Table of Contents 1 - epa.state.il.usIllinois SWP Program 9 1.2.1 - Illinois source water assessment...

GUIDE TO DEVELOPING ASOURCE WATER PROTECTION PLAN

Table of Contents

SECTION NAME PAGE

About This Technical Guidance 51.1.1 - Help is available! 51.1.1 - Help is available! continued ... 61.1.2 - How to use this program 71.1.3 - Training credit 8

Illinois SWP Program 91.2.1 - Illinois source water assessment and protection 91.2.1 - Illinois source water assessment and protection continued ... 10

Source Water Protection Plan Development 111.3.1 - Step 1: Organize a local committee - form a community planning team 111.3.2 - Step 2: Map the protection area - delineate the SWP area 121.3.3 - Step 3: Contaminant source inventory - identify sources of contamination 131.3.4 - Step 4: Management and protection - develop a management plan 141.3.5 - Step 5: Plan for the future - plan for emergencies and new sources 15

Answers to Common Questions 161.4.1 - Why should a public water supply develop a SWP Plan? 161.4.2 - When should we consider developing a community plan? 171.4.3 - How do we get organized? 181.4.4 - What will the operator or community planning team be responsible for? 191.4.5 - How do we pay for it? 201.4.6 - How much time should we allow for this project? 21

Groundwater Concepts 222.1.1 - Introduction 222.1.2 - The hydrologic cycle 232.1.3 - Occurrence of groundwater 242.1.4 - Unsaturated and saturated zones 252.1.5 - The water table and cone of depression 262.1.6 - Geologic formations as aquifers 272.1.7 - Types of aquifers 282.1.8 - Recharge and discharge of groundwater 292.1.9 - Rock properties affecting groundwater movement 302.1.10 - Hydraulic gradient 312.1.11 - Groundwater flow 322.1.12 - Water-level contour map 33

UNIT 1: INTRODUCTIONA program overview with answers to common questions

UNIT 2: THE BASICSAn in-depth review of groundwater and contamination principles

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Table of Contents

SECTION NAME PAGE

How Water Becomes Contaminated 342.2.1 - Introduction 342.2.2 - How drinking water becomes contaminated 352.2.3 - Sources of drinking water contamination 362.2.4 - Natural sources 372.2.5 - Septic systems 382.2.6 - Disposal of hazardous materials 392.2.7 - Chemical storage and spills 402.2.8 - Landfills 412.2.9 - Surface impoundments 422.2.10 - Sewers and other pipelines 432.2.11 - Pesticide and fertilizer use 442.2.12 - Improperly constructed wells 452.2.13 - Highway deicing 462.2.14 - Resource extraction 472.2.15 - Effects of groundwater contamination 482.2.16 - Degradation or destruction of the water supply 492.2.17 - Cleaning up contaminated groundwater 502.2.18 - Costs of alternative water supplies 512.2.19 Potential health problems 52

Step 1: Organize a Local Committee 533.1.1 - Developing a committee 533.1.2 - How do we get organized? 543.1.3 - Steps for recruiting a community planning team 553.1.3 - Steps for recruiting a community planning team continued .. 563.1.4 - Responsibilities of the community planning team 583.1.5 - How much time should we allow for this project? 593.1.6 - Public participation is the key to success 603.1.7 - Suggested topics for public education 613.1.7 - Suggested topics for public education continued ... 623.1.7 - Suggested topics for public education continued ... 633.1.7 - Suggested topics for public education continued ... 643.1.7 - Suggested topics for public education continued ... 653.1.8 - What exactly do I need to complete Step 1? 66

UNIT 3: THE PLANA five-step process for developing a source water protection plan

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Table of Contents

SECTION NAME PAGE

Step 2: Map the Protection Areas 673.2.1 - Delineation 673.2.2 - Water flow within zones 683.2.3 - Maximum setback zones 693.2.3 - Maximum setback zones continued ... 703.2.3 - Maximum setback zones continued ... 713.2.4 - What exactly do I need to complete Step 2? 72

Step 3: Contaminant Source Inventory 733.3.1 - The process 733.3.1 - The process continued ... 743.3.2 - Data management 753.3.3 - Potential sources of contamination 763.3.3 - Potential sources of contamination continued ... 773.3.4 - Regulation of contaminant sources 783.3.5 - What exactly do I need to complete Step 3? 79

Step 4: Management and Protection Strategies 803.4.1 - Protection strategies 803.4.2 - Differential management by zone 813.4.3 - Management and protection options 823.4.3 - Management and protection options continued ... 833.4.3 - Management and protection options continued ... 843.4.3 - Management and protection options continued ... 853.4.4 - What exactly do I need to complete Step 4? 86

Step 5: Plan for the Future 873.5.1 - Contingency planning 873.5.2 - "What-if?" scenario 883.5.3 - Adequate long-term planning 893.5.3 - Adequate long-term planning continued ... 903.5.4 - Elements of a contingency plan 913.5.4 - Elements of a contingency plan continued .. 923.5.5 - Completing a contingency plan 933.5.6 - Plan development 943.5.6 - Plan development continued ... 953.5.7 - What exactly do I need to complete Step 5? 963.5.8 - Now you're ready to develop a protection plan 97

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Table of Contents

SECTION NAME PAGE

Village of Mackinaw: Groundwater 984.1.1 - Mackinaw case study 984.1.1 - Mackinaw case study continued... 99

Village of Loda: Groundwater 1004.2.1 - Loda case study 1004.2.1 - Loda case study continued ... 101

City of Springfield: Surface Water 1024.3.1 - Springfield case study 102

IAWC - Peoria: Groundwater and Surface Water 1034.4.1 - Peoria case study 1034.4.1 - Peoria case study continued ... 104

Resources on this CD-ROM 1055.1.1 - Interactive training for operators 1055.1.2 - Documents 1065.1.2 - Documents continued ... 1075.1.3 - Videos 1085.1.3 - Videos continued ... 1095.1.4 - Activities and illustrations 110

Resources Available on the Web 1115.2.1 - Illinois Environmental Protection Agency 1115.2.2 - Federal agencies 1125.2.3 - State agencies 1135.2.4 - Other suggested links 114

Credits and Bibliography 115Acknowledgments 115Acknowledgments continued... 116Acknowledgments continued... 117Acknowledgments continued... 118Acknowledgments continued... 119Acknowledgments continued... 120Support contacts 121Disclamer 122

UNIT 5: RESOURCESAdditional information on this CD and agency websites

UNIT 4: CASE STUDIESReal-world groundwater and surface water examples

CREDITSAbout the creators of the program and the where the content came from.

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UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1.1 - Help is available!

This interactive training tool has been cre-ated to simplify the process of developing a source water protection plan for small public drinking water systems in Illinois. It is available in various formats: as a website, as an interactive CD-ROM and as an electronic or hard-copy Adobe PDF document.

- To access the website version, go to the EPA Technical Assistance Center Network site:

http://www.tacnet.info/swp/IL

-The CD-ROM can be ordered from the Midwest Technology Assistance Center or the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency. -The PDF document is included in both the web and CD-ROM-based tools.

Midwest Technology Assistance Center2204 Griffith DriveChampaign, Illinois 61820-7495Telephone: 217/333-9321 FAX: 217/244-3054

The primary contact for assistance with developing a source water protection plan in community water supplies is the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency. In addition, the Illinois Rural Water As-sociation (IRWA) may be contacted especially for smaller community water supplies:

Illinois Environmental Protection AgencyBureau of Water, Groundwater Section1021 North Grand Avenue EastPost Office Box 19276Springfield, Illinois 62794-9276Telephone: 217/785-4787FAX: 217/[email protected]

http://www.epa.state.il.us/water/groundwater/index.html

About This Technical Guidance

Public wells

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1.1.1 - Help is available! continued ...

Illinois Rural Water AssociationP.O. Box 6049 3305 Kennedy Road Taylorville, Illinois 62568Telephone: 800/762-5011 or 217/287-2115FAX: 217/824-8368http://www.ilrwa.org/

Questions pertaining to public non-community water supplies should be directed to:local health departments and the Illinois Department of Public Health:

Illinois Department of Public Health535 West Jefferson StreetSpringfield, Illinois 62761Telephone: 800/547-0466 or 217/782-5830FAX: 217/[email protected] http://www.idph.state.il.us/envhealth/ehhome.htm


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1.1.2 - How to use this program

Every effort has been made to make this program as intuitive and easy to use as possible. If at anytime you have a question about how to do something, click on the context sensitive help button (the question mark located below). You may also click on the help tab (located above) to search through a list of help topics.

As you work your way through this program, your progress is tracked and is available for view-ing or printing at anytime by clicking on the Logbook tab (located above). When you leave the program, you will be asked to save your work which will store your tracked progress on your computer and make it available when you return.

There are many methods used in this program to enhance your learning experience. Accompanied with this text are photos, illustrations, video clips, and games. Keep an eye out for green orbs as you go (for example, the one on the image associated with this text). These allow you to view more detailed information by clicking on them. Place your mouse cursor over them and a caption will appear at the bottom of the screen telling you what they do. Clicking on colored text will also let you see more de-tailed information:

- Green text: Opens up definitions to glossary words - Red text: Opens up documents associated with this program - Blue text: Takes you to websites or e-mails - Yellow text: Brings up more information about that textmore information listed here

(Remeber that this only applies to the interactive manual if you click on colored text in the PDF nothing will happen.)

If a PDF document did not open when you clicked on the red text you need to get the latest Acro-bat Reader which you can find at:

(http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep2.html). If you have questions or comments about this program, please contact us at:

Montana Water Center101 Huffman BuildingMontana State UniversityBozeman, MT 59717-2690Email: [email protected]


More about this program

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1.1.3 - Training credit

Operators and managers of small public sys-tems may be able to earn credit for successfully completing this training course. The logbook tracks your progress and a certificate can be printed when you are done. Contact your certification agency to determine your eligibility for renewal training credit.

In this state, the Illinois EPA operates a Drink-ing Water Operator Certification Program that certifies the technical competency of operators of community water supplies:

Illinois Environmental Protection AgencyBureau of Water Compliance Assurance Section #19 1021 North Grand Avenue East Springfield, Illinois 62794-9274Telephone: 217/785-0561 FAX: 217/557-1407http://www.epa.state.il.us/water/operator-cert/drinking-water


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1.2.1 - Illinois source water assessment and protection

The Illinois EPA is implementing a source water assessment program (SWAP) to assist with wellhead and watershed protection of public drink-ing water supplies. The 1996 amendments to the federal Safe Drinking Water Act established several programs that will help water suppliers continue to provide safe, adequate and affordable water to their customers. As required by these amendments, the Illinois EPA, in cooperation with water utilities and other stakeholders, has developed the Illinois SWAP. The United States EPA has approved the program. The purpose of SWAP is to:

• Identify areas that supply drinking water to the public • Inventory potential sources of contamination • Determine the susceptibility of the source water to contamination • Inform the public of assessment results

In Illinois, more than 11 million people rely on public water supplies for drinking water. Assess-ments will be conducted for all public water supplies in Illinois, including approximately 1,800 commu-nity water supplies. Many of these have already been completed. In addition, more than 4,100 non-community water supplies will be assessed. Illinois SWAP activities will be divided into the following areas: 1) community surface water supplies; 2) non-community surface water supplies; 3) Great Lakes (Lake Michigan); Community groundwater supplies; 4) non-community groundwater supplies; and 5) mixed ground and surface water community.

The Source Water Assessment Program, being implemented by Illinois EPA, will help communities make important decisions about how to protect their drinking water. By working to ensure safe drinking water supplies, the health and economy of the community, as well as the preservation of natural re-sources, will be greatly improved. In addition, investment in drinking water treatment will be sustained for a longer time period.

Communities, whether using groundwater or surface water, should take an active role in the as-sessment of their drinking water supplies. To view a summary version of the Source Water Assess-ments completed to date, click on the link below. For Public Water Supplies, this summary informa-tion describes pertinent sub-sections of each completed assessment including: Importance of Source Water; Susceptibility to Contamination Determination; and documentation / recommendation of Source Water Protection Efforts. However, summaries of Source Water Protection Efforts have not been docu-mented for non-community water supplies. It should be noted that these Source Water Assessment summaries are presented in strict compliance with the Illinois EPA security policy on the release of sen-sitive information. Therefore, all locational data and maps pertaining to wells, aquifers and/or surface water intakes have been removed.

Overview of the Illinois SWP Program

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1.2.1 - Illinois source water assessment and protection continued ...

Source Water Assessment Fact Sheets http://www.epa.state.il.us/cgi-bin/wp/swap-fact-sheets.pl

(You must have an internet connection to access this resource.)

For more information on the SWAP for Illinois contact the Illinois EPA, Bureau of Water, Ground-water Section, at 217-785-4787. Questions pertaining to public non-community water supplies should be directed to local health departments, the Illinois Department of Public Health at 217-782-5830 or the Illinois Rural Water Association at 217/287-2115.

Other recommended resources are listed in UNIT 5 of this training module.


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1.3.1 - Step 1: Organize a local commit-tee - form a community planning team

This is a brief synopsis of UNIT 3: THE PLAN. For more information about the 5-step plan devel-opment process, see Unit 3.

A water system or operator contemplating the development of a source water protection plan should make every effort to involve the water sys-tem users, area landowners, and the community in order to generate support. Source water protection plan development without input from people pos-sibly affected can divide a community and lead to failure of the effort. One way to make sure interested persons are included is to form a community planning team to assist in the development of the plan and invite volunteers to help.

If the concept of a "planning committee" does not seem to fit your situation, remember that source water protection for very small systems may simply involve the system owner / operator and those from whom the operator might seek technical advice or assistance.

So, a source water protection plan can include a single individual system or a community system composed of multiple individual systems.

Source Water Protection Plan Development

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1.3.2 - Step 2: Map the protection area - delineate the SWP area

In most cases in Illinois, the delineation for community water systems has already been done. You have easy access to the information by con-tacting the IEPA Groundwater Section or by refer-encing your Source Water Assessment Fact Sheet. Those that have not been completed will need help (free) from the agencies listed previously.

Delineation is the process used to identify and map the area around a pumping well that supplies water to the well or spring, or to identify and map the drainage basin that supplies water to a surface water intake. The size and shape of the area depends on the characteristics of the aquifer and the well, or the watershed. In Illinois, minimum and maximum setback zones are identified for drinking water sources and for contamination sources. Within a source water protection area, potential sources of contamination are inventoried and then managed to prevent pollution of the water used by the system. The goal is to ensure that potential contaminant sources are managed in a manner that protects drinking water used by public water systems.


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1.3.3 - Step 3: Contaminant source inven-tory - identify sources of contamination

An inventory of the delineated regions compris-ing a source water protection area can be the most time intensive step in the source water protection process. A potential contaminant source inventory identifies all contaminant sources and land uses in the delineated area and shows their locations in relation to the well or intake as an overlay on the base map. Some sources may be obvious like above-ground storage tanks, landfills, livestock confinement areas, highway or railroad right of ways, and sewage treatment facilities. Others are harder to locate, like: abandoned cesspools and wells, underground tanks, french drains, dry wells, old dumps and mines.


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1.3.4 - Step 4: Management and protec-tion - develop a management plan

The goal of protective management is to main-tain and improve the quality of the water source used by a public water supply. Experience has shown that contaminants, contaminant sources, and specific land uses can be managed to help re-duce the likelihood that water will be rendered unfit for public water supply system uses.

Protective management strategies are applied within the delineated area. They may include: increased monitoring or inspections at potential sources of contamination, prioritizing regulatory con-trols on sources of contamination, implementation of best management practices, and public education programs.


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1.3.5 - Step 5: Plan for the future - plan for emergencies and new sources

Emergency planning is one of the most valu-able elements of a source water protection pro-cess. Your system can proactively consider solu-tions before the situation becomes critical. These precautions will enable a thoughtful reaction to an emergency rather than a crisis.

For example, "What if a tanker spill or tank leak occurred today that caused a large pool of fuel within 300 feet of one of your wells or within a mile upstream from your intake?"

• Is the well or intake threatened? • Is there an emergency response mechanism in place sufficient to contain the spill? • Should you shut down the well or intake? • Can you provide a safe short-term, alternative water supply until the threat has passed? • Do you have the funding to pay for water via a tank truck for a short time period? • Is providing an alternative water source an option?

These are questions that should have answers, before you actually need them. It is a form of short-term planning.


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1.4.1 - Why should a public water supply develop a SWP Plan?

Currently, Illinois's Source Water Protection Program is voluntary. It was designed that way be-cause this program emphasizes local control over local water quality issues. The development of a source water protection plan is a process by which you identify where water comes from (delineate the SWP area) and then look for potential threats to your water within the identified area (contaminant source inventory). If potential contaminants are identified, you can manage those risks in order to pro-tect your water supply.

By employing source water protection strategies, you take a logical set of steps to protect your water supply. Remember, prevention is cheaper than clean up!

Answers to Common Questions

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1.4.2 - When should we consider devel-oping a community plan?

Sometimes water systems are confronted with potential contamination sources that are beyond their control. In these situations, it's a good idea to develop a community plan that incorporates mul-tiple systems. By providing one plan for the entire community, all potential sources can be addressed.

For example:• the town maintenance shop is located near a well• development is threatening a lake that supplies several small systems

A community plan makes sense if your system is feeling the impact of land uses over which you have no control, or if you're an official who wants to better coordinate source protection efforts in your community.


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1.4.3 - How do we get organized?

The first step in SWP is formation of a com-munity planning team (also known as a steering committee). The team coordinates the project, sets meeting times and places, advises local officials and coordinates with state and local agencies. Par-ticipation by community members who represent the water users associations is critical. Potential team members could also include the homeowner's association, board or water users association board members, etc. Using an existing board, committee or group will reduce the effort required to get organized.

Other possible team members could include water system users, land owners, county sanitarians, water and wastewater operators, elected officials, city/county health officials, fire marshals, county extension agents, city/county planners and resource conservation and development officials. Local citizens who are members of groups such as the Illinois Rural Water Association, Illinois Section Amer-ican Water Works Association and the Illinois Potable Water Supply Operators Association could be valuable team participants. Members of service organizations, watershed associations, senior citizen groups, youth groups and school personnel could also be considered.


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1.4.4 - What will the operator or commu-nity planning team be responsible for?

In the most basic approach, a water system owner or operator will work with the community planning team to put the entire SWP plan together. The community planning team will select a leader and secretary, set goals and timetables, assemble all pertinent documents and serve as advisors to the local entity that will eventually manage the SWP area.


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1.4.5 - How do we pay for it?

If information on your watershed or aquifer is readily available, and you or your community is will-ing to volunteer expertise and time for the better-ment of the water supply, then you should be able to complete the entire project very economically. There are always some expenses for things such as meetings, copying, phone, etc., but these are usually covered by the PWS or municipality. Agen-cies such as County Soil and Water Conservation Districts, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Geological Survey, Illinois Rural Water Association, and the Illinois State Water and Geological Surveys are sources of additional information and technical expertise. In many cases, their services are provided free of charge. There are also numerous consulting firms that can provide expertise for a fee.


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1.4.6 - How much time should we allow for this project?

A reasonable time frame is one to two years. Monthly meetings the first year, and meetings every other month during the second year, may be neces-sary to complete the project. If a project relies on volunteers, the plan will be longer in development than if an operator or paid consultants are driving the project. At first glance, two years may seem like a long time to complete a relatively simple pro-cess. However, this is a realistic time frame when organizing a volunteer effort.


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Groundwater Concepts

2.1.1 - Introduction

Anyone implementing a Source Water Protec-tion Plan should understand some basic scientific concepts about groundwater. Among them are the hydrologic cycle, basic groundwater principles, different types of aquifers, and groundwater move-ment.

The purpose of this unit is to familiarize the reader with hydrologic terms and concepts that may be encountered while investigating issues in source water protection. A comprehensive treatment of the subject is not appropriate in this training module, but resources are provided for further study. A public water supply may have a professional geologist or hydrogeologist obtain more information about local groundwater conditions and conduct groundwater tests.

UNIT 2: THE BASICS


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2.1.2 - The hydrologic cycle

The exchange of water between the earth and the atmosphere through evaporation and precipita-tion is known as the hydrologic cycle. Ground-water constitutes a major portion of the hydrologic cycle. The storage capacity of groundwater res-ervoirs provides a large, extensively distributed source of water supply. The amount of groundwa-ter in the United States at any given moment is 20 to 30 times the amount of water in all of the lakes, streams and rivers.

UNIT 2: THE BASICS


Hydrologic cycle

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2.1.3 - Occurrence of groundwater

The important role of geology in understanding the occurrence and movement of groundwater can-not be overemphasized. Geologic structure must be identified in terms of water-storing and water-yielding capabilities.

Groundwater occurs in permeable geologic formations that permit appreciable water move-ment. An aquifer is a water-bearing subsurface formation that will yield water in useful quantities to a well or spring. Groundwater is found in the pore spaces, cracks, tubes, and crevices of consolidated and unconsolidated geologic formations.

Consolidated deposits are rocks formed by the combination of mineral particles due to heat and pressure or due to chemical reactions. They include sedimentary (previously unconsolidated) rocks, such as limestone, dolomite, shale, and sandstone; igneous (formed from molten) rocks, such as gran-ite and basalt, and metamorphic rocks, such as quartzite and gneiss. Some limestone and sandstone may be only partly cemented and are considered to be semi-consolidated deposits.

Unconsolidated deposits are composed of loose rock or mineral particles of varying sizes; ex-amples include clay, silt, sand, and gravel.

UNIT 2: THE BASICS


Groundwater in rocks

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2.1.4 - Unsaturated and saturated zones

Some of the water that moves down from the surface is intercepted by rock and earth materi-als and is checked in its downward progress. The zone in which this water is held is known as the unsaturated zone, and the water itself is called suspended water. The spaces between particles in this zone are filled partly with water and partly with air.

The unsaturated zone can be subdivided into three sub-zones: zone of soil moisture, intermedi-ate zone, and capillary fringe. Some of the water that enters the zone of soil moisture from the sur-face is used by plants, and some is evaporated back into the atmosphere. But some water also pass-es down through the intermediate zone, where it may be held by molecular attraction (as suspended water).

Little movement occurs in the zone of soil moisture except when rain or melting snow sends a new wave of moisture down from above. In some areas the intermediate zone is missing, and the zone of soil moisture lies directly above the third zone, the capillary fringe. In the capillary fringe, water is held in the interstices by surface tension or adhesive forces. Water rises into the capillary fringe from below, to a height ranging from a few centimeters to 5 or 10 feet.

Beneath the unsaturated zone lies the saturated zone. Here the openings in the rock and earth materials are completely filled with groundwater. The surface between the saturated zone and the unsaturated zone is called the water table. The level of the water table fluctuates vertically and hori-zontally with variations in the supply of water coming down from the unsaturated zone, with variations in the rate of discharge in the area, and with variations in the amount of groundwater that is withdrawn and used by plants and humans (Leet, 1978).

UNIT 2: THE BASICS


Zones

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2.1.5 - The water table and cone of de-pression

The water table is an irregular surface of contact between the zone of saturation and the unsaturated zone. Below the water table lies the groundwater; above it lies the suspended water. The thickness of the unsaturated zone differs from place to place, and the elevation of the water table fluctuates accordingly.

The shape of the water table can be modified by providing an artificial outlet for the water. For example, if a well is drilled into the saturated zone and groundwater is pumped out, a "dimple", or cone of depression, is created in the water table. The more groundwater is pumped, the more pronounced the depression becomes. Areas with high transmissivity will tend to have a flat cone of depression, whereas areas with a low transmissivity have a steeper cone of depression. The same area, when viewed on a map of the ground surface, is known as the zone of influence.

The zone of diversion, or capture zone, is the aquifer volume through which water is diverted to or captured by a well. Typically, the capture zone is not coincidental with the zone of influence. The zone of diversion may extend from a few feet to many miles, depending on local hydrogeological condi-tions and pumping rates. The zone of contribution includes the area of diversion plus any areas that recharge the aquifer within the capture zone. This is commonly represented by an area with a losing stream, or where the well actually draws water from an adjacent stream. Any contaminants located in the zone of contribution might be drawn into the well along with the water; therefore, a source water protection area should encompass the zone of contribution.

UNIT 2: THE BASICS


Identify effects of well pumping

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2.1.6 - Geologic formations as aquifers

Groundwater is water found beneath the sur-face of the earth. However, usable groundwater is limited to that which can be withdrawn in sufficient quantities to meet demands. In general, usable groundwater is found below the water table which is the surface between the zone of aeration and the zone of saturation. Communities often drill wells to greater depths to have sufficient water to meet demands.

Public water supply wells usually obtain water from deposits of sand and gravel in the glacial drift or from the limestone, dolomite or sandstone formations of the underlying layered bedrock. These ma-jor water-bearing formations are termed aquifers, which are defined as geologic formations which can yield sufficient quantity of water to be withdrawn.

Aquifers can be local or extend across the state and can vary in depth, thickness and quality. Due to these variables, groundwaters cannot be effectively managed by "aquifer types." General charac-teristics of an aquifer may be different than those found at a particular well which is withdrawing water from that formation. In addition, a single well can tap or receive groundwater from multiple aquifers and blend different qualities of water.

Groundwater is generally categorized according to its source. In Illinois, groundwater for public water supplies is usually obtained from high yielding wells in unconsolidated materials, also known as drift wells, or from consolidated rock formations which may underlie the drift deposits. The shallow water-bearing bedrock aquifers are limestone or dolomite and the deeper aquifers are sandstone. The high yielding sand and gravel deposits are usually found along modern or ancient river valleys. The limestone/dolomite aquifers are usually less than 500 feet deep while deeper wells may be drilled to 2,000 feet in sandstone.

UNIT 2: THE BASICS


Geologic cross-section

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2.1.7 - Types of aquifers

Aquifers may be classed as unconfined or con-fined, depending on the presence or absence of a water table.

An unconfined aquifer is one in which the water table elevation is the same as the upper surface of the zone of saturation. It is also known as a free, or non-artesian aquifer. The water table varies in form and in slope, depending on rates of recharge and discharge, pumpage from wells, and permeability. Rises and falls in the water table elevation correspond to changes in the volume of water in storage within an aquifer. The depth to the water table and the permeability of materials in the unsaturated zone above an unconfined aquifer are important factors in determining how rapidly the aquifer can become contaminated.

Confined aquifers (also known as artesian aquifers) occur where groundwater is subjected to pressure greater than atmospheric pressure because it is confined by overlying, relatively impermeable strata. Not all artesian wells are flowing wells. A flowing well is an artesian well that is subjected to sufficient pressure to cause the water to flow at ground surface. In a well penetrating such an aquifer, the water level will rise above the bottom of the confining bed.

Water may enter a confined aquifer by recharge through an outcrop or by downward leakage through the confining layer. Rises and falls in water-level elevations in wells penetrating confined aquifers result primarily from changes in pressure rather than changes in volume in storage. Hence, confined aquifers have only small changes in storage and serve mainly as conduits for conveying water from recharge areas to locations of natural or artificial (wells) discharge (Todd, 1959). When water is pumped from a confined aquifer, the pressure of the water is reduced but the actual saturated level does not change; the aquifer remains fully saturated. In comparison, an unconfined aquifer experi-ences a lowering of the zone of saturation when a well pumps water.

The potentiometric surface of a confined aquifer is an imaginary surface coinciding with the hy-drostatic pressure of the water in the aquifer.

The water level in a well penetrating a confined aquifer defines the elevation of the potentiometric surface at that point. If the potentiometric surface lies above ground surface, a flowing well will result. It should be noted that a confined aquifer becomes an unconfined aquifer when the potentiometric sur-face falls below the bottom of the upper confining bed (Todd, 1959). At this point, compression of the aquifer may occur.

Also, quite commonly, an unconfined aquifer exists above a confined one. To some degree, the relatively impermeable materials overlying confined aquifers may protect those aquifers from contami-nation. Confined aquifers, however, can become contaminated through openings such as rock frac-tures, improperly constructed wells, failed well casings, or from contaminated groundwater flowing into the aquifer from a distant location.

UNIT 2: THE BASICS


Identify aquifer types and characteristics

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2.1.8 - Recharge and discharge of groundwater

Replenishment of groundwater is known as recharge. Practically all groundwater originates as surface water, though some groundwater may be recharged through vertical leakage from other water-bearing formations. Primary sources of natural recharge include precipitation, streamflow, lakes, and reservoirs. Other contributions, known as artificial recharge, occur from excess irrigation, seepage from canals, and water purposely applied to augment groundwater supplies. Water within the ground moves downward through the unsaturated zone under the action of gravity, whereas in the saturated zone it moves in a direction determined by the surrounding hydraulic (head) conditions.

The zone of contribution is the area of the aquifer that recharges the well. The zone of contribu-tion can be altered by pumping. Any contaminants located in the zone of contribution might be drawn into the well along with the water; therefore, a source water protection area should encompass the zone of contribution if possible.

Discharge of groundwater occurs when water emerges from the ground. Most natural discharge occurs as flow into surface water bodies, such as streams, lakes, and oceans; flow to the surface ap-pears as a spring. Groundwater near the surface may return directly to the atmosphere by evaporation from within the soil and by transpiration from vegetation. Pumpage from wells constitutes the major artificial discharge of groundwater.

It must be noted that streams may lose flow to aquifers (aquifer recharge) during periods of high streamflow (such as spring run off), but gain flow from aquifers (aquifer discharge) during periods of low streamflow (such as late fall). Thus one may encounter an extreme gradient reversal within a twelve-month period; water levels measured during only one period can easily mislead an investigator into erroneously mapping groundwater recharge or discharge areas. For this reason, it is important that groundwater levels be measured on a monthly, or at least quarterly, basis until groundwater / sur-face water interactions are understood.

Unconfined aquifers are recharged primarily from precipitation percolating, or infiltrating, down from ground surface. Confined aquifers are generally recharged where the aquifer materials are ex-posed at the land's surface (outcrop).

Properly identifying the recharge area is critical in groundwater protection because the introduction of contaminants within the recharge area can cause aquifer contamination.

UNIT 2: THE BASICS


Identify recharge areas

29


2.1.9 - Rock properties affecting ground-water movement

Groundwater will move based on hydrogeolog-ic properties of the rocks and the hydraulic gradient to ultimately control the subsurface flow of water.

The ability of an aquifer to receive, store, or transmit water or contaminants depends on the rock properties within the aquifer. That portion of a rock or soil not occupied by solid mineral matter may be occupied by groundwater. These spaces are known as voids, interstices, pores, or pore space. Because interstices can act as groundwater conduits, they are of fundamental importance to the study of groundwater. Typically, they are charac-terized by their size, shape, irregularity, and distribution. Original interstices were created by geologic processes governing the geologic formation and are found in sedimentary and igneous rocks. Sec-ondary interstices developed after the rock was formed; examples include joints, fractures, solution openings, and openings formed by plants and animals.

The porosity of a rock is measured by the percentage of its total volume that is occupied by voids or interstices. The more porous a rock is, the greater the amount of open space it contains. The range of porosity in geologic materials is very great. Average porosity values for individual rock types have little meaning because of the extreme variations within each type. In general, however, a porosity of less than 5 percent is considered low; from 5 to 15 percent represents medium porosity; and over 15 percent is considered high porosity.

Whether or not a supply of groundwater is found in a given area depends on the ability of rocks to transmit water as well as on their ability to contain water. The ability of rocks to transmit groundwater is termed permeability. The rate at which a rock transmits water depends not only on its total poros-ity but also on the size of the interconnection between its openings. For example, although a clay may have a higher porosity than a sand, the particles that make up the clay are minute flakes. The interstic-es between them are very small. Therefore water passes more readily through the sand than through the more porous clay simply because the molecular attraction on the water is much stronger in the tiny openings of the clay. The water moves more freely through the sand because the passageways be-tween particles are relatively large and the molecular attraction on the water is relatively low. No matter how large the interstices of a material are, there must be connections between them if water is to pass through. If they are not interconnected, the material is impermeable.

Perhaps the most effective aquifers are unconsolidated sand and gravel, sandstone, and some limestones. The permeability of limestone is usually due to solution that has enlarged the fracture and bedding planes into passageways. The fractured zones of some of the denser rocks such as granite, basalt, and gabbro also act as aquifers although the permeability of such zones decreases rapidly with depth. Clay, shale, and most metamorphic and crystalline igneous rock are generally poor aquifers.

UNIT 2: THE BASICS


Porosity

30


2.1.10 - Hydraulic gradient

The energy that causes groundwater to flow is derived from gravity. Gravity draws water down-ward through the unsaturated zone to the aquifer; from there it flows through the ground to a point of discharge in a stream, lake or spring. Just as surface water needs a slope to flow, so must there be a slope for the flow of groundwater. The slope of the water table is the hydraulic gradient. The hydraulic gradient is found by dividing the length of the flow path from the point of intake to the point of discharge, into the vertical distance between these two points (rise/run). This quotient, expressed in feet/feet, is called the hydraulic gradient. Therefore hydraulic gradient is expressed as h/l, where h is head (in feet) and l is length of flow (in feet). Thus, if h is 10 ft. and l is 1000 ft., the hydraulic gradient is 0.01, or 1 percent.

Groundwater also moves at depth. Water moves downward from the water table in broad looping curves toward some effective discharge area, such as a stream. The water discharges into the stream from all possible directions, including straight up from the bottom of the channel. This curving path can be explained as a compromise between the force of gravity and the tendency of water to flow laterally in the direction of the slope of the water table. This tendency toward lateral flow is actually the result of the movement of water toward an area of lower pressure. The resulting movement is neither directly downward nor directly toward the channel but is, rather, along curving paths to the stream. Groundwa-ter can actually move upward or downward. Groundwater can move upward against gravity because the hydraulic head at any point is a combination of both elevation and pressure. Hydraulic head is the level to which groundwater will rise in a well. Groundwater flows from high hydraulic head to low hydraulic head.

As previously mentioned, streams may lose flow to aquifers during periods of low flow (such as late fall). Thus one may encounter a gradient reversal within a twelve-month period; water levels mea-sured during only one period can easily mislead an investigator into erroneously mapping groundwater recharge or discharge areas.

UNIT 2: THE BASICS


Calculate a hydraulic gradient

31


2.1.11 - Groundwater flow

Groundwater movement can be assessed using established hydraulic principles and data on the characteristics of an aquifer. Velocity calcula-tions can provide time of travel estimates, which indicate the amount of time it will take water for a contaminant to reach a predetermined location.

The ability of an aquifer to receive, store or transmit water depends on the rock properties with-in the aquifer. Groundwater flow theory is based on equations developed from measurements in unconsolidated sediments (porous media). This means that porous media equations do not automatically transfer to fractured rock settings. In fractured rocks, actual groundwater flow directions cannot be easily determined. In fact, determining specific flow paths is impossible where the groundwater flows through a complex network of fractures. Even greater com-plexity exists in carbonate rock areas where topography is not always a defining factor in groundwater flow direction, and caverns and solution conduits form in a seemingly random network.

Hydrogeologists who characterize groundwater flow in fractured bedrock may use different ap-proaches to estimate groundwater flow. A discrete approach attempts to identify individual fractures. This is an expensive method and at this time is not practical because of the intense geologic data requirements. A statistical approach attempts to average the data to get a representative measure of the groundwater flow. Problems may occur in transferring the scale of investigation to cover the entire region. A continuum approach assumes that the groundwater flow in a fractured rock aquifer acts like groundwater flow in porous, unconsolidated formations. This is the most common method to estimate groundwater movement in fractured rocks. Assumptions are made to use this approach. Care must be taken to verify assumptions and meet criteria that justify the continuum approach.

UNIT 2: THE BASICS


Aquifer characteristics quiz

32


2.1.12 - Water-level contour map

A water-level contour map is a common tool used by a hydrogeologist to indicate groundwater flow directions and to test the continuum approach.

Todd (1959) asserts that under steady state conditions, flow lines lie perpendicular to water table contours. From field measurements of static water levels in wells, a water level contour map can be constructed. Anomalously high or low water levels or jagged or discontinuous contours may be evidence that the continuum approach is not legiti-mate. Water flow directions will aid in the delineation of the source water protection area.

UNIT 2: THE BASICS


Calculate the direction of groundwater flow

33


How Water Becomes Contaminated2.2.1 - Introduction

The distribution of unsafe water by a public water system in Illinois is an unusual event. In-cidents of groundwater contamination, however, have been reported in every state. The following statistics demonstrate the need for communities to protect their groundwater supplies from contamina-tion (U. S. EPA, 1990a; U. S. EPA, 1990c):

• More than 200 chemical contaminants have been identified in groundwater.

• Some 52,181 cases of illness associated with groundwater contamination (mostly short-term digestive disorders) were reported between 1971 and 1985.

• Seventy-four pesticides have been detected in the groundwater of 38 states.• Approximately 10 percent of public water supplies derived from groundwater exceed federal

drinking water standards for bacteriological contamination

This section discusses how groundwater can become contaminated, the sources of contamination, and the potential effects on human health and local economies. It also presents an overview of federal laws and examples of state regulations designed to prevent groundwater contamination.

UNIT 1: THE BASICS

How Water Becomes Contaminated

Quality of water

34


2.2.2 - How drinking water becomes contaminated

Contaminants may enter surface water through distinct discharges (point sources) or from diffuse nonpoint sources such as runoff or contaminated groundwater. While some of the pro-cesses that contaminate surface water are obvious since they can be seen, those involving the subsur-face generally cannot be directly observed.

Depending on its physical, chemical and biological properties, a contaminant may move within an aquifer in the same ways that groundwa-ter moves. Some contaminants, however, do not follow groundwater flow. It is possible to predict, to some degree, the transport within an aquifer of those substances that move along with groundwater flow. For instance, both water and many contaminants flow from recharge areas to discharge areas. Soils that are porous and permeable tend to transmit water and certain types of contaminants with rela-tive ease to an aquifer below.

Just as groundwater often moves slowly, so do contaminants in groundwater. Because of this slow movement and because of non-turbulent flow, contaminants usually remain concentrated in the form of a plume that often flows along the same path as the groundwater. The size and speed of the plume depend on the amount and type of contaminant, its solubility and density, and the velocity of the sur-rounding groundwater.

In addition, there is growing concern about the contamination of groundwater through macro-pores. These are root systems, animal burrows and other systems of holes and cracks that supply pathways for contaminants.

In areas surrounding pumping wells, the potential for contamination increases because contami-nated water in the zone of contribution is drawn into the aquifer and subsequently into the well. Some drinking water wells maintain an adequate water yield through induced infiltration, whereby water from a nearby stream, lake or river contributes to the well uptake. Contaminants present in the surface water can degrade the water quality of the aquifer.

Under certain conditions, pumping can cause the groundwater (and associated contaminants) from another aquifer to enter the one being pumped. This phenomenon is called inter-aquifer leakage. This may occur when contamination from a shallow aquifer migrates to a deeper aquifer or vice-versa. Thus, proper well construction along with the accurate location and protection of the areas affected by well pumping are important to the maintenance of groundwater quality.

Usually, the greater the distance between a source of contamination and a groundwater source, the more likely that natural processes will reduce the impacts of contamination. Processes such as oxidation, biological decay (also called bio-remediation, which sometimes renders contaminants less toxic), chemical reactions and adsorption (binding of materials to soil particles) may take place in the soil layers of the unsaturated zone and reduce the concentration of a contaminant before it reaches groundwater (U.S. EPA, 1990a). Even contaminants that reach groundwater directly, without passing through the unsaturated zone, can become less concentrated through dilution (mixing) with the ground-water. Because of the laminar flow usually associated with groundwater, however, contaminants often undergo little dilution.

UNIT 1: THE BASICS


Sources of groundwater contamination

35


2.2.3 - Sources of drinking water contamination

Drinking water can become contaminated from natural sources or from numerous types of hu-man activities. Residential, municipal, commercial, industrial and agricultural activities can all affect surface and groundwater quality. Contaminants may reach water sources from activities on the land surface, such as industrial waste storage or spills; from sources below the land surface but above the water table, such as septic systems; and from structures beneath the water table, such as wells.

UNIT 1: THE BASICS


Accidental spills

36


2.2.4 - Natural sources

Some substances found naturally in rocks or soils, such as iron, manganese, chloride, fluoride, sulfates or radionuclides, can become dissolved in streams or groundwater. Other naturally occurring substances, such as decaying organic matter, can move in groundwater as particles. Whether any of these substances appear in water depends on local conditions. Some of these substances may pose a health threat if consumed in excessive quantities; others may produce an undesirable odor, taste or color. Water that contains these substances in relatively high concentrations may be treated to remove these substances.

UNIT 1: THE BASICS


Natural contamination of groundwater

37


2.2.5 - Septic systems

One of the main causes of groundwater con-tamination in the United States is the effluent from septic tanks, cesspools and privies (U.S. EPA, 1990a). Approximately one-quarter of all homes in the United States rely on septic systems to dispose of their human wastes (U.S. EPA, 1991c). Although each individual system releases a relatively small amount of waste into the ground, the large number and widespread use of these systems makes them a potential contamination source. Septic systems, also known as sewage systems, that are improperly sited, designed, constructed or maintained can contaminate groundwater with bacteria, viruses, nitrates, detergents, oils and chemicals (U.S. EPA, 1990c). Commercially available septic system cleaners containing synthetic organic chemicals (such as 1,1,1-tricholoroethane or methylene chloride) have contaminated groundwater. Septic tank additives also interfere with natural decomposition processes in septic systems (MSU Cooperative Extension Service).

Each state has established construction standards for septic systems. These standards and some county and local municipality septic system regulations require specific separation distances between septic systems and drinking water wells.

UNIT 1: THE BASICS


Septic tank risks

38


2.2.6 - Disposal of hazardous materials

Hazardous waste should always be disposed of properly through a licensed hazardous waste handler or through municipal hazardous waste col-lection days.

Many chemicals should not be disposed of in household septic systems, including oils, whether cooking oils or motor oils, lawn and garden chemi-cals, paints and paint thinners, disinfectants, medi-cines, photographic chemicals and swimming pool chemicals. Similarly, many substances used in industrial processes should not be disposed of in drains at the workplace because they could contaminate a drinking water source. Companies should train employees in the proper use and disposal of all chemicals used on site. The many different types and the large quantities of chemicals used at industrial locations make proper disposal of wastes especially important for source water protection.

UNIT 1: THE BASICS


Sumps, dry wells and septic systems

39


2.2.7 - Chemical storage and spills

Underground and above-ground storage tanks are commonly used for chemical storage. Approxi-mately five million underground storage tanks exist in the United States (U.S. EPA, 1990a). Some homes have underground tanks for heating oil. Many businesses and municipal highway depart-ments also store fuel oil, diesel, gasoline, or other chemicals in onsite tanks. Industries may have storage tanks to hold chemicals used in industrial processes or to store hazardous wastes for pickup by a licensed hauler. Underground tanks are usually regulated by state government.

As underground storage tanks age and corrode, they commonly develop leaks. Here chemicals can migrate through the soil and reach the groundwater. It has been estimated that about one-third of underground storage tanks nationwide are leaking (U.S. EPA, 1990a). Newer tanks are more corrosion resistant, but they may not be totally leak-proof. Abandoned underground tanks pose another problem because their location often is unknown. Above-ground storage tanks can also pose a threat to ground-water if a spill or leak occurs and adequate barriers are not in place.

Improper chemical storage and handling, and poor quality containers can be major threats to groundwater. Tanker trucks and train cars pose another chemical hazard. Each year, approximately 16,000 chemical spills occur from trucks, trains, and storage tanks, often when materials are being transferred (U.S. EPA, 1990a). At the site of an accidental spill the chemicals are often diluted with water, washing the chemical into the soil and increasing the possibility of groundwater contamination (Pettyjohn, 1989).

UNIT 1: THE BASICS


Leaking underground storage tanks

40


2.2.8 - Landfills

Solid waste is disposed of in municipal land-fills throughout the state. Chemicals that should be disposed of in hazardous waste landfills sometimes end up in municipal landfills. In addition, the dis-posal of many household wastes is not regulated. Once in the landfill, chemicals can move into the groundwater by means of precipitation.

New landfills are required to have clay or syn-thetic liners and leachate (liquid from a landfill containing contaminants) collection systems to protect groundwater. Most older landfills, however, do not have these safeguards. Older landfills were often sited over aquifers and in permeable soils with shallow water tables, enhancing the potential for leach-ate to contaminate groundwater. Abandoned landfills can continue to pose a groundwater contamina-tion threat if they are not capped with an impermeable material, such as clay, before closure (U.S. EPA, 1990a).

UNIT 1: THE BASICS


Landfill contamination

41


2.2.9 - Surface impoundments

Surface impoundments are relatively shallow ponds or lagoons used by industries and municipal-ities to store, treat, and dispose of liquid wastes. As many as 180,000 surface impoundments exist in the United States. The standards that existed when many small sewage lagoons were first built have changed as we learned more about groundwater flow and contamination. Like landfills, new surface impoundments are usually required to have liners and monitoring wells for leak detection.

UNIT 1: THE BASICS


42


2.2.10 - Sewers and other pipelines

Sewer pipes carrying wastes sometimes leak fluids into the surrounding soil and groundwater. Sewage consists of organic matter, inorganic salts, heavy metals, bacteria, viruses, and nitrogen (U.S. EPA, 1990a). Other pipelines carrying industrial chemicals and oil brine have also been known to leak, especially when the materials transported through the pipes are corrosive or under extreme pressure. Some pollutants are denser than water and can move through the joints in older sewer pipes. Sewers and septic systems all carry common household products that can contaminate groundwater.

UNIT 1: THE BASICS


43


2.2.11 - Pesticide and fertilizer use

Millions of tons of fertilizers and pesticides (including herbicides, insecticides, rodenticides, fungicides and avicides) are used annually in the United States for crop production. In addition to farmers, some home owners, businesses (such as golf courses), utilities and municipalities also use these chemicals. A number of pesticides (some highly toxic) and fertilizers have entered and con-taminated surface and groundwater following normal, registered use. Some pesticides remain in soil and water for many months to many years. Routine monitoring of several public water system wells scattered around the state has resulted in some pesticide detections.

Nutrients and other contaminants from animal wastes can percolate into the ground. Feedlots should be properly sited, and wastes should be removed at regular intervals.

EPA's Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances and Office of Water conducted a National Pesti-cide Survey (NPS) between 1985 and 1992. The purpose of the survey was to determine the number of drinking water wells nationwide that contained pesticides and nitrates and the concentration of these substances. It also analyzed the factors associated with contamination of drinking water wells by pes-ticides and nitrates. The survey included samples from more than 1,300 public community and rural domestic water-supply wells. The NPS found that approximately 3.6 percent of the wells contained concentrations of nitrates above the federal maximum contaminant level and that over half of the wells contained nitrates above the survey's minimum reporting limit for nitrate (0.15 milligrams per liter). The NPS also reported that approximately 0.8 percent of the wells tested contained pesticides at levels higher than federal maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) or health advisory levels (HALs). Only 10 percent of the wells classified as rural were actually located on farms. The incidence of contamination by agricultural chemicals in farm wells used for drinking water is greater.

After further analysis, EPA concluded that a significant percentage of wells contained pesticides at concentrations exceeding MCLs or HALs. Approximately 15 percent of the wells tested contained one or more pesticides above the minimum reporting limit set in the survey. EPA established specific mini-mum reporting limits for each pesticide tested for in the NPS, ranging from 0.10 micrograms per liter for di-bromochloropropane to 4.5 micrograms per liter for ethylene-thiourea. The most common pesticides found were atrazine and metabolites (breakdown products) of di-methyl tetra-chloro-tere-phthalate (DCPA- commonly known as Dacthal), used in many utility easement weed control programs and for lawn care.

UNIT 1: THE BASICS


Other potential threats

44


2.2.12 - Improperly constructed wells

There are several problems associated with the improper construction of wells. Contaminated surface or groundwater can be introduced to un-contaminated groundwater. Types of wells that are a source of potential groundwater contamination include:

Sumps and dry wells, which collect storm water runoff and spilled liquids and are used for disposal. These wells sometimes contain contaminants such as used oil and antifreeze that may discharge into water supply areas.

Drainage wells, which are used in wet areas to remove some of the water and transport it to deeper soils. These wells may contain agricultural chemicals and bacteria (U.S. EPA, 1990a).

Injection wells, which are commonly used to dispose of hazardous and non-hazardous industrial wastes. These wells can range from a depth of several hundred to several thousand feet. If properly designed and used, these wells can effectively dispose of wastes. But undesirable wastes can be intro-duced into groundwater from injection wells when the well is located directly in an aquifer, or if leakage of contaminants occurs from the well head or casing or through fractures in the surrounding rock for-mations (U.S. EPA, 1990a).

Improperly abandoned wells act as conduits through which contaminants can reach an aquifer if the well casing has been removed, as is often done, or if the casing is corroded. In addition, some people use abandoned wells to dispose of wastes such as used motor oil; these wells may reach into an aquifer that serves drinking water supply wells. Abandoned exploratory wells (e.g., for gas, oil, coal) or test hole wells are usually uncovered and are potential conduits for contaminants.

Active drinking water supply wells that are poorly constructed can result in groundwater con-tamination. Construction problems, such as faulty casings, inadequate covers, or lack of concrete pads, allow outside water and any accompanying contaminants to flow into the well. Sources of such contamination can be surface runoff or wastes from farm animals or septic systems. Contaminated fill packed around a well can also degrade well water quality. Well construction problems are more likely to occur in older wells that were in place prior to the establishment of well construction standards and in domestic and livestock wells.

Poorly constructed irrigation wells also can allow contaminants to enter groundwater. Of-ten pesticides and fertilizers are applied in the immediate vicinity of wells on agricultural land.

UNIT 1: THE BASICS


45


2.2.13 - Highway deicing

More than 11 million tons of salt are applied annually to roads in the United States to remove ice (U.S. EPA, 1990c). Salt is usually added to road sand (at +/- 3%). Precipitation can wash the salt from storage piles into the soil where it can then enter the groundwater. High sodium levels in water pose a health risk and also damage vegetation, vehicles, and bridges.

UNIT 1: THE BASICS


46


Active and abandoned mines can contribute to groundwater contamination. Precipitation can leach soluble minerals from the mine wastes (known as spoils or tailings) into the groundwater below. These wastes often contain metals, acids, and sulfides.

Dissolution of sulfide minerals, which are commonly associated with coal mines, results in abandoned mine drainage (AMD). AMD can affect streams or groundwater and is a leading source of nonpoint source pollution.

Petroleum exploration and production is another potential source of contamination. The improper disposal or storage of wastes, such as brine generated during drilling, can adversely impact surface or groundwaters.

2.2.14 - Resource extraction

UNIT 1: THE BASICS


47


Contamination of source waters can result in poor-quality drinking water, loss of a water supply, high cleanup costs, high costs for alternative water supplies and/or potential health problems. Some examples include:

- A leaking underground storage tank released gasoline into the aquifer. A nearby

well had to be abandoned because of contamination of the town's drinking water supply; - A city well had to be abandoned because of chemical contamination originating from a nearby

wood treatment facility; - A municipal authority was forced to install costly treatment devices when a migrating plume of dry cleaner fluid contaminated the water system's most productive well; and - A small town's primary source of drinking water was shut down for nearly a year as a precautionary measure after a large leak in a gasoline pipeline occurred.

2.2.15 - Effects of groundwater contamination

UNIT 1: THE BASICS


Effects of groundwater contamination

48


2.2.16 - Degradation or destruction of the water supply

The consequences of a contaminated water supply can be serious. In some cases, contamina-tion of a source water is so severe that the water supply must be abandoned as a source of drinking water. (For example, less than 1 gallon of gasoline can render 1 million gallons of groundwater non-potable [U.S. EPA, 1991c]). In other cases, the groundwater can be cleaned up and re-used, if the contamination is not too severe and if the PWS is willing to spend a lot of money. Water-quality moni-toring is often required for many years.

A public water system well is a valuable item. A typical well for a small community can cost $100,000-200,000. Development of a surface water source can be even more expensive.

UNIT 1: THE BASICS


49


2.2.17 - Cleaning up contaminated groundwater

Groundwater contamination can remain unde-tected for long periods of time. This makes cleanup of a contaminated water supply difficult, if not impossible. If a cleanup is undertaken, it can cost thousands to millions of dollars.

Once the contaminant source has been controlled or removed, the contaminated groundwater may be treated in one of several ways:

• Containing the contaminant to prevent migration• Pumping the water, treating it, and returning it to the aquifer• Leaving the groundwater in place and treating either the water or the contaminant

A number of technologies can be used to treat groundwater. They most frequently include air strip-ping, activated carbon adsorption, and/or chemical treatment with filtration. Different technologies are effective for different types of contaminants, and several technologies are often combined to achieve effective treatment. The effectiveness of treatment depends in part on local hydrogeological conditions, which should be evaluated prior to selecting a treatment option (U.S. EPA, 1990a). Not all contaminat-ed groundwater can be treated successfully with current technology.

UNIT 1: THE BASICS


50


2.2.18 - Costs of alternative water supplies

Given the difficulty and high costs of cleaning up a contaminated aquifer, some communities choose to abandon existing wells and use other water sources, if available. Using alternative supplies will probably be more expensive than obtaining drinking water from the original source. A temporary and expensive solution is to purchase bottled water, but this is not a realistic long-term solution for a community's drinking water supply program. A community might decide to install new wells in a different area of the aquifer. In this case, appropriate siting and monitoring of the new wells are critical to ensure that contaminants do not move into the new water supplies.

UNIT 1: THE BASICS


51


2.2.19 Potential health problems

A number of microorganisms and thousands of synthetic chemicals have the potential to con-taminate groundwater. Drinking water containing bacteria and viruses can result in illnesses such as hepatitis, cholera, or giardiasis. Methemoglobin-emia or "blue baby syndrome," an illness affecting infants, can be caused by drinking water high in nitrates.

Benzene, a component of gasoline, is a known human carcinogen. The serious health effects of lead are well known: learning disabilities in children; nerve, kidney, and liver problems; and pregnancy risks. These and other substances are regulated by federal and state laws. Hundreds of other chemi-cals, however, are not yet regulated, and many health effects are unknown or not well understood. Preventing contaminants from reaching the groundwater is the best way to reduce the health risks as-sociated with poor drinking water quality.

UNIT 1: THE BASICS


Routine monitoring procedures

52


UNIT 3: THE PLAN

3.1.1 - Developing a committee

A water system or operator contemplating the development of a source water protection plan should make every effort to involve the water system users, area landowners and the community in order to generate support. Source water protec-tion plan development without input from people possibly affected can divide a community and lead to failure of the effort. One way to make sure inter-ested persons are included is to form a community planning team to assist in the development of the plan and invite volunteers to help. Technical assistance providers such as the IRWA can help you with all steps of developing a source water protection plan.

Many communities have used a community planning team or steering committee in successfully establishing a source water protection plan to protect their source. The team coordinates the project, sets meeting times and places, advises local officials and coordinates with state and local agencies. Committee participation that represents the diversity of the community is critical. Team size will depend on the availability of volunteers but five to seven seems to be ideal. More can be cumbersome due to scheduling difficulties and fewer can result in nonproductive meetings if absenteeism occurs.

The community planning team will need to be somewhat structured by defining member roles and responsibilities. Structure will help a diverse group successfully function in a manner that accomplishes the goals within the time frames set by the group. Possible team members are county sanitarians, wa-ter and wastewater operators, elected officials, city/county health officials, fire marshals, county exten-sion agents, city/county planners and resource conservation and development officials. Members of service organizations, senior citizen groups, youth groups and school personnel should also be consid-ered.

Step 1: Organize a Local Committee

Developing a committee

53



UNIT 3: THE PLAN

3.1.2 - How do we get organized?

If you have come this far, then you are prob-ably the person who will need to take the first steps to get the project rolling even if you are not going to be a part of the whole SWP process. You may be an operator, a council person, a homeowner's as-sociation board member or just a concerned citizen. It always takes initiative by someone to get things started. Engaging a technical assistance provider at this stage can be very helpful.

Make sure you have received the approval of the public water supply or governing body in your community before you begin to organize. While costs are expected to be minimal, you may need some support for postage or copying costs. You may also find that the public water supply can assist with administrative support such as addressing envelopes, customizing mailings, arranging meeting rooms, etc. You should ask that the governing body, homeowners association or water users association pass a RESOLUTION OF INTENT TO DEVELOP A SOURCE WATER PROTECTION PROGRAM to docu-ment their support and lend added authority to your efforts.

The rest of this section describes the recruitment of community team members and the operation of a community planning team in a "cookbook" format. Several blank forms are included and intended for you to copy and use as needed.


54


UNIT 3: THE PLAN

3.1.3 - Steps for recruiting a community planning team

Step 1) Schedule a SWP volunteer solicitation meeting

Contact the public library, school, fire hall, county extension, county conservation district or other government agencies for possible use of a meeting place. Your meeting date may be dictated by the availability of an adequate meeting place. You should allow yourself about six weeks to plan and publicize the meeting. The best meeting time is usually around 7 p.m. in the middle of the week.

Be sure to consider other happenings in the community so that you can schedule a meeting date/time that does not conflict. For instance, planting/harvest season, calving season and school sporting events can make many potential volunteers unavailable at certain times of the year. Schedule your meeting with this in mind.

Step 2) Publicize the initial meeting

Mail a meeting notice (see example Public Service Announcement) to any citizens who have expressed interest or have qualifications with water supply issues. If you are not part of the public water supply or local governing body (city or county), go to those folks and ask for recommendations. You may be able to use an existing citizen group that will greatly simplify the process. Follow up each mailing with a phone call to confirm receipt and encourage participation. Recruiting solely by letter is not productive.

• Mail a meeting notice to any resource agencies in your area. Look in the yellow pages under Government headings or under United States and your state listings. Possible state and federal agency entries include: Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Forest Service, Geological Survey, Department of Environmental Protection, Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Disaster and Emergency Services, Fish and Boat Commission, County Conservation Dis-trict and your local Extension office.

• Mail a meeting notice to the county health department, disaster and emergency services coor-dinator and local planning office. Follow up with a phone call and encourage participation.

• Mail a meeting notice to local offices of environmental consulting firms (yellow pages under Environmental).

• Mail a meeting notice to local water well drillers (yellow pages under Well Drillers). • Mail a notice to any local community or business organizations such as the Chamber of Com-

merce or service groups such as Kiwanis, Lions or Rotary clubs. • Post a meeting notice at the post office, city hall, courthouse, public library, senior center,

state/federal agency buildings and any other public bulletin boards.


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UNIT 3: THE PLAN

• Place a public notice in the local daily or weekly newspaper. Call the local print media listed in the Yellow Pages and ask how to place a public meeting notice. They may simply write a brief article based on the Public Service Announcement or actually place a public notice in the classified section.

• Issue a public service announcement to the local radio and TV stations (see example Request for Volunteers).

Step 3) Hold the volunteer solicitation meeting as scheduled

Be well prepared. A poorly organized and executed meeting may dissuade potential volunteers from wanting to participate. Be sure to have handouts available so potential volunteers can learn more about SWP in the following day or two and at their own pace.

It will also be helpful to display general information about wells, maps and a sample source water protection time line planner so potential volunteers can ascertain just what might be expected of them. Materials are available from your Illinois EPA SWP Program staff. In fact, you may also want to invite a representative from your state's Rural Water Association to make a presentation to this group.

Toward the end of the meeting, you will want potential volunteers to identify strengths they may contribute to the effort. By now, they should know that SWP is a multifaceted endeavor and that the ex-perience brought by a wide variety of volunteers is needed for success. Do this by passing out a sheet of paper to each person and ask them to write out their name, address, phone number and a brief sketch of their knowledge or experience. Also ask them to identify any particular skill they may possess that might be useful to the group. Give examples such as good writing skills or the ability to write clear-ly; the ability to deal with all kinds of people or sales ability; technical training in geology, engineering, planning or geography; leadership skills or personnel management skills. It can be difficult for potential volunteers to respond so you will need to encourage them. Allow five to ten minutes before collecting the information sheets.

You should pass a sign up sheet around before closing the meeting. This will allow potential volun-teers to make a positive decision and will identify those persons most committed to the process. Let the others know that you will be doing follow-up calls over the next couple of days because you would like a wide variety of experience from which to choose.

3.1.3 - Steps for recruiting a community planning team continued ..


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3.1.3 - Steps for recruiting a community planning team continued ..

Step 4) Make all the follow-up calls needed to potential volunteers within a few days of the meeting

Allowing more time to pass before contacting volunteers causes enthusiasm to diminish resulting in a lower recruitment rate. Many communities will need all who volunteer so you do not want to lose them through inaction or delay.

If more citizens volunteer than you have room for, you may want to increase the community plan-ning team size somewhat or select those that best represent the diversity of experience and skills needed for SWP planning. Be sure to call all who wished to be considered to thank them for their interest. Remember, you may need replacements later in the process and these folks have already expressed an interest in SWP.

If you do not attract potential volunteers to the first meeting, you will need to try to find out why and either address the problem or form a community planning team in some other way.


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3.1.4 - Responsibilities of the community planning team

The community planning team should select a leader and secretary, set goals and timetables, as-semble all pertinent documents and serve as advi-sors to the local entity that will eventually manage the source water protection program. This team should oversee/review the delineation of a source water protection area, the completion of an invento-ry of potential contaminant sources and the evalu-ation of a contingency plan to take care of emergencies. The team should make recommendations on management approaches and appropriate sites for new water supply wells. The team should make the routine decisions that guide the project.


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3.1.5 - How much time should we allow for this project?

A reasonable time frame is about two years. The team will probably meet once a month during the first year and perhaps every other month during the second. A project that relies on volunteers will take longer than one completed by consultants.

The community planning team will actually set the schedule for the effort by completing a time line in the first or second meeting, so the length of time it takes to complete the project will be locally driven. While setting and achieving goals is important to keep the project on track, some flexibility is needed to account for unforeseen circumstances.


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3.1.6 - Public participation is the key to success

Part of the community planning team's responsibilities will include communicating with the public. In fact, without the support of the community, you will probably fail.

Let the community know what the team is doing and learning. Involve the local newspaper and radio station. Consider writing letters to the editor. Post minutes of your meetings in a prominent place. Invite interested members of the community to attend your meetings and other planned activities.

A series of newspaper articles or an educational newspaper column is one way to raise awareness of water issues and expose the community to the efforts of the community planning team.

If you have followed the recommendations outlined earlier in this notebook you have already assigned the task of managing publicity. The person assigned to this task should contact the local newspaper and offer to meet with the editor to discuss a column of approximately 500 words every 2-4 weeks (when meeting with a media representative you should be prepared to submit a couple of examples of your articles). If a regular column cannot be arranged, you might want to try for a reporter-written article based on suggested topics or your regular committee meetings.

Column or article topics should be timely and should be presented in a logical fashion. Potential topics and some suggested points to emphasize have been provided in the following section. These ideas are merely suggestions; you may adjust these as you see fit but be sure to keep the articles upbeat because people will read useful and positive information. If you alienate your readers, they may either discontinue reading the articles or engage in destructive dialogue about SWP in the community.

Some of the topics may be sensitive to some people. While you want to present all the issues im-portant to SWP and source water education, please note that each topic suggestion ends with a posi-tive thought or idea.

The source water protection information you present should educate and inform a large portion of the community or newspaper readership, both within the city limits and in the adjacent area. In fact, most rural residents will enjoy learning more about water and wells because the vast majority use wells for their domestic water supply.

When writing your articles, it is also suggested you contact the resources listed to better provide a local perspective on the topics. While various state officials can be contacted and even quoted, the readership is probably more interested in what is happening in your immediate area.

The articles should begin very early in your SWP process. The articles are designed to be educa-tional with regard to managing the local water resource and the community planning team's activities. The articles should be relatively short and hit a few main points. The following section contains some suggested topics.


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3.1.7 - Suggested topics for public education

Topic 1) The community water system• What is a public water system (PWS)?• Who operates the local PWS?• What is the water source?• Provide general information about sampling requirements• Describe physical extent of distribution system / number of users• Describe summer vs. winter water use• Describe per capita consumption• Describe the cost of developing a PWS well• Describe possible homeowner water conservation methods

Topic 2) What is groundwater? • Definition and example, define aquifer• Describe confined vs. unconfined aquifers• Describe groundwater vs. surface water• Provide example of aquifers in the local area and their uses• Describe benefits / risks of using shallow vs. deep aquifers• Describe the local PWS water source

Topic 3) General concerns about groundwater• Describe local groundwater use and quality• Describe how groundwater can become unusable for these purposes• Spills• Underground storage tank leaks• Septic tanks / lagoons• Injection wells• Stormwater infiltration• Fertilizers• Sumps / french drains / dry sumps / infiltration gallery• Storage areas• Describe general management practices that minimize risk of groundwater contamination• Describe local recycling opportunities


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Topic 4) The improper handling of solvents and other hazardous material • What are solvents?• Who uses them?• Historic methods of waste solvent disposal• Current volatile organic compounds contamination in groundwater concerns• Volatile organic compounds monitoring, detects, and the local public water system• What regulations apply?• Modern methods of solvent handling

Topic 5) Maintenance of underground storage tanks • Historic tank installation methods• The fire code• Gasoline / diesel and groundwater• What regulations apply?• Modern methods of tank installation• Describe tank operation and maintenance procedures

Topic 6) Spills in the community; cars, trucks and trains • Why do we care about spills?• What's a reportable spill and who gets the report?• Describe historic spills and groundwater in the local area• Describe the main transport route in town and materials transported• Describe the local emergency services response and pubic water system preparedness

Topic 7) Community sewage treatment; the lagoon• What is the local public sewage treatment system?• Who operates the local system?• Describe physical extent of collection system / flow rate / number of users• Describe sewer line infiltration and impact on local system• Describe industrial type users and any pretreatment requirements• Describe substances that should not enter the treatment system• Describe the difference between storm sewers and sanitary sewers• Provide general information about sampling requirements• Describe possible homeowner water conservation methods

3.1.7 - Suggested topics for public education continued ...


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Topic 8) The local landfill• Who operates the local collection / disposal system?• Landfill vs. dump, what's the difference?• Describe historical practices of waste disposal• Describe the connection between dumps and groundwater• What regulations apply to landfills now?• How is a modern landfill constructed?• What about waste disposal on my own property?• Describe local recycling opportunities

Topic 9) Septic system installation and maintenance • What is a septic system?• How do they work?• Who regulates septic tanks?• What site conditions are limiting and why?• What is septic system maintenance?• Septic system failure, what is it?• Septic system effluent as groundwater recharge• The do and don't list for septic systems.

Topic 10) Agriculture and groundwater • Describe the primary local agricultural activities• Describe local groundwater use by agriculture• Describe potential pollution from various agricultural activities• Describe surface water / groundwater interaction potential• Describe general agricultural best management practices to prevent pollution• Describe locally used best management practices to prevent pollution, give examples

Topic 11) Pesticides and water quality• Describe general local pesticide use• Describe operator requirements and regulations• Describe label requirements• Describe Dept. of Agriculture groundwater monitoring• Describe BMPs, integrated pest management, and the economy of pesticide use



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Topic 12) Abandoned wells • What is an abandoned well?• Abandoned wells vs. wells taken out of service• What laws apply to well abandonment?• How many wells are in the SWP area?• Why do we care about proper well abandonment?• Special concerns about flowing wells• What is proper well abandonment?

Topic 13) Groundwater protection regulations• Describe groundwater• Describe groundwater use locally and in your state• Describe general threats to groundwater• Describe local, state and federal regulations to protect groundwater• Describe local examples of efforts to protect groundwater

Topic 14) What is source water protection?• Describe local use of groundwater or surface water and the population served• Describe potential pollution threats• Describe remediation potential, technology availability and costs• Describe public water system well and domestic well or new source development costs• Describe the state source water protection program• Describe the (voluntary) local SWP effort• Describe the involvement of local citizens• Describe efforts that can be taken by a domestic well owner

Topic 15) What is the community planning team?• Describe how members were solicited and appointed• Describe the organization of the team• Describe the duties / function of the team• Describe potential for citizen input

Topic 16) What is SWPA delineation? • What is a SWPA?• Describe various methods of SWPA delineation• Describe the local source• Describe the local method of SWPA delineation• Describe the zones of a SWPA and how they differ• Describe impacts to local property owners within the SWPA



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Topic 17) What is a potential contaminant inventory?• Describe public water system source development costs• Describe the local SWPA delineation and ground or surface water flow• Describe general potential threats to source water• Describe the importance of identifying threats before they are problems• Discuss remediation vs. prevention, available technology and costs• Describe possible inventory methods by regions• Discuss the use of inventory information

Topic 18) Management of the SWP• Describe the delineated SWPA• Describe how the contaminant inventory was completed• Outline the inventory findings• Describe identified contaminant priorities• Outline management options available to local government• Describe options recommended by community planning team• Describe benefits to the community of managing the contaminant• Inventory and management before actual contamination occurs

Topic 19) What is contingency planning of the public water supply?• Describe why contingency planning is important• Outline probable emergency responders• Include what-if scenario• Describe short-term contingency plan• Describe long-term contingency plan• Outline the cost benefits of designating a replacement source

Topic 20) Public water supply source development• What is a public water system (PWS)?• Who operates the local PWS?• Describe local PWS water use.• Who regulates a PWS and why?• Describe emergency plan and designated replacement source area• Describe PWS new source plan review requirements• Outline PWS source development and costs• Compare domestic well development vs. public well development

Public Service Announcement (19 KB RTF)Request for Volunteers (28 KB RTF)



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3.1.8 - What exactly do I need to complete Step 1?

• Resolution of intent to create a SWP program• Schedule volunteer solicitation meeting• Publicize meeting • Hold volunteer solicitation meeting • Name community planning team members• Schedule first organizational meeting• Contact technical assistance providers to arrange presentation at meeting• Hold first community planning team organizational meeting• Designate community planning team chairman and secretary • Set goals and objectives• Complete timeline planning calendar• Make subcommittee assignments


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3.2.1 - Delineation

Delineation is the process used to identify and map the area around a pumping well that supplies water to the well or spring, or to identify and map the drainage basin that supplies water to a sur-face water intake. The size and shape of the area depends on the characteristics of the aquifer and the well, or the watershed. Within a SWP area, potential sources of contamination are inventoried and then managed to prevent pollution of the water used by the public water system (these topics are described in the next sections). The goal is to ensure that potential contaminant sources are managed in a manner that protects drinking water used by pub-lic water systems.

All community water supplies (utilizing groundwater) have a 1,000 ft. wellhead / source water protection area. Based on available hydrologic information, the more vulnerable wells using shallow, unconfined aquifers have had delineations completed using computer modeling. These delineations include a time of travel component, generally for a period of five years. To date, IEPA (or contractor) has completed five-year capture zone area delineations for 680 wells representing 204 community water supplies. The first step you should take is to contact the IEPA to gain access to your data. A sum-marized version is available on the web (minus location detail). These are referred to as "Source Water Assessment Fact Sheets" and are available at this location: http://www.epa.state.il.us/cgi-bin/wp/swap-fact-

sheets.pl

The "Case Studies" Section of this training module also provides examples of common delineation methods employed in Illinois.

Step 2: Map the Protection Areas

Delineation

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3.2.2 - Water flow within zones

Delineation considers the characteristics of water flow in the aquifer or drainage basin and then narrows the focus to show areas where potential releases of certain contaminants would most prob-ably end up in the community's water supply. Usu-ally, the delineated source water protection area is further divided into zones that allow you to incorpo-rate different management regimes based on sepa-ration distances between a potential contaminant source and the well or intake.

Delineating zones allows a community to focus limited resources on the regions most critical to source water quality. Management of identified potential sources of contamination is discussed in Step 4 (Management & Protection Strategies). If land-use control will be part of your management program, a delineation is required to ensure that the controls will withstand legal challenges. A SWP area for a groundwater source is also referred to as a wellhead protection area (WHPA). The U.S. EPA has identi-fied several different methods for WHPA delineation (listed in order of increasing cost and complexity):

• Arbitrary fixed radius (i.e. 1,000 ft fixed radius) • Calculated fixed radius (i.e., simple calculation based on pumping rate) • Simplified variable shapes (i.e., standardized form oriented around well based on general

groundwater flow direction) • Analytical methods (use of equations defining groundwater flow and contaminant transport) • Hydrogeologic mapping (geologic, geophysical and dye-tracing methods to map flow system) • Numerical modeling (computer models simulate groundwater flow/contaminant transport)

Hydrogeologically, the WHPA is essentially the contributing area (or zone of contribution) to a well and it should not be confused with the zone of influence which is the aerial view of the cone of depres-sion (see the unit on Basic Principles). The activity entitled "Zone of influence vs. zone of contribu-tion" illustrates the shortcomings of using the zone of influence as the WHPA. The methods employed in Illinois take this into consideration.


Zone of influence vs. zone of contribution

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Under section 14.3 of the Illinois Groundwater Protection Act (IGPA) counties and municipalities utilizing any community water supply well are au-thorized to establish a maximum setback zone, up to 1,000 feet, around their well(s). The law estab-lished minimum setback zones of either 200 or 400 feet.

Benefits of establishing maximum setback zones• Prevention of contamination by siting restrictions up to 1000'• Regulation of existing and new potential sources of contamination• Awareness of sensitivity of the zone to contamination problems• Exercise of local controls and authorities

Answers to common questions (see below)

-Who can establish a maximum setback zone?Municipalities or counties served by community water supply wells are empowered to enact maxi-

mum setback zone ordinances. If the community water supply well is privately or investor owned, a municipality or county served by that well can submit an application on the behalf of the owner.

-How can I apply for a maximum setback zone?Counties or municipalities may apply for a maximum setback zone by filing an "Application for

Agency Review of Lateral Area of Influence Determination" with the Agency. A draft ordinance must be included with this application. These applications and example ordinances are available upon request from the Agency. The IEPA has developed rules (Subtitle F, Part 671) and a workbook that can be used to determine the lateral area of influence created by pumping a well under normal operating conditions. If the lateral radius of influence is greater than the 200/400 foot minimum setback zone, the well is eligible for a maximum setback zone. Illinois Rural Water Association staff can assist community water supply officials in determining their lateral area of influence.

-When is a maximum zone in effect?The zone is in effect after the county or municipality adopts an ordinance for each well. The county

or municipality has two years after the Agency confirmation of the technical adequacy to adopt the maximum zone ordinance. Once a local board has formally adopted a final ordinance, a copy must be submitted to the IEPA for formal recognition.

3.2.3 - Maximum setback zones


Setback zones and what is prohibited

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-What is the lateral radius of influence?When a well is being pumped, water in the immediate vicinity begins to flow from all directions

toward the well. The reduction (drawdown) of the water level is greatest at the well and decreases with distance away from the well. The shape of the water surface around the well resembles a cone and is commonly referred to as the cone of depression. Each cone (lateral area of influence) differs in size and shape depending upon several variables including pumping rate, pumping duration and aquifer characteristics.

-How do I determine the maximum setback zone using direct measurement?Determining the lateral radius of influence from a direct measurement is relatively straight forward.

Many community water wells have observation wells to ascertain their pumping characteristics. When the data from an observation well is available it can be used directly. If observation wells were drilled beyond the minimum setback zone a direct measurement of the water table drawdown can be made.

-How do I apply for a maximum setback zone?Interested parties can pursue a maximum setback zone by contacting the Agency and requesting

the necessary rules and procedures. A workbook on how to establish a maximum setback is avail-able on the training CD and from the Agency. In addition, detailed procedures are covered in Appendix A through E in Part 671 Maximum Setback Zone for Community Water Supply Wells. Also the county or municipal officials who will be involved in the application process should be contacted. The following information will be required to complete the application:

• radius of influence distance• aquifer test data• geological logs and well construction details• description of the pump test procedure or the estimation• technique selected to determine the lateral area of influence• draft ordinance• signature of a county or municipal official

If the water supply owner does not have a copy of pump test data, copies can often be obtained from the drilling contractor or the Illinois State Water Survey. Boundaries determined by the pump test procedure are used to help shape the maximum setback zone. The Agency is required to confirm the adequacy of the determination method and a proposed ordinance prior to adoption by a county or mu-nicipality.

3.2.3 - Maximum setback zones continued ...


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3.2.3 - Maximum setback zones continued ...

-Who do I contact for more information or technical support?Illinois Environmental Protection Agency Bureau of Water, Groundwater Section1021 North Grand Avenue East, Post Office Box 19276Springfield, Illinois 62794-9276Telephone: 217/785-4787, FAX: 217/557-3182 http://www.epa.state.il.us/water/groundwater/index.html

Illinois Rural Water AssociationP.O. Box 6049 3305 Kennedy Road Taylorville, Illinois 62568 Telephone: 217/287-1190 or 217/287-2115 FAX: 217/824-8368http://www.ilrwa.org/

The Maximum Setback Zone Workbook is available for more detail on this process.


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Most of the delineations for community water systems in Illinois are already done. Those that have not been done will be handled by profession-als. The main tasks you need to accomplish are:

- Contact the IEPA to gain access to your delineation data "Fact Sheets." : http://www.epa.state.il.us/cgi-bin/wp/swap-fact-sheets.pl

- If your data is not available, then contact IEPA or IRWA to determine the best delineation method to employ. Related links :

http://www.epa.state.il.us/water/groundwater/index.html (IEPA)http://www.ilrwa.org (IRWA) - Help collect source information, well logs and geologic / hydrogeologic information- Publicize SWP activities accomplished


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3.3.1 - The process

The inventory of the delineated zones compris-ing a source water protection area (SWPA) can be the most time intensive of the five steps. The first step you should take for your Illinois community water system is to refer to the Source Water As-sessment Fact Sheet from the IEPA to see the con-taminant inventory that already exists. This inven-tory should be reviewed, field verified and updated as things do change.

If there is no existing inventory, then you will need to create one by identifying all contaminant sources and land uses in the delineated area. You will show their locations in relation to the well or intake as an overlay on the base map. Some sources may be obvious. These include landfills, above ground storage tanks, livestock confinement areas, sewage treatment facilities and highway or railroad right of ways. Others are harder to locate like abandoned cesspools, underground tanks, french drains, dry wells and wells or old dumps and mines.

The Source Water Assessment Program (SWAP) has provided both an inventory and susceptibility assessment for all public water systems. While this effort focused on contaminant sources deemed to be significant, a community-generated inventory can be even more inclusive and useful for the type of management approach to be used.

Many communities have found existing citizen groups to be the best volunteers. For example, a senior citizen group may know the history of the community, are known and trusted by members of the community, and may have the time to do the necessary property inspections and interviews. You may also interest a local high school science class in assisting with the inventory effort. The use of an exist-ing group may reduce the amount of time you need to spend in getting things organized.

Placing the compiled inventory information on the base map allows the team to see the number, location and type of potential contaminant sources that exist in the SWP area. Understanding the re-lationship of inventoried sources to the well or intake is important in deciding on the best management options. Some community planning teams have noted that the inventory step generates considerable paperwork. It is important that all land uses within the SWPA are identified for the effort to be of value.

Step 3: Contaminant Source Inventory

Contaminant Inventory

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A community generated inventory process starts by locating lists of contaminant sources com-piled by federal, state, and local agencies. Locations are marked on the base map (sites are visited as needed to fill in data gaps). Next, an inventory of established protection zones is performed, usually by the certified operator since he/she is usually very familiar with the area immediately around the well or intake. Identified land use and contaminant sources of concern that are located in these zones are marked on the base map. Then, a combination of visual survey, mail survey or site visit is used to iden-tify significant land uses and contaminant sources. Potential contaminant sources are prioritized based on an assessment of the susceptibility of the source water. Usually, all land uses and selected contami-nant sources are identified on the base map.

IL EPA Source Water Assessment Fact Sheets http://www.epa.state.il.us/cgi-bin/wp/swap-fact-sheets.pl

3.3.1 - The process continued ...


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3.3.2 - Data management

Land uses within the delineated SWPA should be identified on your base map, usually on a 7.5-minute topographic map. Land uses can be de-scribed using a simple table such as the figure: "Land use codes".

While it is important to identify general land uses within the boundary of the SWP area, certain specific activities or sites of concern should have an inventory sheet completed due to high risk factors. Risk is elevated by some land-use activities, and by close proximity to the well, intake, or shallow groundwater.

At all sites for which you complete an inventory sheet, an identification number should be entered on both the inventory sheet and base map. Site details should then be described for these selected sites on the inventory sheet.

When complete, you will have a base map showing general land uses in your SWP area and spe-cific sites noted by a map locator number that corresponds to the inventory sheet upon which specific site information is maintained.

Information on the completed contaminant source inventory sheet should include:• SWP area zone and a unique site identification number • Address of the site or latitude/longitude or township/range/section • Name, address and phone number of landowners • Name, address and phone number of any renters or lease holders • Nature of property and type of land use activity • Chemicals used or stored and their volume • Sketch of site (digital camera images are also a good tool for later comparison)

The inventory of each local SWP area should be updated at least every year and the updated in-ventory submitted to your Illinois SWP staff and local emergency management personnel.


Land use codes

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3.3.3 - Potential sources of contamination

Potential contaminant sources are listed based on their relative threat to water quality. Below are three broad categories used to list potential sources of contamination based on the general location of occurrence. This list is not exhaustive and is very general, but it can be used as a starting point in iden-tifying potential contaminant sources.

Potential contaminants located on the land surface:• Hazardous waste generators, storage and disposal spills• Fertilizer and pesticide use areas, mixing and loading• Irrigated lawns and crops• Brine pits• Land disposal of solid or liquid waste• Illegal dumps• Facilities using or storing chemicals• Land farms for sludge, sewage, or petroleum contaminated soil• De-icing salt usage or storage• Animal feedlots• Holding ponds and lagoons• Mine tailings and waste rock• Transportation routes, pipelines, terminals, and above-ground storage tanks

Potential contaminants located in the soil above the water table:• Sumps and dry wells• Gravel pits and construction excavations• Storm water• Sumps and ponds• Septic tanks, cesspools, and privies• Underground storage tanks and pipelines• Sanitary landfills• Cemeteries and animal burial sites• Sewer lines and lift stations• Artificial recharge projects


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3.3.3 - Potential sources of contamination continued ...

Potential contaminants located in the soil below the water table:• Underground injection wells• Mine shafts• Secondary recovery operations• Chemigation wells• Drainage canals• Operating water wells and monitoring wells• Abandoned wells• Geothermal, oil and gas wells


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3.3.4 - Regulation of contaminant sources

The following agencies identify and evaluate sources or potential sources of contamination (air / water / soil). Some are entering the data into da-tabases for easy retrieval. These agencies are a source of initial information on sources of contami-nation that may exist within a SWP area.

• Illinois Environmental Protection Agency• Department of Conservation and Natural Resources • Department of Agriculture • U.S. Geological Survey • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Specific state programs regulate categories of contaminants, such as underground storage tanks, agrichemicals, or hazardous wastes. Each agency implements its own inventory of sources. Some-times GIS mapping of these various inventories is combined and displayed for easier information ac-cess and management.

Local fire chiefs inspect work places and may have information on the hazardous chemicals used and stored. Many work places are required to inventory and properly label all hazardous chemicals.

Federal land management agencies have inventoried hazards and prepared management plans that outline the activities occurring on the public lands. When public lands are contained within the SWP area, site specific information is available from the land management agency. In addition, the information may be in GIS.


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• Review existing inventory from EPA • Identify inventory participants • Make inventory assignments• Provide training • Contact agencies for existing information. • Distribute inventory forms • Conduct field inventory • Prioritize sites, reduce field data • Transfer field data to base map overlay

A sample Contaminant Source Inventory Form is included in the program. You may find it useful during the inventory process.


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3.4.1 - Protection strategies

The goal of protective management is to main-tain and improve the quality of the water source used by a PWS. Experience has documented that contaminants, contaminant sources and specific land uses can be managed to help reduce the likeli-hood that water will be rendered unfit for PWS uses or that changes in water quality will increase oper-ating costs.

Protective management strategies are applied within the delineated SWPA and may include:

Increased monitoring or inspections at potential sources of contamination, prioritizing regulatory controls on sources of contamination, implementation of best management practices (BMPs) and pub-lic education programs.

Areas more likely to allow contaminants to enter the source water should be managed more inten-sively than other areas. If the inventory has discovered a large number of different types of sources, the team may want to prioritize the sources according to how likely they are to contaminate water or how dangerous the contaminants are to human health using the susceptibility assessment from Step 3.

The team should set goals for managing the potential sources of contamination in the zones of the SWPA. Various management options should be evaluated based on reaching the team's goals. For instance, if the goal is to prevent contaminants from entering groundwater, management options might include double containment for storage containers or explore options for prohibiting certain activities. If the goal is to maintain and improve the quality of the drinking water, management might include public education programs or implementing BMPs in local businesses and farming operations.

The community planning team should prepare recommendations to the governing entity that will be responsible for managing the SWP program. The team should also suggest a time frame for evalu-ating the success in reaching the management goals.

Local entities may choose to manage their SWP areas in a variety of ways. The choice of manage-ment techniques is determined by the size and nature of the SWP area, the delineation method used, type of local entity, operation of the potential contamination source, characteristics of the chemicals used and the source management already in place. For more assistance, contact your IEPA or IRWA SWP staff.

Step 4: Management and Protection Strategies

Sound land use planning

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UNIT 3: THE PLAN

3.4.2 - Differential management by zone

Differential management means that the zones of a SWP area may receive different types or levels of management. Management intensity usually decreases away from the well or intake. The management types described in this document are: control management, intensive management and protective management. Management types correspond to the SWPA zones. The zones recognized by the IEPA include a minimum setback zone (200' for confined aquifer wells and 400' for unconfined aquifer wells), a maximum setback zone (1000' ) (2500' in certain instances), and a 5-year time of travel recharge area (determined with computer modeling).

Control management is applied to the innermost zone immediately surrounding the well or intake (the minimum setback zone). Intensive management is used in the maximum setback zone where groundwater can migrate to the well or move downstream to an intake within a short period of time. Protective management is used in the outermost zone (5-year time of travel recharge area) that in-cludes a larger portion of the aquifer supplying the well or the upper watershed area.

The goal of control management in groundwater systems is to protect against damage to the well and prevent the introduction of contaminants into the well or groundwater in the immediate area. At surface water systems, control management should be used to prevent the discharge of contaminants in the area immediately upstream from the intake. Control management is implemented in the minimum setback zone by the IEPA and the public water supply and/or a local entity. Ownership, easement or lease of the land immediately surrounding the well or intake may be necessary to control certain activi-ties around or entry to the well site or intake area. Examples of control methods include: fencing the property, prohibiting improper chemical storage or use, sloping the land away from the well, building a secure well house or installing positive controls on the intake.

The goal of intensive management is to focus pollution prevention activities in the maximum set-back zone where water is expected to be captured by a pumping well or surface water intake. Intensive management may address specific contaminants such as microbes, nitrates, solvents and herbicides. Certain public water systems will also want to consider intensive management for sediment, total or-ganic carbon, metals and possibly sulfates. Intensive management includes: requiring existing septic systems to connect to a public sewage treatment system, prohibitions (to the extent possible by IL rules and regulations) against specific sources of pollution, leak detection monitoring, secondary contain-ment for storing specific chemicals and/or the use of agricultural best management practices.

If a recharge region is delineated for an unconfined, fractured bedrock aquifer, the region may also be intensively managed. Even though this region may be many miles away, fractures and solution cavi-ties in the formation can facilitate the movement of pollutants to the well or spring.


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UNIT 3: THE PLAN

3.4.3 - Management and protection options

Local entities may choose to manage their SWP areas in various ways. Their approach to management is determined by the size and nature of the SWP area, the delineation method used, and the type of local entity. Operation of the potential contamination source, characteristics of chemicals used and source management already in place are also factors to consider.

Management options are:• Source prohibitions and permits• Municipal ordinances• Design and operating standards• Public education• Inspectors at construction/drilling site• Best management practices (BMPs)• Local water quality district• Ground water monitoring• Subdivision regulation• Site plan review• Petition IEPA for "Regulated Recharge Area" designation• Purchase of property and development rights

It is important to prioritize the potential sources of contamination for management by determining which sources are managed adequately by existing federal or state laws or local ordinances, and which sources need additional management. Potential sources of contamination within the control or special protection region and those that use, generate, or store chemicals that are regulated by a drinking wa-ter standard should be prioritized for management. For the priority sources, accurate locations can be determined with geographic positioning equipment.


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UNIT 3: THE PLAN

Groundwater Protection Tools and Techniques(From E. B. Liner, E. Morley and J. Stanger, 1994, Assessing the Experience of Local Groundwa-

ter Protection Programs. Washington, D.C.: The Urban Institute.)

Zoning Ordinances• Open space districts• Conservation and recreation districts• Aquifer recharge or wellhead protection zones• Overlay districts (aquifer or wellhead)• Prohibition of hazardous materials (to the extent possible by IL rules and regulations) • Prohibition of adverse uses (to the extent possible by IL rules and regulations) • Landfill locations

Subdivision Regulations• Minimum lot sizes• Slope controls, drainage maintenance and easements• Gradations in protection for vulnerable areas

Site Plan Reviews• Environmental review requirements• Cross-checking with water/environmental departments• Permit renewal

Design Standards• Building codes• Setback requirements• Septic system standards• Drainage systems, catch basins• Performance standards• Underground storage tanks• Sinkhole protection

Operating Standards• Alternative waste treatment systems permitted• Storage and transport of hazardous materials• Best management practices• Underground storage tanks

3.4.3 - Management and protection options continued ...


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UNIT 3: THE PLAN

Source Controls• Pesticide management plans• Prohibited materials from zones• Groundwater discharge permits

Wellhead Protection Ordinances• Exclusive use zones• Overlay methods• Time of travel delineation

Purchase of Property or Development Rights• Capital or bond fund programs• Easements• Restrictive covenants• Recharge area acquisition program• Leaseback of lands• Deed restrictions

Public Education• Adult• School-age• Media• Xeriscaping guidance• Source materials guidance• Alternative materials guidance• Pesticide/fertilizer application• Best management practices

Groundwater Monitoring• Monitoring wells at landfills and critical locations• Applicability of Illinois Groundwater Quality Standards• Regular testing for contaminants and for pathogens and viruses• Wastewater treatment plants• Regular (annual) inspections• Self-monitoring reports

Household Hazardous Waste Collection• Regular collection programs exist



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UNIT 3: THE PLAN

Water Conservation• Distribution of flow control devices• Retrofitting efforts (toilet tank replacement)• Recycling wastewater

Emergency Response Plans• Interagency, intergovernmental plan

Regional Policy Development Plan• Nitrogen loading policy• Geographic information systems groundwater component• Aquifer classification• Wetlands delineations• Transfer of development rights permitted• Stormwater management plan• Technical hydrologic analyses

Other Methods• Underground tank removal program• Water need projections, hydrologic budgets• Assessments in master plans• Assessments in economic development plans• Assessments in capital improvement plans• Aquifer management program• Assessment in growth management plans



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UNIT 3: THE PLAN


• Prioritize potential contaminant threats within each delineated zone.

• Discuss possible management options. • Meet with local governing body to discuss

regulatory options. • Develop or identify best management prac-

tices. • Develop education plan. • Investigate adoption of local ordinance. • Write SWP management plan.


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UNIT 3: THE PLAN

3.5.1 - Contingency planning

Communities need to plan for the future. Will they have enough drinking water if population continues to grow or if they were to experience a drought? What will they do if their source becomes contaminated?

Communities should investigate future sources of drinking water in case any of those scenarios would occur. They should also plan on how they would protect the new source by determining what types of management techniques would be applicable. Emergency management personnel should be provided with detailed instruction on what they should do in case a spill or other contamination event would occur.

The Illinois Rural Water Association has provided two very useful contingency plan templates spe-cifically for source water protection:

For municipalities, use Municipal Contingency Plan Template (257 KB RTF)For public water districts or co-ops, use PWD Contingency Plan Template (327 KB RTF)

At the end of Step 5 (section 3.5.8) we've provided a template to design your complete Source Water Protection Plan. It is a Fill-in-the-Blank template with instructions.

Step 5: Plan for the Future

Emergency management

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UNIT 3: THE PLAN

3.5.2 - "What-if?" scenario

Contingency planning is one of the most valu-able parts of the SWP process. It puts answers to many of the "what if" type questions and can en-able your system to react thoughtfully to a problem instead of reacting to a crisis. For example:

"What if a tanker spill or tank leak occurred to-day that caused a large pool of fuel within 300 feet of one of your wells or within a mile upstream from your intake?"

•Is the well or intake threatened? •Is there an emergency response mechanism in place sufficient to contain the spill? •Should you shut down the well or intake? •Can you provide an alternate and safe supply of water for a short period of time until the threat

has passed? •Do you have the funding to pay for water via a tank truck for a short period of time? •Is providing an alternative source of water an option?

These are the types of questions to which you should have answers before you actually need them. It is a form of short-term planning.


Emergency situation

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UNIT 3: THE PLAN

3.5.3 - Adequate long-term planning

In addition to the short-term response de-scribed in the "What-if?" scenario, groundwater-based systems should also consider the type of response if a well is permanently contaminated.

Do you have a back-up source or at least an idea of where to locate a back-up well? For exam-ple, the delineation effort (Step 2) will have provid-ed useful information concerning the source of water. Use that information to complete a source water protection area delineation for a new well location.

A SWP plan must include adequate planning for new sources including careful consideration of potential sites, existing land use, predicted zoning areas, how to obtain access and rights to areas if necessary and how the areas will be protected. Also, provisions for alternate water supply must be described such as arrangements for bulk hauling or sources of interconnection.

Long-term planning needs for a surface water-based system vary considerably between public wa-ter systems. Surface water systems may be able to allow serious contamination threats to pass by, by closing intake valves and then reopening after the threat has passed. Surface water-based systems on small streams should consider their response to a total loss of their current supply through contamina-tion or drought as a response planning exercise.

To begin the Contingency Planning step, the community planning team or operator should review the public water system contingency plan (if one exists) and make any needed modification to update the plan. If no contingency plan currently exists, the team should put one together. This would also be a good time for the county Emergency Coordinator to meet with the operator or team to discuss how you will interact in the event a disaster threatens the water supply. It is important that the local emergency response official know about the SWP delineated area to ensure priority response should a spill or disaster occur.

Useful information for developing a contingency plan may be available through local fire compa-nies and other emergency response agencies that are part of a community's emergency network es-tablished by Title III of the Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act (SARA). The focus of con-tingency planning under SARA Title III is hazardous chemical spills, but the emergency network may be used and supplemented for a SWP contingency plan.

Disruptions to the PWS may occur due to natural disasters, accidents or even vandalism. The local governing entity and public water supply should plan for these emergencies and should be prepared to provide an alternative drinking water supply.


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UNIT 3: THE PLAN

For help with the contingency plan templates or annual training on how to create a comprehensive emergency operating plan, contact the IRWA at:

Illinois Rural Water AssociationP.O. Box 6049 3305 Kennedy Road Taylorville, Illinois 62568 Telephone: 217/287-1190 or 217/287-2115 FAX: 217/824-8368http://www.ilrwa.org/

Or view the training schedule here: http://www.ilrwa.org/for_charge1.htm.

3.5.3 - Adequate long-term planning continued ...


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UNIT 3: THE PLAN

3.5.4 - Elements of a contingency plan

The public water supply must have an contingency plan describing procedures to be followed to correct problems with the distribution system, wells and source water.

The plan should describe the following: 1. Identification of possible disruption threats.

•Have you identified the principal threats to your public water system?•Have you educated water system users in recognition of principal threats and recommended

responses?

2. Designation of an emergency public water supply coordinator.•Have you designated an emergency coordinator for the water system?•Has this person been trained in emergency procedures?•Do other public water system personnel and local/state emergency coordinators know how to

contact the designated emergency coordinator when an emergency arises?•Have you described the chain of command at the local level and within the state emergency

response system?•Have you identified the legal authority that authorizes an emergency response?

3. Equipment and material resources.•Have you identified equipment and material resource needs for principal threats to your water

system?•Have you identified which items need to be on hand and which need to be available? •Have you described how you will access equipment and materials in an emergency?

4. Procedures to shut down and isolate the threatened or contaminated water from the distribu-tion system.

•Can you isolate various parts of your distribution system? •Can you monitor selected parts of your system if contaminants have gained entry? •Are important shut off valves mapped, marked and maintained?

5. Procedures for coordinating along with county and state emergency response agencies.•Have you added your contingency plan to the county's Comprehensive Disaster and Emergen-

cy Plan? •Have you included a list of local and state emergency management personnel names and

phone numbers?


91


6. Procedures to effectively communicate with the water users.•Have you established a policy concerning how and when you will alert the media such as radio,

newspaper and TV? •Have you described how to directly alert water users if an emergency warrants such action?

7. Sources of emergency water for drinking and other household uses.•Do you have a list of possible alternative sources of potable water and a supply plan? •Do you have a plan for water rationing? •If your normal water system is disrupted, do you have a mechanism for emergency water disin-

fection?

8. Procedures to decontaminate the distribution system and well.•Have you described how you might disinfect or decontaminate the entire water system? •Have you described a policy for resumption of water service following disruption?

9. Sources of emergency funds and procedures for requesting and dispersing such funds.•Have you budgeted emergency funds? •Do you know how to request emergency funds from the state? •Have you planned long-term well replacement? Have you identified funding mechanisms?

10. Replacement source. •Have you identified the replacement source location on your base map?•Have you shown a projected SWP area on your base map? •Have you included the contaminant source inventory of the SWPA for the replacement source?

UNIT 3: THE PLAN

3.5.4 - Elements of a contingency plan continued ..


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UNIT 3: THE PLAN

3.5.5 - Completing a contingency plan

A contingency plan can be developed by addressing each of the indexed items listed above as a section heading and then providing a descriptive answer, name and phone number list or map to the bulleted questions. The following information may help you complete your contingency plan develop-ment.

Possible disruption threats include chemical or fuel spills, leaking above or underground storage tanks, pipeline leaks, flooding, pump failure, main breaks, power outages and vandalism. A major high-way, rail line or industrial area near your well or intake may increase the chances of an emergency. The inventory step should have identified many of these potential threats already. Water system users can also assist in the recognition of emergency situations by educating them through an annual water bill insert.

Once a problem is identified and reported, response personnel need to be notified. A roster with names, telephone numbers, responsibilities and back-up personnel should be created. A chain of com-mand should describe each individual's responsibility and one person should be designated as the emergency coordinator. The legal authority under which you act can be identified through discussions with the local emergency management coordinator or the local governing body. It is especially impor-tant for non-municipal public water systems to know what authority they can use to protect their water supply in the event a crisis occurs.

A list of existing and needed equipment and materials (spare parts, disinfection chemicals, spill containment supplies, personnel protective equipment) should be compiled. Sources for outside assis-tance and equipment that may be needed in an emergency such as well drillers, excavators, portable pumps, generators, emergency disinfection equipment and technical consultants should be identified. A contact sheet listing the need and probable source should be generated.

A map of your distribution system with important valve locations should be included in the con-tingency plan. It may be possible to color code various sections of your system on the map to clearly identify sections that you can isolate and where the valves are located. Include a description of your maintenance schedule for important valves. The map should also show possible sample points to be used in the event a contaminant is isolated in certain parts of the system.


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UNIT 3: THE PLAN

3.5.6 - Plan development

Contact the local emergency management co-ordinator (usually at the courthouse or through the sheriff's office) to be sure they are aware of your SWP area delineation and contingency plan. Many coordinators are not specifically aware of public water system contingency planning and this is an opportunity to coordinate but not duplicate efforts.

A listing of locally available media contacts should be generated. You should also develop a policy regarding media contact and designate a specific media contact person to ensure correct information is disseminated when deemed necessary. Regulations concerning many potential contaminants dic-tate how and when you must notify your water system users of a Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) exceedance. Some situations require an immediate alert mechanism so you need to identify ways in which you can reach your users such as a phone network. For example, a water system operated by a water user's association may state that the operator will contact each board member who in turn will contact a specified portion of the water users.

There are several ways to replace a contaminated water supply. Some systems may have access to a back-up well that could be physically connected to the distribution system should the need arise. It is wise to ensure that the back-up is maintained in a potable condition. Water supply operators should contact their IEPA Regional Office staff for guidance on maintaining / exercising backup water sup-ply wells. Other systems may use bottled water or a water hauler may provide an emergency supply. Identify these possible sources and make sure they are an approved source. You should also include a written procedure describing the routine disinfection of tank trucks. This is often a weak link in a short-term water supply plan.

Resumption of water service following an emergency is usually based on one or more "clean" samples and may be dictated by regulation.

You should be aware of emergency funding sources that may exist at both the local and state levels. Contact the local emergency management coordinator in your area. A list of possible funding sources and contacts should be maintained so valuable time is not lost dealing with this issue during an emergency.

For new public water system wells, construction standards for large public water systems are con-tained in state standards. Your plans and specs will be reviewed by the IEPA, Division of Public Water Supply, Permit Section prior to construction.


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UNIT 3: THE PLAN

3.5.6 - Plan development continued ...

A good technique to use after you have developed a contingency plan is to run through a couple of mock emergencies. You cannot anticipate everything, but pre planning can save many headaches when something really does happen. Contingency plans should be dynamic and should include a built-in mechanism for annual review and updates. You might try to tie your contingency plan review and update to some other regularly scheduled event or put it on the time line planning calendar you use for sample planning.


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UNIT 3: THE PLAN

3.5.7 - What exactly do I need to complete Step 5?•Identify principal risks to source water in your

SWP area •Meet with local Emergency Management Coordi-

nator •Meet with the local Fire Marshall•Write detailed contingency plan•Submit plan to local Emergency Management Co-

ordinator and Fire Marshall for review/comment•Include contingency plan in the overall SWP plan


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UNIT 3: THE PLAN

3.5.8 - Now you're ready to develop a protection plan

Illinois SWP Plan Template (775 KB RTF)

Plan approval or certification is not required ... but many public water systems have recognized the value of planning for the future by considering the development of a SWP program. In part, this is because water resource agencies and techni-cal assistance programs have been very active in getting information about SWP to system opera-tors and managers. But another significant reason that we're seeing more and more systems begin development of a SWP plan is because "it just makes good sense."

The concepts are easy:1. Find out where your water comes from; 2. Identify potential threats located within the source area; and 3. Decide how to manage those threats.

While the concept is easy, some of us have a tougher time when it comes to 'putting pencil to pa-per.' It's important that your plan be put together in a manner that will allow others to fully understand your community and water system based on the work you have done. Certified operators change posi-tions as do city councils and water user association board members. The plan will be used by others who were not involved with its creation; therefore it should be a stand-alone-type document.

The Illinois SWP Plan template has been provided to help develop your plan on a computer. It has fill-in-the-blank fields with instruction to help you get started. If you need assistance, call the IEPA or the IRWA.

Good luck and happy source water protecting to you!


Using the template

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UNIT 4 : CASE STUDIES

4.1.1 - Mackinaw case study

Learn the specifics of this community’s wa-ter supply and see how it may relate to your own. The following text is a quick overview of the case study PDF (mackinaw.pdf 166 KB). This overview can also be viewed as a slide show in the Illinois Source Water Protection Guide to Developing a Source Water Protection Plan Interactive Manual.

Importance of Source Water - The Village of Mackinaw utilizes three active community water supply wells which supply an average of 210,600 gallons per day to 1,650 services or a population of 2,400 individuals. A large consumer of Mackinaw’s source water is a residential subdivision that has approximately 450 service connections.

Source of Water Supply - The three active wells are located west of the village, near the Macki-naw River. Wells #3 and #4 are primarily used as back-up wells and pump approximately 80 gallons per minute. The village’s primary well, Well #5, produces approximately 350 gpm. These three wells are operated for a combined maximum output of roughly 352,000 gallons per day.

Source Water Quality - Samples from the Mackinaw wells were analyzed for volatile organic com-pounds, synthetic organic compounds, and inorganic chemicals. Analyses did not detect volatile or-ganic contaminants or synthetic organic contaminants. However, low level detections of the herbicide atrazine were observed in water sampled from Well #4 between 1986 and 1990. Subsequent sampling has not detected atrazine.

Potential Sources of Contamination - Sites labeled on the Wellhead Protection Planning Map are considered “potential” contamination sources. These sites were predominantly identified through the Illinois EPA’s Well Site Survey based on the nature of their activity, electronic databases, and their geographic proximity to the source water protection area. Potential sources included waste disposal and fertilizer storage sites at 175 feet, and abandoned wells at distances of 50, 100 and 150 feet from active wells.

Village of Mackinaw: Groundwater

Case Study Overview

98

Village of Mackinaw:Groundwater



4.1.1 - Mackinaw case study continued...

Susceptibility to Contamination - Five potential sources of groundwater contamination may pose a hazard to the Mackinaw community water supply wells. Well #6 is considered a potential route of contamination and is located within the recharge area of Wells #3 and #4. The Illinois EPA has deter-mined that Wells #3 and #4 are susceptible to contamination. Industrial and agricultural practices can be found within the recharge areas of Wells #3 and #4. However, Well #5 is not susceptible to con-tamination.

Mackinaw officials were able to secure a State of Illinois SRF Loan for construction of a new water treatment facility and additional new wells were also part of the construction project.

Source Water Protection Efforts - The Illinois Environmental Protection Act provides minimum protection zones of 400 feet for Mackinaw Wells #3 and #4 and 200 feet for Well #5. According to a Wellhead Protection Plan provided to the village, a source water protection program should be imple-mented which includes a source water planning and education committee, source water protection management strategies and contingency planning. In addition, the village should enact “maximum set-back zones” which are authorized by the Illinois Environmental Protection Act. For more detail open the Source Water Assessment Program Fact Sheet (PDF) for Mackinaw - Tazewell County by Illinois EPA and the USGS.

mackinaw.pdf (166 KB)

Village of Mackinaw: Groundwater

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4.2.1 - Loda case study

Learn the specifics of this community’s water supply and see how it may relate to your own. The following text is a quick overview of the case study PDF (loda.pdf 249 KB). This overview can also be viewed as a slide show in the Illinois Source Water Protection Guide to Developing a Source Water Protection Plan Interactive Manual.

Importance of Source Water - The Village of Loda obtains its water from two community water supply wells.The two wells provide an average of 36,000 gallons per day to 186 services or a popula-tion of 400.

Source of Water Supply - The wells produce at rates of 220 and 150 gallons per minute and range from 158 to 250 feet deep. Well #1 is the primary source with Well #2 as a standby well. Both wells utilize the Mahomet and Glasford formation sand and gravel aquifers. The Illinois EPA does not consider these wells to be geologically sensitive. A 200 foot setback is in effect.

Source Water Quality - Loda’s wells were sampled beginning in 1986 as part of a Statewide Groundwater Monitoring Program. Review of the data indicated that contaminant levels were well below groundwater quality standards with the exception of lead concentrations. Concentrations of lead in the source water were above the 7.5 parts per billion groundwater standard. Analyses did not detect quantifiable levels of any organic compounds or the presence of pesticides or herbicides.

Finished Water Quality - Finished water sampling results showed a level of 10 ppb for lead dur-ing the 1994 sampling year. The Illinois EPA believes this level could be the result of erosion of natural deposits.

Susceptibility to Contamination - According to an Illinois EPA 1990 Well Site Survey, nine poten-tial sources of groundwater contamination are hazards to groundwater pumped by the Loda community water supply wells. These include pesticide/fertilizer application and warehouse, three below ground fuel storages, an above ground fuel storage, a grain elevator, an implement sales/service, a salvage yard, and an autobody shop.

Village of Loda: Groundwater

Case Study Overview

100




Source Water Protection Efforts - To further minimize the risk to the village’s groundwater sup-ply, the Illinois EPA recommends that three additional activities be assessed. First, the village may wish to enact a “maximum setback zone” ordinance. Second, the water supply staff may wish to revisit their contingency planning documents. Finally, the water supply staff is encouraged to review their cross connection control program to ensure that it remains current and viable. For more detail open the Source Water Assessment Program Fact Sheet (PDF) for Loda by Illinois EPA and the USGS.

loda.pdf (249 KB)

4.2.1 - Loda case study continued ...


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4.3.1 - Springfield case study

Learn the specifics of this community’s water supply and see how it may relate to your own. The following text is a quick overview of the case study PDF (springfield.pdf 1.3 MB). This overview can also be viewed as a slide show in the Illinois Source Water Protection Guide to Devel-oping a Source Water Protection Plan Interactive Manual.

Importance of Surface Water - Drinking water for the City of Springfield is supplied by the municipal utility, City Water, Light & Power. Lake Springfield acts as the source of Springfield’s drinking water. The lake’s surface water intake draws an average of 22 million gallons per day.

Source Water Location - Lake Springfield is located within the Lower Sangamon River Water-shed, draining an area of 266 square miles in portions of Sangamon, Macoupin, and Morgan Counties. The Lake Springfield Watershed includes two main streams, Lick Creek and Sugar Creek, which feed into the lake. The lake was created in 1935 by damming Sugar Creek and later flooding portions of Lick and Sugar Creeks.

Source Water Quality - The overall resource quality of the lake is considered “fair.” Results from Illinois EPA’s 1999 Ambient Lake Monitoring Program indicate the untreated raw water supply has had detections above the drinking water standard (three parts per billion) for the pesticide compound atra-zine.

Potential Sources of Contamination - Potential sources of contaminants include auto dealer-ships, gas stations, body shops, cereal mills and a coal mining company.

Susceptibility to Contamination - Illinois EPA considers all surface water sources of community water supply to be susceptible to potential pollution problems. This is why mandatory treatment is re-quired of all Illinois surface water supplies.

Watershed Protection Efforts - Since the mid-1980s, Lake Springfield has undergone extensive monitoring and lake restoration, including the dredging of part of the upper reaches of the lake. Water-shed management projects are in progress to help sustain this valuable lake resource. The importance of good water quality and protecting the natural resource base in Lake Springfield and its watershed has been the focus of the Lake Springfield Watershed Resources Planning Committee since 1990. For more detail click CLOSE and then open the Source Water Assessment Program Fact Sheet (PDF) for Springfield - Sangamon County by Illinois EPA and the USGS.

springfield.pdf (1.3 MB)

City of Springfield: Surface Water

Case Study Overview

102

City of Springfield: Surface Water



4.4.1 - Peoria case study

Learn the specifics of this community’s water supply and see how it may relate to your own. The following text is a quick overview of the case study PDF (peoria.pdf 3 MB). This overview can also be viewed as a slide show in the Illinois Source Water Protection Guide to Developing a Source Water Protection Plan Interactive Manual.

Importance of Groundwater - The Illinois River is utilized by the Illinois American Water Company-Peoria to provide water to the City of Peoria and the surrounding area. This facility draws water from the Illinois River through one surface water intake. In addition, IAWC-Peoria utilizes 14 shal-low sand and gravel wells located in three seperate wellfields. The average amount of water pumped annually is 8.52 billion gallons, of which approximately 60 percent is groundwater and 40 percent is surface water. The supply provides an average of 23.3 million gallons per day to 54,981 service con-nections with an estimated population of 164,500 persons.

Source Water Location - The Upper Illinois/Mazon River Watersheds are part of one of the most significant waterways in the state. The watersheds cover 1,880,071 acres in eleven counties. The IAWC-Peoria wells use a shallow sand and gravel aquifer.

Surface Water Quality - Within the Upper Illinois River Watershed, 1429 stream miles were as-sessed on the Illinois River and its tributaries. Resource quality was “good” in 79% or 1127 of its stream miles, and “fair” conditions existed in 21% or 302 stream miles.

Groundwater Quality - IEPA conducted raw water sampling from nine of the IAWC-Peoria wells. No Synthetic Organic Chemicals were detected and inorganic analyses were consistent with other

sand and gravel wells of similar depth in Illinois. Analyses did detect low levels of the solvent tetrachlo-roethylene in a few wells, but these concentrations were well below drinking water standards.

Potential Sources of Contamination - Major sources that contribute to Illinois’ nonpoint source pollution problems are agriculture, construction, erosion, urban runoff, hydrologic modifications, and resource extraction activities. Here is a map of herbicide usage in the Upper Illinois Watershed, in pounds per square mile. Counties displayed in darker colors have higher estimated usages.

Susceptibility to Contamination : Surface Water - Commodities including manufactured goods, petrochemicals, and pesticides are transported along the river system. Agricultrural runoff within the Upper Illinois River Basin also contributes to the susceptibility of the IAWC-Peoria intake. Accidental spills of hazardous materials into navigable waterways are a major concern because of their frequency in the United States in recent years.

IAWC - Peoria: Groundwater and Surface Water

Case Study Overview

103




4.4.1 - Peoria case study continued ...

Susceptibility to Contamination : Groundwater - Illinois State University, funded by the Illinois EPA, delineated the IAWC-Peoria water supply wells. Each delineation map shows the well location, minimum and maximum setback zones, the 5-year recharge area and known potential sources of con-tamination. For security reasons, some of this detail has been omitted.

Watershed Protection Efforts - U.S. EPA provides grants for the Illinois EPA to finance projects that demonstrate cost-effective

solutions to Nonpoint Source Pollution problems and promote public knowledge and awareness of NPS pollution. Projects in the Upper Illinois River Watershed have included:

- A project to improve water quality through the treatment of uplands and floodplains in the Senachwine Creek Watershed, and a watershed educational/training program

- An Illinois River Watershed display designed to enhance public awareness of the watershed

- Implementations of structural grade control and vegetative stabilization in the urban Big Hollow Creek Watershed to control stream and bluff erosion

For more detail open the Source Water Assessment Program Fact Sheet (PDF) for Peoria by Il-linois EPA and the USGS.

peoria.pdf (3 MB)


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UNIT 5: RESOURCES

5.1.1 - Interactive training for operators

Operator Basics Training Series: Ground Water Systems - National Version 2003

"Ground Water Systems - National Version 2003," is an innovative multimedia training program designed to entertain while it instructs. Our ap-proach, which is an industry first, is to train opera-tors and managers of small public ground water systems through a series of interactive activities. Developed in cooperation with numerous agen-cies and individuals, this training provides users with a basic working knowledge of small public ground water system operation.

Training:Learn essential information about small public ground water system operations by working through

a series of challenging, colorful and fun activities. Up to 13.6 hours of training can be documented by working through all 11 units of Ground Water Basics 2003! (7.1 hours of activities + an estimated 6.5 hours reading)

Activities:View popular activities in our showcase or use earned activity points in the casino. Math Quiz:Sharpen math skills with water-related problems that provide animated feedback and step-by-step

solutions. Resources:Find useful operator contacts for every state and EPA region.

Resources on this CD-ROM

Operator Basics Training Series

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UNIT 5: RESOURCES

5.1.2 - Documents

*Illinois Guide to Developing a Source Water Protection Program (all Units)

il_swp.pdf (2.6 MB) low-res il_swp_hi.pdf (5.2 MB) hi-res

*Illinois Guide to Developing a Source Water Protection Program (individual Units)

unit1.pdf (448 KB) unit2.pdf (798 KB) unit3.pdf (852 KB) unit4.pdf (274 KB) unit5.pdf (316 KB)

Consumer Confidence Report Guidance Manual ccr_guidance_manual.pdf (196 KB)

Contaminant Inventory Form inventory.pdf (40 KB)

Groundwater Protection by Local Government localgov.pdf (72 KB)

Guidance Document for Groundwater Protection Needs Assessment needs_assessment.pdf (4.6 MB)

Illinois American Water Company: Peoria - Peoria County Source Water Assessment Program Fact Sheet

peoria.pdf (3 MB)

Illinois Groundwater Protection Program Report: 2000 - 2001 gwprotection2000_2001.pdf (1.5 MB)

Illinois Groundwater Protection Program Report Summary final_igpa.pdf (971 KB)

Illinois Source Water Protection Plan Template il_swp_template.rtf (757 KB)

Land and Water: Conserving Natural Resources in Illinois landandwater.pdf (3.5 MB)

Loda - Iroquois County Source Water Assessment Program Fact Sheet


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loda.pdf (249 KB)

Mackinaw - Tazewll County Source Water Assessment Program Fact Sheet mackinaw.pdf (217 KB)

Maximum Setback Zone Workbook maxsetback.pdf (1.3 MB)

Municipal Contingency Plan Template municipal_contingency_plan_template.rtf (257 KB)

A Primer Regarding Certain Provisions of the Illinois Groundwater Protection Act primer.pdf (2.4 MB)

Public Service Announcement psa.rtf (19 KB)

Public Water District Contingency Plan Template pwd_contingency_plan_template.rtf (327 KB)

Public Water Supplies pws.pdf (150 KB)

Sample Form for Important Emergency Contacts and Phone Numbers phone.rtf (32 KB)

Springfield - Sangamon County Source Water Assessment Program Fact Sheet springfield.pdf (1.3 MB)

Volunteers Needed for Community Planning Team vol.pdf (15 KB)

Volunteers Needed for Community Planning Team volunteers.rtf (28 KB)

5.1.2 - Documents continued ...


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UNIT 5: RESOURCES

5.1.3 - Videos

EXTRAS

Welcome (0:52)

Protect Water and its Source (0:49)

What is Source Water (0:41)

Planning for SWP (0:27)

Delineation (1:07)

GWUDISW (1:03)

Multiple Barrier Concept (2:17)

Pleasant Valley Regulated Recharge Area (9:00)

UNIT 2

2.2.1 - Quality of Water (1:28)

2.2.3 - Accidental Spills (0:31)

2.2.5 - Septic Tank Risks (0:29)

2.2.6 - Sumps, Dry Wells, and Septic Systems (0:31)

2.2.7 - Leaking Underground Storage Tanks (0:24)

2.2.11 - Other Potential Threats (0:14)

2.2.19 - Routine Monitoring Procedures (1:08)


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5.1.3 - Videos continued ...

UNIT 3

3.1.1 - Developing a Committee (0:36)

3.2.1 - Delineation (0:44)

3.3.1 - Contamination Inventory (0:49)

3.4.1 - Sound Land Use Planning (1:09)

3.5.1 - Contingency Planning (0:43)

3.5.2 - "What If" Scenario (1:08)

3.5.10 - Template (0:30)


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UNIT 5: RESOURCES

5.1.4 - Activities and illustrations

UNIT 2

2.1.2 - The hydrologic cycle 2.1.3 - Groundwater in rocks 2.1.4 - Zones 2.1.5 - Identify effects of well pumping 2.1.6 - Geologic cross-section 2.1.7 - Identify aquifer types and characteristics 2.1.8 - Identify recharge areas 2.1.9 - Porosity 2.1.10 - Calculate a hydraulic gradient 2.1.11 - Aquifer characteristics quiz 2.1.12 - Calculate the direction of groundwater flow 2.2.2 - Sources of groundwater contamination 2.2.4 - Natural contamination of groundwater 2.2.8 - Landfill contamination 2.2.15 - Effects of groundwater contamination UNIT 4

4.1.1 - Groundwater Example: City of Mackinaw 4.2.1 - Groundwater Example: City of Loda 4.3.1 - Surface Water Example: City of Springfield 4.4.1 - Groundwater and Surface Water Example: City of Peoria


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5.2.1 - Illinois Environmental Protection Agency

IL EPA Bureau of Waterhttp://www.epa.state.il.us/water

IL EPA Groundwater Quality Protection Programhttp://www.epa.state.il.us/water/groundwater

IL EPA Public Water Supplyhttp://www.epa.state.il.us/water/index-pws.html

IL EPA Source Water Quality Assessment / Protectionhttp://www.epa.state.il.us/water/groundwater/source-water-assessment

IL EPA Water Pollution Controlhttp://www.epa.state.il.us/water/index-wpc.html

IL EPA Source Water Assessment Fact Sheets http://www.epa.state.il.us/cgi-bin/wp/swap-fact-sheets.pl

Resources Available on the Web

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5.2.2 - Federal agencies

EPA Drinking Water and Private Wells Information:http://www.epa.gov/safewater/pwells1.html

EPA Model Ordinances to Protect Local Resourceshttp://www.epa.gov/owow/nps/ordinance/preface.htm

EPA Page for Superfund Siteshttp://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/cursites/index.htm

EPA's Surf Your Watershedhttp://www.epa.gov/surf

Federal Environmental Lawshttp://www.epa.gov/epahome/laws.htm

The Quality of our Nation's Water (305b reports)http://www.epa.gov/305b

U.S. Department of Agriculture - Natural Resources Conservation Servicehttp://www.nrcs.usda.gov

U.S. EPAhttp://www.epa.gov

U.S. EPA - Drinking Water Academy Electronic Workshophttp://www.epa.gov/OGWDW/dwa/electronic.html

U.S. EPA - Region 5http://www.epa.gov/region5

U.S. EPA - Water Topicshttp://www.epa.gov/ebtpages/water.html

United States Geological Surveyhttp://www.usgs.gov


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5.2.3 - State agencies

IL Department of Public Health - Environmental Healthhttp://www.idph.state.il.us/envhealth/ehhome.htm

IL Department of Public Health - Environmental Health - Water Supplieshttp://www.idph.state.il.us/envhealth/sewtemp.htm

IL State Water Surveyhttp://www.sws.uiuc.edu

IL State Water Survey - Water Supplyhttp://www.sws.uiuc.edu/docs/wsfaq


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5.2.4 - Other suggested links

*IL Rural Water Associationhttp://www.ilrwa.org

American Planning Associationhttp://www.planning.org

American Water Works Associationhttp://www.awwa.org

American Water Resources Associationhttp://www.awra.org

Center for Watershed Protectionhttp://www.cwp.org

Great Lakes Rural Community Assistance Programhttp://www.glrcap.org/glrcap

Groundwater Foundationhttp://groundwater.org

Ground Water Protection Councilhttp://www.gwpc.org

National Center for Small Communitieshttp://www.natat.org/ncsc

National Drinking Water Clearinghousehttp://www.nesc.wvu.edu/ndwc

Stormwater Manager's Resource Centerhttp://www.stormwatercenter.net

Technical Assistance Center Network (TACnet) - Funded by EPAhttp://www.tacnet.info


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Acknowledgments

We hope the Guide to Developing a Source Water Protection Plan has been (and will continue to be) a useful tool to help you develop a protection plan for source water in the State of Illinois! Please review this section to acknowledge the people and organizations responsible for this training. Thanks to all that helped in the production of this tool!

Funding

Funding for this project was provided by the EPA Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water through a grant from:

Midwest Technology Assistance Center2204 Griffith DriveChampaign, Illinois 61820-7495Telephone: 217/333-9321 FAX: 217/244-3054http://mtac.sws.uiuc.edu/

Development Team

Kevin Kundert, Training DirectorJustin West, Multimedia ProgrammerNicholas Dunbar, Multimedia DeveloperKen Glynn, Multimedia Designer / Developerhttp://water.montana.edu/mwc/people.htm

Technical Reviewers

Anthony Dulka, P.G., Illinois Environmental Protection Agency and other staffMark Mitchell, Illinois Rural Water Association and other staffGretchen Rupp, P.E., Montana Water Center and other staff

Credits and Bibliography

Montana Water Center Media Team (2003)

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CREDITS

Content (primary)

The Illinois Guide to Developing a Source Water Protection Plan was modified from two previously-produced tools with permission:

The Pennsylvania Guide to Developing a Source Water Protection Plan (2002) and SWP Template from the PA Rural Water Association.

and the Montana Guide to Developing a Source Water Protection Plan (1999).

The original author of much of the primary training in Montana’s version was Joe Meek of the Montana Department of Environmental Quality and their source water protection staff in cooperation with the Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology.

The rewrite for Illinois was by Kevin Kundert of the Montana Water Center, Anthony Dulka of the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency and Mark Mitchell of the Illinois Rural Water Association.

Summary Source Water Assessment Program Fact Sheets were prepared by the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency in cooperation with the U. S. Geological Survey.

The following organizations graciously allowed us to use or include their publications in the product:

• Illinois Environmental Protection Agency • Illinois Rural Water Association • Montana Water Center• Montana Department of Environmental Quality• Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Quality• Pennsylvania DCNR - Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey • Pennsylvania Environmental Council

Acknowledgments continued...


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CREDITS


Works Sited

A Guide to Wellhead Protection, American Planning Association Report Number 457/458. Witten, J. and S. Horsley. Washington D.C., 1995.

Applicability of Wellhead Protection Area Delineation to Domestic Wells, EPA/813-B-95-007. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1995.

Applied Hydrogeology. Fetter, C.W. Macmillan College Publishing Co., New York, NY, 1994.

Basic Ground-Water Hydrology. Health, R. U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2220, Washington D.C., 1982.

Benefits and Costs of Prevention. Case Studies of Community Wellhead Protection, EPA/813-B-95-005. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1996.

Catalog of Federal Funding Sources for Watershed Protection, EPA/841-B-97-008. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1997.

Cross-Connection Control Manual. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Water, 1989.

Drinking Water Inspector’s Field Guide: For Use When Conducting a Sanitary Survey of a Small Groundwater System. Engel, Dr. William, Kenneth M. Hay, and Andrew A. Holtan. United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1998.

Drinking Water Inspector’s Field Guide: For Use When Conducting a Sanitary Survey of a Small Surface Water System. Engel, Dr. William, Kenneth M. Hay, and Andrew A. Holtan. United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1998.

Groundwater. Freeze, K.A. and J.A. Cherry. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1979.

Ground Water and Wells. Driscoll, F.G. U.S. Filter / Johnson Screens, St. Paul, MN, 1994.

Ground Water Hydrology. Todd, D.K. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, 1959.

Ground Water Hydrology. Todd, D.K. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, 1980.

Guide for Conducting Contaminant Source Inventories for Public Drinking Water


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CREDITS


Supplies, EPA 570/9-91-014. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1991.

Guide to Ground-Water Supply Contingency Planning for Local and State Governments, EPA 440/6-90-003. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1990.

Introduction to Small Water Systems. Arasmith, Skeet. ACR Publications, Albany, OR, 1996.

Introduction to the Safe Drinking Water Act and its Major Programs. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Drinking Water Academy, Denver, CO, 2001. Manual of Cross-Connection Control. Foundation for Cross-Connection Control and Hydraulic Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 1993.

Manual of Individual and Non-Public Water Supply Systems. Parrotta, Mark J. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Water, 1991.

Montana Source Water Protection Technical Guidance Manual, Part 1. Meek, Joe.Montana Department of Environmental Quality, 1998.

Montana Wellhead Protection Program, Montana Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Helena, MT, 1994.

Municipal Groundwater Supplies in Montana. Sletten, V. Water Quality Bureau, Helena MT, 1989.

North Dakota Wellhead Protection User’s Guide. North Dakota Department of Health, Bismarck, ND, 1991.Occurance and Characteristics of Ground Water in Montana, MBMG 99 volumes 1 and 2. Noble, R.A., 1982.Operator Basics Training Series: Ground Water Systems - National Version 2002. Montana Water Center, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Indian Health Service, 2002.

Physical Geology, Fifth Edition. Leet, L.D. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1978.

Protecting Local Ground-Water Supplies Through Wellhead Protection, EPA/570/9-91-007. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1991.

Seminar Publication – Wellhead Protection: A Guide for Small Communities, EPA/625/R-93/002. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1993.


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CREDITS


Small Water System Operation and Maintenance. California Department of Health Services and United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1995.

State Source Water Assessment and Protection Program Guidance, EPA/816-R-97-009. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1997.

Training Course Learners Guide: How to Conduct a Sanitary Survey of Small Water Systems. United States Environmental Protection Agency. ACR Publications, Albany, Oregon, 1998.

Transport and Fate of Contaminants in the Subsurface, EPA/625/4-89/019. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1989.

Volunteers and the Environment: How-To Manual for Ground Water Protection Projects, Madarchik, L.S. PDX Press, El Paso, TX, 1992.

Washington State Wellhead Protection Guidance Document. Washington State Department of Health, Olympia, WA, 1995.

Water Distribution Operator Training Handbook, Second Edition. Ed. Harry Von Huben. American Water Works Association, Denver, CO, 1999.

Water Distribution System Operation and Maintenance. California Department of Health Services and United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1996.

Water Quality Monitoring Waiver Program, Information for All Public Water Supplies, Montana Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Helena, MT, 1995.

Wellhead Protection in Confined, Semi-Confined, Fractured, and Karst Aquifer Settings, EPA/810-K-93-001. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1993.

Images

Case study images were provided by:Mark Mitchell, Illinois Rural Water AssociationAnthony Dulka, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency

Thumbnail images for videos were taken from the corresponding MT or PA-based original video.Remaining images are from the Montana Water Center media library.

Pennsylvania Source Water Protection Program Pennsylvania Department of


119


CREDITS


Environmental Protection, 2001.

Pleasant Valley Regulated Recharge Area Central Region Groundwater ProtectionCommittee, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Pleaseant Valley PublicWater District, Peoria City/County Health, 2000.

Source Water Protection for Public Water Systems Montana Department of Environmental Quality, Source Water Protection Program, produced by North Country Media Group, Great Falls, MT, 1997.

Video

Pennsylvania Source Water Protection Program Pennsylvania Department ofEnvironmental Protection, 2001.

Pleasant Valley Regulated Recharge Area Central Region Groundwater ProtectionCommittee, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Pleaseant Valley PublicWater District, Peoria City/County Health, 2000.

Source Water Protection for Public Water Systems Montana Department of Environmental Quality, Source Water Protection Program, produced by North Country Media Group, Great Falls, MT, 1997.

SUPPORT CONTACTS:

Product Distribution

3800 CD-ROMs will be distributed by the following organizations:

Illinois Environmental Protection AgencyPost Office Box 19276Bureau of Water, Groundwater Section1021 North Grand Avenue EastSpringfield, Illinois 62794-9276Telephone: 217/785-4787 FAX: 217/557-3182http://www.epa.state.il.us/water/groundwater/index.html


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CREDITS

Support contacts

Product Support

Montana Water Center(an EPA Technical Assistance Center for Small Public Drinking Water Systems)Montana State University101 Huffman BuildingBozeman, MT 59717-2690http://water.montana.edu/[email protected]

Technical Help (in developing an Illinois Source Water Protection Plan)

The primary contact for assistance with developing a source water protection plan in community water supplies is the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency. In addition, the Illinois Rural Water Association may be contacted especially for smaller community water supplies:

Illinois Environmental Protection AgencyPost Office Box 19276Bureau of Water, Groundwater Section1021 North Grand Avenue EastSpringfield, Illinois 62794-9276Telephone: 217/785-4787 FAX: 217/557-3182http://www.epa.state.il.us/water/groundwater/index.html

Illinois Rural Water AssociationP.O. Box 6049 3305 Kennedy Road Taylorville, Illinois 62568Telephone: 217/287-2115 FAX: 217/824-8368http://www.ilrwa.org/

Questions pertaining to public non-community water supplies should be directed to local health departments and:

Illinois Department of Public Health535 West Jefferson StreetSpringfield, Illinois 62761Telephone: 800/547-0466 or 217/782-5830 FAX: 217/[email protected]

http://www.idph.state.il.us/envhealth/ehhome.htm


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Disclamer

Disclaimer

THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLI-CABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM “AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WAR-RANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.

IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

Happy source water protecting to you!


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