comparad A 35 year reg1onal (Central Amenca and Andean) S1mulat1on run subm1tted for pubhcat1on est1mated US$378 mllhon benefits from eros1on control 1n the hills1des and US$282 mllhon from 1mproved fallow Off s1te benefic1anes obta1ned a s1gn1ficant port1on of benefits from eros1on control The reg1onal s1mulat10n showed that the greatest 1mpact from 1mproved fallow technology (legumejpasture and crop rotatiOns) 1s 1n 1mproved hvestock product1vrty support1ng the emphas1s g1ven to th1s output 1n the Andean h1IIS1de 1nterprogram project referred to above

Project 3 Prototype agrosJ/vopastoral systems to mtens1fy productJon Th1s research was planned JOintly as an 1nterprogram pro¡ect wh1ch closely parallels the long term strateg1c expenments 1n the Lowlands program to test prototype crop pasture/legume 1mproved fallow rotat1ons Expenments were plantad 1n September 1994 on approx1mately 4 ha of communalland w1th 1nvolvement of forage cassava bean lowlands and h1IIS1des sc1ent1sts 1n test1ng systems of components drawn from each of these programs

The systems bemg testad 1nvolve compansons among treatments w1th monocrops multlple cropp1ng crop grassjlegume m1xtures and rotat1ons s1mulat1ng the trans1t1on from trad1t1onal systems to more 1ntens1ve systems w1th a h1gher proport1on of perenn1al spec1es Data are be1ng obta1ned for crop modelhng 1n the dec1510n support project and part1c1patory evaluatlon w1th farmers was 1n1t1ated

Part1C1patory Research

Soc1ology research determ1ned the organ1sat10nal des1gn pnnc1ples des1rable for 1nstrtut1onal development to support 1mproved hiiiSide watershed management Results are be1ng preparad for pubhcat1on and fed back to CIPASLA w1th workshops The lnStitutiOnal 1nnovat1ons be1ng monltored 1n CIPASLA are the means whereby stakeholders for w111 make use of the progam -s deCISIOn support models to better elaborate scenanos make deCISions and put them 1nto actlon

37

Farmer evaluatiOn of forage legume nursenes 1n R~o Ovejas watershed was 1n1t1ated

The 1ntennst1tut10nal consort1um CIPASLA conducted jOint projects test1ng part1c1patory approaches te so1l conservatlon wh1ch showed a f1ve fold 1ncrease 1n adopt1on of conservatiOn barners 1n the pllot m1cro catchment area 1n Rio Ovejas due te farmer part1C1pat1on 1n the adapt1ve research Part1c1patory research 1n Honduras 1dent1fied farmers objectlves for cleanng steep slope forestad land te cult1vate beans and 1n1t1ated part1c1patory testlng of bean vanetles adapted te low ly1ng hum1d areas as an alternat1ve strategy Tra1n1ng cont1nued te nat1onal programs 1n Ecuador 8ohv1a and Peru and te the Cassava IPM project 1n N E 8raz1l

PU8LICATIONS ANO CONFERENCE PAPEAS

Ashby Jacquehne A and L Sperhng lnst1tut1onahz1ng part1c1patory chent dnven research and technology development 1n agnculture Oevelopment and Change (forthcom1ng)

Ashby Jacquehne A R O Estrada and O H Pach1co An evaluat1on of strateg1es for reduc1ng natural resource degradat1on 1n the h1IIS1des of trop1cal Amenca Journal of lmpact Assessment (forthcom1ng)

Knapp E 8 J E Rub1ano and J W Whlte 1994 Anahs1s de Impacto ex ante empleando la S1mulac16n como herramienta para pnonzar el uso de t1erras agr~colas de la comun1dad a n1vel de cuenca hidrográfica In XI Encuentro nac1onal de Informática Un1vers1tana ASCUN Santafe de 8ogota Colombia

Pach1co O J A Ashby and L Samnt Natural resource and agncultural prospects for the h1IIS1des of Latln Amenca Paper presentad at the IFPRI V1s1on 2020 workshop Washington OC November 7 10 1994

Thornton P K J W Hansen E 8 Knapp and J W Jones 1994 Oes1gn1ng Opt1mal Crop Management Strateg1es In Eco Reg1onal Approaches for Susta1nable Land Use and Food Product1on 1n the senes Systems Approaches for Susta1nable Agncultural Oevelopment by Kluwer Academ1c Pubhshers Dordrecht The Netherlands

Ravnborg H M and J A Ashby Organ1s1ng for local leve! watershed management lessons from R1o Cabuya! watershed Colombia Subm1tted to Technology and Soc1etv

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TROPICAL LOWLANDS PROGRAM

Strategles

The research act1vrt1es of the TLP fall broadly 1n two ma¡or categones (a) w1th1n agroecosystem area based research act1v1t&es lead1ng to the 1dent1f1cat&on development and test1ng of prototype susta1nable land use systems for representativa s1tes 1n the savannas and forest marg1ns based on an understand1ng of the underly1ng b1ophys1cal and soc1oeconom1c processes and mechamsms and (b) across agroecosystem research led by or 1n cooperat1on w1th the Land Use SRG a1med at prov1d1ng pohcy opt1ons and def1mng the prof&le of potent1al technolog1cal 1nnovat1ons and basad on an understand1ng of past and present trends 1n land use and the analys1s of past and present pohc1es Area based research 1n the forest marg1ns begun 1n the first semester of 1994 wh1le that of the savannas was formally 1n1t1ated 1n 1992 Exploratory research across agroecosystems traces back to the stud1es lead1ng to the development of CIAT s Strateg1c Ptan

The above set of research act1v1t1es are organ1zed around three ma¡or types of pro¡ects (1) dynam1cs of land use (2) mechan1st1c understand1ng of so&l chem1cal phys1cal and b1olog1cal processes 1n agropastoral and sequent&al crop systems (3) development of prototype cropp1ng systems plus a smaller set of spec1al funded more speclfic pro¡ects To vanous degrees all of these attempt to quant1fy the tradeoffs 1nvolved 1n 1ntervent10ns 1n the two trop1cal lowlands agroecosystems researched namely the neotrop1cal savannas and the 1ntervened ra1nforest marg1ns Funct1onal aspects of the two agroecosystems are (1) the prows1on of resources for agricultura/ productlon both pnmary and secondary (e g so&l water plants etc ) (2) the prov1s1on of vanous env1ronmental serv1ces 1nclud1ng amen1t1es and hfe support mechan1sms (e g ecosystem stab1hzat1on chmate regulat1on ma1ntenance of genet1c d1vers1ty) and (3) ass¡m¡JatJon of waste products (e g C02)

W&th1n th1s very larga array of researchable 1ssues CIAT placas part1cular but not exclus1ve emphas1s 1n the use and ma1ntenance of the so11 resources 1n v1ew of the prevalence 1n both agroecosystems of marg1nal and low fert1hty so1ls and to the 1mpact of farmers dec1S1ons regard1ng land use on natural resources In concurrence w1th CIAT s strategy 1n resource management the Program poS&t1ons 1tself as ene part1c1pant 1n the larga array of R&D 1nst1tut10ns 1nvolved 1n RMR 1n these agroecosystems Based on 1ts 1nternat1onal natura and neutrahty the Program attempts to play a fac&11tat1ng role 1n promot1ng the 1nvolvement of other research 1nstrtutes 1n both agroecosystems

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The h1ghhghts outhned 1n th1s report 1ntend to document how the Program 1s attempt1ng to carry out th1s dual role Jnvolv1ng 1ts own research most frequently developed 1n cooperat1on w1th others and research by other JnstJtutJons wh1ch have been prompted by our own actJVltleS In th1s context spec1al ment1on needs to be made of sorne JnstJtutJons whose collaborat1on 1s essentJal for the Program s actiVItJes In our host country the support and collaborat1on rece1ved from CORPOICA Canmagua 1s cruc1al to the success of the Uanos work and the same comment apphes to the contnbut1ons of EMBRAPA CPAC 1n the Brazil1an Cerrados and CPAF Acre and CPAF Rondon1a 1n the Forest Marg1ns area Notw1thstand1ng numerous other collaborators two 1nternat1onal 1nst1tutes have SIQnJficantly contnbuted to the Program s research actJVltleS These are IFDC USA who has ass1gned a So11 sc1entJst to work w1th the TLP 1n the area of so1l fert1hty management and CIRAD France wh1ch has ass1gned a Savanna ecolog1st to conduct research on plant dynam1cs 1n the Colomb1an Uanos Ma¡or Program donors were the Colomb1an Government and the JnterAmencan Development Bank

Research actlv1tles

Understand1ng land use dynam1cs

Understand1ng and predJctJng development paths of both agroecosystems and the1r Jnteract1ons 1mphes the analys1s of past trends 1n land use the analys1s of past and current pohc1es and modelhng of future alternat1ve scenanos cond1t1oned by potent1al pohc1es and technolog1es

Such an analys1s began 1n 1994 based on hterature rev1ew and secondary data The root causes of deforestat1on 1n the Amazon are the opportun1t1es 1t prov1des for land speculatJon to the nch and for 1ncreased labor returns to the poor The driVIng torces beh1nd these opportunJt1es ong1nate pnmanly 1n government pohc1es both W1th1n and outs1de the agncultural sector In the savanna product1ve technolog1es have enabled areas wlth good 1nfrastructure to make 1mportant contnbut1ons to natJonal agncultural product1on at the expense of on and off s1te degradat1on Speculat1ve land demand has expanded the agncultural frontler 1nto margmal areas A modelhng exerc1se to dep1ct future land use scenanos up to the year 2020 and the1r 1mphcat1ons 1n terms of productiVIty labor absorpt1on and ecolog1cal sustaJnabillty was Jnltlated ¡01ntly by the TLP the Land Use SRG the lmpact Assessment un1t and an NGO Prehm1nary results show that the comb1nat1on of favorable pohc1es and technolog1es for ecosystem management could make a ma¡or contnbutlon towards s1multaneously reduc1ng deforestat1on wh1le enabhng natJonal governments to obta1n econom1c and soc1al benef1ts from the forest marg1n

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S1gn1ficant 1ncreases 1n agncultural output and agnbus1ness could be susta1nably ach1eved 1n the savanna and th1s could enable 1t to d1vert pressure from the Amazon by contnbutlng to government s econom1c ob¡ect1ves d1vert1ng venture capital and absorb1ng labor 1n agnbus1ness Aspects of the favorable scenanos have started to occur 1n recent years

Among them are changes 1n pollc1es emerg1ng 1nternat1onal markets 1n ecolog1cal serv1ces wh1ch could prov1de powerful 1ncent1ves for the adoptiOn of susta1nable systems and new ecolog1cal parad1gms wh1ch prov1de opportun1t1es for comb1n1ng enwonmental enhancement w1th econom1c ga1n Th1s constellat1on of events prov1des a un1que opportun1ty for effect1ve ecosystem management

Assessment of poss1ble future land use scenanos reqUire contlnued understand1ng of the factors dnv1ng farmer s adopt1on of new and emerg1ng technolog1es An adoptlon study of pasture based technolog1es 1n the Colomb1an savanna showed that 98% of sample farmers had planted 1mproved pastures 17% of the surveyed area cons1sted of planted pastures w1th the area 1ncreas1ng 1n the last 15 years at the rate of 14% p a

Only 18% of the 1mproved area conta1ned legumes and 1 5% was planted to the nce pasture technology the latter be1ng a new technology at the t1me of the survey The predom1nant strategy of farmers was to supplement nat1ve savanna w1th a small area of planted grass pasture wh1ch was 1ncreased over t1me as cap1tal became ava1lable Cap1tal and management reqUirements were 1dent1fied as key factors 1nh1b1t1ng area expans1on of planted grass pastures and adopt1on of grass legume pastures and ley farm1ng systems As natural 1ncrease 1n herd s1ze occurs farmers appear to be acceptlng 1mproved grass pastures as an alternat1ve to overgraz1ng The study shows that reductlon of the cap1tal and management 1ntens1veness of ley farm1ng sytems even at the expense of product1v1ty could make a ma¡or contnbutlon to the prevent1on of overgraz1ng by speed1ng up the rate of adoptlon In terms of the savanna as a whole the study area hes towards the unfavorable extreme 1n terms of soll fert11ity In terms of 1nfrastructure 1t 1s mov1ng rap1dly from the typ1cal towards a more favorable d1rect1on The ley farm1ng technology 1n 1ts current form should be targeted to the most favorable areas of the savanna

Another externa! factor that may cond1t1on futura land use 1n the forest marg1ns and at least parts of the savannas 1s the emerg1ng development of 1nternat1onal markets for ecolog1cal serv1ces

41

Technolog1cal 1ntervent1ons such as deep rooted germplasm that can effect1vely sequester e 1n depth and poss1bly affect the exchange of other gasses as well (see below) may have an 1mportant role 1n the future and const1tutes an area wh1ch the Program w111 modestly explore to assess 1mphcat10ns for further technolog1cal developments

System charactenzatlon research

A great deal of effort and very S1gn1f1cant resources were deployed 1n 1994 for the cont1nued charactenzat1on and 1n depth analyses of land use dynam1cs 1n the two target agroecosystems under the leadersh1p of the Land Use SRG

G1ven resource hm1tat1ons the Acre Rondon1a area was pnont1zed followed by the Colomb1an Uanos Sorne efforts were made to obta1n add1t10nal and more deta1led secondary 1nformat1on to 1mprove the charactenzatlon of selected s1tes 1n the Cerrados of Braz11 wh1le charactenzat1on of the Venezuelan Savannas 1n cooperatlon w1th a number of nat1onal 1nst1tut1ons has been on hold

Charactenzatlon research has been conducted 1n Acre and Aondonla 1n the Braz1han Amazon as part of the global 1nlt1at1ve Alternat1ves to Slash and Burn Agnculture (ASB} funded by GEF and coord1nated globally by ICRAF and by CIAT 1n Lat1n Amenca and 1n partnersh1p w1th EMBRAPA (1n Acre and 1n Rondon1a} PESACRE ICRAF IFPRI CIFOR and TSBF The purpose of the ASB IS to develop techn1cal and pohcy alternat1ves wh1ch would help to decrease rates of trop1cal deforestatlon wh1le enhanc1ng the well be1ng of forest resource users

Trop1cal deforestatlon a contnbutor to global warm1ng v1a release of atmosphenc C02 IS hlghest 1n Lat1n Amenca comparad to Afnca and Asia Rates 1n the Amazon Bas1n of Braz1l 1ncreased from the early 1960s through the m1d 1980s dueto net1onal pohc1es support1ng road bu1ld1ng tax and cred1t 1ncent1ves to large corporatlons and ranches and colon1zat10n pro¡ects for the rural poor Changes 1n the same pohc1es seem to have contnbuted to observad dechn1ng rates of deforestat1on for the Braz1han Amazon as a whole

lnterv1ews conducted 1n the pro¡ect area 1nd1cated that settler colon1sts had p< cels of a mean 88 ha 1n Pedro Pe1xoto (Acre} and 76 ha 1n Theobroma (Rondon~a} These lands were approx1mately 60% 1n forest and 40% cleared for pastures and crops at the time of the 1nterv1ews Farmers cleared shghtly more than ene ha per family per year to produce f1rst nce for wh1ch y1elds were calculated to be approx1mately 1 5 t/h 1n the first year but dropped drast1cally such that ma1ze and cassava were grown 1n second and 1n sorne cases a th1rd year of cult1vat10n

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Lands were then converted to pastura as farmers not only banked the1r sav1ngs 1n cattle (sorne 85% of the settlers had cattle wrth herd s1zes of about 25 30 head) but also and perhaps more 1mportantly sought to take advantage of substant1ally h1gher values for 1mproved lands 1 e cleared lands w1th pastura fenc1ng corrals and ponds

Development of alternat1ves to slash and burn agnculture wh1ch would decrease rates of deforestat1on 1ncrease susta1nab1hty of resource use and enhance the well be1ng of settlers would have to comb1ne on farm and pohcy research

A detallad GIS coverage 1s be1ng developed for the study area between Puerto Lopez and Puerto Ga1tán Meta 1n the Colomb1an Uanos Th1s w1ll help ref1ne ex1st1ng (Cochrane s et al ) class1ficat10ns monltonng of land use changas and allow extrapolat1on of technolog1cal and pohcy opt1ons

Maps of solls and s01ls charactenst1cs dra1nage topography vegetat1on etc have been d1g1t1zed Cnt1cal to the effort of the Program 1n assess1ng externahtles assoc1ated w1th present and potent1al land uses 1s the development of a d1g1tal elevat1on model wh1ch w1ll allow accurate est1mat1on of slopes and runoff for apply1ng watershed management and eros1on control models Th1s 1s an ong01ng h1ghly t1me consum1ng actiVIty Satelhte 1mages for prev1ous years were obta1ned and are be1ng sub¡ected to unsuperv1sed class1f1cat10n we expect to obta1n a new satelhte 1mage for 1995 wh1ch wlll be groundtruthed to allow superv1sed class1ficat1on of current land use

To complement the above efforts farms located 1n contrastlng land systems (as class1f1ed ong1nally by Cochrane et al ) and that d1ffer 1n the use of savanna resources have been monltored for over 18 months lnputs and outputs for spec1fic f1elds andjor whole farms are quant1fied to the extent poss1ble and so11 vegetat1on and other resources are be1ng charactenzed All of the data has been georeferenced but there are hngenng doubts regard1ng the prec1s1on of the GPS 1nstruments used so far The recent acqu1s1t10n of prec1se GPS 1nstrumentat1on by the Land Use SRG w1ll allow venficat1on of the coord1nates 1n 1995 follow1ng wh1ch the data can be 1ncorporated 1nto a GIS database and overlayed onto the maps and 1mages referred to above for use 1n land use s1mulat10n and other purposes

S1mllarly extens1ve stud1es were conducted dunng 1994 on the flonst1c compos1t1on of nat1ve savanna wh1ch const1tutes the ma1n (> 70%) land use form of the reg1on Spec1es d1vers1ty was quant1fled dunng 1994 for a large cross sectlon of the undulatlng savannas or serran 1as a formatiOn that const1tute nearly 60% of the Colomb1an and poss1bly also a larga percentage of the Venezuelan savannas

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As before these data have been georeferenced and extens1ve so11 and plant t1ssue analyses were conducted tnterv1ews w1th ranch managers and 1nd1genous commumtles were also undertaken to assess management pract1ces apphed to nat1ve savanna commun1t1es that may affect plant dynam1cs On the whole 173 plant spec1es were 1dent1fied belong1ng to 40 d1fferent fam1hes Only 89 of these spec1es are common to the levelled savanna stud1ed 1n the past 1n Canmagua and surround1ng areas Larga d1fferences 1n plant spec1es compoSit10n assoc1ated w1th topography sods and seasonal hydrology ex1st but addltlonal and longer term research 1s stdl requ1red to understand and quant1fy 1he contnbutlon of these plant commun111es to the savanna ecosystem and the poss1ble tradeoffs 1nvolved 1f land use 1ntenslficat1on Slgn1ficantly affects some or all of these 1mportant commumt1es Th1s 1s an area that reqUires the contnbut1on of other diSCiplines part1cularly trop1cal ecology and for wh1ch the Program 1s attemptlng to 1nvolve other research lnStltUIIOnS

As 1nd1cated prev1ously longer term stud1es of the dynam1cs of savanna vegetatiOn 1n response to current and potentlal uses are requ1red

A larga ongo1ng expenment set up 1n Canmagua was des1gned to prov1de 1nformat10n on the effect of season and frequency of burn1ng and of graz1ng management on vegetatiOn dynam1cs above ground and underground b1omass product1on and seasonal changes 1n graz1ng preference Large d1fferences are apparent 1n terms of spec1es dynam1cs but 11 1s stdl too early to draw conclus1ons Complementary observat1ons are made on some of the farms be1ng mon1tored as expla1ned above Plant dynam1cs and changes 1n so1l parameters are evaluated and w11l be related to management pract1ces employed by farmers

Process onented b1ophys1cal research

lntens1ficat1on of land use 1n the savannas may bnng about changes 1n many of 1ts land resources 1nclud1ng above and under ground fauna and 1n hmnolog1cal propert1es of savanna water streams The latter two are not areas 1n wh1ch the Program has expert1se An exploratory survey of above ground fauna 1s be1ng conducted at Canmagua by a professor of the NatiOnal Un1vers1ty of Colombia Department of B1ology Bogotá made poss1ble by the f1nanc1al support prov1ded by CORPOICA Canmagua and the TLP An 1n1tlal survey of sod fauna conducted earher on by a French student 1n the Colomb1an Llanos ed to the des1gn of a much more amblt1ous ongo1ng pro¡ect conducted by a Spamsh student under the superv1S1on of an ORSTOM (France) spec1al1st and a professor of the Un1vers1dad Complutense de Madnd

44

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The study takes advantage of a larga longterm expenment setup 1n Canmagua 1nvolv1ng a w1de range of h1ghly contrastlng prototype cropp1ng and pastura systems that allows quant1f1cat1on of changes 1n soll fauna 1n response to temporal changes 1n land use G1ven the low natural fert11ity of savanna ox1sols the expenment 1nvest1gates a comb1nat1on of crop and/or pastura components at two levels of 1ntens1ficat1on based on lime to determ1ne b1ophys1cal measures of system performance and health Th1s as well as an equ1valent expenment set up 1n the Cerrados of Brazll are 101ntly run w1th the respect1ve nat1onal 1nSt1tut1ons CORPOICA and EMBRAPA CPAC respect1vely plus the Un1vers1t1es of Bayreuth (Germany) and Cornell (USA) 1n the Braz11ian case A large team of researchers 1s 1nvo1ved 1n both cases The Canmagua cult1core expenment was set up partly 1n 1993 and the rest 1n 1994 The expenment essent1ally contrasts three majar prototypes that mod1fy soll and vegetat1on to vanous degrees w1th grazed nat1ve savanna representlng the lowest degree of human 1ntervent1on and a ma1ze based set of treatments representlng the h1ghest degree of resource mod1f1cat1on Th1s last year w1tnessed the 1mplementat1on of the h1gh lime ma1ze based systems us1ng cv S1kuan1 commerc1ally released by CORPOICA and CIMMYT for the Colomb1an Uanos 1n 1994 Legume green manures 1ncluded as part of the system rap1dly showed at least one of the tradeoffs 1nvolved

In effect gra1n y1elds SIQnlflcantly 1ncreased follow1ng the green manure but so d1d the concentratiOn of N03 N down the soll profile suggest1ng that N leakage 1n these solls IS a real poss1b11ity Ma1ze gra1n y1elds 1n the expenment were 2 5 t ha 1 or approx1mately 1 ton less than 1n adjacent satellite expenments probably due to a comb1nat1on of peor establishment and problems of mach1nery at sow1ng Th1s 1s 1llustrat1ve of sorne of the problems 1n sett1ng up long term expenments w1th contrast1ng components when the1r agronomy 1s st1ll not well developed Nevertheless the expenment 1s extremely successful overall and prov1des a common ground for a larga 1ntennst1tut1onal and multldiSCiplinary team that 1s 1nvest1gat1ng nutnent cycling processes 1nputjoutput relat1onsh1ps soll and crop management 1ssues and soll fauna dynam1cs Results of th1s expenment are be1ng used to calibrate ava1lable crop growth models that wlll allow the s1mulat1on of numerous other crop and pastura sequences and hopefully extrapolat1on to other SOIIS as well

The Braz1han long term expenment or crop pastura mtegrat1on expenment' completad rts th1rd cropp1ng year w1th the best treatments y1eld1ng 1n excess of 7 t ha 1 of ma1ze Majar y1eld effects so far are due to soll fert1hty management wh1ch 1n turn affects the weed populat1on Although so11 mechan1cal 1mpedance has began to detenorate under contlnuous cropp1ng and to a lesser extent under a grass legume pastura as comparad to the nat1ve Cerrado no detnmental effects are apparent as yet On the other hand mycorrh1zal populat1ons monltored over the last three years have shown temporal vanatlons 1n relat1on to treatment

45

lnrt1ally there was a 25 fold 1ncrease dunng the pastura establishment phase and a 3 fold 1ncrease 1n soybeans relat1ve to Cerrado but the d1fferences have decreased SIQnlficantly over t1me Detallad stud1es on soll orgamc matter contents and d1stnbut10n and water and nutnent dynam1cs are be1ng cerned out The sama expenment IS be1ng used by an EMBRAPA Cornell Un1vers1ty team to mon1tor changas 1n carbon d1ox1de nltnc ox1des and methane Prehm1nary results suggest that these solls may const1tute a large methane s1nk w1th methane ox1dat1on be1ng largest under corn and smallest under nat1ve Cerrado Nevertheless pore s1ze and soll water balance as affected by tlllage appear to modtfy sorne of th1s ab1hty to dtspose of methane

Current trends tn trop1cal so1l fert1hty management stress rehance on b1olog1cal processes tnclud1ng the use of soll adaptad germplasm enhancement of so1l btologtcal act1vrty and opt1m1zat1on of nutnent cychng to maxtm1ze effic1ency of use of externa! 1nputs The above hsted longterm expenments together w1th a large array of short term field and laboratory tnals are be1ng used to quant1fy and model nutnent cychng processes Crops res1dues and crop and forages htter appear to play a key role 1n savanna ox1sols and the hgn1n N rat1o 1s the ma1n regulator of decompos1t1on w1th e N rat1os and the polyphenols contents play1ng smaller roles The CENTURY model appears to be reasonably well SUited to model sorne of these N cychng processes 1f mod1f1ed to accommodate present expenmental results

The transfer of N tn forage legume htter to the assoc1ated grass was very slow whereas unne N was shown to cycle much faster Th1s comb1nat1on of the effects of organ1c add1t1ons v1a res1dues htter andjor an1mal manure and unne were shown to 1mprove nutnent cond1t1ons for so1l flora and fauna and as consequence appear to benefictally mod1fy organtc P ava1lablhty measured us~ng more elaborate part1t1ontng techn1ques than the trad1t1onal laboratory methods An excellent 1nd1cator of these changas 1n the b1olog1cal propert1es of savanna ox1sols appears to be soll m1crob1al b1omass to the extent that nutnent cychng IS very t1ghtly hnked to 1ts turnover rate In fact P flux through mtcrob1al b1omass at least under grass legume pasturas (12 34 kg ha 1 year 1

) 1ndtcates that th1s could be a ma¡or pathway of P cychng 1n these SO liS These find1ngs are supported by the detect1on of h1gh phosphatase actiVIty under pasturas wh1ch further tnd1cates the 1mportance of b1olog1cal processes 1n so11 P turnover

lntroduced grass and grass legume pasturas were found to make a ma¡or contnbutiOn to soll organ1c matter toa depth of at least 100 cm 1n both on stat1on and on farm expenments As a m~n1mum 1t was est1mated that a three year old B d1ctyoneura pastura contnbutes 30 t C ha 1 1n 3 years and that the add1t1on of a legume s1gn1f1cantly tncreases the amount of e sequestered These f1nd1ngs were pubhshed 1n Natura and do not requ.re further elaborat1on here

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On farm testlng of prototypes

Longterm controlled expenments are absolutely essentlal to develop a deta1led understand1ng of soll plant an1mal processes as shown above Nevertheless they have a certa1n ng1d1ty regard1ng the crop andjor pastura components that can be tested To compensate for these hm1tat10ns and more 1mportantly to 1ncorporate 1nto the Program s research agenda farmer s perspect1ves and preferences regard1ng resources use a hm1ted amount of on farm work IS conducted 1n all of the area based act1v1t1es carned out by the TLP Th1s set of tnals have the longest trad1t1on 1n the savannas of both Colombia and Braz11 whereas they only begun to be 1mplemented 1n Acre Rondon1a 1n m1d to late 1994 To vanous degrees and depend1ng on the speclfic locat1on farmer part1c1pat1on 1n the des1gn and conduct of the tnals 1s 1ncluded Thus farmer s controls are always 1ncluded and farmers are 1nvolved 1n the d1scuss1on lead1ng to select1on of sorne of the expenmental treatments select1on of crop or forage components etc whereas st1ll other treatments are purely researcher selected To the extent that farmer dec1s1on makmg processes are documentad 1n these on farm act1v1t1es th1s research 1s cons1dered to be as strateg1c as that of purely b1ophys1cal ong1n

Only a bnef ment1on 1s made here of one of these on farm tests whereas the rest are deferred to the ma1n body of the report

The Matazul on farm tnals 1n the Llanos of Colombia were descnbed 1n the Savannas Annual Report 1992 1993 The oldest two tnals 1n th1s farm completad 6 years 1n 1994

One of them 1nvolved cont1nuous nce monocropp1ng us1ng the best avallable knowledge regard1ng management of so1l phys1cal and chem1cal propert1es Over the penod 1989 1992 there was a hnear decrease of 400 kg ha 1 year 1 lmproved sod management pract1ces apphed subsequently were able to part1ally reversa th1s trend but continuad negat1ve changas 1n soll compact1on weed bu1ldup and decreased m1crob1al b1omass cont1nue to consp1re aga1nst the longterm success of th1s alternat1ve Stud1es conducted on weed dynam1cs the1r nutnent uptake and overall compet1t1on w1th the sown crop are beg1nn1ng to 1dent1fy des1rable plant 1deotypes that could potent1ally be undersown to nce and compete w1th undes1rable weeds In general then the monocrop prototype 1s prov1d1ng very valuable 1nformat1on on the extent rate and charactenst1cs of degradat1on processes 1n savanna ox1sols

An equally old expenment whose deta1ls have been extens1vely reportad elsewhere the nce pasturas expenment enterad 1nto the second phase of pasturas 1n the nce pastura rotat1on 1n 1994 follow1ng a renovatiOn of the ong1nal pasturas w1th nce 1n 1993 Th1s expenment 1s beg1nn1ng to 1llustrate sorne of the longterm tradeoffs 1nvolved w1th these relat1vely 1ntens1ve systems

47

Pasturas estabhshed under nce support h1gh carry1ng capac1ty and h1gher levels of an1mal productiOn than otherw1se By the same token sorne aspects of the so11 phys1cal propert1es such as compactlon est1mated us1ng trad1t1onal methods (cone penetrometer) beg1n to detenorate relat1vely early on dunng the pasture phase A crop phase namely nce temporanly reversas th1s trend Trends 1n so1l organ1c matter and m1crob1al b1omass contrast markedly w1th those of the monocrop referred to above

In the Acre Rondon~a area (Forest Marg1ns) agronom1c work began 1n the second tnmester of 1994 1n1t1ally severely constra1ned by log1st1cal and transportat1on d1fficult1es later overcome

Ex1st1ng agronom1c knowledge on potent1al agros1lvopastoral components 1s scarce and make 1t unadv1sable to set up longterm complex expenments as yet Follow1ng the research agenda agreed upon w1th the other part1c1pants 1n the Alternat1ves to Slash and Burn prOJect the Program began 1ts research actiVItles w1th the 1ntroduct1on of germplasm of the ma1n staple foods 1n the reg1on namely beans ma1ze nce and cassava to be followed later on by grass and legume forages 1nclud1ng mult1purpose shrubby and tree legumes Fert1hzer 1nputs although 1ncluded as expenmental treatments are unfeas1ble under the current econom1c cond1t1ons so that b1olog1cal management of so1l resources 1s even more cruc1al than 1n the other mandated reg1ons of the Program ln1t1al st1ll h1ghly tentat1ve results suggest that 1t 1s poss1ble to use dead mulches that protect the so11 wh1le at the same t1me reduc1ng the 1nc1dence of web bhght 1n beans basad cropp1ng systems A number of mulches was tested both on stat1on and on farm 1nclud1ng velvet bean Puerana phaseo/o1des ma1ze and nce

Prehm1nary results 1nd1cate that mulches such as those prov1ded by P phaseoiOJdes that decompose at a slower rate prov1de better protect1on aga1nst web bhght and presumably protect the soll for a longer t~me Nevertheless 1t was obv1ous that the maJonty of the 1ntroduced hnes and vanetles d1d not have an y1eld advantage over farmer s checks (mostly Caneca)

lnter program pro1ects

Bnef reference was made above to vanous research act1vlt1es 1nvolv1ng collaboratiOn of Program sc1ent1sts w1th other researchers both 1ns1de and outs1de CIAT Several other JOint projects wlll be ment1oned here

Several Program sc1ent1sts were Instrumental 1n des1gn1ng and 1mplement1ng a large 1nterprogram proJect 1n the Cauca (Colombia) hills1des together w1th members of most other CIAT s programs

48

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A program spec1ahst 1s also respons1ble for the ma1ntenance and charactenzat1on of the forage legumes Rhtzobwm collect1on and for screen1ng and select1ng Rhtzobtum stra1ns 1n cooperatlon w1th the Trop1cal Forages Program

Several Program sc1ent1sts were heavlly 1nvolved 1n des1gn1ng and 1mplement1ng ma1ze based cropp1ng systems w1th CIMMYT and CORPOICA 1n the Colomb1an Llanos S1mllarly Program researchers act1vely contnbuted to evaluat1on of ma1ze nce and forages germplasm for alternat1ve product1on systems 1n the Cerrados of Brazll and ma1ze nce cassava beans and forages germplasm 1n the Acre Rondoma s1tes

lnstltutlonal strengthen1nq and relat1ons

In the area of 1nSt1tUt1onal bu1ld1ng several1mportant events took place dunng 1994 A C sequestrat1on workshop took place w1th the part1c1patlon of several NARs and 1nternat1onal IOSt1tut1ons to develop an 1ntennst1tut1onal pro¡ect on the sub¡ect for submiSSIOn to potentlal donors

S1m1larly the Program was heav1ly 1nvolved 10 a Land Use led workshop lead10g to development of a reg1onal pro¡ect for the savannas ent1tled Strategtes for Sustamab/e Agncultural Land Use m the Lowland Savannas of South Amanea SSALLSSA

The Program part1c1pated 1n the Global Steenng Comm1ttee meeting of the ASB Pro¡ect and later on 1n a tra1mng workshop on charactenzat1on offered 1n Na1rob1 Kenya 10 the context of that same pro¡ect

The th1rd Workshop on Agropastoral Systems was held 1n Venezuela wh1ch was supported by IDB and Venezuelan funds Jumor staff of the TLP were heav1ly 1nvolved 1n the development of an lnternat1onal Course on Agropastoral Systems for Ac1d S01ls offered 10 Vlllavlcenclo Colombia for extens1on agents and pnvate techn1cal ass1stants

lastly numerous students developed the1r BS and MS thes1s work1ng 1n ex1st1ng research proJects

In a d1fferent context vanous Program sc1ent1sts were regularly 1nvolved 1n techmcal consultat1on meetlngs w1th the MAS consort1um PROCITROPICOS and 1ts savannas consort1um PROCIANDINOS FAO CORPOICA and vanous others S1mllarly through sorne of 1ts members the Program has been 1nvolved 1n two system w1de 1n1t1atlves namely CIAT s Ecoreg1onal pro¡ect and the Soll Water and Nutnent Management IOitlatiVe lastly 1t also prov1ded hm1ted 1nput through the Trop1cal Forages Program to the system w1de hvestock 1n1tlat1ve

49

LAND MANAGEMENT SRG

The Land Use Program as tt appears tn the Annual Report 1993 has been transformad tn 1994 tnto the Land Management Sctentlfic Resources Group as part of the deftnttton of the new Actton Plan for CIAT

The baste research themes of the Group focus around the understandtng and anttctpatton of land use changas the determtnants and tmpacts of land management and thetr tmpltcattons for technology development and dtffuston The ma¡or goals are to tnfluence poltcy maktng and technology generatton (tnsofar as helptng to tdenttfy the requtred technologtcal profile for sustatnable agnculture) Thts requtres the causal analysts of trends tn land use the study of the spattal dtstnbutton of agncultural land use patterns tn relatton to ecologtcal factors understandtng the role of cross scale (mtcro macro) tnteracttons tn land use dynamtcs and the tdenttftcatton and development of poltcy relevant tndtcators of sustatnable land use

The acttvtttes of the Group focus matnly on three target agroecosystems savannas htllstdes and forest margtns Soma of the pro¡ects have broader scope

The ma¡or cltents of the Group are pohcy makers at the nattonal and regronal levels and the NARD s and other CIAT s Programs that concentrate on technologtcal generatton and dtffuston

Thts report presents the research acttvtttes dunng 1994 by pro¡ect dtvtded tnto core pro¡ects and complementary subpro¡ects For completeness the research acttvtttes performed as part of pro¡ects executed by other Programs or Untts are also tncluded here but reportad more extenstvely tn the correspondtng Program or Untt

Project UT01 Malntenance ol the GIS Unlt Faclhty

An updattng and expanston of the GIS hardware and software as well as the database software was made The number of ARC INFO GIS software ltcenses rose from 10 to 20 Data tnput was upgraded from Atlas Draw to ARC INFO for map data base preparatton The number of ERDAS remete senstng analysts ltcenses tncreased from one to three tn 1994

The number of SUN workstatton computers rose from two to ten by the begtnntng of 1995 A new Tektrontx Phaser 440 dye subltmatton pnnter was acqutred to facthtate htgh quahty output of analyzed satelhte tmages A small 600dpt Rtcoh FS2 color scanner was also purchased to allow tabular data tnput and to sean color photos from the field and from the atr A further 32 gtgabytes of dtsk was purchased to factlttate data handling of satelhte tmages

50

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Two Wdd/Lertz model 200 dual frequency P code Global Pos1t10n1ng Satelhte (GPS) systems were acqu1red These w1\l allow the Umt to perform control surveys for satelhte 1mages and d1g1tal ortho photography as we\1 as deta1led pro¡ect mapp1ng

Complementary Subproject UT54 Des1gn of a GIS Pllot Pro¡ect for cemcai\a

Work started on th1s fully funded pro¡ect 1n 1994 Severa! sugarcane plantatiOns were selected as pliot s1tes and maps and plans were obta1ned for each plot along w1th the1r assoc1ated h1stoncal database of 1nformat1on Survey fieldwork was 1n1t1ated us1ng Global Pos1t1on Satelhte (GPS) systems Al! the relevant data were entered such as contours spot he1ghts plot boundanes canals nvers as we\1 as the1r assoc1ated attnbute data A relat1onal database structure was des1gned for h1stoncal tabular data on plots fert1hzer treatments vanet1es grown t1me of plant1ng and harvestmg These data were hnked to the GIS us1ng paree! numbers Large scale accurate maps were produced Add1t1onal data such as chmate so1ls depth of water table slope roads process1ng plants were added to the GIS and overlays of vanous comb1nat10ns were produced Tra1n1ng of Cemcaña personnel has been ongo1ng 1n GIS Un1x and database management

Project UT02 Background GIS /Database ActiVItles Needed to Mamtaln Credlblllty and Flexlblhty on Handling Spat1ally Referenced Data

In 1994 work contlnued on convert1ng many of the old map coverages already ex1st1ng 1n CIAT to ARC/INFO These 1nclude a\1 the maps d1g1t1zed for the vanous CIAT pro¡ects over the last 8 years the adm1n1strat1ve un1ts of many countnes 1n Latln Amenca the data files that relate to them the chmate maps produced from the CIAT databases 1n the past the crop d1stnbut1on f1les elevat1on and solis maps that we have produced Other coverages 1nclude the Land System study of Cochrane et al the Brazli so1ls map 1 5 000 000

Recent work completad 1ncludes the tert1ary adm1n1strat1ve boundanes of Mex1co Central Amenca Ecuador and Peru Work 1n progress 1ncludes the tert1ary boundanes for Colombia Venezuela and Brazli lt also 1ncludes the acqu1S1tl0n of topograph1c maps a1r photos and satelhte 1mages for d1fferent agroecosystems

The d1g1tal coverage of latln Amenca protected areas has matured 1nto a ma1ntenance and update state The vegetat1on map of South Amenca has been also 1ncorporated

A comprehens1ve network of data exchange has been 1n place for years The program has sent data 1n 1994 to 21 1nst1tut1ons 1nclud1ng CG Centers lnternatlonal Organ1zat1ons and Nat1onal Orgamzatlons and Umvers1t1es

51

Project UT03 CIAT Climate Database for the Tropical World

The CIAT cllmate database covers the whole of the world trop1cs lt has been bullt over the last 17 years and now conta1ns long term cllmat1c normals for 9 864 stat1ons 1n Latln Amenca 5 536 1n Afnca and 3 721 1n As1a Recently 1t was g1ven a majar update add1ng data for almost 2 000 add1t10nal statiOns

The database ex1sts 1n two forms The base data 1s stored 1n a d1rect access system by cllmate coord1nates A second set of f1les 1s 1nterpolated to a regular gnd for mapp1ng purposes A majar task dunng 1994 has been to transfer the databases from the IBM ma1nframe to the new UNIX network server The cllmate statiOn data are now avallable 1n a temporary system under ORACLE The 1nterpolated gnd f1les for Latln Amenca and Afnca are avallable as UNIX files for access by FORTRAN or as GIS 1mages 1n IDRISI and ARC/INFO

Further work 1s st1ll needed to 1mplement the full data management system under UNIX and to produce the 1nterpolated cllmate files for As1a

Stochast1c ra1nfall models The first publlcatiOn from th1s research theme appears 1n the 1993 Report P K Thornton of IFDC has recently employed th1s model1n Burk1na Faso 1n a project assoc1ated w1th the Fam1ne Early Warn1ng System of FAO (FEWS) Work has proceeded w1th the generallzatiOn of the model amng to prov1de 1nterpolated mapp1ng of the model parameters to 1nterface w1th GIS llnked models of cropp1ng nsk

Project UT04 Ecoreg1ona1 research and exploratory actlvltles

Land Quallty lnd1cators An 1nternat10nal workshop on land quallty 1nd1cators for the lowland savannas and hllls1des of tropical amenca was organ1zed jOintly w1th the World Bank at CIAT Part1c1pants 1ncluded the WB CIMMYT IBSRAM IICA FAO AGCANADA IFPRI USDA One of the four bas1c documents was wntten jOintly by SC1ent1sts from CIAT (LM SRG) CIMMYT and GASE (an enwonmental NGO) CIAT also part1c1pated 1n a later workshop organ1zed by the WB 1n Wash1ngton Two preproposals from the LMSRG are be1ng cons1dered by he WB

Agroecosystem Health A pnnc1ple of cooperat1on w1th the Un1vers1ty of Guelph Ganada was establlshed to perform jOint research and tra1mng actiVItles 1n the area of agroecosystems research and agroecosystem health (a new concept be1ng d1scussed 1nternat10nally) A paper on 1ts potentlal for agncultural research was publlshed The coord1nator of the Canad1an agroecosystem health project spent a week at CIAT 1nv1ted by the LMSRG to 1nteract w1th the sc1ent1sts and prepare jOint proposals A general Cooperat1on Agreement between CIAT and the Un1vers1ty of Guelph has been approved by CIAT and IS be1ng cons1dered by the Un1vers1ty of Guelph

52

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Cooperat1on w1th UNEP Though the contacts and actiVIttes carned out w1th1n the pro¡ect CIAT was 1nv1ted to become and 1S now one of a selected few UNEP Collaborattng Centres for lnternatlonal Envtronmental Assessment Reportlng and Forecastlng Thts has already opened new channels of collaboratlon such as w1th the Dutch RIVM

lnterAmencan Group on Sustatnable Development of Agnculture and Natural Resources Partlctpatlon 1n the Group cont1nued dunng 1994 1nclud1ng contnbutlng to the preparatton of a baste document lt 1s expected that the Group wlll address the June 1995 Sesston of the UN Commtsston on Sustatnable Development dedtcated to dlscuss the agncultural and land use tssues of Agenda 21

Complementary Subproject UT51, TA51, and Alternattves to Slash and Burn

System charactenzatton research has been conducted tn Acre and Rondonta tn the Braztllan Amazon a) as the matn acttvtty of subpro¡ect UT51 (A dtagnosttc study of agnculturalland use 1n the southwest Braztllan Amazon) b) as a ma¡or acttvtty of subpro¡ect TA51 ( Alternattves to slash and burn) and e) as part of CIAT s contnbutton to the global 1ntttat1ve Alternattves to Slash and Burn Agnculture (ASB) The purpose of the ASB IS to develop techntcal and pollcy alternattves whtch would help to decrease rates ot troptcal deforestatton whtle enhanctng the well betng of forest resource users

lntervtews conducted tn the pro¡ect area tndtcated that settler colontsts had parcels of a mean 88 ha tn Pedro Petxoto (Acre) and 76 ha tn Theobroma (Rondonta)

These lands were approxtmately 60% 1n forest and 40% cleared for pastures and crops at the ttme of the tntervtews Farmers cleared shghtly more than one ha per famtly per year to produce ftrst nce for whtch ytelds were calculated to be approxtmately 1 5 tfh 1n the ftrst year but dropped drasttcally such that matze and cassava was grown 1n second and 1n sorne cases a thtrd year of culttvatlon Lands were next converted to pasture as farmers not only banked thetr sav1ngs 1n cattle (sorne 85% of the settlers had cattle wtth herd stzes of about 25 30 head) but also and perhaps more tmportantly sought to take advantage of substanttally htgher values for tmproved lands 1 e cleared lands wtth pastura fenctng corrals and ponds

Thus development of alternattves to slash and burn agnculture wtll have to combtne on farm and pollcy research

53

Complementary Subproject UT52 Strategles for Sustamable Agrlcultural Land Use In the Lowland savannas of South Amenca Planmng Study

The Plann~ng Study was completad 1n 1994 w1th the formulatlon and subm1Ss1on of a 5 years proJect to the Dutch M1n1stry for Development CooperatiOn (DGIS) The proJect 1s now under cons1derat1on by the DGIS The project purpose 1s to 1dentlfy and assess strateg1c and pohcy opt1ons for the susta1nable use of the lowland savannas of South Amenca

The project was des1gned through a part1c1patory process and 1t was approved at a Workshop convened and hosted by CIAT The Workshop 1nvolved agncultural enwonmental bus1ness and NGOs 1nst1tut1ons of Bohv1a Braz1l Colombia and Venezuela and the preparat1on of poSit1on papers by each of the part1c1pant countnes plus sc1ent1sts from Wagen1ngen and CIAT The structure of SSALLSSA reflects a tnpart1te collaborat1on ene research team 1n each of four countnes a proJect team at CIAT anda proJect team 1n the Netherlands

Complementary Subproject UT55 A data center for sustalnablllty lnd1cators for Latln Amerlca and the Carlbbean

An agreement was s1gned w1th UNEP to support the development of a proJect proposal for a data center for susta1nab1hty 1nd1cators for Latln Amenca and the Canbbean to be located w1th1n the Land Management SRG An ong1nal proposal to UNEP was made by CIAT anda consultat1on meet1ng w1th the part1c1patlon of UNEP (ROLAC) ECLAC and IICA was held 1n Mex1co C1ty UNEP has already prov1ded funds to support the 1nstallat1on of a Consultant at CIAT 1n February 1995 to develop the f1nal proposal for the establishment of the Center The purpose of the Center 1s to ass1st dec1s1on mak1ng on pohc1es that affect susta1nable agnculture and land use 1n Lat1n Amenca and the Canbbean A b1 annual report of pohcy relevant 1nd1cators of susta1nab11ity w1ll be produced The Center would be f1nanced by UNEP w1th CIAT prov1d1ng log1st1C support and space

Collaboratlon w1th CIAT s Programs and Un1ts

Research has been carned out wrth1n the follow1ng proJects HA01 HA02 HC01 HC11 HC51 (H1IIS1des Program) TC03 TL03 (Trop1cal Lowlands Program) BA56 BP03 (Beans Program) CC01 CC51 (Cassava Program) and UG03 (Genet1c Resources Unlt)

Staff RecrUitment and Tra1n1ng One SS and other staff were recrUited Vanous tra1n1ng act1v1tles were 1mplemented

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BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH UNIT

In 1994 the B1otechnology Research Un1t (BRU) cont1nued to carry out 1ts sc1ent1fic bndg1ng role for the 1ntegrat1on of modern b1olog1cal techmques 1nto CIAT research and contnbuted to link advanced research w1th the NARS of develop1ng countnes Th1s year spec1al attent1on has been pa1d to the use of b1otechmques 1n the charactenzatlon analys1s and enhancement of genet1c resources

About one half of the Un1t s total operat1onal budget corresponded to complementary fund1ng Most of the work h1ghhghted here has been carned out through cooperat1on between BRU and CIAT Programs/Umts sc1ent1sts

Pro1ect Area Molecular charactenzat1on and analys1s of genet1c d1vers1ty

Project Molecular charactenzatlon of Phaseolus bean germplasm collectlons The s1ngle most 1mportant development has been the 1mplementat1on of a new ONA based technology named AFLP (Amphfied Fragment Length Polymorph1sms) wh1ch 1nclud1ng components of RFLP and PCR technolog1es offers s1gmf1cantly 1ncreased power for fingerpnntmg and gene tagg1ng In 1994 we have analyzed the ent1re wlld bean core collect1on 1 e 140 access1ons us1ng two pnmers wh1ch often allowed the display of around 200 bands 1n a s1ngle run S1m1larly we have used AFLP to fingerpnnt the Colomb1an common bean collect1on Th1s work const1tutes part of our efforts to 1ntegrate ONA base marker technology w1th GIS for the analys1s of Phaseolus genet1c d1vers1ty

Project Constructlon of a molecular map of cassava For the f1rst t1me two cassava genet1c hnkage groups have been constructed (10 hnkage groups for the male parent 17 groups for the female) us1ng RFLP and RAPO markers Whlle work on the construct1on of the map contlnues mapp1ng populatlons for gene tagg1ng purposes have been generated by the Cassava Program 1nclud1ng tra1ts such as photosynthet1c effic1ency and bactenal bhght res1stance Res1stance to ACMV 1s a tralt of 1nterest for cooperat1ve work w1th liT A

In add1t1on us1ng RAPO markers we have obta1ned a f1rst 1ns1ght 1nto the genet1cs of cassava part1cularly w1th reference to d1som1c 1nhentance Fund1ng RF

Project Molecular taggmg of apomlx1s gene In Brach1ar1a Follow1ng the first tagg1ng of the apom1x1s gene we have been able to confirm the hnkage us1ng both RAPO and SCAR markers the pnmer N 14 was 1dent1f1ed at 11 cM of d1stance from the gene F1ne mapp1ng us1ng AFLP s 1s be1ng 1n1t1ated but add1t1onal fund1ng wlll be needed to carry out th1s phase of the proJect to completlon

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Project Molecular tagglng ot reslstance genes to rice blast tungal Jlneages Two llnkages have so far been tagged We have 1n1t1ated the analys1s of three mapp1ng populat1ons for tagg1ng add1t1onal res1stance genes aga1nst three new fungal llneages Fund1ng RF

Pro1ect Area Molecular b1ochem1cal charactenzatlon of stress response mechan~sms

ProJect Blochemlcal molecular basls ot reslstance to the bean weev11 The obJectlve 1s to 1dent1fy factors respons1ble for res1stance to the bean weev11 and the1r use 1n the screen1ng of germplasm and 1n develop1ng genet1c approaches for the transfer of res1stance to common bean cvs In early work a prote1n fract1on h1ghly tox1c to the bean weev11 was 1dent1fied 1n a res1stant w1ld P vulgans access1on on the other hand wheat a amylase 1nh1bltor was found to strongly 1nh1b1t the bean weevd s amylase m vttro and egg white Av1d1n has also been found to be a strong 1nh1brtor of the 1nsect s development Testlng these 1nh1b1tors under a vanety of c1rcumstances 1n underway Fund1ng AGCD

Project Blochemlcal molecular mechanlsm ot C02 asslmilatlon ot cassava under stress We are assembllng anatom1cal phys1olog1cal and b1ochem1cal data of cassava and w1ld Mamhot spp to charactenze adaptatlon mechan1sms of the1r response to water stress cond1t1ons

Th1s year we have descnbed anatom1c xeromorph1c adaptatJons of M rubncau/ts M crasstsepa/a and M grahamt and the 1nformat1on wdl be used by the Cassava Program for 1nhentance stud1es In sttu hybnd1zat1on w1th non rad1oact1ve gene probes (e g PEP Case) wdl be carned out to study the compartmentallzatlon of gene express1on under stress cond1t1ons

Project B•ochem•cal genetlc bas1s ot tolerance to low nutrlent stress In Brachtana The ObJectlve 1s to charactenze phys1olog1cally and b1ochem1cally adaptat1on to low so11 fert1hty us1ng Brachtana as a model w1th a future v1ew of man1pulat1ng key genet1c po1nts Follow1ng hydropon1c stud1es we have 1n1t1ated the search of Al chelatlng compounds 1n response to stress by analyz1ng (w1th HPLC) organ1c ac1ds and phenohcs exudated by the roots Fund1ng Austnan Academy of Sc1ences

Project Charactenzatlon ot amylolytlc bacteria tor cassava sour starch termentatlon In prev1ous work us1ng b1ochem1cal entena we have selected sorne bactena 1solates as potent1al started 1nocula Th1s year we have 1n1t1ated molecular taxonom1c analys1s by sequenc1ng hypervanable reg1ons of PCR ampllf1ed 16S RNA genes Th1s wdl allow us to develop spec1fic DNA probes or pnmers to carry out monrtonng of bactenal 1solates dunng the fermentat1on process

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pro!ect Area Gene transfer and conservat1on of genet1c d1vers1ty

Project lnter spec1fic Phaseolus hybnd1zat1on assisted by embryo rescuejculture and molecular markers The 1mmed1ate ob¡ect1ve 1s to fac1htate the transfer of useful tra1ts from Phaseolus spp to common bean A longer term a1m IS

to develop 1nter spec1fic gene pools for bndg1ng tra1t transfer between Phaseotus spp and common bean Our 1n1t1al focus has been the hybnd1zat10n of common bean w1th the tepary bean (P acutJfolws) In a prev1ous effort w1th Sean Program Genet1cs large numbers of recurrent and congru1ty hybnds have been produced and moved to the field for evaluat1on Th1s year selected populatiOns h1ghly res1stant to bactenal bhght have been further advanced and charactenzed

Evaluat1on tnals by the Sean Program also 1ncludes res1stance to Empoasca drought tolerance and adaptat1on to low fert1hty solls CongrUity backcross1ng continuas 1n arder to ach1eve max1mum poss1ble fert1hty levels Our data shows a s1gn1ficant fertlhty 1ncrease between the first congru1ty hybnds (CSC1 F1) and the n1neth congrUity hybnds (CSC9 F1) Mon1tonng 1ntrogress1on of tepary chromosome segments 1nto advanced hybnd populat1ons 1s be1ng 1n1t1ated us1ng AFLPs Fund1ng AGCD (part1al)

Project Development of transgenic rice with resistance to rice Hoja Blanca virus (RHBV) and Rhaoctoma ln1t1al efforts have focused on standard1z1ng a transgen1c methodology 1n arder to then move to the transfer of RHBV res1stance the latter 1n cooperat1on w1th the V1rology Research Unlt (VRU) and the R1ce Program Th1s year we have prov1ded molecular and genet1c conf1rmat1on of transgenes1s w1th LA md1ca nce vanet1es us1ng Southern Northern and 1nhentance analyses The RHSV coat prote1n and antlsense RNA genes cloned 1n the VRU have been used for transformatlon w1th the part1cle bombardment dev1se Molecular ev1dence of 1ntegrat1on and express1on 1n the transformad plants has been prov1ded The next step IS to challenge the plants w1th the v1rus under conta1nment cond1t1ons Fund1ng RF

Project Development of genetlc transformat1on methodologies for cassava, beans and trop1cal forages We have earher regenerated cassava plants follow1ng Agrobacterwm med1ated transformat1on us1ng a plasm1d construct w1th marker genes Th1s year we have shown res1stance to basta (a select1on agent) us1ng leaf d1scs from greenhouse grown transformad plants Secause 1n1t1al molecular analys1s suggests that only very few cop1es are probably 1ntegrated 1n the cassava genome we are currently conduct1ng Northern tests of the putat1ve transformants 1n arder to show express1on at RNA level In parallel we have adaptad a h1ghly prohfic system of cychc somat1c embryogenes1s for use 1n transformat1on expenments w1th new plasm1d constructs

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Organogen1c t1ssue cultures capable of sheet productlon have been generated for the first t1me w1th five common bean vanetles these cultures have been used for part1cle bombardment med1ated transformatlon and shoots surv1v1ng select1on have been moved further te grow 1nto whole plants Fund1ng GTZ

W1th trop1cal forages we have prev1ously regenerated whole plants from callus of five spec1es of Brach1arta Arach1s pmto1 Centrosema bras111anun and two spec1es of Stylosanthes Work IS underway w1th Flemmg1a Chamaecrtsta and Desmod1um Us1ng 1solated embryos transformat1on expenments are underway w1th Brach1arta as part of the apom1x1s pro¡ect

Project Crypreservatlon of cassava shoot t1ps Prev1ous work has resultad 1n the cons1stent recovery of whole plants from sheet t1ps frezan 1n hqUid mtrogen (LN) us1ng ene cassava vanety as a model In 1994 we succeeded 1n recovenng plants from LN frezan sheet t1ps of otherw1se recalc1trant vanet1es by man1pulat1ng pre and post freez1ng condltlons Another ref1nement w1ll come from us1ng encapsulated sheet t1ps for cryopreservat1on Encapsulatlon should allow the t1ssues te better tolerate stresses causad by cryoprotect1on dehydrat1on freez1ng and thaw1ng As a first step sheet t1p encapsulatlon has been standanzed us1ng sod1um alg1nate and the1r growth 1nto complete plants ach1eved We are JOinlng forces w1th IPGRI te undertake a pilot pro¡ect for develop1ng a cryopreserved cassava collect1on

Other Act1V1t1es

In order te carry out 1ts bndg1ng role w1th CIAT and the NARS of develop1ng countnes 1n 1994 the BRU has contnbuted te the follow1ng tra1n1ng and awareness actiVItles 1n b1otechnology

F1fteen sc1ent1sts from five LA Southern Cene countnes attended an 1ntens1ve 2 week Course Workshop at CIAT en molecular charactenzat1on and d1vers1ty analys1s of the nce blast fungal pathogen Pyncu/arta grtsea Teams of three sc1entlsts per country lnStltutlon compns1ng a breeder patholog1st and molecular biOIOQISt partiCipated 1n the course Fund1ng IDB/PROCISUR

Seventeen part1c1pants from ten LA countnes attended an 1nternat1onal 4 week Course at CIAT en b1otechnology for the conservat1on of agrob10dlvers1ty Fund1ng OAS ICETEX COLCIENCIAS

E1ghteen sc1ent1sts from n1ne LA countnes attended a Course Workshop at CIAT en nce anther culture breed1ng Teams of two sc1ent1Sts per country 1nst1tutlon compns1ng a breeder and a t1ssue culture spec1ahst partlclpated 1n the Course Fund1ng RF

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In 1994 ten support staff members of CIAT Bean Cassava and Tropical Forages Programs were tra1ned 1n the BRU 1n vanous molecular technolog1es Fund1ng BRU Core and Programs

Also th1s year 16 sc1ent1sts from Colomb1an 1nst1tut1ons (e g CORPOICA CENICANA severa! Un1vers1t1es) attended 1nd1V1duahzed and 1n serv1ce. tra1n1ng 1n a range of molecular and cellular technolog1es 1n the BRU In add1t10n sc1ent1sts from nat1onal orgamzat1ons of Mex1co Ecuador Venezuela Peru Ch1na Sw1tzerland and the U S part1c1pated 1n smlar tra1n1ng 1n the BRU Fund1ng BRU Core and 1nst1tut1onal

The BRU co organ1zed and part1c1pated 1n a b1osafety workshop 1n Cartagena address1ng the status and prospects for the Andean countnes Fund1ng DGIS USDA IICA

Pro¡ect development The follow1ng pro¡ect 1deas have been developed through cooperat1on between the BRU and CIAT Program/Unlt sc1ent1sts and are at vanous stages of development for seek1ng externa! fund1ng

F1ne mapp1ng and clomng the apom1x1s gene 1n Brachlafla

Establishment of a wotld network for the 1dent1ficat1on and ut1hzat10n of genes from w1ld germplasm for the 1mprovement of y1eld and nutnt1onal quahty 1n nce and field beans

S1ngle cha1n ant1bod1es (SCABs) and phage ant1bod1es (PHABs) for detect1on of wal d1seases

lmprov1ng cassava marketab1hty through the m1mm1zat1on of post harvest detenorat1on of roots us1ng an 1ntegrated genet1c approach

Novel genet1c strateg1es for 1mprov1ng cassava starch quahty

B1otechnology of trop1cal plants apphcat1ons te crop 1mprovement and genet1c d1vers1ty Proposal for a tra1n1ngfupdat1ng mechan1sm 1n LA

Pubhcatlons. In 1994 BRU staff authored or co authored four art1cles 1n refereed ¡ournals (two 1n Theor Appl Genet ene 1n Plant Sc1ence and ene 1n Econom1c Botany) ene Book ene art1cle severa! Abstracts and ene Lab Manual (Molecular Markers Protocols)

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GENETIC RESOURCES UNIT

Purpose

To assemble conserve charactenze and make freely avarlable all cntrcal germplasm resources rn Phaseo/us Mamhot and severa! genera of troprcal forages and to research these collectrons so that they can be used more fully by natronal programs and rnternatronal orgamzatlons

Project UG01 Conservatlon of the b10d1vers1ty of Phaseolus Beans germplasm

Status of the Phaseolus beans collectron The Phaseolus germplasm collectron grew to 27 435 accessrons dunng 1994 DrstnbutiOn of percentages of both cultrvated specres and therr wrld forms are as follows P vulgans (89 5%) P lunatus (56%) the complex P coccmeus and P polyanthus (3 2%) P acutJfOIJUS (1 O%) the wild non cultrvated specres 19 specres represents O 6% of the collectron

AcqUisrtron About 2 000 accessrons were recerved from tour countnes 1 e Rwanda Burundr Honduras Chrle these matenals are under study to elucrdate how many of these matenals are already representad rn the collectron

Conservatron Emphasrs has been placed for augmentrng the number of accessrons under long term storage of the cultrvated Phaseolus specres drfferent from P vulgans a total of 1 356 accessrons were placed under thrs type of storage rncludrng 230 of P acutlfo/Jus 576 of the complex P coccmeus P po/yanthus and 550 of P lunatus Wrth the above addrtrons at present there are a total of 6 579 accessrons of Phaseolus beans already placed under long term storage Lrkewrse 1 472 accessrons of P vulgans were erther multrphed and/or re¡uvenated for short term storage

Charactenzatron A brochemrcal charactenzatron usrng rsozyme systems has been 1nrt1ated as a means of findrng and adequate technrque whrch can be used as a selectron tool for germplasm acqursrtron Erght rsozyme systems were tested us1ng starch gel electrophores1s on P vulgans matenals from drfferent geographrc ongrn Four of those systems detectad polymorphrsm (DIAP MDH SKDH PRX) Draphorase (DJAP) and Malata Dehydrogenase (MDH) appeared as the rsozyme systems show1ng more vanabrhty when companng geographrc ongrns as well as seed type (color and srze) Prehmrnary results rndrcate that seeds from the Andean regron have more vanabrhty than those from Mesoamenca

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DocumentatiOn All ava1lable passport data has been have been already transferred to the newly 1mplemented database system Concermng the P vu/gans germplasm bes1des the passport 1nformat10n (about 25 600 access1ons) add1t1onal charactenzat1on and evaluat1on data have been 1ncorporated complet1on and valldat1on of such data 1s underway and 11 1s expected to have the database for th1s spec1es completely operatlonal by the end of the year The other cult1vated spec1es and the w1ld non cult1vated spec1es

UG01 5 D1stnbut1on A total of 8 877 access1ons were d1stnbuted Most of these matenals were requested by the bean program 6 007 (68%) wh1le 2 870 (32%) access1ons were d1stnbuted to 19 countnes through 41 requests A spec1al request 1s worth to ment1on and relates to preparat1on of three complete sets of the germplasm from Rwanda wh1ch were sent to severa! Afncan countnes for mult1pllcat1on so when cond1t1ons allow 1n Rwanda 1ts nat1onal collectiOn wlll be ready for re1n1t1ng the research work

L1kew1se the seed health test1ng lab analyzed about 1 261 accesstons (1ntended for 1nternat1onal d1stnbut1on from the bean program) for vtrus bactena and fung1 The results of those analys1s showed that the percentage of clean matenals among the d1fferent sect10ns of the bean program ranges between 41% to 85% 1nd1cat1ng that the agreed precautlons for fteld mult1pllcatton of nursenes for 1nternattonal need to be retnforced 1n arder to 1ncrease the percentages of clean matenals

Perspect1ves The recen! establlshed System Wtde lntt1at1ve for Genettc Resources has establlshed goals to ensure that the collectlons held at the 1nternat10nal centers are adequately conserved 1n order to meet the global responstbthty for the conservat1on of the genet1c vanabtllty An assessment of the status of the collect1on w1ll help to tdenttfy pnont1es on management to fullf1l such goals

Pro¡ect UG02 Conservat1on of the bJOdJversJty of the trop1ca1 forages germplasm

Status of the Troptcal Forages Germplasm Collectlon The collect1on now cons1st of about 21 000 conserved access1ons of more or less 155 genera w1th more than 730 w1ld undomest1cated legumes and grass spectes of poss1ble forage potenttal About 90% of the collectlon belongs to the legume famtly and 1 O% to grasses The ma1n genera representad tn th1s collectlon by about 50% of the access1ons are the legumtnous genera Stylosanthes DesmodJUm Centrosema Zorma and Aeschynomene tn arder of 1mportance At present 15 699 accesstons that represen! almos! 76% of the collectlon have enough seed for d1stnbut1on

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Acqu1S1t10n Of the access1ons acqu1red th1s year 60% were new access1ons of Arachts pmtot A repens donated by Centro Nac1onal de PesqUisa de Recursos Genét1cos e B1otecnologia (CENARGEN) Brazll and w1ld Arachts spec1es donated by 1nst1tuto Nac1onal de Tecnolog~a Agropecuaria (INTA) Argentina The other 1mportant acqu1S1t1on was the forage type p1geon pea (Ca¡anus ca¡an) donated by the lnternatlonal Crops Resources lnst1tute for Sem1 And Trop1cs (ICRISAT)

Conservat1on ln1t1al mult1phcat1on of about 1 500 access1ons were carned out 1n CIAT S green houses and f1elds 1n Palm1ra OUihchao and Popayan So far ene th1rd of the legume germplasm 1s conservad under long term storage and the first 100 access1ons of grasses were stored th1s year under long term storage cond1t1on w1th germ1nat1on range of 70 80% as a results of the good quahty grass seed produced at Popayan

Charactenzat1on MorpholoOical charactenzat1on A study was carned out en fourteen Arachts glabrata access1ons us1ng 46 vegetat1ve and reproduct1ve descnptors The cluster analys1s 1nd1cated bread genotyp1c vanabillty w1th1n th1s germplasm The study en the collect1on of 32 Arachts access1ons of sect1on caulorrhtzae 1nd1cated that there may not be duphcates w1th1n the collect1on the range of morpholog1cal vanat1on showed by the collectiOn 1ncreased as access1ons were added the morpholog1cal descnptor evaluated showed a bread and contlnuous range between A repens and A Pmtot Prehm1nary results of the Stylosanthes capttata morpholog1cal charactenzatiOn present the spec1es w1th h1gh degree of morpholog1cal vanab1hty clusters by ong1n Braz1l and Venezuela showed a d1fferent morpholog1cal patterns that could even be d1fferent by subong1n

B1ochem1cal charactenzat1on Bread b1ochem1cally polymorph1sm was found 1n 290 charactenzed access1ons of Stylosanthes capttata The results of the b1ochem1cal study on the 32 access1ons of Arachts sect1on Cau/omhtzae 1nd1cated large 1ntrasect1onal and 1ntraspec1f1c vanab1hty no genet1c duphcates were detected The study of 288 access1ons of Stylosanthes gwanensts Bes1des the bread 1ntraspec1fic vanab1hty has perm1tted te assoc1ate def1ned patterns of genet1c polymorph1sm w1th the geograph1c d1stnbut1on of Stylosanthes gwanensts germplasm

Taxonom1cal class1ficat1on Vahdat1on of the spec1es Centrosema macrocarpum Bentham var andmum was made en base of the type CIAT 25008 For the b1ochem1cal ev1dence 24 access1ons were analyzed for the separatlon of Centrosema macrocarpum var andmum from var macrocarpum us1ng a EST OlA GOT

Herbanum ldentlf1cat1on and spec1es conf1rmat1on of 586 access1on of Desmodwm by Dr B Schubert of the Arnold Arboretum also 87 access1ons of d1fferent spec1es were sent te 12 taxonom1sts Seedhng charactenzatiOn was carned out en 157 te get a total of 2 094 access1ons

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Spec1al Research Top1cs a) Evaluat1on of morpholog1cal marker wh1te flower on Centrosema brastltanum whlte vs colorad Us1ng th1s marker the outcross1ng rate was found rang1ng between 31 2% to 57 5% b) Centrosema vtrgtmanum Colorad (dom1nant) vs wh1te (recess1ve) the outcross1ng was 18 37% lt was also found that plants w1th small flowers presentad cle1stogamy e) DesmodtUm heterocarpon Colorad vs wh1te the outcross1ng rate was 3 72% d) Seed color as marker One (1) access1on of Centrosema plumtefl two (2) access1ons of Centrosema acuttfoltum and two (2) accesslons of Centrosema macrocarpum were used to study the seed coat color as morpholog1cal marker 1 04 crosses were made of wh1ch 17 were successful and w1ll be used for a more detall study of th1s tralt

Documentat1on Data base 1S now fully operatlonal for all germplasm management process Thus 1t fulfills the reqUirements of the user for spec1f1c 1nformat1on 1n spec1f1c comb1nat1ons of parameters on spec1f1c access1ons Germplasm catalog of Colombia was publlshed and 1ts d1stnbut1on 1n1t1ated Computenzed labels for the herbanum were developed

D1stnbut10n The Genet1c Resources Unlt attended 150 requests and 3 000 samples of 70 genera were d1stnbuted to 18 countnes

Perspect1ves Complete charactenzat1on of the kéy genera Add1t10nal efforts w1ll be placed 1n documentatiOn Catalogs of germplasm from Braz1l and Afnca w1ll publlshed Research on product1on handling and storage of grass seed for long term storage urgently needed

Project UG03 In vltro conservatlon of the Cassava Manthot Germplasm

Status of the Mamhot collectiOn The 1n v1tro germplasm holds a total of 5 991 access1ons representad 1n 5 491 access1ons of cult1vated Mamhot escu/enta 349 access1ons of 29 w1ld spec1es 4 genotypes of 3 unclass1fled w1ld spp and 147 genotypes from a cross for a genet1c mapp1ng project

Acqu1S1t1on F1fty seven out of a total 165 clones of cassava from the 1993 collaborat1on exped1t10n of INIA to Argentina were rece1ved th1s year The clones have very complete passport 1nformat1on also they have and a prellm1nary descnpt1on of each access1on under field cond1t1ons They wlll eventually be wus 1ndexed befare mov1ng them to the field for further evaluatlon

In 1994 62 access1ons were 1ntroduced from CENARGEN/EMBRAPA together w1th Mamhot brachy/oba and Mamhot carthagmensts collected 1n Colombia dunng th1s year const1tute 17 spec1es w1th well documentad 1nformat1on

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ConservatiOn Te meet w1t the efforts of conserv1ng d1vers1ty rather than quant1ty a genet1c d1vers1ty study en the cult1vated Mamhot esculenta spec1es has been started th1s year focus1ng 1n Colombia Th1s w111 be a gu1deline for futura acqU1Sit1on Te date the act1V1tles have been concentrated en cult1vated cassava however very lim1ted efforts have been placad en collectlon ex s1tu conservat1on and charactenzatiOn of the crop s w1ld relat1ves Adaptat1on te art1fic1al med1a seemed te be the majar lim1tat10n for 1n v1tro growth hkew1se under field condltlon they have rootlng problems andfor lack of adaptat1on Prelim1nary data en evaluatiOn of 24 w1ld spec1es en five d1fferent med1a soma spec1es w1th good response te spec1f1c med1a On the other hand the loss of 25% of clones from the field bank dunng the last year urge us te rev1ew the ex s1tu conserv1ng method wh1le expenmentatlon te 1mproved methods of vegetat1ve propagat1on 1n the f1eld must be continuad

F1ve years after the formatlon of the TCL a constra1nt for room ava1lab11ity 1s presentad and f1ve optiOns d1scussed Remodeling the actual structure together w1th red1stnbut1ng w1th1n the actual facil1t1es 1t seems the more v1able alternat1ve te take Th1s space constra1nt resultad te be an open eye te the actual germplasm system and deciSions will depend en how b1g 1s the collect1on te grow and what parameters te take?

CharactenzatiOn lsozyme charactenzat1on of the cassava collectlon for a B esterase IS 88% complete th1s year lsozyme has served te develop a descnpt1on of each access1on based en 1ts band1ng pattern

As a way of measunng genet1c vanab11ity 1t used as ene of +re entena te def1ne the core collectlon as well as add1t1onal entena te 1dent1fy duplicates 1n the collectlon After three year study and s1multaneously companng morpholog1cal charactenzat1on and 1sozyme band1ng a 17% of duplicates are est1mated 1n the collectlon Further testlng us1ng molecular markers will be used for dec1d1ng whether or not te elim1nate clones from the collect1on

D1stnbut1on A core collectlon 1dent1fied to be the selected representatlon of the d1vers1ty from the base collect1on 1s together w1th other elite matenals and wild germplasm frequently requested Th1s year 435 clones were d1stnbuted for use 1n Natlonal Breed1ng Programs gene banks or advanced laboratones Th1s adds to a total of 1 880 clones dunng the last f1ve years d1stnbut1ng fully wus free clones as a complimentary funct1on of the GRU

Perspectivas W1th the appo1ntment of the new cassava curator th1s year 1nput to the delayed actlvltles such as the 1nternat1onal network and seed phys1ology of both cult1vated and wild spec1es will be expected

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Seed Health Testlng Laboratory CSHL)

The seed health testlng lab analyzed about 1 261 access1ons (1ntended for 1nternat1onal d1stnbut1on from the Bean Program) for wus bactena and fung1 The results of those analys1s showed that the percentage of clean matenals among the d1fferent sect1ons of the bean program ranges between 41% to 85% 1nd1cat1ng that the agreed precautlons for f1eld multiphcatlon of nursenes for 1nternat1onal need to be re1nforced 1n arder to 1ncrease the percentages of clean matenals

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BIOMETRY UNIT

Role Functlons

The B1ometry UOit 1s a research support Unlt of adv1sory tra1n1ng and methodolog1cal natura deahng w1th Apphed Stat1st1cs and Mathemat1cs 10 support to CIAT s agnculture and enwonmental research Funct1ons 1nclude * Stat1St1caljmathemat1cal adv1ce to CIAT researchers * Collaborat1ve methodolog1cal stud1es w1th CIAT sc1ent1sts * Tra1n1ng 10 b1ometncal methods/research data analys1s to CIAT and selected groups of NARS researchers * Ass1stance to CIAT 10 def1n1ng center w1de standars for stat1st1cal software * ldent1f1cat1on of areas of CIAT s research where externa! B1ometnc1an Consultants could add useful contnbutiOns

Hlghhghts 1994 * Collaborat1ve Methodolog1cal stud1es w1th CIAT s sc1ent1Sts * lnternat1onal Sympos1um on Stat1st1cs 1n Agnculture and Enwonmental Research Satelhte meeting CIAT June 7 9/95 Plann1ng organ1zat1on f1nanc1ng * CIAT PROCITROPICOS NARS Methodolog1cal Workshop onagro pastoral research Santa Cruz Bohv1a Oct 95 Plann1ng and organ~zatlon * New pro¡ect proposals for externa! fund1ng (hnked to CIAT program s pro¡ects)

1 Collaborat1ve Methodolog1cal Stud1es Wlth CIAT s SCientiStS

a Germp/asm Development Study 1 Opt1m1z1ng genet1c progress w1th the use of select1on 1ndexes 1n a cassava breed1ng program C lglesJas andE Mesa (Presentad at 10th ISTR meet1ng Brazll Oct 94)

Study 2 Sens1t1v1ty of cassava (Man1hot esculenta Crantz) clones to env1ronmental changes C lg/estas F Calle C Hershey G Jaramtllo E Mesa (1n progress)

Study 3 A compara1son between the Ped1gree Method (PM) and B1othecnology methods (Anther Culture) 10 the generatlon of nce hnes w1th stable res1stance to blast Use of Categoncal Data Analys1s Methods M C Amezqwta C Martmez F Correa G Lema (Presentad at the 111 annual meet1ng of the B1ometnc Network Caracas June 27 July 2 1994)

Study 4 A mathemat1cal model to descnbe D1ffuS1on Patterns of R1ce Commerc1al vanet1es 1n Colombia and Braz1l F Cuevas M C Amezqwta G Lema (accepted for pubhcat1on)

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Study 5 Analys1s of performance of herbaceous and woody forage spec1es 1n Central and West Afnca M C Amezqwta (CIAT) B Peyre de Fabregues (CIRAD) S A Tarawa/1 (ILCA) K P Agbemelo tsmafo (Umverstte de Benm Togo) Presentad at the 4th annual meet1ng of RABAOC Bamako Mah Apnl 94

Study 6 A Data analys1s methodology for the evaluat1on of large germplasm collect1ons Case study CIAT Brach1ana collectiOn 1n Braz11 e do Valle and M e Amezqwta (presentad at the XVII lnternatiOnal Grassland Congress 1n New Zealand March 1993)

b Genettc DIVerstty

Study 7 The use of the Coeffic1ent of Parentage to est1mate genet1c d1verS1ty among Andean and Mesoamencan Common Sean Cult1vars O Voysest M C Amezqwta M C Va/encta Pubhshed 1n Crop Sc1ences Feb 1994

Study 8 Use of S1mllanty Coeffic1ents to study vanab1hty 1n 1solates of Pynculana gnsea saac M e Amezqwta E Mesa and F Correa (Presentad at the 111 Annual Meet1ng of the B1ometry Network Caracas June 27 July 2 1994)

Study 9 Anahs1s de genotipos de fn.Jol de ongen mex1cano con datos provenientes de RFLP M C Duque S Beebe (en progreso)

Study 1 O EstudiO de diversidad en matenales elite de yuca M Duque M Bomerbale (en progreso)

e IPM

Study 11 A metodology te determ1ne the m1n1mum evaluat1on penad for d1sease res1stance charactenzat1on 1n nce M C Amezqutta E Gwmaraes G Lema and F Correa (1n progress)

Study 12 A log1t model te evaluate genet1c progress 1n d1sease res1stance M C.Amezqwta E Gwmaraes F Correa G Lema (Presentad at the IX lnt R1ce Conference for Latinamenca and the Canbbean Go1as Braz1l 21 25 March 1994)

Study 13 D1vers1dad de la wulenc1a de poblaciones de Phaeo1sanops1s fnseola en Amenca Latina y Afnca M Pastor Corrales M C Duque (en progreso)

d Product1on Systems/ Agroecosystems

Study 14 Bases b1oqu~mlcas de la res1stenc1a de Phaseolus vulgans L a Acanthoscehdes obtectus (Say) C Cardona M C Duque (en progreso)

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Study 15 A Log1st1c Regress1on Model on a 3 level categoncal vanable Case Cassava vanety Venezolana adoptiOn M V Gottret G Henry M C Duque 1993

Study 16 Methodolog1es for Des1gn and analys1s of a Census Case M1crocuenca del R10 OvejaS G Lema M C Amezqwta and J Ashby (1n progress)

Study 17 Weed PopulatiOn Ecology w1th Prototype susta1nable Cropp1ng Systems for the Colomb1an Llanos A F1scher E Mesa (1n progress)

Study 18 Caractenzac1on de la Sabana Nat1va en Canmagua R1ppstem E Mesa (1n progress)

a_ lnternatiOnal Symgos1um on Stat1st1cs 1n Agnculture and Enwonmental Research to be held 1n Colomb1a 1n June 95

Th1s lnternatiOnal event will be a Jo1nt Meet1ng of the B1ometry Network for Central Amenca the Canbbean Colombia and Venezuela (4th Annual Meet1ng) the lnteramencan Stat1St1cal lnst1tute (IASI 6th Annual Meet1ng) and the Nat1onal

Sympos1um of Stat1St1cs lt w1ll have two phases

a) A Satelhte Meet1ng at CIAT June 7 9/95 w1th 80 100 part1c1pants where three spec1fic top1cs will be d1scussed through lnv1ted Conferences and Round Table OiSCUSSIOnS

Stat1st1cal Methods 1n Enwonmental Research ( Enwonmentncs )

Stat1st1cal Methods 1n B1otechnology and Molecular 81ology Stat1St1cal Methods 1n Agncultural Ep1dem1ology

b) The full Jo1nt Meet1ng at Santa Marta at Pozos Colorados Convent1on Center June 11 15/95 w1th 400 part1c1pants where a w1der vanety of stat1st1cal top1cs Wlll be diSCUSSed

The CIAT B1ometry Unlt 1s respons1ble for plann1ng orgamz1ng and f1nanc1ng the Satelhte Meet1ng

G1ven the emphas1s of CIAT through 1ts SRG s and NARS research on enwonmental conservat1on agncultural susta1nab1hty IPM and genet1c d1vers1ty the three selected top1cs for the CIAT meet1ng are of h1gh relevance to CIAT s present research agenda The 81ometry Un1t thanks CIAT SRG s and DDG research for the1r offert to f1nance four lnv1ted Speakers who w111 also be available as Consultant B1ometnc1ans to CIA T s sc1ent1ts dunng so me days prev1ous to the meet1ng

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3. CIAT PROCITROPICOS NARS Methodolog1cal Workshop on agro pastoral research to be held 1n Santacruz. BoliVIa. October 1995

As a response te NARS needs the CIAT B1ometry Un1t together w1th sc1entlsts from TLP preparad 1n May 94 the proposal Methodolog1cal Standanzat1on w1th1n the Agro Pastoral Network whose objetive was te clearly define w1th1n the Agro Pastoral Research Network methodolog1cal aspects of expenmental des1gn response vanables te be measured 1nd1cators of performance stat1St1cal methodology for data analys1s and conceptuahzatiOn of an lnformatiOn System for the Agro pastoral Network te assure the shanng and extrapolatiOn of research results The above proposal was presentad d1scussed and fully supported by PROCITROPICOS and NARS 1n Sept 94 and a Methodolog1cal Workshop was approved te be held 1n October 1995 1n Santa Cruz Bohv1a s1multaneously w1th the 4th Annual Meet1ng of the Agropastoral Network An Organ¡z¡ng Comm1ttee was nom1nated w1th members from NARS PROCITROPICOS and CIAT

4 Tra1n1ng Act1vlt1es

The B1ometry Unlt collaborated w1th the B1otechnology Un!t 1n two tra1n1ng courses for Latlnamencan researchers 1 Taller de 1ntegrac1on de F1topatolog1a Mejoramiento y B1olog1a Molecular para el desarrollo de res1stenc1a estable a Anublo del arroz (Pynculana gnsea) CIAT Oct 94 and 2 Curso 1nternac1onal de B1otecnolog1a para la conservac1on de la Agrob10d1vers1dad CIAT Nov 94 Our part1C1pat1on 1nvolved conferences on Categoncal Methods used 1n the analys1s of molecular b1ology electrophoret1c patterns

5 New Pro1ect proposals for externa! fund1ng (hnked to CIAT program s pro1ects or subpro1ects)

Three proposals were jOintly preparad by the B1ometry Un1t and CIAT sc1ent1sts

a) Title Analys1s and use of the 1nformat1on generated by the lnternat1onal Networks for trop1cal forages evaluat1on 1n Trop1cal Amenca and Afnca

Preparad by M C AmezqUita G R1ppste1n P Kerndge

b) T1tle Analys1s and use of the 1nformat1on generated by Bean Reg1onal Tnals Networks 1n Latln Amenca (1976 1994) Preparad by O Voysest M C Amezqu1ta R Lep1z and F Salad1n

e) Title Methodolog1cal standantat1on w1th1n the Agro pastoral research network Preparad by M C AmezqUita J 1 Sanz R Thomas M A Franco The f1rst two have been 1nformaly presentad to the World Bank to explore posslbilitleS for fund1ng The last was approved and 1ncorporated w1th1n the Savanna Mega Project of the TLP

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Futura Plans

1 1

1 Cont1nue collaboratlng w1th CIAT research prOJects through methodolog1cal l stud1es

2 Successfull ach1evement of a1ms for both the lnternat1onal Sympos1um on l 1

Stat1st1cs as well as for the Methodolog1cal Workshop on agro pastoral research 3 Continua opemng opportun1t1es for CIAT s researchers to benefit from 1nv1t1ng h1gh leve! externa! B1ometnc1an Consultants when there 1s a clear l and pract1cal need for 1t

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VIROLOGY RESEARCH UNIT

The V1rology Research Unlt (VRU) conducts research on plant wuses of econom1c or quarant1ne 1mportance to the commod1ty and natural resource management programs of CIAT and collaborat1ng natlonal agncultural research 1nst1tUtlons Regard1ng 1ts research capac1ty the VRU 1S ene of the most complete plant v1rology facd1t1es 1n the develop1ng world The VRU has adequate glasshouse screenhouse growthroom and 1nsect reanng space for germplasm 1mprovement and v1rus charactenzat1on purposes The VRU manages an an1mal colony and an 1mmunology laboratory for the product1on of polyclonal and monoclonal ant1sera The ma1n wology laboratory also mcludes scann1ng and transmiSSIOn electron m1croscopy fac1ht1es and a molecular wology laboratory w1th the proper safeguards to handle rad1oact1ve matenals The clon1ng sequenc1ng and amphficat1on (PCR) of wal genomes are standard techn~ques at the VRU for d1agnost1c and genet1c eng1neenng purposes The VRU s ma1n research commod1t1es 1nclude cassava beans nce and tropical forage grasses and legumes

Pro1ect Area No 1 ldent1f1cat10n and Charactenzat1on of Plant V1ruses of Econom1c or Ouarant1ne Slqn¡f¡cance

Research pnontles at the VRU are def1ned 1n response to spec1f1c Programs needs accord1ng to the soc1o econom1C 1mportance of the plant wuses that affect a part1cular commod1ty However the safe 1nternat10nal exchange of plant germplasm reqUires the 1mplementat1on of h1ghly sens1t1ve d1agnost1c techn~ques for the detect1on of seed borne plant wuses regardless of the1r d1rect econom1c 1mportance Th1s reqUirement 1ncludes the capac1ty to detect wuses transm1tted 1n vegetat1ve propagules such as cassava or many trop1cal forages as well as m vttro In th1s capac1ty the VRU supports the Seed Health Laboratory of CIAT

Cassava

Subproject No 1 Charactenzatlon of cassava vem mosa1c v1rus

In order to charactenze the pathogen and develop control strateg1es the complete sequence of cassava ve1n mosa1c wus (CVMV) was determ1ned The genome 1s 8158 bp 1n s1ze and conta1ns a tRNAm"\ b1nd1ng s1te that probably acts as a pnmer for m1nus strand synthes1s The genome conta1ns f1ve open read1ng trames (ORFs) lt appears that CVMV 1s d1st1nct from the other well charactenzed plant pararetrowuses A PCR method to detect CVMV was developed The method 1s most sens1t1ve and accurate when total nucle1c ac1ds are extractad from fresh leaves There 1s accumulatlng ev1dence on the f1eld spread of CVMV

Through tra1n1ng of a Braz1han wolog1st at the VRU the ep1dem1ology of CVMV can now be stud1ed Knowledge of the vector 1s cnt1cal to the control of th1s d1sease

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Subproject No 2 Characterlzatlon of cassava common mosalc virus

Dunng the molecular charactenzatlon of cassava common mosatc vtrus (CCMV) the presence and the encapstdatton of a defecttve RNA spectes was conftrmed Defecttve RNA spectes often tnterfere wtth vtral rephcatton and may be a natural control for the dtsease caused by CCMV

Trop1cal Forages

Subproject 1 Charactertzatlon of a virus affectlng Ca/opogomum muconotdes In the eastern plalns of Colombia

The culttvatton of calopo Calopogomum mucuno1des Desv as a promtstng forage legume for the lowland troptcs was htndered by tts suscepttbthty to a severe yellow mosatc dtsease observed tn the Eastern Platns of Colombia An tsometnc vtrus ca 28 nm tn dtameter was observed by electron mtcroscopy tn calopo leaf extracts punfied preparattons and tn phloem cells of systemtcally tnfected calopo plants

The vtrus was transmttted by mechantcal means and by the chrysomehd beetle OJabrot1ca balteata Although the v1rus could not be shown to be seed borne tn 150 seeds harvested from tnfected calopo plants the vtrus could be serologtcally detectad tn pod and seed extracts The host range of the vtrus was restncted to the legumes Phaseotus vutgans V1gna ungwculata V rad1ata Centrosema spp and Senna occJdenta/Js The phystcal and chemtcal properttes of the calopo v1rus were stmtlar to those reported for the sobemowus group and the v1rus was closely anttgen1cally related to the bean and cowpea stratns of southern bean mosa1c vtrus (SBMV) However the pathogentctty spectrum of the calopo vtrus d1ffered from the pathogen1ctty spectra of the bean cowpea Ghana and Mextcan stra1ns of SBMV Thus the causal agent of calopo yellow mosa1c ts tentattvely 1dent1fted as a new stratn of SBMV

Subpro)ect 2 Molecular charactenzatton of a potyv1rus of Brachtana spp related to gulneagrass mosa1c virus

The 3 termtnal regton of a troptcal forage (Brach1ana spp ) potywus related to gutneagrass mosatc vtrus (GGMV) was comoared to that of the sugarcane mosatc subgroup of potywuses The react1on of total nucle1c actd extracted from tnfected

B bnzantha resulted tn the amphftcatton of a ca O 9 kb DNA product The cONA product was cloned and sequenced reveahng the presence of an open readtng trame of 149 amtnoactd restdues and a 3 untranslated regton (UTR) of 474 nucleottdes

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Opt1mal al1gnments of the 3 UTAs of the Brachtana potywus and members of the sugarcane mosa1c subgroup of potywuses showed percentage nucleotlde sequence sJmilantJes of ca 42 46 46 and 46% between the Brachtana potywus and ma1ze dwarf mosa1c wus (MDMV A) sugarcane mosa1c wus (SCMV se and SCMV MDB) and sorghum mosa1c wus (SrMV SCH) respect1vely

H1gher nucleotlde sequence homolog1es of ca 88 89 and 92% were obta1ned between the Brachtana potywus and JOhnsongrass mosa1c wus (JGMV) stra1ns MDO MDKS1 and JG

The analys1s of the deduced am1no ac1d sequence of the Brachtana potywus coat prote1n fragment revealed a 97 3% S1m1lanty between th1s wus and the JG stra1n of JGMV However the Brachtana potywus d1d not 1nfect JOhnsongrass oat or sorghum genotypes used as d1agnost1c hosts for JGMV ELISA tests of mosa1c affected Brachtarta JOhnsongrass ma1ze and sorghum plants grown under f1eld cond1t1ons revealed notable ant1gen1c d1fferences between the Brachtana potywus and the west Afncan stra1n of GGMV lt 1s proposed here that the Brachtana potywus should be cons1dered as a stra1n of JGMV (JGMV Brac) rather than GGMV

Pro1ect Area No 2 Control of Econom1cally lmportant Plant Vlruses Affectlng CIAT Mandated Commodlt1es

Bean

Subproject 1 Screenlng for common mosa1c res1stance

The presence of necros1s 1nduc1ng (black root) stra1ns of BCMV 1n Afnca poses a contlnuous threat te bean product1on 1n that contlnent The strategy of the VRU and the Bean Program of CIAT has been to comb1ne recess1ve and dom1nant BCMV res1stance genes te protect bean matenals bred for Afnca Th1s year a total of 519 segregatlng matenals were screened for the1r reactiOn te a black root 1nduc1ng BCMV stra1n The res1stant plants were 1nd1v1dually selected te be 1ncreased and progeny tested next year

The screen1ng for common mosa1c res1stance 1n Latln Amenca has been a contlnuous task of the VRU s1nce 1988 In 1994 a total of 1 244 breed1ng matenals were evaluated for the1r react1on te mosa1c 1nduc1ng stra1ns of BCMV Te date most (over 90%) of the bean hnes released by CIAT 1n Latln Amenca possess res1stance te BCMV

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Subpro)ect 2 Pyram1d10g genes for reslstance to bean golden mosalc v1rus (BGMV) In Phaseotus vulgarts

The VRU has 1dent1fied vanous BGMV res1stance mechamsms 1n d1fferent races of beans part1cularly 1n the Mesoamencan Andean and Durango races

Th1s year 260 segregatlng matenals generated from crosses comb1n1ng up to four d1fferent res1stance mechan1sms were art1f1C1ally 1noculated w1th BGMV to select res1stant plants A final selectlon of 18 matenals was made These genotypes should be very valuable as parental sources of res1stance to broaden the genet1c base of BGMV 1mprovement pro¡ects throughout Latln Amenca

R1ce

Subpro)ect No 1 Charactenzatlon of sources of res1stance to RHBV

There are reports from Tohma 1n Colombia that the vanety Llanos 5 1s more susceptible to RHBV than prev1ously thought lt was conf1rmed that even trad1t1onal genotype used as a source of res1stance to RHBV nce 1s susceptible when plants are ¡uvenlle The most 1mportant f1nd1ng however 1s that the CIAT nce res1stant vanetles are more susceptible when tested w1th the Tohma colony and wus 1solate as comparad w1th the CIAT colony and wus 1solate Although Colomb1a 1 rema1ns an 1mportant source of RHBV res1stance 1n the CIAT RHBV breed1ng program changes 1n the selectlon strategy are be1ng 1mplemented to make the select1on process more ngorous These f1nd1ngs emphas1ze the 1mportance of broaden•ng the genet1c bas1s of res1stance to RHBV

Subpro)ect No 2 Control of RHBV through coat protem med1ated cross protect1on and antl sense RNA strategles

The preparat1on of cONA hbranes and the molecular charactenzatlon of RHBV has led to the des1gn of novel v1rus res1stant strateg1es to genetlcally eng1neer commerc1ally grown nce cult1vars Two d1fferent strateg1es are be1ng attempted a) the nucleocaps1d (NC) cross protect1on and b) the antiSense gene down regulatlon of the ma¡or NS4 non structural prote1n The down regulatiOn of th1s prote1n may be a novel method of produc1ng wus res1stant plants by break1ng the cycle of transm1Ss1on

Transgen1c plants have the NS4 ant1sense and the NC constructs have been 1dent1f1ed The NS4 ant1sense was expressed as ANA Th1s s•gn1f1cant development allows for the analys1s of the effect of the ma¡or non structural gene and to determ1ne the down regulat1on of th1s wal gene There w1ll be cont1nu1ng analys1s of transgen1c nce conta1n1ng both genes and of the progeny of these plants for the1r reactlon to RHBV

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Trop1cal Pastures

Subproject 1 Development of a rehable screemng methodology to select Brachtana genotypes reslstant to potyvlruses

Manual 1noculat1on tests conducted 1n 1994 y1elded 1nfect1on rates of up to 35% and 80% for vegetat1ve propagules and seedlings of Brach1ana sp respect1vely While the latter rate 1s adequate for select1on of wus res1stant Brach1ana genotypes other art1fic1al 1noculat1on techn1ques Wlll be testad We expect to 1ncrease the 1noculat10n effiCiency up to 90 100%

Subproject 2 Effect of a potyvuus lnfectlng Brach1ana spp on seed productlon

A prelim1nary study on the effect of the Brach1ana potywus on plant b1omass and nutntlonal quality d1d not show Slgn1f1cant d1fferences between v1rus 1nfected and healthy test plants Th1s year the focus was on the effect of the v1rus on seed y1eld In a prelim1nary growth room test 15 plants were artlfiCially 1noculated and comparad to 15 Virus free B bnzantha plants The results showed that wh1le sorne Infectad plants produced normally approx1mately 70% of the wus 1nfected plants y1elded less seed or failed to produce any v1able seed when comparad to wus free test plants Th1s expenment will be repeated on a largar scale

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GERMPLASM DEVELOPMENT SRG

INTRODUCTION

Our m1Ss1on at CIAT 1s to contnbute to the allev1at1on of hunger and poverty 1n trop1cal develop1ng countnes by apply1ng sc1ence to the generat1on of technology that w1ll lead to lastlng 1ncreases 1n agncultural output whlle preserv1ng the natural resource base (CIAT 1992}

Agncultural product1on 1s based on the eff1c1ent management of soll water sunhght externa! 1nputs and germplasm resources Our efforts are ded1cated to opt1m1ze the use of the natural resource base w1th the gu1d1ng pnnc1ple that 1t must rema1n 1ndefin1tely avallable W1th1n that context the focus of CIAT s research 1s on long term human benef1ts resulting trom higher purchase power better nutnt1onal status and overall 1mproved hvehhood

Germplasm resources represent a majar component ot the natural resource base explo1ted 1n agnculture jUSt1fy1ng the majar tocus ot the actiVitleS developed at CIAT Cult1vars developed trom 1mproved germplasm have probed to be ene of the most attractive components ot product1on technology lmproved vanetles can be easlly adoptad by tarmers w1th low adopt1on cost and w1th a long term contnbutiOn toward sustainable agnculture without recurnng costs

The strategy of our Center 1s to effectively utihze the genet1c d1versity to 1mprove the level and stab1hty of product1on and quahty ter our majar crops w1th an eff1c1ent use of nutnent and water resources and low agro chem1cal 1nputs Although our ma1n tocus 1s the product1on system at the farm level our strategy also takes 1nto cons1derat10n the quahty reqUirements by the intermediate and final consumers of what 1s produced at the farm level

The research cycle for germplasm enhancement starts with the definltiOn of the problem Within the production system that can potentlally be solved by the development of a genet1c technological component

Such problems could be low net 1ncome for farmers due to peor y1eld potent1al of the avallable vanetles hm1ted product1on due to the 1nc1dence of diseases or pests the expans1on of a crop to env1ronments that are marginal for the existlng vanetles or an mcreased demand for h1gher nutntiOnal quahty products Cons1denng the charactenst1cs of chent groups w1th respect to vanetal needs iS crucial tor estabhsh1ng our pnontles The time lag between setting pnontles and the improved vanety as a final product makes it relevant to have adequate and rehable processes for tocussing our future perspect1ves

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Once the problem 1s stated the genet1c base of our crops must be screened 1n arder to 1dent1fy sources of genet1c vanab11ity to enhance product1on potent1al andfor overcome ex1st1ng constra1nts Th1s IS a multldiSCiplinary task that requ1res expert1se from the Programs Research Unlts and sc1ent1st 1n Natlonal Programs advanced laboratones and other 1nternat1onal centers Continuad progress 1n germplasm enhancement has relled on understand1ng plant mechan1sms of b1ochem1cal and phys1cal stress res1stance or adaptatlon the phys1olog1cal bas1s of y1eld vanatlon and the 1nteract1on between the genet1c base and productlon enwonment for relevan! quallty tra1ts

The 1dent1f1ed genet1c vanab11ity 1s then assembled and recomb1ned 1nto gene pools and complexas for vanety development Once the des1red genet1c vanab11ity 1s found w1th1n the target spec1es 1t 1s 1ntegrated through convent1onal cross1ng and recomb1nat1on However the development of advanced tools 1s contlnually 1ncreas1ng the ranga of genet1c d1vers1ty ava1lable for the mod1f1catlon of any g1ven spec1es to 1nclude not only d1stantly relatad spec1es but also unrelated spec1es

The follow1ng ma1or component of the germplasm enhancement research cycle 1s the development of eff1c1ent selectlon strateg1es for the rap1d accumulat1on of des1rable genes and gene complexas 1nto adaptad genotypes and populat1ons The role of the breeder 1s to 1ntegrate d1fferent tra1ts 1n a common genet1c background from wh1ch valuable optlons can be selected out by the 1ntermed1ate and f1nal users Most of our breed1ng act1v1ty can be summanzed 1n a cycllc open ended recurren! process of evaluat1on select1on and recomb1nat1on Convent1onal selectlon techmques are now be1ng complementad by b1ochem1cal and molecular marker ass1sted selectlon technolog1es to 1mprove the accuracy and speed up the process of select1on

CIAT ded1cates 1tself pnmanly though not exclus1vely to pre breed1ng work for the development of bread basad gene pools d1rected to reg1onal needs We foster and promete appropnate networks for effect1ve d1ssem1nat10n of 1mproved germplasm to Nat1onal Program breed1ng and vanetal development programs who are 1n charged of the adaptat1ve select1on process We need to work very closely to the Natlonal Program counterparts to ensure that our work 1s relevant to them and to the final users and that the d1ffUs1on process of most appropnate genotypes 1s adequate to atta1n the expected 1mpact To clase the research cycle for germplasm enhancement the appllcatlan of tools for the d1agnos1s of the dynam1cs of vanetal adopt1on 1s 1nvaluable for gett1ng appropnate feedback to ref1ne the problem def1nlt1on process select1on entena and vanetal deployment strateg1es

Each program has bUIIt an lnterdiSCiplinary teamwork on germplasm enhancement Today there 1s a renewed emphas1s on ecoreg1onallty for the act1v1t1es our center 1s develop1ng lt 1s also recogmzed that we ought to work for the 1mprovement of product1on and nutnt1onal systems where our mandate crops 1nteract among themselves and w1th other spec1es

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There are several actiVItleS and research areas that 1nvolve two or more of the ex1st1ng Programs at CIAT wh1ch have not been fully explo1ted and may bnng benefits to the fulfillment of our miSSIOn

Based on the outputs produced dunng more than 20 years of research 1n germplasm development for part1cular commod1t1es we should be able to strengthen even more the role of our Programs to dellver results 1n llne w1th our m1sS10n At the same t1me we should explore the 1ntegrated effort around an ecosystem research top1c or breed1ng tool to produce outputs that can transgress what 1nd1V1dual commod1ty programs are able to ach1eve There are areas of synergy and complementanly to explo1t for our future efforts 1n germplasm enhancement

W1th1n th1s concept 1s that the SRG for Germplasm Development 1s evolv1ng to make the most eff1c1ent use of sc1ent1flc resources for the 1mprovement of the product1on potentlal and stablllty of cropp1ng systems w1th1n the context of susta1nable agnculture development

THE ROLE OF THE SRG GERMPLASM DEVELOPMENT

The role of our SRG 1s to explore the opportun1t1es and mechan1sms for fostenng 1nteract1on and 1ntegrat1on across programs lead1ng to future areas of research w1th expected outputs 1n hne w1th the problems we 1ntend to salve As a result of th1s 1nteract1on the flow of 1deas 1n germplasm development across programs should be facll1tated lead1ng to the ldent1f1catlon of reserchable constra1nts (ma1nly m1ss1ng competenc1es) the formulatlon of projects and the search of funds to conduct the projects w1th1n ex1st1ng Programs

MECHANISMS TO FULFILL THE ROLES OF THE SRG

The group recogn1zed that across program projects could be an 1mportant element fostenng 1nteract1on among sc1ent1sts 1n the group Nevertheless other alternat1ve mechan1sms should be explo1ted wh1ch at the end may result 1n the formulat1on of new proJect 1deas In arder to promete 1nteract1on the group recogn1zed the need to 1dent1fy researchable constra1nts and form small bram storm1ng groups to analyze and formulate across Program proJects The selectlon of pnonty areas should be analyzed together w1th Program leaders and other SRGs tak1ng 1nto cons1derat1on that the chosen area should be relevant for the Programs andjor cover m1Ss1ng competenc1es w1th1n them Regular group meetlngs sem1nars on top1cs w1th1n the 1nteract10n areas and the rev1ew of current act1v1tles be1ng carned out by group members are scheduled to promete 1nteract1on

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AREAS OF INTERACTION

For an effectJve 1nteract10n around reserchable 1t was necessary to select few areas to work for a penad of around 2 years W1th1n those top1cs there 1s room for literatura rev1ew 1nternal sem1nars workshops formulat1on of pro¡ects etc The areas chosen should cover a m1ss1ng competence w1th1n CIAT or 1n sorne of the Programs That 1s why 1t IS 1mportant to choose them 1n consultatiOn w1th the Programs In the case of certa1n top1cs there 1s a need for the support of sc1ent1sts outs1de our SRG Restncted groups w11\ be formed to support act1v1tleS 1n each of the top1cs and organ1ze sem1nars 1nternal or 1nternat1onal workshops and pro¡ect profiles

Germplasm Development for Low fert1hty So1ls

Th1s sub¡ect 1s h1ghly relevant for the Programs at CIAT and there seem to be complementant1es from wh1ch we can al\ benef1t G1ven that our group 1ncludes sc1ent1sts from a broad diSCiphnary spectrum the group w11\ be sub d1v1ded around 1ssues relatad to low fert1hty such as plant nutnt1on mechan1sms genetlc control and plant breed1ng plantjm1crobe 1nteract1ons product quahty affected by low fert1hty susta1nab1hty and econom1c 1mpact expenmental des1gn and screemng methodolog1es

One of the concrete Ideas w1th1n th1s areas 1s the propasa\ for Phosphorus acqu1s1t1on and recychng 1n \ow P supp\y1ng trop1cal so1\s G1ven that P 1s the ma¡or nutnent hm1t1ng crop and forage product1on 1n \ow fert1hty so1\s of Latln Amenca one of the best opt1ons for resource poor farmers 1s the use of germp\asm adaptad to th1s so1\ constramt Crop and forage genotypes that can use scarce P more eff1c1ently should 1mprove and stab1hze product1on The key research components of th1s pro¡ect are 1) charactenzatlon o1 so1\ P enwonments and P sources 11) eluc1dat1on of plant attnbutes contnbut1ng to P eff1c1ency 111) development of P eff1C1ent crop genotypes us1ng convent1onal and advanced genet1c approaches and 1v) development of 1ntegrated crop pastura systems basad on P eff1C1ent germplasm that can benef1t from comb1ned organ1c and 1norgan1c P 1nputs Part1cularly areas 11) and 111) have d~rect relat10nsh1p to our SRG

S1mdar approaches w11\ be formulated for germplasm development w1th tolerance to low K levels 1n the sod and so1l ac1d1ty 1n consultatiOn w1th the Programs

Genet1c Bas1s and lmprovement of NutntiOnal and Product Ouahty

CIAT Programmes have been ma1nly 1nvolved 1n the 1mprovement of crop/forages productiVIty w1th relat1vely lesser efforts 1n the area of nutnt1onal and product quahty W1th the exceptlon of sorne Programs there seem to ex1st a m1SS1ng competence 1n th1s area that can be covered w1th the development of research Ideas that cut across commod1t1es nito pro¡ects

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Two Programs (beans and cassava) are presently 1nvolved 1n a global lnitlatlve coord1nated by IFPRI for Breed1ng Staple Crops w1th H1gh M1cronutnent Dens1ty In the case of beans the ob¡ectlves are 1) to explore the genet1c vanab11ity for content of total Fe Zn tann1n and tann~n actiVIty phytate flber meth10n1ne cyste1ne and lys1ne n) to determ1ne the relat1ve roles of nutnent content and ant1 nutnents 1n 1nfluenc1ng the b1oavailabllity of Fe and sulfur conta1n1ng am1no ac1ds 111) to determ1ne suscept1b11ity of low tann1n genotypes to so11 borne pathogens and 1v) to determ1ne the 1nhentance of tra1ts found to result 1n h1gher bloavallabillty of nutnents be these h1gher nutnent content or lower actlvlty of ant1 nutnents and to formulate a breed1ng strategy to employ the respective tra1ts

In the case of cassava the pro¡ect 1s address1ng the need for 1nformat1on on the genet1c d1vers1ty available to 1mprove the level of m1cronutnents 1n the roots and denved products The work 1s based on the screen1ng of the cassava core germplasm the elite clone collectlon held at CIAT and the elite cassava germplasm for sem1 and reg1ons of Brazil for pro v1tam1n A 1ron z1nc and 10d1ne Based on the results from the screen1ng the mode of 1nhentance of selected trSits controlling h1gh levels of b1oavailable m1cronutnents 1n cassava roots will be determ1ned Prelim1nary results from the screen1ng of 8 carotene levels have shown that 1t 1s poss1ble to select genotypes w1th an average concentratlon of 2mg/100 of fresh roots the da1ly reqUirements be1ng 3 mg

The 1ncreased 1nterest by other Programs 1n th1s type of work could lead to a more comprehens1ve pro¡ect across CIAT s commoditles oran ecoreg1onal pro¡ect for the 1mprovement of nutntlonal quality Th1s may reqUire an update on lab eqUipment for Individual m1cronutnent analys1s w1th a laboratory that could centralizad the work at CIAT

Applicat1on of B1otechnology 1n Trop1cal Crops

The expert1se developed by our B1otechnology Unlt 1n the areas of gene ldentlflcatlon and transfer as well as 1n the development of molecular maps and the1r use 1n plant breed1ng w111 be applied for the benef1t sc1ent1st work1ng 1n our Programmes and hav1ng the potentlal to benelit ather craps auts1de CIAT s mandate

One af the actiVltles propasad w1th1n t-h1s area 1s a tra1n1ng event w1th the purpase af cantnbutlng ta bndg1ng the gap 1n b1atechnalagy research between develaped and Lat1n Amanean and Canbbean countnes and ta strengthen the efforts ta anent blatechnalagy research tawards the challenges af susta1ned agncultural develapment 1n the reg1on A first caurse warkshap w11i be held 1n 1995 far 18 sc1ent1Sts fram the reg1an fallowed by a penad af lndlvidualized tra1n1ng at CIAT 1nvalv1ng twa partiClpants every faur months and a fallaw up act1v1ty

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The expected outcomes of th1s proJect are a core of well tra1ned sc1ent1sts 1n advanced b1otechnology the establishment of collaborat1ve hnks and reg1onal mechan1sms for updatlng sc1ent1st 1n the apphcat1ons of b1otechnology to challenges 1n agnculture and b10d1verSity

There are other two 1n1t1at1ves for d1rect apphcatlons of b1otechnology tools A proJect has been formulated and 1n1t1al steps taken for the tagg1ng and clon1ng of the apom1x1s gene 1n Brach1ana The proJect a1ms at open1ng the way for the development of apom1ct1c crops wh1ch 1n turn w1ll have an enormous payoff by fix1ng heterozygoSity at farmers level The act1v1tles planned w1th1n th1s pro]ect are to develop mapp1ng populat1ons and screen F1 plants both for apom1x1s and RAPO markers conduct hnkage analys1s and screen nce mapped clones as a f1rst step toward comparat1ve mapp1ng S1gn1f1cant progress 1s expected toward the clon1ng of the apom1x1s gene at the end of th1s pro]ect

The other proJect 1s 1ntended to apply novel genet1c strateg1es for the mod1f1cat1on of cassava starch quahty Although the project 1s spec1fic to cassava results from 1t could be apphcable to other root and tuber crops of relevance

The purpose of the pro1ect 1s to prov1de a w1der range of genet1c vanab1hty 1n terms of concentrat1ons of amylose and amylopect1n expand1ng the 1ndustnal use of cassava starch and the markets for cassava as a cash crop The ma1n actMtles w1th1n th1s proJect are the establishment of a reproducible genet1c transformat1on protocol for cassava the clon1ng and man1pulat1on of key genes related to starch synthes1s and metabohsm and the testlng of transgen1c plants to detect useful vanants The proJect will prov1de avenues for the synthes1s of new genet1c 1nformat10n and 1ts apphcatlon to other root crops

Stat1st1cal Methods 1n Germplasm Development

Although the apphcatlon of stat1st1cal tools 1s an 1ssue that concerns all Programs and SRGs there 1s a particular gap 1n the area of quant1tat1ve genet1cs apphed to conventiOnal breed1ng and the apphcatiOn of molecular maps developed at CIAT Our SRG 1s support1ng a set of techn1cal conferences and round table d1scuss1ons on stat1st1cal methods 1n molecular b1ology as a part of an lnternatiOnal Sympos1um on Stat1st1cs 1n Agnculture and Enwonmental Research to be held at CIAT 1n June 1995 Th1s will be the 1n1t1al step to bu1ld up a proposal for a more permanent support from the B1ometry Un1t to the sc1ent1sts work1ng on germplasm development

FUTURE PROJECTIONS

Our SRG 1s start1ng to develop act1v1t1es around areas of 1nterest for the sc1ent1sts

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One of the problems encountered 1n th1s process 1s the complex1ty of the group and the need to count w1th sc1ent1sts from other SRGs for the development of certa1n act1v1t1es lt 1s expected that the group w111 sh1ft toward smaller sub groups 1nvolv1ng sc1ent1sts d1rectly related and 1nterested 1n the sub¡ects we have chosen to work 1n There may also be a need to accommodate other areas that could become pnonty for our Center on a global perspect1ve or for certa1n Programs The SRG Germplasm Development has adoptad a flex1ble att1tude towards promot1ng 1nteract1on among members and that should be the predom1nant trend dunng 1995

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GENETIC DIVERSITY SRG

Organ1zat1onal aspects

Purpose The purpose of the Genet1c D1vers1ty Sc1ent1f1c Resource Group (SRG GD) 1s te st1mulate sc1ent1fic d1scuss1ons and coord1nate research 1n1t1at1ves across Center for develop1ng strateg1es for secunng the conservat1on and use of genet1c d1vers1ty 1n CIAT mandate crops and agroecosystems

Scope The efforts of research en genet1c d1vers1ty at CIAT concentrate en two maJar food crop genera Phaseolus and Mamhot severa! key legume and grass Trop1cal Forage genera and MPTS and other relevant spec1es assoc1ated w1th CIAT mandate agroeco systems

Comparativa advantage CIAT has a particular comparat1ve advantage for research 1n genet1c d1vers1ty steam1ng from the world germplasm collectlons of Phaseolus Mamhot and Trop1cal forages and assoc1ated 1nformat1on covenng a number of plant famll1es and genera vanable propagatlon systems and hfe forms and vanable genet1cs and reproduct1ve b1ology the technolog1cal capab1ht1es of the Center espec1ally 1n modern b1ology geograph1c 1nformat10n agronomy and soc1al sclences;commun1cat10ns are assets for GD research

Expected outputs MaJar outputs of the SRG GD are research proposals and recommendatlons for act1ons en

Ways 1n wh1ch genet1c d1vers1ty can be better descnbed measured and conservad

L1nks between ex s1tu collect1ons and m s1tu conservat1on and rat1onahzat1on of conservatlon strateg1es

Llnks w1th ut1hzat1on charactenzatlon and analys1s of gene pools populat1ons and genes ennchment of gene pools and broaden1ng genet1c bases

Chents and partners Pnmanly CIAT Programs and Unlt sc1ent1sts the NARis of LDCs other natlenalfreglonal organ1zat1ons 1nvolved 1n agrob10d1vers1ty conservatlon and research (NGO s un1vers1t1es 1ntergovernmental 1nst )

Compos1tlon of the SRG GD (attached Table)

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Act1v1tleS 1n 1994

Shortly after 1ts organ1zat1on the Group s ma¡or act1V1t1es 1ncluded group meetlngs and consultatiOns to develop research proposals 1n agrob1od1vers1ty and to contnbute towards develop1ng CIAT s 1nputs relatad to the ConventiOn on B1olog1cal D1vers1ty (CBD) the CGIAR System W1de Program on Genet1c Resources (SGRP) and the lnter Center Work1ng Group on Genet1c Resources (ICWG GR) In add1t1on the Group has supported a few 1n1tlat1ves 1n targeted germplasm collect1ons tra1n1ng of LA germplasm spec1ahsts and Theses research pro¡ects and travel of SRG members to relevant meetlngs

SRG Genet1c D1vers1ty research 1n1t1at1ves

(1) A Lat1n Amanean Reg1onal Consort1um 1n Agrob10d1vers1ty lntegrat1on of conservatiOn approaches ex s1tu and m s1tu for 1mproved ut1hzat10n of genet1c resources Th1s 1n1t1at1ve responds to the CGIAR System W1de Genet1c Resources Program and seeks to pull together the cooperat1on of CIAT CIP CIMMYT and IPGRI and a ranga of partners 1nclud1ng natiOnal organ1zat1ons of Latln Amanean and Canbbean countnes reg1onal 1nSt1tut10ns and 1ntergovermental organ1zat1ons The goal of the alhance 1s to develop and 1mplement a reg1onal program for the conservatlon and use of agrob10d1vers1ty and thus to contnbute towards strengthen1ng LAC natlonal capac1t1es for 1mplement1ng pnontles steam1ng from the Convent1on on B1olog1cal D1vers1ty (CBD) lt IS proposed to ach1eve that goal by focus1ng on pnont1es 1dent1f1ed 1n the reg1on Four potentlal ma¡or areas of cooperat1on have been cons1dered

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Contnbute to the 1nventory of agrob1od1vers1ty 1n LAC 1 Complete the efforts to 1mprove the affordablllty and susta1nab1hty of

(u)

ex s1tu conservatlon and develop cost eff1c1ent and b1olog1cally

1 VIable m s1tu conservat1on for port1ons of the agrob1od1vers1ty Enhance the susta1nable ut1hzat1on of ex s1tu collectlons through trad1t1onal and modern breed1ng and seek for new technolog1cal

1 attnbutes of agrob10d1vers1ty Contnbute to tra1n1ng and pubhc educat1on 1n conservat1on and susta1nable use of agrob1od1vers1ty 1n the reg1on w1th spec1al 1 emphas1s on the 1ntegrat1on of modern b1olog1cal technolog1es w1th eco geograph1cal 1nformat1on

The strategy to follow 1ncludes an organ1zat1onal phase to develop the agenda and pnontles for the Consort1um through consultat1ons w1th our nat1onal partners 1n LAC and the IARCs of the reg1on The Consort1um would prov1de an umbrella for develop1ng research pro¡ects as well as for 1mplement1ng programs for building 1nst1tut1onal capac1t1es

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Assessment of genet1c d1vers1ty by 1ntegrat1ng spat1al analys1s and molecular markers To develop 1ntegrated use of DNA based biotechnolog1es and GIS to ass1st 1n the spatlal analys1s of agrob10d1vers1ty The pro¡ect w1ll focus on wild Phaseolus and Man1hot spec1es resources

(111) Link1ng Un!verSit1es IARCs and NGO s for us1ng modern blolog1cal technolog1es 1n agrob10d1vers1ty research Case of Colombia The goal 1s to develop a research tra1n1ng program to bndge modern b1ology from the North w1th agrobiOdiverslty from the South Contlnuatlon of the tra1mng updatlng program would be prov1ded by an endowment fund

(1v) Development of a pilot cryopreserved cassava collect1on The ob¡ect1ve 1s to assess alllog1stlcal and techmcal aspects 1nvolved 1n the establishment of a base germplasm collectlon through cryopreservat1on us1ng cassava as a model Collaborat1on between CIAT IPGRI and NARS

Collaborat1ve actlvltles The SRG has also prometed collaborat1on 1n genet1c resources With countnes 1n Central Amanea and the Andean reg1on By supportmg consultatlon and germplasm collectlon tnps of Group members 1t 1s expected that a program Will be 1mplemented to bnng NARS sc1ent1sts for short med1um term 1nternsh1ps at CIAT Contacts have also been estabhshed w1th 1nSt1tutlons 1nvo1ved 1n b10d1vers¡ty 1n Colombia (NGOs Un1vers1tles M1n1stry of Enwonment CORPOICA) and well recogn1zed 1nternat1onal organ1zat1ons such as the Sm1thoman 1nst1tute

Response to the CGIAR Stnpe Report on Genet1c Resources The SRG preparad a document wh1ch was subm1tted to TAC through lPGRI deahng w1th Conservatlon of genet1c resources CIAT s role 1n germplasm research The ma1n message of the response 1s a plea for 1ntegrat1ng and emphas1z1ng research on conservatlon and ut1hzat1on of genet1c resources 1n the CG genet1c resources act!VItles 1n contrast to the trad1t1onal role of GR as a sole serv1ce to breed1ng lt was proposed to 1ntegrate a range of diSCiphnesjareas 1n GR research such as b1otechnology ecogeography etnobotany partiCipatory research and soc1al sc1ences 1n arder that the Center s outputs should now contnbute not only to 1ncreased productiVIty but to the conservat1on of the natural resources base

Upgrad1ng CIAT genebank operat1ons and facillt1es The SRG has commiSSioned a sub group compns1ng the GRU s Curators and the Program s Germplasm charactenzatlon spec1ahsts to study and assess the current status of CIAT Gene Bank and propase means and ways to upgrade 1ts operat1ons and facilitieS Attent1on will be g1ven to the state of the collect1ons 1n terms of seed v1ab1hty ava1lab1hty of collect¡ons and phytosan1tary cond1t1ons and to the phys1cal cond1t1ons of the gene banks

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Also the Group wlll 1nclude assessment of future collect1on needs for the Phaseolus Mamhot and trop1cal forage collect1ons VIS a v1s the currently ava1lable d1vers1ty Furthermore research needs 1n GR w1ll be 1dent1fied by the Group a1m1ng at ga1n1ng 1nformat1on on d1vers1ty between and w1th1n spec1es rat1onahzat1on of conservat1on and targeted collect1on of new vanability The study w111 be subm1tted to CIAT management

lt 1s env1saged that additiOnal fund1ng needed for upgrad1ng the operatJons and ¡mprov1ng the facilities of CIAT Gene Bank could 1n part come from CIAT core and other sources such as the SGRP The Group feels that CIAT has an 1mmense respons1b1hty w1th the countnes of ong1n of the germplasm for whom 1t holds 1n trust and w1th the sc1entJfic commumty to ma1nta1n these resources at the h1ghest poss1ble ¡nternat1onal standards

CompoSJt1on of the Genet1c D1vers¡ty SRG A great deal of effort and very Slgn¡f¡cant resources were deployed 1n 1994 for the continuad charactenzatJon and 1n depth analyses of land use dynam1cs 1n the two target agroecosystems under the leadersh1p of the Land Use SRG

G1ven resource hm1tat10ns the Acre Rondoma area was pnont1zed followed by the Colomb1an Uanos Sorne efforts were made to obta1n add1t1onal and more detalled secondary 1nformat1on to 1mprove the charactenzat1on of selected s1tes 1n the Cerrados of Brazll wh1le charactenzat1on of the Venezuelan Savannas 1n cooperatlon w1th a number of nat1onal Jnst1tutl0ns has been on hold

Scfentist

S Baba R Hidalgo M Bomerbale C Guevara B Maass A Ortlz P Kerrldge E P1zarro D Debouck A M Thro W Roca J Tohme F Angel M Fregene A MeJia Z Len11n1

COMPOSITION OF THE GENETIC DIVERSITY SRG

Competence Area Sub Area

Genetlcs Genet1c Resources Genet1cs Genet1c Resources Genet1c Resources Genet1c Resources Genet1c Resources Genet1c Resources Genet1c Resource Genet1cs B1otechnology Blotechnology B1otechnology B1otechnology B1otechnology B1otechnology

Germplasm Germplasm Germplasm Germplasm Germplasm Germplasm Agronomy Agronomy Botany B1otech Network Cell b1ology Molecular genet1cs Molecular b1ology Molecular genetlcs Cell b1ology Cell b1ology

Out Posted staff (Braz1i) Jo1nt CIAT /IPGRI appo1ntment s1nce 1994 PDFs

86

Program¡Umt

Beans GRU Beans Cassava GRU Cassava T Forages GRU T Forages T Forages T Forages CIAT/IPGRI Cassava BRU BRU /Beans/Rice BRU/Cassava BRU/Cassava BRU/Beans BRU/R1ce¡T Forages

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

DISEASE ANO PEST MANAGEMENT SRG

Organlzatlonal Aspects

Purpose The purpose of the Pest Management SRG 1s to st1mulate sc1ent1fic 1nteract1ons to promete and foment new Ideas and research 1nlt1at1ves w1th1n CIAT and represent CIAT 1n globaiiPM act1v1tleS

Scope Pest management act1V1t1es at CIAT 1nvolve the Center s mandated crops beans nce cassava and trop1cal pasturas as well as those ecosystems of maJOr CIAT actiVIty H1IIS1des Trop1cal Lowlands and Sem1 and reg1ons

Comparat1ve advantage CIAT has considerable expert1se 1n the d1agnost1c and researchjtechnology development phases of IPM espec1ally 1n our commod1ty crops In recent years CIAT has act1vely part1c1pated 1n IPM p1lot proJects (Phase 3) w1th NARS 1n Braz1l Colombia Ecuador and Venezuela and we have ga1ned considerable knowledge and expenence 1n IPM 1mplementat1on CIAT sc1ent1sts represent considerable expert1se 1n do1ng strateg1c and appiled research to develop pest control technolog1es Th1s prov1des a strong base on wh1ch to bulld a more assert1ve program for act1vely promotlng IPM throughout Latln Amenca

CIAT s work1ng collect1on of arthropod b10d1vers1ty has become w1dely recogn1zed as an 1mportant and essentlal resource 1n IPM research and technology development Our ilnks to taxonom1sts and systemat1c1sts 1n developed and develop1ng countnes help prov1de a useful serv1ce to agncultural and natural resource spec1ailsts

Our excellent laboratory facilitieS and expert1se 1n strateg1c and appiled research together w1th our ex1st1ng ilnks to researchers and IPM spec1ailsts 1n developed and develop1ng countnes place CIAT 1n a un1que pos1t1on to

a ldent1fy problems and opportun1t1es Th1s 1ncludes the 1dent1f1cat¡on of hot spots those areas where excess1ve pest1c1de use occurs

b Prov1de a bndge between developed and deve1op1ng countnes

e ldent1fy partners 1n research and IPM 1mplementat1on

Expected outputs Expected outputs 1nclude

a Formulat(on of fundable PM projects w1th NARS

Pests m th1s document refers to both d1seases and arthropods

87

1 b Coord1nate PM related research and actiVItleS across CIAT s commod1ty and 1

resource management programs

e Resolut1on of ex1st1ng and new problems 1n pest management 1 d Part1c1pate 1n cross IARC Centers PM actiVItleS and develop collaborat1ve l

pro¡ects for fund1ng

e Development of methodolog1es for the 1mplementat1on of successful PM

1 pro¡ects

f Prov1de models for the tra1n1ng of researchers extens1on1sts and farmers 1n PM 1 1mplementat1on

Partners and collaborators Successful IPM can only be ach1eved through the clase collaboratlon w1th natlonal program researchers and extens1on1sts w1th d1rect access to farmers Non government orgamzatiOns 1n many reg1ons can also play an 1mportant role as they often have a d1rect link to producers and can prov1de needed resources Sc1ent1sts from developed countnes can prov1de needed expert1se 1n technology development 1mplementat1on and 1mpact assessment

Compos1t1on A b10 database 1s ava1lable on each member of the Pest Management SRG Th1s 1ncludes 1nformat1on on areas of research and crop spec1alty geograph1c expert1se and educat1on background A llst of SRG members 1s attached (Table 1)

SRG Act1v1tles. 1994

The Pest Management SRG (PM/SRG) was organ1zed early 1n 1994 and a senes of meetlngs have been held on a penod1c bas1s (averag1ng about one per month) throughout 1994 lt was 1n1t1ally dec1ded that the compoS1t1on of the SRG would rema1n as Entomolog1sts Patholog1sts V1rolog1sts and Weed Sc1ent1sts however 1t was dec1ded that add1t1onal expert1se would be reqUired such as soc1olog1sts econom1sts plant breeders b1ochem1sts etc and that these would be resource persons that would be 1nv1ted to part1c1pate 1n group actiVItles as the need arase

Work1ng document A pos1t1on paper t1tled A Reg1onal IM1at1ve for lntegrated Pest Management 1n Latln Amenca and the Canbbean How CIAT can Contnbute was started pnor to the formatlon of the SRG Th1s was f1nallzed 1nto a formal CIAT document and descnbes CIAT s 1n1t1at1ve and role 1n IPM The pos1t1on paper 1ncludes the status of current pest management research at CIAT and outllnes expected outputs and resource reqUirements of an IPM 1n1tlat1ve An 1mportant component of th1s document 1s the descnpt1on of phases and key features of IPM and deta1ls act1vlt1es and procedures

88

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Th1s document 1s avallable for d1stnbut1on and has been c1rculated to NARS and Donar agenc1es and at 1nternat1onal meetlngs and workshops

Pro¡ect formulatlon An 1mportant funct1on of the PM/SRG 1s to formahze projects to present to donors for fund1ng IPM 1nltlat1ves and relatad research actiVItleS All SRG members part1c1pated 1n severa! meetlngs to develop 1nter commod1ty program projects Project prof1les are now ava1lable for 1 O proJect areas

These 1nclude lnlt1at1ves 1n IPM (wh1tefhes and hllls1des) host plant res1stance arthropod biod1versrty bJolog1cal control ot plant d1seases and arthropods charactenzat1on of genetlc structure and VJrulence d1vers1ty of maJor pathogens across CIAT s commod1t1es and 1ntegrated weed management Th1s proJect portfoho has been d1stnbuted to and d1scussed w1th selected donors

Exploratlon for potentlal pro¡ect fund1ng Contact w1th donor organ1zat1ons were made whenever the opportun1ty arose throughout 1994 Organ1zat1ons contactad 1nclude UNDP USAID Rockefeller FoundatiOn Susta1nable Agnculture Fac1hty World Wildhfe Fund Conservatlon lnternat1onal World Bank World Resources lnstltute BID The Sm1thson~an lnst1tute CARE and others Severa! expressed 1nterest 1n fund1ng IPM projects espec1ally where an excess1ve use of pest1c1des ex1sts The work the SRG d1d on descnb1ng hot spots for potentlal IPM proJects was well rece1ved by severa! organ1zat1ons Follow up VISits to those 1nst1tut1ons express1ng 1nterest 1s planned

CGIAR IPM Network A plann~ng meet1ng for the UNCED CGIAR lntercenter IPM ln1t1at1ve was held atAs Norway from May 4 to 6 1994 The leader of the PM/SRG part1c1pated 1n th1s meet1ng Th1s meet1ng was organ1zed 1n response to the UNCED Conference held 1n R1o 1n 1993 and the CGIAR set up a Task Force to address three poss1ble areas for 1nteréenter collaboratlon and one of these was for an IPM inlt1at1ve The Norway meet1ng was attended by n1ne IARC s and recommended the format1on of an 1nter Center IPM Network and formulated examples of potent1al collaborat1ve proJects wh1ch were subm1tted to the CGIAR Agenda 21 Task Force and Center D1rectors for cons1derat10n Th1s IPM Network was approved at ICW 1994 and liTA was des1gnated the Convenor Center

The first work1ng meet1ng for the network w111 be held from Feb 22 to 24 1995 at ISNAR The Hague The Netherlands

IPM Workshops C1AT sc1ent1sts part1c1pated 1n generaiiPM workshops held dunng the latter part of 1994 CIAT hosted a FAO sponsored Workshop for IPM 1n 1rngated nce 1n Latln Amenca from Oct 23 to 28 1994 NARS part1c1pants from Braz1l Colombia Cuba Ecuador and Venezuela attended the workshop and presentad country reports Potentlal nce IPM projects were formulated and will be presentad for fund1ng

89

The lntegrated Pest Management Work1ng Group (IPMWG) was set up 1n 1989 under the ausp1ces of the Techn1cal Adv1sory Comm1ttee (TAC) of the CGIAR by a group of donar organ1zat1ons (wh1ch 1nclude ACIAR CABI FAO IDRC ODA and USAID) to promete the 1mplementat1on of IPM The Group has sponsored a senes of reg1onal workshops at wh1ch country representat1ves are brought together to d1scuss the d1fferent constra1nts on IPM 1mplementat1on and 1dent1fy plans and 1nlt1at1ves that can be put 1nto pract1ce A reg1onal workshop for South Amanea was held 1n Quito Ecuador dunng Nov 20 to 25 1994 The organ1zat1onal planntng for th1s workshop was held at CIAT and CIAT sc1ent1sts act1vely part1c1pated 1n select1on of part1C1pants and five sc1ent1sts attended the workshop

Th1s workshop was well attended by all of the spantsh and portuguesa speak1ng countnes of S Amen ca Approx1mately 1 00 sc1ent1Sts extens1on1sts econom1sts and soc1olog1Sts part1c1pated Top1cs covered 1ncluded defin1t1on and concepts of IPM actual and futura perspect1ves hm1tat1ons 1nst1tut1onal poht1cal organ1zat1onal and legal aspects soc1o econom1c aspects f1nanc1ng 1mpact evaluat1on tra1n1ng enwonmental ecolog1cal and techn1cal aspects

We are awa1t1ng the f1nal reports from th1s workshop but the general consensus 1s that too much t1me was spent 1n d1scuss1on of IPM theory and not enough effort was ded1cated to 1dent1fy1ng potentlal IPM proJects and seek1ng fund1ng for p1lot proJects and 1mplementat1on

Collaborat1on w1th Nat1onal Proqrams We have rece1ved requests and 1nqu1nes from Ecuador Colomb1a Venezuela and Cuba for CIAT s partiCipatlon 1n collaborat1ve IPM proJects The most common theme that has occurred 1s that of IPM for control of wh1tefhes on numerous crops 1n all the aforement1oned countnes Wh1le attend1ng the afore descnbed IPM Workshop 1n Qu1to Ecuadonan M1n1stry of Agnculture (INIA) offiCials strongly requested that they be consultad and 1ncluded 1n any IPM whltefly proJect that CIAT m1ght des1gn On Oct 14 1994 several members of the CIAT PM/SRG met w1th Colombia CORPOICA representativas 1nclud1ng Anstobulo Lopez the director of IPM for CORPOICA to d1scuss CIAT /CORPOICA futura collaborat1on lt was JOintly dec1ded that IPM/whltefhes on numerous crops 1nclud1ng CIAT commod1t1es was a number 1 pnonty lt was agreed that the two 1nst1tut1ons would draw up a proJect proposal and we w111 seek donar f1nanc1ng lt 1s most probable that other countnes w1ll also part1c1pate 1n th1s 1nltlat1ve A follow up meet1ng 1s scheduled for early Feb 1995

IPM Fac1hty The IPM Fac1hty 1s a recently (late 1994) negot1ated consort1um of four fund1ng agenc1es World Bank UNDP UNEP and FAO FAO w1ll be the manag1ng co sponsor Th1s Fac1hty has several goals wh1ch 1nclude

a Reductlon of ex1st1ng and ant1c1pated 1ncreased 1nd1scnm1nate use of pest1c1des 1n LDC S

90

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

b Ma1nta1n or 1ncrease net crop y1elds

e Long term comm1tment of resources for IPM projects

d Act as an honest broker 1n select1on and fund1ng of IPM projects

e Assess prom1s1ng opportun1t1es for 1mplement1ng IPM

f To mon1tor and evaluate IPM proJects

Th1s fac1hty should be a good source for fund1ng of IPM proJects 1n wh1ch C1AT can act1vely part1c1pate lt 1s planned to approach the Fac1hty w1th v1able IPM proJects

On go1ng CIAT IPM actlvltles Two IPM projects w111 be bnefly descnbed The first 1s housed 1n the Cassava Program the second 1n the Bean Program A more deta1led descnpt1on of actJvltles and results of these proJects can be found 1n the Cassava and Bean Annual Report 8oth proJects were 1nlt1ated pnor to the formatlon of the DM/SRG They are 1ncluded here to demonstrate that CIAT sc1ent1sts are act1vely partJCipatlng 1n IPM act1v1tleS that C1AT has expert1se 1n th1s area andas an example of the collaborat1ve efforts we have w1th NARS 1n IPM

1 PROFISMA Th1s cassava based IPM proJect 1s des1gned as Ecolog¡cally susta1nable cassava plant protectlon 1n South Amenca and Afnca lt 1nvolves collaborat1ve efforts between CIAT and liT A Brazil and tour Afncan countnes Ben1n N1gena Ghana and Cameroon Th1s 4 year UNDP funded pilot proJect was 1n1t1ated 1n 1993 In Braz1l EMBRAPA/CNPMF IS the lead 1nSt1tute JOined by state research and extens1on 1nst1tutes 1n Bah1a Ceara Pernambuco and Para1ba Although emphas1s 1s g1ven to the research and 1mplementat1on of pests and d1seases management pract1ces considerable crop management 1nput IS 1ncluded A d1agnost1c survey has been carned out w1th more than 1000 farmers Strateg1c research 1s be1ng carned out at CIAT 1n support of project actiVItJes 1n Brazil A f1rst year evaluat1on of proJect act1V1t1es was carned out by a UNDP selected panel of experts 1n Sept 1994 The project rece1ved a very pos1t1ve evaluatlon espec1ally C1tlng the farmer part1c1patory actiVItJes be1ng carned out by the extens1on serv1ces and the quahty of support research be1ng done by CNPMF and CIAT

2 Beans/ Andean Zone There 1s excess1ve use of pest1C1des by small bean farmers 1n the Andean Zone espec1ally 1n Colombia Ecuador and Peru Numerous arthropod pests and d1seases reduce bean y1elds Slgn¡ficantly and farmers apply up to 27 d1fferent agrochem1cals mostly on a weekly bas1s to reduce pest and d1sease seventy An IDRC funded IPM proJeCt 1s entenng 1nto 1ts second phase w1th 1ts ma1n object1ve to reduce the use of pest1c1des

91

Actlvltles 1nclude

1

2

3

4

5

Surveys and d1agnos1s

Determ1nat1on of LO 50 values

Measurements of y1eld and econom1c returns at vary1ng pest populatiOn levels

On farm testlng of control methods

Part1c1patory research tnals

6 Tra1n1ng of sc1ent1sts 1n IPM methods and concepts

The collaboratlng NARS are CORPOICA 1n Colombia INIAP 1n Ecuador and INIA 1n Peru ln1t1al results 1n the first phase of th1s proJect showed that a 62% reduct1on 1n 1nsect1C1de use and a 36% reduct1on 1n fung1c1de use by farmers could be ach1eved

92

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Table 1 COMPOSITION OF DISEASE ANO PEST MANAGEMENT SRG Assoc1ated Umt V1rology Research Umt

Sclentlst

Anthony C Bellott1 (Leader)

Cesar Cardona

L1ncoln Smrth

Steve Lapo1nte

J Kwas1 Ampofo

Fernando Correa

Marc1al A Pastor Corrales

Segenet Kelemu

Rob1n A Buruchara

Franc1sco Morales*

Lee Calvert*

Albert F1scher

* Virology Un1t

Competence area/Program

93

Entomolog1st (Cassava)

Entomolog1st (Beans)

Entomolog1st (B1olog1cal Control Cassava)

Entomolog1st (IPM/Cassava Brazil)

Entomolog1st (Beans/ Afnca)

Patholog1st (R1ce)

PathOiog1st (Beans)

Patholog1st (Trop1ca1 Forages)

Patholog1st (Beans; Afnca

V!rolog1st (BeansjTrop1cal Forages)

V1rolog1st (Cassava/R1ce)

Weed Sc1ence (R1ce)

PRODUCTION SYSTEMS & SOILS MANAGEMENT SRG

INTRODUCTION

Detalls of the background te and JUSt1f1Cat1on for the PSSM SRG were pubhshed 1n the documents presentad te the 1994 Externa! Program and Management Rev1ew and wlll not be repeated here

The group has met 1nfrequently as a result of the overwhelm1ng amount of other meet1ngs and d1scuss1ons that have severely d1srupted the normal work of the 1nst1tute follow1ng the reqUirement te transform the center anta a project bas1s early 1n the year and other events assoc1ated w1th a changa of management lt 1s hoped that sorne return te normahty wlll occur 1n 1995 and that a reasoned progress1on of the SRG s can be expected over the near futura

ACTIVITIES So1ls Research Umt The PSSM SRG unhke all other SRG s 1n CIAT does not currently have a support unlt attached te 1t The so1ls research un1t was propasad as the attached unlt early 1n 1994 and the pos1t10n papar for the creatiOn af th1s unlt 1s attached as Annex 1 A dec1s1on en th1s un1t has yet te be taken by Sen1or Management

V1s1t1ng Sc1ent1st Dr Kate Wllson pnnc1pal sc1ent1st from CAMBIA Australia v1s ed CIAT tw1ce dunng 1994 from July 17 21 and November 26 te December 21 She worked w1th Drs D Beck (beans) and R Thomas (Trop1cal Lowlands) en the 1nsert10n of molecular marker gene 1nto Rh1zobwm and Bradyrh1zob1um stra1ns w1th a v1ew for use as markers 1n nodulat1on compet1t1on stud1es and stra1n pers1stence stud1es under controlled cond1t1ons 1n the laboratory and glasshouse Support staff were tra1ned 1n the techn1ques reqUired te accomphsh th1s task Her v1s1t was supported by funds from the PSSM SRG

Pro¡ect development The PSSM SRG met and developed a number of proJects wh1ch were all of an 1nter program natura 1n the early part of 1994 After rev1s1on and d1scuss1on four projects were pnont1zed and developed further they appear 1n Annex 11

Of these projects the C sequestrat1on proJect has been subm1tted d1rectly 1nto Phase 11 of the Global Enwonment Fac1hty and 1s currently under rev1ew for fund1ng lf successful th1s w111 reqwe a further year of project development and wlll be managed by Dr M F1sher of the Trop1cal Lowlands Program where the project wlll most probably be housed 1n accordance w1th CIAT BOT recommendat1ons

94

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

The Phosphorus proJect has been d1scussed at both the PSSM SRG and Germplasm Development SRG and IS currently be1ng further developed by Drs Beck (beans) and Rao (forages) The other proJects have not been developed further at th1s stage but may be cons1dered retevant to the CG systemw1de 1n1t1at1ve on so11 water and nutnent managment d1scussed below

lnvolvement m the systemw1de 1mt1at1Ve on so1/ water and nutnent management (SWNM)

The leader of the PSSM SRG has been 1nvotved 1n the development of th1s 1n1t1at1ve fottow1ng the presentat1on of an IBSRAM prometed document on the subject to the m1d term CGIAR meet1ng held 1n New Dehh 1n May 1994 and 1n the development of the CIAT led consort1um on the Management of Ac1d Solls (MAS) A proJect on the savannas of trop1cal Latln Amenca developed by the MAS consort1um was presentad as an 1mportant theme on SWNM at an IBSRAM organ1zed meet1ng held 1n Zschortau Sept 26 30 1994 The proJect was mod1fied and 1ncorporated 1nto the Zschortau plan wh1ch was presentad at the CGIAR Centers Week meet1ng 1n October 1995 Follow1ng CG centers week a further meet1ng on the SWNM 1n1t1at1ve was organ1zed 1n Rome Dec 17 18 1995 At th1s meet1ng cha1red by the 1ntenm D1rector of CIAT R Havener the role of CIAT asco convenor of the SWNM 1n1t1at1ve w1th IBSRAM was endorsad by Center D1rectors and other Center representat1ves CIAT 1s currently undertak1ng the task of collatlng the 1nformat1on on system w1de act1v1t1es 1n the area of SWNM and w11t be respons1ble for the preparat1on of a pos1t1on paper befare the m1d term 1995 CGIAR meet1ng

Currently all the proJects proposed by the PSSM SRG f1t 1nto one or more of the s1x themes proposed for the systemw1de lnlt1a1t1ve on SWNM

95

ANNEX 1

To Drs W Scowcroft & F Torres

From R Thomas

Date 18 2 94

Re Productlon systems and soil management research group (PSSM)

A proposal for the Sosls Research Umt

The creatson of a so1ls research un1t (SRU) 1s proposed to bnng the PSSM 1nto hne w1th the other sc1ence research groups at CIAT and also CIAT s act1on plan 1994 1998 Annex 11 {Vers1on 21/1/94)

A1ms and Purpose of the SRU

1 The SRU will be ma1nly ded1cated to ma1nta1mng and updatlng analyt1cal procedures for so1l chem1cal and b1ophys1cal stud1es ensunng that CIAT sc1ent1sts use wherever poss1ble the same methodolog1es 1nternally wh1ch are cons1stent w1th mternat1onally accepted methods (e g the Trop1cal So1l B1ology and Fert1hty group manual A handbook of methods) CIAT 1s aff1hated w1th TSBF andan adopt1on of the latter handbook of methods would be appropnate The hbrary currently holds two cop1es of th1s manual w1th a further copy m the former n1trogen f1xat1on sectlon of the trop1cal lowland program

1 The unlt w1ll mon1tor developments 1n analyt1cal methodolog1es for research 1n so1ls and water management 1nclud1ng samphng procedures the apphcat1on of geostat1st1cs for spat1al stud1es and potent1al hnkages w1th GIS

2 The un1t w111 have respons1blllty for the orgamzat1on of the shanng of equ1pment (e g the m1mrh1zotron root wash1ng eqUipment) whenever necessary and procedures for th1s should be d1scussed and preparad by the group

3 The umt w1ll act as a forum for centre w1de 1ssues relatad to analyt1cal procedures for so1l and plant samples and field eqUipment for research and w1ll oversee the funct1on1ng of the ex1st1ng analyt1cal serv1ces unlt to ensure cost effect1veness and effic1ency

4 The unlt will prov1de adv1ce to the CIAT lnst1tut1onal b1osafety comm1ttee on the safety procedures for potent1ally hazardous analyt1cal techn1ques (e g tox1c chem1cals rad101sotopes)

96

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Const1tutlon of the SRU

In phys1cal terms the un~t would cons1st of the laboratones currently used by sc1ent1sts from the trop1cal lowlands and nce programs (ZL 5 ZL 6 ZL 7 ZL 8) ZL 1 a room currently f1tted out for student/v1s1tlng worker cub1cles ZL 10 the analyt1cal serv1ces labs and LE 2 the lab currently used by the n1trogen f1xat1on sect1on (soll m1crob1ology) of the trop1cal lowland program In add1t1on the lab hous1ng the mass spectrometer (LO 16) should also be 1ncluded 1n the new SRU although both plant and so1l samples are analyzed by th1s fac1hty on a CIAT w1de baSIS

Equ1pment for the SRU has been gradually acqu1red dunng the financ1al year 1993 to complement ex1st1ng equ1pment from the solls m1crob1ology lab and former IFOC lab In add1t1on to solls equ1pment the un1t should also house the recently acqu1red m1n1 rh1zotron system for measurements of root growth 1n the f1eld Further equ1pment for so1l phys1cs stud1es may be needed but dec1S1ons on these w11l be postponed unt1l the vacant pos1t1on 1s f11led dunng 1994

Vanous sc1ent1sts have under the1r superv1s1on soll samphng equ1pment at Palm1ra and at vanous research stat1ons (R Knapp A F1scher O Fre1sen 1 Rao R Thomas K Okada J Sanz) No change 1n the management of th1s equ1pment 15 proposed but any new purchases should be d1scussed f1rstly w1th1n the group (1n fact sc1ent1sts currently work1ng on roots have held two meetlngs together to d1scuss eqUJpment cho1ce and purchase so a mechan1sm 1s already 1n place)

The un1t w1ll be compnsed of sc1ent1sts work1ng on soll and water related research act1v1t1es w1th1n ex1st1ng CIAT programs and the PSSM In th1s respect the SRU wlll d1ffer from other support un1ts 1n not hav1ng sen1or staff exclus1vely ass1gned to the unlt Staff affihated w1th the SRU are currently allocated to CIAT programs However as the bulk of the analyt1cal work for solls and plant research 1s handled by Analyt1cal Serv1ces w1th only spec1ahzed methodolog1es handled by IndiVIdual sc1ent1sts the 1nclus1on of the analyt1cal serv1ces labs and staff w1th1n the SRU 1s proposed w1th representatlon at unlt meet1ngs of the head of analyt1cal serv1ces

An act1ve sc1ent1st 1s reqUJred to nom1nally head the unlt and organ1ze an agenda for tn monthly meetlngs of the un1t Or O Fre1sen currently 1n charge of the analyt1cal serv1ces lab would be the 1deal person to head the unlt

Proposed hst of SRU members O Fnesen IFOC/Trop1cal Lowlands R Thomas Trop1cal Lowlands J Sanz Trop1cal Lowlands A GIJsman Trop1cal Lowlands 1 Rao Forages K Okada R1ce

97

A F1scher R1ce D Beck Beans E Amezqulta Trop1cal Lowlands O Mosquera Analyt1cal Serv1ces R Knapp Hllls1des

98

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Annex 11 Pro¡ect profiles developed by the PSSM SRG

CIAT Pro¡ect Profite Phosphorus AcquiS1t1on and Recychng

In Low P Supplymg TrOpical SOIIS

Purpose To 1dent1fy plant tra1ts and mechan1sms respons1ble for eff1c1ent acqU1S1t1on ut1hzat1on and recychng of P and to match requ1rements of upland nce beans cassava ma1ze and trop1cal forages to the low P supply1ng constra1nts of so lis

Ratlonale Phosphorus (P) IS the ma¡or nutnent hm1t1ng crop and forage product1on 1n low fert1hty solls (ox1sols ult1sols and and1sols) of Latln Amenca The P supply capac1ty of these so1ls 1s low even 1n those so1ls w1th a h1gh total P content because of chem1cal react1ons that f1x phosphate P 1nto forms that are unava1lable to most plants A ma¡or opt1on for resource peor farmers us1ng these so1ls 1s the adaptat1on of plants to the so1l constra1nts rather than attempts to mod1fy thE' soll v1a h1gh 1nputs of fert1hzer Crop and forage genotypes that can use scarce nutnents more eff1c1ently would 1mprove and stab1hze productiOn for resource peor farmers One advantage of phosphorus fert1hzer 1s that 1t tends to rema1n 1n the so1l plant system and 1s not sub¡ect to larga losses v1a leach1ng assoc1ated w1th the use of N fert1hzers for example Therefore basal or correct1ve P fert1hzer apphcatiOns could be v1ewed as a cap1tal 1nvestment w1th benef1c1al res1dual effects occurnng over t1me

However 1n general soc1oeconom1c constra1nts 1mpede the apphcat1on of larga quant1t1es of P to low P supply1ng solls of Latln Amenca There 1s a need then to dev1se a strategy to manage nat1ve and apphed P resources more eff1c1ently for low P supply1ng so1IS 1n the reg1on The key research components to develop such a strategy are 1) charactenzat1on of s01l P enwonments and P sources 2) 1dent1f1cat1on of plant tr81ts and mechan1sms to develop screen1ng procedures to evaluate genotyp1c d1fferences 1n P uptake and use eff1c1ency 3) development of P effic1ent crop genotypes us1ng conventiOnal and advanced genet1c approaches and 4) development of 1ntegrated crop pastura systems that can benef1t from comb1ned orgamc and 1norgamc P 1nputs

The proposed research would be done 1n collaboratiOn w1th natiOnal programs umvers1t1es and 1nst1tutes 1n developed countnes CIAT would conduct strateg1c research and fac1htate the exchange of germplasm and 1nformat10n across statejcountry borders

Expected Benef1ts The pro¡ect w11l allow closer match1ng of crops w1th the enwonment an 1ncreased eff1c1ency of phophorus fert1hzer use and the 1dent1f1cat1on of tra1ts confernng adaptatiOn to the ma¡or constra1n1ng nutnent 1n trop1cal so11s

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Expected Outputs Charactenzed soll P enwonments and ava1lable P sources Defined plant tra1ts and mechan1sms and 1mproved screen1ng procedures for morphologlcaljphyslologlcal molecular tra1ts Nutnent effic1ent genotypes developed lntegrated product1on systems eff1c1ent 1n P ut11izat1on and recycling

Actlv1tles .. oevelop methods te charactenze ava1lable P sources .. produce themat1c so11 maps .. conduct d1agnost1c surveys of constratnts te farmer adoptlen of alternattve P supply strategtes .. Eiuctdate plant attnbutes for P uptakejut11izat10n .. Determtne cnttcal levels of toleran ce te soll constratnts .. Evaluate germplasm for P use .. Evaluate P balance and cycling 1n prototype systems .. oevelop a P dec1ston support model .. conduct ex ante analysts of pract1ces that prevent P ferttlity matntenance

Research Partners CIMMYT ICRAF IFDC EMBRAPA CPAC EMBRAPA CNPAF EMBRAPA CNPAB CORPOICA Cornell Untvers1ty Un1vers1ty of Hohenhetm CSIRO Un1vers1ty of Hawau

Potentlal Donors IDB UNDP DLO NORAID

T1me frame 5 years

Fundlng $6 2 m1llion

CIAT Project Officer ldupulapatt Rae

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CIAT Pro¡ect Proftle

Sequestrat1on of Carbon and Gaseous Fluxes m Trop1ca1 Product1on Systems

Purpose To understand the processes of uptake and loss of greenhouse gases and the1r controls so as to dev1se systems of susta1nable agnculture for the trop1cal lowlands that contnbute to lessen1ng of global warm1ng

Ratlonale ConcentratiOns of greenhouse gases 1n the atmosphere (carbon diOXIde C02 methane CH4 and n1trous ox1de N20) are 1ncreas1ng at rates that will cause substantlal chmate change w1th1n 50 1 00 years Of the one quarter of the total that agnculture contnbutes one th1rd comes from the trop1cs ma1nly by deforestat1on and convert1ng the savannas to agnculture

Changes 1n patterns of land use 1n the lowland trop1cs to contlnuous cropp1ng to crop pasture rotatiOns or to permanent pasturas have 1mportant 1mphcat1ons for greenhouse gas emiSSions There are few data on the amounts of so1l carbon lost to the atmosphere dunng deforestatiOn or the amounts of carbon that can be fixed 1n trop1cal soils dunng reclamat1on of degradad lands or 1n m1xed agropastoral systems We need to quant1fy the changes 1n ga1ns and losses of greenhouse gases as land use 1n the trop1cal lowlands changes

Concern has been expressed that more than 50% of the area sown to 1mproved pasturas 1s degrad1ng due to m1smanagement However there 1s a need to 1dent1fy more prec1sely us1ng satelhte 1nformat10n hnked to GIS the exact areas and extent of degradatiOn occunng 1n the savannas Th1s pro¡ect w1ll exam1ne these 1ssues for trop1cal lowland product1on systems

Expected Benef1ts The pro¡ect w1ll produce 1nformat1on of benef1t to the farmer and to the global commun1ty at large 1n terms of reductiOns 1n greenhouse gases

Expected Outputs Ouant1fied carbon diOXIdejmethane pools and fluxes Ouant1fied mtrous ox1de pools and fluxes Manangement pract1ces to promete C storage and reduced methane emiSSIOn lmproved fertil1zer N eff1c1ency and management of green manure to reduce nltrogenous gas volat1lzat10n

Actlv1t1es • Estabhsh long term exenments on farm and on stat1on 1n Colombia and Braz1l • Est1mate above and below ground b1omass product1on • Est1mate htter and root decompos1t10n • Measure and model so1l orgamc matter dynam1cs • Develop C N. and methane flux models

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• Est1mate reg1onal effects and comptle GIS database • Est1mate burn1ng and degradatlon of pastures

Research Partners CABO DLO (The Netherlands) CENA and EMBRAPA (Braz1l) CIET IVIC (Venezuela) Cornell Oh1o State Colorado State Un1vers1t1es (USA) ICRAF Un1vers1ty of Bayreuth (Germany)

Proposed Donors GEF UNEP EPA UNESCO

Fundlng $6 m1llion

Time trame 5 years

CIAT Project Off1cer Myles F1sher

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C/AT Pro¡ect Profile

lntegrated Nutrient Management for Trop1ca1 Lowland Agroecosystems

Purpose To 1ntegrate the use of 1norgan1c and organ1c 1nputs w1th germplasm adaptad to the so11 constra1nts of trop1cal lowland agroecosystems

Ratlonale 1ntens1ficat1on of agncultural productlon on the ac1d so1l forest marg1ns and savannas of Latln Amenca 1s constra1ned by the lack of d1vers1ty 1n ac1d so1l toleran! germplasm and low soil ferlility The use of h1gh levels of 1nputs and machmery espec1ally 1n monocrops 1s thought to be unsusta1nable s1nce 1t results 1n detenorat1on of so1l b1ophys1cal propertles soil and nutnent loss and a potenlial escalatlon of pest and d1sease problems To manage these marg1nal soils better a new parad1gm 1s needed that rehes more on blologlcat processes by 1) adaptlng germplasm to adversa so11 condltlons 2) max1miZ1ng nutnent cycling to m1nlm1ze externa! 1nputs and 3) 1ncreas1ng the effiCiency of 1nput use

To match germptasm requ1rements to so1l constra1nts soil env1ronments need to be further charactenzed ¡nvolv1ng the producllon of themat1c so11 maps Cnt1cal levels of tolerance to soil constra1nts need to be established for the range of adaptad germplasm available 1n addillon to the further 1mprovement of germplasm for so11 constra1nt tolerance

tmproved legume based pasturas are an 1mportant componen! of th1s new parad1gm as they can be usad to recuperate degradad so1ls by accumulatlng organ1c matter and prov1d1ng a source of N 1nput v1a biolog1cal n1trogen flxat1on But they requ1re 1nvestments 1n 1nputs for establishment that are often beyond the means of graz1ers Establishment of pasturas 1n assoc1allon w1th a crop such as nce defrays the costs of 1nputs for pastura alone and has preven to be a Viable alternat1ve 1n front1er areas of the savannas However as farmers see the profits to be made from nce th1s development could detenorate 1nto nce or other monocropp1ng w1th detnmentat effects on the so1t resource base and enwonment Alternat1ve systems 1ncorporat1ng components that attenuate or reversa the deletenous effects are requ1red and b1ophys1cal measures of system performance need to be developed

Th1s pro¡ect 1ncludes an 1nvest1gat1on of best bet optlons us1ng gra1n tegumes green manures 1ntercrops and leys as system stab1hZ1ng components The data obta1ned will be used to develop 1ntegrated modets that s1mutate the effects of system components and management on system susta1nabllity tnd1cators of land quality will be devetoped by on stat1on and on farm stud1es The tatter w1ll 1nvolve cross sect1onat analyses of ex1st1ng farm1ng subsystems 1n an attempt to m1m1c 1n space what happens 1n t1me A d1agnost1c analys1s of farmer s perceptlons and problems 1s also 1nctuded

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The project wlil be of a long term nature 1nvolv1ng crop rotatlon cycles of 5 years on statiOn and w1ll focus on the strateg1c aspects of ley farm1ng 1n the savannas and forest marg1ns The development of technolog1cal opt1ons w111 occur 1n parallel w1th the Jdent¡f¡catJon of farmers needs and perspect1ves of ley farm1ng systems

Expected Beneflts Prototype systems comb1n1ng crop and livestock components w1ll 1mprove nutnent cycling pest and d1sease control and so11 quahty 1n a product1ve and susta1nable manner

Expected Outputs Charactenzed so11 enwonments and cnt1cal levels of soil constramts determ1ned 1n adapted germplasm Analys1s of 1nputs and performance of contrastJng cropp1ng systems Models of soil plant dynam1cs lntegrated use of 1norgan~c;organ~c 1nputs Gu1dehnes for on farm dec1s1on mak1ng

Act1v1tles • Produce themat1c so1l maps charactenzed by b1ophys1cal constra1nts • Ouant1fy 1norgan1cjorgan1c 1nputs • Determ1ne nutnents released from reslduesjfert¡hzers • Determ1ne crop y¡eldsjan1mal product1on • Analyze carry over effects of crop rotatlons .. Mon1tor pest and d1seases • Develop pred1ct1ve models of organ1c 1nput decompos1t10n • Develop pract1ces to eff1c1ently use organ1C/1norgan1c 1nputs • Model fluxes of nutnents through Jnorganlcjorganlc pools • Analyze farmers resource allocat1on patterns • Conduct system econom1c analys1s • Develop chronograms for 1ntegrat10n of organiC/InorganJc 1nputs

Research Partners CORPOICA CIMMYT EMBRAPA CPAC EMBRAPA CPNAF EMBRAPA CNPAB Cornell Un1vers1ty Oh1o State Un1vers1ty IFDC

Proposed Donors UNDP World Bank BID

Fundlng $?

T1me trame 5 years

CIAT ProJect Off1cer Richard Thomas

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CIA T Pro¡ect Profile

lntegrated lnorganlcjOrgamc Farmlng Methods for Smallholders Purpose To 1ntegrate the use of 1norgan1c and organ1c 1nputs on smallholder farms and to understand how farmers dec1de on the allocatiOn of matenals t1me labor and financ1al resources

Ratlonale lntens1fied land use 1n marg1nal areas such as the h1IIS1des and forest marg1ns IS resultlng 1n large scale enwonmental degradat1on and loss of sod and b10d1vers1ty Resource poor farmers are torced to exhaust the nutnents 1n the sod and apply 1nappropnate crop and sod management technolog1es many revolv1ng around sh1ft1ng cu1t1vat1on Remed1es hke those assoc1ated w1th the Green Revolutlon are 1nappropnate for th1s sector of the farm1ng commun1ty A new sod parad1gm that rehes more on blolog1cal processes by adaptlng germplasm to adverse sod cond1t1ons max1m1Z1ng nutnent cychng to m1n1m1ze externa! 1nputs and 1ncreas1ng the1r eff1c1ency of use has been suggested as one means of rect1fy1ng unsusta1nable farm1ng systems for smallholders One of the key aspects of th1s approach 1s the 1ntegrat1on of on farm resources such as manures and crop res1dues (organ1c 1nputs) w1th off farm resources such as fert1hzers (1norgan1c 1nputs) and pest1c1des

Research 1s needed both on the strateg1c aspects of the tntegrat1on of on and off farm resources and on the dec1s1on mak1ng processes of farmers w1th respect to the1r allocatlon of matenals t1me labour and f1nanc1al resources to these 1nputs

Benef1ts Stab1hzat1on of the sh1ftlng cult1vator w1ll drast1cally reduce further trop1cal deforestat1on and w1ll have a large 1mpact 1n frontler areas

Expected Outputs lnventory of 1norgan1cjorgan1c 1nputs of smallholders lntegrated use ot 1norgan1cjorgan1c 1nputs Gu1dehnes for on farm deciSIOn mak1ng w1th respect to 1nputs

Act1v1t1es .. Ouant1fy amounts and nutnent contents of crop res1duesjmanuresjtree chpp1ngs

ava1lable on farm .. Ouant1fy nutnents released by htter and roots .. Ouant1fy amounts types and placement of fert1hzers .. Develop pred1ctors of orgamc 1nput decompos1t1on .. Model fluxes of nutnents through 1norgan1C/organ1C pools .. Ouant1fy role of sod fauna 1n nutnent cychng .. Analyze farmers dec1s1on mak1ng on resource allocat1ons .. ldent1fy reasons that farmers cont1nue unsusta1nable pract1ces .. Develop calendars for 1ntegrat10n of 1norgan1cjorgan1c 1nputs

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Research Partners Bayreuth Un1vers1ty and Umvers1ty of Hohenhe1m (Germany) CENICAFE (Colomb1a) CIRAD/ORSTOM EMBRAPA CPATU (Braztl) IBSRAM ICRAF North Caroltna State Untverstty Ohto State Untverstty Untverstty of Flonda (USA) Un1vers1ty of Madnd CIAT Pro¡ect Offtcer R Thomas

Proposed Donors GTZ SDC UNDP Rockefeller Foundat1on

Fundlng $700 000

Time frame 5 years

CIAT Project Off1cer Richard Thomas

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INSTITUTIONAL RELATIONS AND DEVELOPMENT SUPPORT

In 1993 the h1ghhght was the dramat1c downs1z1ng of lnst1tut1onal Relat1ons and Development Support In 1994 we learned what can be done and what are the hm1ts to dehvery under the new configuratlon We also started to pursue new avenues of regrowth

INFORMATION ANO DOCUMENTATION UNIT

In add1t10n to the regular h1gh workload the Un1t carned out s1xteen separata act1V1t1es w1th1n tour project areas 1) lmproved access to and ut1hzat1on of 1nformat1on 2) lmproved collaborat1on 3) Capac1ty bu1ld1ng and 4) lnnovat1ons us1ng new 1nformat1on technolog1es All actlvltleS were undertaken to 1mprove 1nternal effectlveness 1n access to and dehvery of sc1entlfic 1nformat1on and to strengthen work1ng relat1onsh1ps w1th externa! partners Workload stat1st1CS for pubhc and techn1cal serv1ces rema1ned fa1rly constant w1th those of recent years The Un1t 1nstalled a cd rom server wh1ch was a major 1nnovat1on 1n automated serv1ces Th1s prov1des desktop access for CIAT sc1ent1sts to the local as well as the commerc1al b1bhograph1c databases ava1lable through the Llbrary The Un1t 1s mak1ng a renewed effort to contact commod1ty and NRM research network part1c1pants to encourage greater part1C1pat1on 1n CIAT s b1bhograph1c databases 1n exchange for rece1pt of 1nformat1on bullet1ns and other serv1ces

The year was product1ve desp1te a much reduced work force However due to the accumulated effects of constant h1gh 1nflat1on 1n scJent1f1c pubhcat1ons (pnnted and electron1c) 1ncreas1ng personnel costs because of ongo1ng strong revaluat1on of the local currency and the need to meet new 1nformat1on needs of natural resource managemert research 1t w1ll be unavo1dable to 1nvest add1t1onal core resources 1n CIAT s 1nformat1on collect1ons and relatad hardware software and telecommun~catlons access 1f serv1ces accord1ng to the 1nformat1on needs of CIAT s sc1ent1sts are to be ma1nta1ned

The h1gh cap1tal 1nvestment 1n 1nformat1on collect1ons (83% of the Un1t s annual work1ng budget) cannot be recovered from charges for hbrary serv1ces Ne1ther 15 rt feas1ble to run core ongo1ng serv1ces on a spec1al proJect bas1s In summary 1t must be reahzed that hbranes are never self f1nanc1ng the1r performance always depends on adequate levels of subs1d1es wh1ch 1n CIAT s case have to come from core or core hke funds

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COMMUNICATIONS ANO PUBLIC AWARENESS UNIT

A dearth of human resources has been allev1ated part1ally by bnng1ng 1n three JOurnahsm students who helped ma1nly w1th 1nternal publlcatiOns wh1le free lance ed1tors reheved the load on Enghsh language documents

Fourteen sc1ent•fic pubhcatlons (11 1n Span1sh and 3 1n Engllsh) were released More than 70 000 cop1es of CIAT senal pubhcatlons were d1stnbuted more than 16 000 books were sold and another 3 700 d1stnbuted free

Twenty one press raleases 1n Enghsh and Span~sh were d1stnbuted to 1 1 00 addresses CIAT appeared 1n the press at least 350 t1mes 1nclud1ng features 1n such prest1g1ous med1a as The Washmgton Post London Fmanctaf Times The New York Ttmes New Sctenttst The Australtan The Hmdu Handels Zettung and Dte Weltwoche CIAT On Ltne summanz1ng CIAT research h1ghllghts continuad 1n 1ts second year w1th three 1ssues The Shareholders m Development senes was cont1nued w1th a brochure on CIAT and Canada

A brochure Btotechnology Research and Cooperatton at C/AT An lnVttatton emphas1z1ng the Center s strengths as a research partner was publlshed 1n December Th1s 1naugurates a new approach to promotlng CIAT s serv1ces and products

ProductiOn of the Engllsh vers1on of a v1deo Wtld Savanna South Amertca s Frontter of Hope was v1rtually f1n1shed 1n 1994

Graph1c arts pnnted 3 1 m1lllon pages to support CIAT programs produced 2 6rO pages of camera ready text about 64 000 slldes and 8 500 B&W and color photos

SCIENTIFIC TRAINING, CONFERENCES, ANO VISITORS

In 1993 CIAT s 1nvestment 1n sc1ent1f1c tra1n1ng and the number of tra1nees fell toan all t1me low 58 tra1nees from NARS rece1ved 1nd1v1duahzed tra1n1ng and 13 part1c1pated 1n a spec1ahzed course Tra1nees travel and llv1ng expenses were covered almost w1thout except1on by the1r own 1nSt1tut10ns or other externa! tund1ng sources whlle research costs were absorbed by CIAT One th1rd of the tra1nees 1n 1nd1v1duahzed programs pursued h1gher degree research

The figures and fund1ng sources for 1nd1v1duallzed tra1n1ng 1n 1994 rema1ned pract1cally the same 62 tra1nees one th1rd of them on h1gher degree thes1s work

But there was a substant1al 1ncrease 1n group tra1n1ng Seventy five tra1nees (as aga1nst 13 the prev1ous year) part1c1pated 1n four courses on (1) anther culture for nce genet1c 1mprovement co funded by CIAT and the Rockefeller Foundatlon (2) molecular techn1ques for breed1ng durable blast res1stance 1n nce co funded by

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CIAT and PROCISUR (3) b1otechnology tor conservat1on and ut1llzat1on ot agrob1od1vers1ty co tunded by CIAT the Organ1zat1on ot Amencan States the Instituto Colombiano de Cred1to Educat1vo y Estud1os Tecn1cos en el Extenor (ICETEX) and the Colomb1an Sc1ence and Technology Foundat1on (COLCIENCIAS) and (4) DocumentatiOn tor Plant Genetlc Resources co tunded by IPGRI CIAT and CIP COTESU (Sw1ss Techmcal CooperatiOn)

In summary sc1ent1fic tra1n1ng has started to recover trom the severe setback suffered 1n 1992 1993 New tund1ng sources and co tund1ng arrangements have helped us gettlng back on track The d1ssem1nat10n ot advanced techn1ques to NARS tor plant genet1c 1mprovement and the conservatlon and ut1llzat1on ot agrob1od1vers1ty have been at the center ot the tour tra1mng courses

The number ot tra1nees trom 1ndustnahzed countnes has 1ncreased trom 30 1n 1993 to 41 1n 1994 but the number ot h1gher degree students among them has rema1ned more stable 13 1n 1993 and 16 1n 1994

The number ot Colomb1an undergraduates completlng the1r thes1s work at CIAT has gane down trom 45 1n 1993 to 33 1n 1994 probably as a retlectiOn ot the decreased resources ava1\ab\e to sen1or CIAT researchers

Twelve 1nternat1onal conterences (tour more than the prev1ous year) were held w1th an average ot about torty part1c1pants Ten ot these events took place at CIAT one 1n lndones1a and one 1n Venezuela

The tlow ot v1S1tors through CIAT has not changed s1gn1t1cantly trom earller years 1n the 1990s stay1ng at shghtly over 200 groups and over 3 000 persons per year

OEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL ANO SUBREGIONAL TRAINING CAPACITIES ANO OF TRAINING MATERIALS

The Sectlon tor Tra1mng Capac1ty Development and Tra1n1ng Matenals (TCDTM) has cont1nued 1ts evo\utlon towards financ1al selt suff1c1ency Serv1ces have been sold to externa\ users and some ot the serv1ces to 1n house chents are be1ng charged on a cost recovery bas1s

Servlces to externa! cllents

Dunng 1994 the TCDTM served three externa! chents namely ISNAR the Central Amencan Bean Network (PROFRIJOL) and the Colomb1an M1n1stry ot Agnculture

Support was g1ven to ISNAR s proJect to 1mprove plann1ng monltonng and evaluat1on ot agncultural research (PME AA) 1n Lat1n Amenca and the Canbbean Nat1onal research d1rectors and management spec1ahsts part1c1pated 1n plann1ng the proJect undertook th1rteen case stud1es des1gned tra1n1ng matenals and taught 1n

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three subreg1onal courses and a f1nal workshop Tang1ble outputs were four 1nstruct1onal modules and four fasc1cuh on PME AR and a manual for tra1mng tra1ners 1n agncultural research management

For PROFRIJOL the TCDTM supported the des1gn and productlon of tra1n1ng matenals to be used by tra1nees of PROFRIJOL s team of tra1ners (developed 1n earher years by the TCDTM) Thus 1nstruct1onal matenals have been produced not only for the use of tra1ners w1th the1r tra1nees but also for the use of tra1nees w1th farmers

Colombia has decentrahzed pubhc techn1cal ass1stance to farmers by creatlng UMATAS 1 e mun1c1pal unlts for techmcal adv1ce to farmers The TCDTM has supported the development of a team of tra1ners wh1ch 1n turn tra1ns techn1cal staff of the UMATAS nat1onw1de

Servlces to In house cllents

These were mamly the product1on of tra1mng matenals

A new med1a the v1deo book that 1s the comb1nat1on of a v1deo and a book for a spec1fic tra1n1ng purpose 1s be1ng developed w1th anther culture serv1ng as a tnal sub¡ect

Four tra1n1ng modules for trop1cal forages are be1ng rev1ewed after hav1ng been tested 1n a tra1n1ng the tra1ners event 1n the Eastern Pla1ns of Colombia

Four learn1ng unlts ong1nally produced for the bean technology tra1ners 1n Central Amenca were translated 1nto French for use 1n Ha1t1

S1x learmng un1ts for the Andean Bean Network PROFRIZA are at an advanced stage of development

PROJECT DEVELOPMENT OFFICE (PDO)

The number of deta1led proposals for spec1al pro¡ect fund1ng 1ncreased from 8 1n 1993 to 24 1n 1994 A total of 14 pro¡ects (w1th CIAT share of total budgets of $5 M) were approved 1n 1994 3 were re¡ected and 7 are st1ll pend1ng a deCISIOn w1th the donar agency

A large volume of documentatlon on donor country 1nterests programm1ng themes and submiSSIOn procedures for spec1al pro¡ects was collected The PDO was able to collect 1nformat1on on new fund1ng opportun1t1es for CIAT from the bilateral and enwonmental w1ndows of CIAT s trad1t1onal donors Contact was also made w1th sorne potentlal new donors both 1n the Umted States and Europe

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In add1t1on the PDO prov1ded ass1stance to the D1rectors and Program Leaders 1n the preparatlon of CIAT s pro¡ect based Actlon Plan and 1n the des1gn1ng of a pnonty sett1ng mechamsm for pro¡ects A rev1s1on of a manual for CIAT pro¡ect 1dent1ficatlon des1gn approval and adm1mstratlon was also completad 1n 1994

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