Table of Cases978-90-6704-737-1/1.pdf · Table of Cases INTERNATIONAL Ad hoc Arbitrations...

Table of Cases*

INTERNATIONAL

Ad hoc ArbitrationsEritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission (EECC),

60–62France v. New Zealand, Rainbow Warrior

Arbitration, 30 April 1990, 29 n. 98,162 n. 7, 183

France v. UNESCO, 14 January 2002, 399Neptune case, 1797, 93United Kingdom v. United States, Bering Fur

Seals Fisheries Arbitration, 1893,164–166, 171, 180, 186, 188

Court of Justice of the European CommunitiesJudgmentsAngela Maria Sirdar v. The Army Board and

Secretary of State of Defence, Case No.C-273/97, 1999, 196 n. 9

Association Église de Scientologie de Paris v.The Prime Minister, Case No. C-54/99,200, 196 n. 8

Bauhuis, Case No. 46/76, 1977, 196 n. 8B.S.M. Geraerts-Smits and H.T.M.

Peerbooms v. Stichting ZiekenfondsVGZ and Stichting CZ GroepZorgverzekeringen, Case No. C-157/99,2001, 200 n. 30

CoJ EC (cont.)Judgments (cont.)Bulk Oil, Case No. C 174/84, 1986, 201 n. 37Campus Oil v. Minister for Industry and

Energy, Case No. 72/83, 1984, 196 n. 8,197–198, 199, 201

Centro-Com, Case No. C-124/95, 1997,199–200

Commission v. Austria, Case No. C-475/98,2002, 200 n. 31

Commission v. Belgium (re: golden shares),Case No. C-503/99, 2002, 197 n. 13

Commission v. FranceCase No. 6/69 and 11/69, 1969,200 n. 26Case No. C-334/02, 2004, 200 n. 29

Commission v. Germany, Case No. 153/78,1979, 196 n. 6

Commission v. GreeceCase No. 127/87, 1988, 200 n. 26Case No. C-398/98, 2001, 198–199

Commission v. ItalyCase No. C-157/06, 211 n. 68Case No. C-337/05, 2008, 210–211

Commission v. Spain, Case No. C-414/97,1999, 209–210

* The cases marked with an asterisk are to be found in the section on Netherlands Judicial

Decisions involving questions of public international law.

The table of cases was compiled by Ms C.C. Diepeveen, Middelburg, The Netherlands.

493

CoJ EC (cont.)Judgments (cont.)Criminal Proceedings against Aimé Richardt

and Les Accessoires Scientific SNC,Case No. C-367/89, 1991, 201 n. 35,202 n. 40

Criminal Proceedings against Peter Leifer andOthers, Case No. C-83–94, 1995,201–202

Decker, Case No. C-120/95, 1998, 200 n. 30Donckerwolke, Case No. 41/76, 1976, 201 n. 37Eckhard Kalanke v. Freie Hansestadt Bremen,

Case No. C-45093, 1995, 196 n. 9Elgafaji, Case No. C-465/07, 17 February 2009,

250–255, 403–404, 405, 407, 409, 410Factortame and Others, Case No. C-221/89,

1991, 200 n. 27Fritz Werner Industrie-Ausrüstungen GmbH v.

Germany, Case No. C-70/94, 1995,201 n. 39, 202 n. 40

Greece v. Commission, Case No. 57/86, 1988,200 n. 26

Hans Walter Mrozek and Bernhard Jäger, CaseNo. C-335/94, 1996, 196 n. 9

ICI v. Colmer, Case No. C-264/96, 1998,200 n. 29

International Transport Workers’ Federationand the Finnish Seamen’s Union, CaseNo. C-438/05, 2007, 200 n. 28

Kadi v. Council and Commission, Case No.C-402/05, 4 n. 1

Kohll, Case No. C-l58/96, 1998, 200 n. 30Licensing Authority South Eastern Traffic

Area v. British Gas, Case No. C-116/91,1992, 196 n. 9

Marguerite Johnston v. Chief Constable of theRoyal Ulster Constabulary, Case No.222/84, 1986, 196 n. 7, n. 9, 203 n. 44

Marks & Spencer, Case No. C-446/03, 2005,200 n. 29

R v. Boucheraeu, Case No. C-30/77, 1979,196 n. 8

Rutili v. Minister for the Interior, Case No.36/75, 196 n. 8

Salgoil SpA v. Italian Ministry for ForeignTrade, Case No. 13/68, 1968, 196 n. 7

Simmenthal, Case No. 35/76, 1976, 196Tanja Kreil v. Bundesrepublik Deutschland,

Case No. C-285/98, 2000, 196 n. 9Test Claimants in the Thin Cap Group litigation,

Case No. C-524/04, 2007, 200 n. 29Wilhelm Mecklenburg v. Kreis Pinneberg-Der

Landrat, Case No. C-321/96, 196 n. 9

OpinionsCommission v. Greece (re: FYROM), Case

No. C-120/94, 1996, 203 n. 44,205–206, 215

International Agreement on Natural Rubber,No. 1/78, 1979, 201 n. 37

OECD Local Cost Standard, No. 1/75, 1975,201 n. 37

European Court of First InstanceFiocchi, Case No. T-26/01, 2003, 210 n. 62

European Court of Human RightsDabrowski v. Poland, Application No. 18235/

02, 19 December 2006, 415Greece v. United Kingdom, 2 June 1956, 89Handyside v. United Kingdom, 7 December

1976, 89 n. 28, 90 n. 29Hilal case, Application No. 45276/99, 6 March

2001, 406Ireland v. United Kingdom, 18 January 1978,

89 n. 28Leander v. Sweden, 26 March 1987,

97 n. 56Maaouia v. France, Application No. 39652/98,

5 October 2000, 422Manoussakis v. Greece, 26 September 1996,

97 n. 55Murray v. United Kingdom, Application No.

14310, 28 October 1994, 258NA. v. United Kingdom, Application No.

25904/0717, July 2008, 404, 407, 409Osman v. United Kingdom, Application No.

23452/94, 29 October 1998, 258Pizzati v. Italy, Application No. 62361/00, 29

March 2006, 422Salah Sheekh v. Netherlands, Application No.

1948/04, 11 January 2007, 248–250,404, 406, 409

Venkadajalasarma case, Application No.58510/00, 17 February 2001, 406

Vilvarajah case, Application No. 13163/87, 30October 1991, 404, 405, 409

Inter-American Court of Human RightsAdvisory OpinionsLa Colegiación Obligatoria de Periodistas, 23

November 1985, 90 n. 29

International Centre for Settlement ofInvestment DisputesCMS Gas Transmission Company v. Argentina

Case No. ARB/01/8

494 Table of Cases

ICSID (cont.)Award: 12 May 2005, 111 n. 22, 112 n. 30,118 n. 39, 119 n. 40, 122 n. 47,126 n. 70, 127 n. 75, 138–139, 142,143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149,154, 155Decision on Annulment: 25 September2007, 7 n. 13, 139, 149–150, 156

Continental Casualty Company v. ArgentinaCase No. ARB/03/09, 5 September 2008,8 n. 21, 118 n. 39, 120, 122, 139, 143,144, 146, 148, 151–152, 154, 155, 156

Enron Corporation and Ponderosa Assets v.ArgentinaCase No. ARB/01/3

Decision on Jurisdiction: 14 January 2004,118 n. 39, 119 n. 40, 121, 122 n. 47,126 n. 70, 127 n. 75, 128 n. 76Award: 22 May 2007, 138–139, 143, 147,148, 149, 154

LG&E Energy Corp. and Argentina, Case No.ARB/02/1, 2 October 2006, 14 n. 10,111 n. 22, 118 n. 39, 119 n. 40, 120, 122n. 47, 126 n. 70, 127 n. 75, 138–139,143, 146, 147, 154

Metalpar S.A. and Buen Aire S.A. v ArgentinaCase No. ARB/03/5

Award: 6 June 2008, 139Sempra Energy v. Argentina

Case No. ARB/02/16Award: 28 September 2007, 6, 111 n. 22,n. 28, 112 n. 32, 118 n. 39, 119 n. 40,122 n. 47, 126 n. 70, 127 n. 75, 128,139, 143, 147–148, 149, 154Decision on Annulment: 29 June 2010, 7 n. 13

International Court of JusticeAdvisory OpinionsLegal Consequences of the Construction of a

Wall in the Occupied PalestinianTerritory, 2004, 4 n. 2, 7 n. 16, 18 n. 28,29 n. 100, 37 n. 141, 38, 47 n. 3, 63, 74,141, 180, 181, 182

Legal Consequences for States of theContinued Presence of South Africa inNamibia (South West Africa)Notwithstanding Security CouncilResolution 276 (1970), 1971, 30 n. 102,32 n. 116, 187

Legality of the Threat or Use of NuclearWeapons, 1996, 18 n. 28, 46, 47 n. 3,49 n. 11, 58, 74, 141

Reservations to the Convention on thePrevention and Punishment of the Crimeof Genocide, 28 May 1951, 456

JudgmentsApplication of the Convention on the Prevention

and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide(Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia andMontenegro), 8 April 1993 and 26February 2007, 33 n. 121, 35–36, 457

Application of the Convention on thePrevention and Punishment of the Crimeof Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v.Yugoslavia), 13 September 1993 and 11July 1996, 33 n. 121, 35–36, 456

Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo(Congo v. Uganda), 2005, 18 n. 28,21, 35

Asylum case (Columbia/Peru), 1950, 15 n. 14,n. 17

Corfu Channel case, 1949, 25–26Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spain v. Canada), 1998,

169–172, 180, 191Gab�cíkovo-Nagmaros Project (Hungary/

Slovakia), 1997, 4 n. 2, 7, 8, 14 n. 11, 20n. 44, 29 n. 99, 33 n. 119, 39 n. 150, 40n. 155, n. 156, 94, 100 n. 1, 163,173–179, 180–181, 182, 184, 185, 186,188, 189, 190, 191

Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v.Belgium), 1999, 24, 39

Military and Paramilitary Activities in andagainst Nicaragua, 1984 and 1986, 8, 15n. 14, n. 16, 16 n. 23, 18 n. 28, n. 29,19 n. 38, 23 n. 70, 26 n. 89, 30 n. 104,32 n. 113, 34, 35, 36 n. 138, 110 n. 16,n. 17, 122

North Sea Continental Shelf cases (Germany/Denmark; Germany/Netherlands),1969,15 n. 14, n. 15, n. 16

Oil Platforms case, 2003, 8, 18 n. 28, 26,34 n. 127

Questions of Interpretation and Application ofthe 1971 Montreal Convention Arisingfrom the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie(Libya v. United States and UnitedKingdom), 1992, 35 n. 131

United States Diplomatic and Consular Staffin Tehran (Teheran Hostages case,United States v. Iran), 1980, 27 n. 91,29 n. 99

ICJ (cont.)

Table of Cases 495

International Criminal Tribunal for formerYugoslaviaProsecutor v. Bla�skic

Case No. IT-95-14-T, 3 March 2000, 66,67Case No. IT-95-14-A, 29 July 2004, 67

Prosecutor v. Erdemovic, Case No. IT-96-22-A, 7 October 1997, 71

Prosecutor v. Furundzija, Case No. IT-95-17/1-T, 10 December 1998, 4 n. 4, 83–84

Prosecutor v. Kordic and �CerkezCase No. IT-95-14/2-T, 26 February2001, 66–67Case No. IT-95-14/2-A, 17 December2004, 47 n. 5, 67

Prosecutor v. StrugarCase No. IT-01-42-T, 31 January 2005,68 n. 87Case No. IT-01-42-A, 17 July 2008,68 n. 88

Prosecutor v. Tadic2 October 1995, 3115 July 1999 (Appeals Judgment),36 n. 137

International Criminal Tribunal for RwandaProsecutor v. Bagaragaza

Case No. ICTR-2005-86-11bis19 May 2006, 45413 April 2007, 448

International Military Tribunal NurembergAlfried Krupp and Eleven Others (The Krupp

Trial), 1949, 65 n. 74Gunther Thiele and Georg Steinert Trial, 1948,

65 n. 71Heinz Eck and Four Others (The Peleus Trial),

1947, 65 n. 72Otto Ohlendorg et al. (The Einsatzgruppen

Trial), 1948, 70Wilhelm List and Others (The Hostages Trial),

1949, 65–66Wilhelm von Leeb and Thirteen Others

(The German High Command Trial),1949, 65 n. 73, 69

International Military Tribunal Tokyolegality of Netherlands’ declaration of war on

Japan, 1948, 19

Permanent Court of ArbitrationRussian Indemnity case (Russia v. Turkey),

1912, 80 n. 1, 145

Permanent Court of International JusticeLotus case (France v. Turkey), 1927,

15 n. 14Oscar Chinn case, 1934, 143–144Serbian Loans case, 1929, 145 n. 35S.S. Wimbledon case, 1923, 27 n. 91

Special Court for Sierra LeoneProsecutor v. Fofana and Kondewa,

Case No. SCSL-04-14-A, 28May 2008, 47 n. 5

United Nations Commission on InternationalTrade Law (UNCITRAL)BG Group Plc v. Argentina, Award: 24

December 2007, 139, 148, 150–151National Grid v. Argentina, Award: 3

November 2008, 139, 148, 155

World Trade Organization

Appellate BodyBrazil-Measures Affecting Import of Retreaded

Tyres, WT/DS332/AB/R,109, 122

EC-Hormones, 121EC-Tariff Preferences, 121Korea-Beef case, WT/DS169/AB/R, 2000,

109, 122Quantative Restrictions on Imports of

Agricultural, Textile and IndustrialProducts, 1999, 112

Dispute Settlement PanelsEC-Sugar Subsidies, 121 n. 46US-Trade Measures Affecting Nicaragua,

L/6053, October 1986, 111

496 Table of Cases

NATIONAL OTHER THAN THE NETHERLANDS

FranceConseil d’État

6 June 1997, 399, 400

GermanyConstitunional Court

Argentine Bondholders case, 8 May2007, 151 n. 70

IsraelSupreme Court

Beit Sourik Village v. The Governmentof Israel, 30 June 2004,63, 64–65

Mara’abe v. The Prime Ministerof Israel, 15 September 2005,

63, 64–65

NETHERLANDS

Council of State Administrative Law Division3 December 2001, 41012 October 2007, 404–4054 June 2008, 423 n. 668 August 2008, 437–443*3 December 2008, 420–423*24 December 2008, 423 n. 6627 January 2009, 428–431*10 February 2009, 467–470*20 February 2009, 470 n. 12423 February 2009, 470 n. 1244 March 2009, 424–428*20 May 2009, 423 n. 6625 May 2009, 403–411*14 August 2009, 411 n. 4921 August 2009, 411 n. 4929 September 2009, 411 n. 49

Supreme Court20 December 1955, 48427 October 1987, 47623 September 1988, 463 n. 11922 December 1989, 387, 3906 January 1995, 413, 415, 41818 September 2001, 44713 November 2001, 4763 October 2006, 4862 October 2007, 47618 January 2008, 412–420*25 April 2008, 394 n. 266 June 2008, 390–394*17 June 2008, 423 n. 668 July 2008, 47421 October 2008, 443–462*19 December 2008, 423 n. 66

Supreme Court (cont.)16 January 2009, 394–401*30 June 2009, 297, 470–487*10 July 2009, 432–436*

Central Appeals Court for the Public Serviceand for Social Security Matters

6 November 1997, 414, 41922 December 1999, 38214 March 2003, 381 n. 9, 38417 September 2004, 383, 38521 July 2006, 383 n. 141 November 2007 (preliminary ruling), 381,

383, 38411 July 2008, 424 n. 6626 January 2009, 423 n. 66, 424 n. 665 March 2009, 380–386*12 March 2009, 423 n. 66, 424 n. 66

Court of Appeal Amsterdam9 March 2006, 413, 415–42030 January 2009, 488–490*

Court of Appeal Arnhem1 April 2009, 394 n. 26

Court of Appeal of Den Bosch23 November 2006, 391, 39312 February 2008, 394 n. 2618 November 2008, 386–390*

Court of Appeal The Hague15 September 2004, 394 n. 2619 January 2005, 394 n. 269 May 2007, 297, 472, 473–487

Table of Cases 497

Court of Appeal The Hague (cont.)28 August 2007, 395, 396 n. 31, 398,

401 n. 3517 December 2007, 444, 44517 June 2008, 433, 434, 435–436

Trade and Industry Appeal Tribunal25 June 2009, 423 n. 66

District Court of Alkmaar17 June 1988, 49027 May 2004 (interim judgment),

489 n. 14016 December 2005, 489, 490

District Court of Amsterdam16 June 1944, 418–41916 June 2003, 413, 41920 April 2007, 382, 384, 385

District Court of Maastricht7 February 2007 (interim judgment), 38725 June 2008, 424–425*

District Court of Rotterdam15 April 1999 (interim judgment),

464, 465, 46617 December 2008, 463–467*

District Court of The Hague23 December 2005, 472–47320 December 2006, 410, 41121 March 2007, 404, 41111 June 2007, 42124 July 2007 (interim judgment),

445, 446, 450, 45717 August 2007, 449 n. 1146 December 2007, 438, 44019 March 2008, 432, 43321 March 2008, 449 n. 11414 May 2008, 426, 428 n. 743 November 2008, 368–369, 4704 December 2008, 429, 43023 March 2009, 462 n. 11818 August 2009, 470 n. 124

498 Table of Cases

Index

AAccessory, jurisprudence in Netherlands on

acting as, 476Adoption, European Convention on (revised)

(2008), ratification by Netherlands,364

Afghanistanforcible repatriation of nationals to, legality

of, 428–431US military actions against, legality of, 37

African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States(ACP States), PartnershipAgreement with EC (Cotonou,2000), amendment (2005), 358

Aggressioncrime of, 304UN Security Council on acts of, 32

Agius, M., 161–162, 168Ago, Roberto, 4 n. 1, 12 n. 1, 40 n. 154, 41,

52 n. 22, 83, 140, 143 n. 28, 147, 161,163–166, 168, 180, 185–186, 191

Agreement on the adoption of uniformtechnical prescriptions for wheeledvehicles (Geneva,1958),amendments (2008), 358–359

Agreement on international carriage ofperishable food (Geneva, 1990),amendments (2008), 359

Agreement on the Status of the North AtlanticTreaty Organisation, Nationalrepresentatives and InternationalStaff (Treaty of Ottawa, 1951), Art.19, 391

Agusta helicopters, Italian purchase incontravention to EU procurementlegislation of, 210–212

Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud, 263

Air transport/servicesagreements of Netherlands

with Eurocontrol (European Organizationfor the Safety of Air Navigation)on registration of interns, 327

with Russia on simplified regulations forentrance and departure for crewmembers of airline companies(2008), 344

with South Africa for air servicesbetween and beyond theirrespective territories (1992),amendment (2009), 345

Convention on Civil Aviation, 432–436Multilateral Agreement on the

establishment of an EuropeanCommon Aviation Area (ECAA),amendment of Annex I, ratificationof Netherlands, 344

taxing of air passengers, jurisprudence inNetherlands on, 432–436

Al-Qaeda, US military actions against, 37Albania

agreement with Netherlands on privilegesand immunities for liaison officersat Europol, 327

Protocol of Accession to North AtlanticTreaty Organization (2008),ratification by Netherlands,330–331

Stabilisation and Association Agreementwith EU, Protocol on accession ofBulgaria and Romania (2008),333

Albright, Madeleine, 135 n. 86Aliens

admission of

499

jurisprudence in Netherlands on, 422,428–431, 441–442, 467–470

Netherlands legislation on, 367–368llegal

Agreement between Benelux andArmenia on return of, 335

Agreement between Benelux andMacedonia on return of, 335

Allott, Philip, 12, 80Anguilla, agreement with Netherlands on

exchange of information relating totaxes (2009), 348

Anraat, Frans van, prosecutionof, 470–487

Antarctic Treaty (1991), MeasuresATCMXXXI/1-14, XXXII/1-15 andProtocol on environmentalprotection (2009 amendment),ratification by Netherlands, 341

Anti-doping Convention (1989), ratification byNetherlands for NetherlandsAntilles, 364

Anti-piracy operations off Somalian coastarrest and detention of suspects, 282–286Netherlands participation in, 274–291prosecution of suspects, 278–279,

284–286, 288, 290, 291Anti-racism, UN conference on (2008),

Netherlands’ non-participation,261–263

Anti-terrorism legislation see Counter-terrorism, policies/legislation

Antigua and Barbudaagreements with Netherlands on exchange

of information relating to taxmatters (2009), 349

in respect of Netherlands Antilles (2009),354

Anzilotti, D., 5 n. 6, 143–144Appropriate/rational means test, 64Arbitral tribunals

on claims from warfare, 60–63on environmental issues, 164–166,

169–173on foreign investment issues, 8, 138–140,

145–150, 156–157necessity principle in, 6, 8, 111–113,

118–122, 127–128, 139see also Disputes, settlement of

Argentinabilateral investment agreements of

with United Kingdomarbitrations on, 150–151Art. 4, 150 n. 67

with United States (1991)arbitration on, 118–122, 139, 141,

145–156Art. XI, 120, 122, 143–145, 148–152

Armed conflictsassessments of, and asylum procedures in

Netherlands, 252–254Convention on the Rights of the Child in,

ratification by Netherlands ofOptional Protocol, 346

environmental protection in, 56–59law of see International humanitarian lawsee also Wars

Armed robbery atsea, 283Armenia

Agreement with Benelux on return ofillegal aliens, 335

Partnership and cooperation with EU,Protocol on accession of Bulgariaand Romania (2007), 334

Arms see WeaponsArms embargoes, imposed by UN Security

Council on Yugoslavia, 33Arrest, of piracy suspects off Somalian coast,

282–284, 290–291Articles on State Responsibility (draft, 1980)

Art. 33, 83, 167–168, 175–176, 181, 189,190

criticism of, 187bilateral/contractual model of state

responsibility in, 83Articles on State Responsibility (draft, 2001)

Art. 24, 94Art. 25, 4, 6–7, 9, 49, 52, 63, 81, 83, 100 n.

1, 144–145, 161–163, 191application of, 7

in human rights law, 81in international economic law, 104, 128,

144, 146, 152–153, 155–156in international environmental law, 160,

173, 175, 180–181ILC commentaries on, 83 n. 11,

84 n.13, n.14, 93 n. 40, 96 n. 54,140, 155

interpretations of, 74, 82, 85, 110, 146and necessity clauses in bilateral

investment agreements, 148–152,156

Art. 25.1(b), 181, 188Art. 25.2(a), 86Art. 25.2(b), 154, 155Art. 26, 82 n. 7, 86Art. 55, 6, 29Art. 59, 29, 34

500 Index

international community interestsin, 85–86

necessity principle in, 80 n. 1, 81, 97Articles on State Responsibility (draft, ILC,

1980)Art. 33, 167–168, 175, 176, 181, 189, 190

criticism of, 187Articles on State Responsibility (draft, ILC,

2001)Art. 24, 94Art. 25, 4, 6, 7, 9, 49–50, 52, 63, 81, 83,

100 n. 1, 144–145, 161–163, 191application of, 7

in human rights law, 81in international economic law, 104, 128,

144, 146, 152–153,155–156

in international environmental law, 160,173, 175, 180–181

ILC commentaries on, 83 n. 11, 84 n. 13,n. 14, 93 n. 40, 96 n. 54, 140, 155

interpretations of, 74, 82, 85, 110, 146and necessity clauses in bilateral

investment agreements, 148–152,156

Art. 25.1(b), 181, 188Art. 25.2(b), 86Art. 25.2(b), 154, 155Art. 26, 82 n. 7, 86Art. 55, 6, 29Art. 59, 29, 34bilateral/contractual model of state

responsibility in earlier versionsof, 83

international community interests in,85–86

Arubaagreement of Netherlands

with United States on status ofmilitary and civilian personnel formilitary training and exercises in,340

agreement with United States onpreclearance, amendment (2008),336

agreements of Netherlands in respect ofwith Bermuda on exchange of

information relating to taxes(2009), 354

with British Virgin Islands onexchange of informationrelating to tax matters(2009), 353

with Denmark

on exchange of information relating totaxes (2009), 350

on promotion of economic relations(2009), 350

with Faroes on exchange of informationrelating to taxes (2009), 350

with Finlandon exchange of information relating to

taxes (2009), 351on promotion of economic relations

(2009), 352with Greenland on exchange of


with Icelandon exchange of information relating to


(2009), 352with Norway

on exchange of information relating totax matters (2009), 349


with Saint Christopher (Saint Kitts) andNevis on exchange of informationrelating to tax matters (2009), 352

with Saint Vincent and the Grenadines onexchange of information relatingto tax matters (2009), 349

with Spain on exchange of informationrelating to tax matters (2008), 347

with Swedenon exchange of information relating to


(2009), 351Netherlands legislation on policing of

territorial waters of, 371–373Asylum procedures in Netherlands

jurisprudence onby European Court of Human Rights,

248–250by European Court of Justice, 250–255in Netherlands, 403–411, 445

Attribution of conduct rules, 35–37Aust, Anthony, 24Australia, agreement with Netherlands on

provision of medical treatment(1991), amendment (2009), 362

Austria, agreement with Netherlands on theavoidance of double taxation(1970), amendments (2008 and2009), 355, 357

Index 501

Aviation see Air transport/servicesAzerbaijan, agreement with EU on partnership

and cooperation, amendment ofProtocol (2008), 332

BBagaragaza, Michel, prosecution of, 448 n.

114, 454Baghdad, security situation in, 410–411Bahamas, agreement with Benelux on the

abolition of visas for diplomaticpassports (2006), 339

Balance of payments problems, 112–113, 123Balkan war (1999) see Kosovo, NATO

intervention inBarbados, agreement with Netherlands on the

avoidance of double taxation andprevention of fiscal evasion (2006),amendment (2009), 357

Belarus, EU sanctions imposed on,314–315

Belgiumagreements with Netherlands

on availability of a penitentiary in theNetherlands for enforcement ofcustodial sentences (2009), 338

on avoidance of double taxation (2001),amendment (2009), 256

and Luxembourg on cooperation incontrol over crises with possiblecross-border consequences(2006), 363

policies, on Kosovo intervention (NATO,1999), 24, 39

Beneluxagreements of

with Armenia on return of illegal aliens,335

with Bahamas on the abolition of visasfor diplomatic passports (2006),339

with Macedoniaon the abolition of visas for diplomatic

passports (2006), 339on return of illegal aliens, 335

with Serbia on the abolition of visasfor diplomatic passports(2006), 339

Office for Intellectual Property,Additional Protocol on thejudicial protection of personsin the service of (2008),ratification by Netherlands, 345

Treaty concerning Intellectual Property(2005), amendment to Regulationsof Implementation (2009), 364

Benin, agreement with Netherlands on statusof military and civilian personnel in‘Dasa 2009’ operation (Cotonou),340

Bermudaagreements with Netherlands

on access to mutual agreementsprocedures (2009), 356

on avoidance of double taxation onindividuals (2009), 356

on avoidance of double taxation withrespect to enterprises operatingships or aircrafts in internationaltraffic (2009), 356


in respect of Aruba (2009), 354in respect of Netherlands Antilles

(2009), 353Bethmann-Hollweg, Th. von, 140 n. 15Bilateral investment agreements (BITS) see

Investments, bilateral agreementson

Bilateral model of state responsibility, 83, 85Bjorklund, A.K., 121 n. 45Boed, R., 85Bosnia and Herzegovina, arms embargoes

imposed by UN Security Councilon, 33

Bouterse, Desi, 242Bowett, D.W., 26Brazil, agreement with Netherlands on the

transfer of sentenced persons andthe execution of sentences (2009),336

British Virgin Islandsagreements with Netherlands

on exchange of information relating totax matters (2009), 353

in respect of Aruba, 353in respect of Netherlands Antilles, 353

Brölmann, K., 458Bulgaria, accession to EU of

Act of Accession, amendments, 334Convention on the Elimination of Double

Taxation (1990), accession to, 355Protocol to EU Agreement with

Switzerland on free movement ofpersons (2008) on, 335

Protocol to Euro-Mediterranean agreementwith Algeria on (2007), 333

502 Index

Protocol to Euro-Mediterraneanagreement with Egypton (2007), 333

Protocol to Euro-Mediterraneanagreement with Israel on (2007),331

Protocol to Euro-Mediterranean agreementwith Morocco on (2008), 331

Protocol to Partnership and Cooperationagreement of EU with Armenia(2007) on, 334

Protocol to Partnership and Cooperationagreement of EU with Georgia(2007) on, 334–335

Protocol to Partnership and Cooperationagreement of EU with Uzbekistan(2008) on, 335

Protocol to Stabilisation and AssociationAgreement of EU with Albania(2008) on, 333

Protocol to Stabilisation and AssociationAgreement of EU with Croatia(2008) on, 332

Protocol to Stabilisation and AssociationAgreement of EU with Macedonia(2008) on, 332

Burundiagreements with Netherlands

on encouragement and reciprocalprotection of investments (2002),347

on status of military and civilianpersonnel related to militarycooperation (2009), 341

CCameron, I., 97 n. 56Cameroon, Stepping Stone Partnership

Agreement with EC (2009), 358Canada

agreements with EUon the Conservation and Management

of Straddling Fish Stocks andHighly Migratory Fish Stocks(1995), 170 n. 33

on fisheries in the context of the NAFOConvention, 170

agreements with Netherlandson mutual administrative assistance in

customs matters (2007), 337in respect of Netherlands Antilles on

exchange of information relatingto tax matters (2009), 348

Coastal Fisheries Protection Act, 169, 170CARIFORUM States, Economic

Partnership Agreement withEC (2008), 333

Caroline case/incident (1837), 15, 19, 37,161–162

Cayman Islandsagreement with Netherlands on exchange

of information relating to taxes(2009), 348

in respect of Netherlands Antilles (2009),354

Chemical WeaponsConvention on (CWC, 1997), 294–298illegal supply to Iraq of chemicals for,

prosecution in Netherlands,470–487

Chicago Convention see Convention onInternational Civil Aviation (1944)

ChildrenConvention on the Rights of the Child in

Armed Conflict, ratification byNetherlands of Optional Protocol,346

European Convention on the Adoption of(revised) (2008), ratification byNetherlands, 364

European Convention on the ProtectionAgainst Sexual Exploitation andSexual Abuse of, 255–256

International Conventionon Rights of, 245

ChinaEC agreement on maritime transport with

(2002), amendment (2009),360–361

Macao Special Administrative Region of,agreement with Netherlands onencouragement and reciprocalprotection of investments (2009),347

Christakis, T., 92 n. 39Çiçek, Cemil, 39 n. 149Civilian objects, immunity from attack, 55Civilians

targeting ofin Iraq, 473–474and military necessity principle,

54 n. 32, 66–67Cluster Munitions Convention (2008)

Netherlands’ views of, 318–319ratification by Netherlands, 346

Coercion see DuressCognizability requirement, 447

Index 503

Cohen, William, 135 n. 86Colomer, Advocate General, 199Common property of mankind notion,

165–166, 181Compensation

awarded for exceeding ‘reasonable time’requirement, 423 n. 66

granted by Eritrea-Ethiopia ClaimsCommission, 62

UN Security Council on Iraqi invasion ofKuwait and Iraqi liability for, 31

Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA,Sudan), 309

Conduct of the Persian Gulf War (USDepartment of Defense), 58 n. 45

Consular assistance, right to, jurisprudence inNetherlands on, 467–470

Contractual model of state responsibility,83, 85

Contribution to necessity state, 154–155Convention against the Illicit Traffic in

Narcotic Drugs and PsychotropicSubstances (UN, 1988) Art. 4,450–451

Convention on Centralised Customs Clearanceconcerning the Allocation ofNational Collection Costsretained when Traditional OwnResources are made available to EUBudget (2009) ratificationby Netherlands, 334

Convention on the Choice of CourtAgreements (2005), ratification byNetherlands, 365

Convention on Cluster Munitions (2008)Netherlands’ views of, 318–319ratification by Netherlands, 346

Convention concerning Equality of Treatmentof Nationals and Non-Nationals inSocial Security

(ILO Convention No. 118, 1962)Art. 5(1), 380, 383 n. 14, 384Art. 5(2), 383 n. 14

Convention on Cross-Border Crime (UN), 290Convention on the Elimination of Double

Taxation (EU, 1990), CouncilDecision on accession of Bulgariaand Romania, 355

Convention on International Civil Aviation(Chicago Convention, 1944), Art,15, 432–436

Convention on International Interests inMobile Equipment (2001),ratification by Netherlands, 364

Convention on the International MobileSatellite Organization (Inmarsat),amendments (2008), approval byNetherlands, 329

Convention on Jurisdiction and theEnforcement of Judgments in Civiland Commercial Matters (1988),termination by Netherlands, 365

Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities ofStates and Their Properties(UN, 2004), Art. 21, 243

Convention on the Law of the Sea (UN, 1982),181, 278, 281, 287–289

Art. 101(a), 288Art. 105, 283Art. 110, 278, 283Art. 221, 168, 180definition of piracy in, 282–283ratification by Netherlands on behalf of

Netherlands Antilles, 342Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and

Preventing the Illicit Import, Exportand Transfer of Ownership ofCultural Property (UNESCO, 1970)

implementation in Netherlands, 376–378ratification by Netherlands, 363

Convention on the prior informed consentprocedure for certain hazardouschemicals and pesticides ininternational trade (Rotterdam,1998), amendments (2008), 363

Convention on the Privileges andImmunities of the United Nations(1946), 394

Art. V(18), 400implementation in Netherlands, 306

Convention on the Prohibition, Production,Stockpiling and Use of ChemicalWeapons and on Their Destruction(CWC, 1997), 294–298

Art. 1(1), 295–296Convention on the Protection of the European

Communities’ Financial Interests(1997), Second Protocol, ratificationby Netherlands, 365

Convention for the Protection of Individualswith regard to AutomaticProcessing of Personal Data(Council of Europe, 1981),257–259

Additional Protocol (2001), Art. 2, 259Art. 6, 258–259

Convention on the Protection and Promotionof the Diversity of Cultural

504 Index

Expressions (Paris, 2005),ratification by Netherlands, 363

Convention on the Protection and Use ofTransboundary Watercourses andInternational Lakes (1992), Protocolon water and health, ratification byNetherlands, 343

Convention Relating to Intervention on the HighSeas in cases of Oil PollutionCasualties (IMO, 1969), Art. 1(1), 168

Convention Relating to the Status of Refugeessee Refugee Convention

Convention on the Rights of the Child inArmed Conflict, Optional Protocol,ratification by Netherlands, 346

Convention on the Rights of Persons withDisabilities, Optional Protocol,ratification by Netherlands, 338

Convention on the Settlement of InvestmentDisputes between States andNationals of Other States (ICSIDConvention), 141

Art. 25, 141 n. 17Art. 25(f), 141Art. 52, 150

Convention for the Suppression of UnlawfulActs against the Safety of MaritimeNavigation (SUA Convention,IMO), 279, 287, 289–291

Cook Islands, agreement with Netherlands onexchange of information relating totaxes (2009), 354

Cooperation duty, in EU Treaty, 204, 209Côte d’Ivoire see Ivory CoastCouncil of Europe

budget allocated for European Court ofHuman Rights, 302

Guidelines on Human Rights and the Fightagainst Terrorism (2002), 258

Counter-terrorismoperations, and right to self-defence, 36policies/legislation

information exchange as part of, 258in Netherlands, 373–374in United States, 86 n. 20, 96

Countermeasures, 33forcible, legality of, 25–26

Court of First Instance (EU), on necessityprinciple, 210

Court of Justice of the European Communities(ECJ)

application of necessity principle in EUlaw by, 197–200, 201–203,205–206, 209–212

on asylum procedures, 250–255, 403–404Crawford, James, 34 n. 125, 83, 162, 171,

183–190Crimes

aggression, 304cross-border, UN Convention on, 290international, 296

prosecutions ofnecessity and duress defences in,

69–72in Netherlands, 445–446, 470–487

universal jurisdiction over, 296jurisprudence in Netherlands on,

443–462, 471, 474piracy, 282–283, 287

definitions in national law, 285Criminal judgments

European Convention on theEnforcement of Foreign,termination, 337

European Convention on the InternationalValidity of, termination, 336

Criminal responsibility, individual, ininternational humanitarian law,65–69, 74

Criseseconomic/financial

global, 128–130international identification and

management of, 130–131, 135G20 declarations on, 131–133by IMF, 123–126, 130

environmental/health, market accessrestrictions allowed in times of,108–109

see also DisastersCroatia

Protocol of Accession to North AtlanticTreaty Organization (2008),ratification by Netherlands,330–331

Stabilisation and Association Agreementwith EU, Protocol on accession ofBulgaria and Romania (2008), 332

Cultural expressions, Convention on theProtection and Promotion of theDiversity of (Paris, 2005),ratification by Netherlands, 363

Cultural propertyconvention on prohibiting and preventing

the illicit import, export and transferof (1970), 363, 376–378

destruction in Dubrovnik of, prosecution,68

Index 505

protection of, and military necessityprinciple, 54–56

Customary international lawjurisprudence based on, 472necessity principle in, 4, 6–7, 63, 148–149,

180–181in use of force rules, 15–16

on use of force, 28forcible reprisals, 25–26in self-defence, 19–22

Customs Convention on the InternationalTransport of Goods under Cover ofTIR Carnets (TIR Convention,1975), amendments (2008), 359

Customs cooperationagreement of Netherlands

with Canada on mutual administrativeassistance (2007), 337

with Indonesia on mutual administrativeassistance and for the prevention,investigation and combating ofcustoms offences (2003), 338

with Japan on cooperation and mutualadministrative assistance (2008),337

with Mauritius on mutual administrativeassistance (2008), 338

with Moldavia on mutual administrativeassistance (2006), 338

with South-Korea on mutual administrativeassistance (2007), 337

with Uruguay on mutual administrativeassistance and for the prevention,investigation and combating ofcustoms offences (2007), 336

European Convention on MutualAssistance between the RespectiveCustoms Administrations andProtocol on accession of Greece(1967), termination, 337

European Convention on mutual assistanceand cooperation, ratification byNetherlands, 337

Cyprus, agreement with Netherlands onreciprocal holding of stocks ofcrude oil and/or petroleum products(2008), 346

Czechoslovakiaagreement with Hungary concerning

the Construction and Operationof the Gabcikovo-NagymarosSystem of Locks (1977),173–174

Jurisprudence on see Table of Cases,International Court of Justice,Judgments termination byHungary, 185

DDaewoo corporation (South Korea), land

leased in Madagascar by, 93 n. 43Dahomey, agreement with Netherlands on

employment of NetherlandsVolunteers (1972),termination, 358

Darfur conflict (Sudan), and Netherlandscountry-oriented policies forasylum-seekers from Sudan, 254

Data protectionConvention (Council of Europe, 1981),

257–259personal, Netherlands legislation on,

256–260Davids, W.J.M., 308–309Declaration of Doha, 113Declaration on the Right to

Development (1986), 115 n. 35Declaration of Rio, 189Declarations of illegality, 41Defence industries and procurements

in EU, 212–213EU code on, 213EU legislation on, 214–217

judicial review of, 209–212and national sovereignty in EU law,

207–209, 214–215Denmark

agreements with Netherlandsin respect of Aruba andNetherlands Antilles

on exchange of information relating totaxes (2009), 349, 350

on promotion of economic relations(2009), 349, 350

possible legal action by Netherlandsagainst, on certification oftraditional sea-going sailing ships,299–300

Derivative jurisdiction, establishment of, 444,446–447, 451, 460

Derogationsclauses in bilateral investment

agreements on, 148–153, 156from human rights, on grounds of

necessity, 86–87, 96

506 Index

from prohibition of ‘scorched earth’tactics, 57

Detentionagreements of Netherlands

with Belgium on availability of apenitentiary in the Netherlands forenforcement of custodialsentences (2009), 338

with Brazil on the transfer of sentencedpersons and the execution ofsentences (2009), 336

of piracy suspects, 282, 284in Kenya, 286

in wartime, legality of, 61 n. 53see also Prisoners

Developmentand economic emergencies, 122international law of, necessity principle in,

114–117, 122–123and necessity principle, 104–105right to, 93–94, 115 n. 35, 116, 123WTO promotion of, 113

Differential principle, 103Dinstein, Y., 26Diplomatic immunities see Immunity, of

international organisations anddiplomats

Diplomatic privileges see PrivilegesDiplomatic relations, possible legal action by

Netherlands against Germany andDenmark, on certification oftraditional sea-going sailing ships,299–300

Disabilities, Convention on the Rights ofPersons with, ratification byNetherlands, 338

Disastersagreement of Netherlands, Belgium and

Luxembourg on cooperation incontrol over crises with possiblecross-border consequences (2006),363

ecological, 167–169see also Crises

Disputeslegal, 141WTO procedures for settlement of

necessity principle in, 108–109see also Arbitral tribunals

Distress, as a circumstance precludingwrongfulness, 94–95, 189

Distributive justiceand international law, 116–117and necessity principle, 103–104

Djibouti Code of Conduct (2009), 289–290Djibouti peace agreement (2008), 276Doha Round/Declaration (WTO), 113Drugs, Convention against the Illicit

Traffic in Narcotic Drugs andPsychotropic Substances (UN,1988), 450–451

Dual-use goodsEU legislation on trade in, 202–203, 208implementation in Netherlands, 375–376export controls on

ECJ jurisprudence on, 201–202in Netherlands, 488–490

Dubrovnik, destruction of cultural property in,prosecution of, 68

Durban Review Conference see UnitedNations, anti-racism conference2008

Duress, defences of, 70–72, 74

EEcological disasters, 167–169Ecological harm, assessment of, 190Economic crises

global, 128–130international identification and

management of, 130–131, 135G20 declarations on, 131–133by IMF, 123–126, 130

Economic emergencies, 101, 111, 134determination of, 112, 119–120, 122, 140,

142–144IMF focus on, 123and national security interests, 120–121,

126as necessity, 144–148, 155–156and protection of investments, arbitrations

on, 118–122, 138–140World Bank Group responses to, 114

Economic law, international seeInternational economic law

Economic offences, export of strategic goodswithout permit to Pakistan,prosecution in Netherlands,488–490

Economic relations see Internationaleconomic relations

Effective control criterion, 35–36Egypt, Euro-Mediterranean Agreement

with, Protocol on accessionof Bulgaria and Romania(2007), 333

Eisenhower, Dwight D., 54

Index 507

Elaraby, Judge, 26Elgafaji, M. and N., asylum

applications by, 403–411Emergencies, 123

economic, 101, 111, 134determination of, 112, 119–120, 122,

140, 142–144IMF focus on, 123and national security interests, 120–121,

126as necessity, 144–148, 155–156and protection of investments,

arbitrations on, 118–122,138–140

World Bank Group responses to, 114in international relations, 110

Enforcementof judgments in civil and commercial

matters, convention on (1988), 365of state responsibility law, 34of use of force regime, 34–35

Environment Modification Convention(ENMOD Convention, 1978),Art. I, 57 n. 41

Environmental crises, market access restrictionsallowed in times of, 108–109

Environmental law, international seeInternational environmental law

Environmental management/protectionin armed conflict, and military necessity

principle, 56–59Convention on the prior informed consent

procedure for certain hazardouschemicals and pesticides ininternational trade (Rotterdam,1998), amendments (2008), 363

global multilateral agreements on(MEAs), 187

and scientific uncertainty problem, 189unilateral measures in, legality of, 171

Erga omnes obligations, 4 n. 4, 83–84,187–188, 457

Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission (EECC),on military necessity, 60–61

Essential interests, 84–85, 106, 162–163human rights as, 91–92, 95of international community, 83–86, 92, 188security/national security as, 110–112, 142

determination of, 126–127, 142, 143ecological, 163, 176and economic emergencies, 120–121,

126, 145–146, 147EU law on, 208, 214–215

of states, 145–146, 147, 162–163

Estland, agreement with Netherlandson the avoidance of doubletaxation and prevention of fiscalevasion (1997), amendment (2008),355

Ethiopia, arbitration on compensation fordestructions in war with Eritrea,60–63

Euratom, EC Council decision onsystem of EuropeanCommunities’ own resourcesand, ratification byNetherlands, 334

Eurocontrol (European Organization for theSafety of Air Navigation),agreement with Netherlands onregistration of interns, 327

European Agreement concerning work ofcrews of vehicles engaged ininternational road transport(AETR, Geneva, 1970),amendments (2009), 362

European Agreement on importantinternational combined transportlines and related installations(AGTC, Geneva, 1991)amendments (2008), 359

Protocol on combined transport on inlandwaterways (1997), ratification byNetherlands, 344

European Agreement on international carriageof dangerous goods by inlandwaterways (2000), amendments,ratification by Netherlands, 343

European Agreement on main inlandwaterways of internationalimportance (AGN, Geneva, 1996),amendments (2008), ratification byNetherlands, 344

European Agreement on main internationaltraffic arteries (AGR, Geneva, 1975),modifications to Annex I, 359

European Charter on Local Self-Government(1985), ratification by Netherlands,365

European Communities/European Community(EC)/European EconomicCommunity(EEC)/European Union(EU)

agreementswith ACP States, Partnership Agreement

(Cotonou, 2000), amendment(2005), 358

Association with Turkey

508 Index

Additional Protocol,Art. 59, 383 n. 14Art. 9, 383 n.14

with Canadaon the Conservation and Management

of Straddling Fish Stocks andHighly Migratory Fish Stocks(1995), 170 n. 33

on fisheries in the context of the NAFOConvention (1995), 170

with CARIFORUM states, EconomicPartnership Agreement (2008),333

with China on maritime transport (2002),amendment (2009), 360–361

Euro-Mediterranean Agreementswith Algeria, Protocol on accession of

Bulgaria and Romania (2007), 333with Egypt, Protocol on accession of

Bulgaria and Romania (2007), 333with Israel, Protocol on accession

of Bulgaria and Romania(2007), 331

with Moroccoamendment of Protocol, 4, 332Protocol on accession of Bulgaria and

Romania (2008), 331with Kenya on detention of piracy

suspects (2009), 286Partnership and Cooperation Agreements

with Armenia, Protocol on accession ofBulgaria and Romania (2007), 334

with Azerbaijan, amendment ofProtocol (2008), 332

with Georgia, Protocol on accession ofBulgaria and Romania (2007),334–335

with Uzbekistan, Protocol on accessionof Bulgaria and Romania (2008),335

Stabilisation and AssociationAgreements

with Albania, Protocol on accession ofBulgaria and Romania (2008), 333

with Croatia, Protocol onaccession of Bulgaria andRomania (2008), 332

with Macedonia, Protocol on accessionof Bulgaria and Romania (2008),332

Stepping Stone PartnershipAgreements

with Cameroon (2009), 358with Ivory Coast (2009), 358

with Switzerland on free movement ofpersons, Protocol on accession ofBulgaria and Romania (2008), 335

with United States, on the processing andtransfer of passenger record data,implementation in Netherlands,256–260

code on defence procurements, 213Commission

complaints and infringementsproceedings, by Netherlandsagainst Germany and Denmark,300

on defence procurement legislation inEU, 214–215

Common Commercial Policy (CCP), 201Council Decisions

70/470/EC and 2001/855/EC onautomatic continuation andrenewal of certain treaties, 440

2006/663/EC and 2008/493/EC onamendments to Act of Accessionof Bulgaria and Romania, 334

2007/436/EC and 2000/597/EC onEuratom and the system ofEuropean Communities’ ownresources, ratification byNetherlands, 334

2009/428 on setting up a Communityregime for the control of exports,transfer, brokering and transit ofdual-use items, implementation inNetherlands, 375–376

on accession of Bulgaria and Romaniato Convention on the Eliminationof Double Taxation (1990), 355

on Food Aid Convention, amendment(2009), 347

Council of MinistersCommon Positions

No. 2007/140/CFSP Iransanctions, 312

Art. 6, 312sanctions imposed on Belarus by,

314–315Directives

No. 68/414/EEC on obligation tomaintain minimum stocks ofcrude oil, 198 n. 20

No. 95/46/EC on the Protection ofIndividuals with regard to theProcessing of Personal Data, 257,259–260

Art. 8(1), 259

Index 509

Art. 8(4), 259, 260Art. 8(6), 260Recital, 34–35 and 36, 259

No. 2004/18/EC on the coordination ofprocedures for the award of publicworks contracts, 213 n. 77

Art. 14, 201 n. 36No. 2004/38/EC on Free Movement

Art. 27, 247implementation in United Kingdom,

247No. 2004/83/EC on Minimum Standards

for the Qualification and Status ofThird-country Nationals orStateless Persons as Refugees

Art. 2(l)(e), 403, 406, 408–410Art. 4(3), 408Art. 8(1), 408Art.15, 251, 254Art. 15(a), 404, 408–409Art. 15(b), 404, 406–409Art. 15(c), 403–410Preamble, Recital, 26, 410

No. 2009/43 on intra-EU transfers ofdefence products, 216

Foreign and Security Policy, 201law of

exceptional clauses in, 216primary law, 195–200

wholly exceptionalclauses, 203–209

secondary law, 200–203foreign policy not covered

by, 199–200necessity principle in, 194–195, 200–201,

203–205, 207–209, 216–217see also Court of Justice of the

European Communities militarymissions, 213–214

maritime mission off Somalian coast by(Operation Atalanta)

Netherlands’ participationin, 275–280

prosecution of suspects, 284–285Rules of Engagement, 291

monitoring mission in Georgia,Netherlands’ participation in,312–314

Note Verbale to Canadian government onfisheries conflict, 170

RegulationsIran Sanctions (2007), 312No. 428/2009 on control of exports of

dual-use goods, 203 n. 43

No. 1334/2000 on trade in dual-usegoods, 203 n. 43, 376

No. 3285/94 on imports from thirdcountries, 200

Security and Defence Policy of (ESDP),212–213

standard travel document, used forrepatriation of Afghan nationals,428–431

Treatiesapproval procedures in Netherlands, 268EC

Art. 87(1), 432 n. 80Art. 296, 209, 214Art. 297, 205–206Art. 298, 205

EUArt. 4(3), 204, 209Art. 5(1), 194Art. 5(2), 194–195Art. 24, 286Art. 133, 201Art. K.3, Conventions based

on, 337, 365Lisbon (2009), 194–195, 213

Art. 42(7), 194TFEU (Treaty on the Functioning of the

European Union)Art. 36, 195, 196Art. 45(3), 195Art. 52, 195Art. 65, 195Art. 207, 199–201Art. 222, 194Art. 346, 203, 204, 207–210,

212–215, 217Art. 347, 203–206, 208, 215Art. 348, 205, 204Art. 348(1), 208, 209Art. 348(2), 209

European Convention on the Adoption ofChildren (revised) (2008),ratification by Netherlands, 364

European Convention on the Enforcement ofForeign Criminal Sentences,termination, 337

European Convention on the InternationalValidity of Criminal Judgments,termination, 336

European Convention on Mutual Assistancebetween the Respective CustomsAdministrations and Protocol onaccession of Greece (1967),termination, 337

510 Index

European Convention on the Protection ofChildren Against SexualExploitation and Sexual Abuse(Council of Europe),implementation in Netherlands,255–256

European Convention for the Protection ofHuman Rights and FundamentalFreedoms

Art. 2, 258Art. 2(2), 87–88Art. 3, 248–252, 404–407, 409, 462 n. 118Art. 6, 303, 420–422, 423 n. 66, 272Art. 6(1), 421, 487Art. 6(2), 490Art. 7, 471–472, 475Art. 7(2), 444, 460Art. 8, 86 n. 23, 413, 415Art. 8(1), 257–258Art. 8(2), 258, 412, 415Art. 9(2), 86 n. 23Art. 10, 412, 415–416Art. 10(2), 86 n. 23, 413, 415Art. 11, 86 n. 23Art. 13, 303Art. 14, 86 n. 23, 383 n. 14, 485Art. 15, 86Art. 46, 249–250Art. 50, 302Art. 51(1), 86 n. 21Protocol 1, Art. 1, 86 n. 23, 381–382,

383 n. 14, 384–385Protocol, 14, 302–303

ratification of Netherlands, 338on right to protection of privacy, 257–258

European Convention on the Transfer ofSentenced Persons and AdditionalProtocol, termination, 336–337

European Court of Human Rightson armed conflicts/situations

of violence, 252on asylum procedures, 248–250, 405–407on counter-terrorism policies/legislation,

258on fair trial rights, 420–422on freedom of the press, 416inability to handle case load, Netherlands’

views on, 301–303margin of appreciation doctrine applied

by, 88, 89, 97 n. 56on national security, 258on necessity principle, 90, 97proportionality principle applied

by, 90, 384

on right to protection of privacy, 415European Court of Justice see Court

of Justice of the EuropeanCommunities (ECJ)

European Defence Agency (EDA),establishment of, 213

Europol, privileges and immunities of liaisonofficers of

agreements of Netherlandswith Albania, 327

with Interpol, 328with Slovak Republic, 327

Evidence, in necessity defences, 191Exceptional clauses in EU law

primary law, 195–200, 216Wholly exceptional clauses, 203–209,

216secondary law, 200–203, 216

Excuses/Excuse defences, 70, 185Exhaustion of domestic remedies requirement,

249–250Expert witnesses, 478–479Export restrictions

on dual-use goodsEU legislation on, 202–203, 208

implementation in Netherlands,375–376

jurisprudence onby ECJ, 201–202in Netherlands, 488–490

legality of, 108see also TradeExpression, freedom of, 412–420

Extraditionbilateral agreement between Netherlands

and Monaco on, termination, 336of piracy suspects, 285

FFair trial rights

European Court of Human Rights on,420–422

Netherlands jurisprudence on Netherlandsjurisprudence on, 420–423

Falk, Richard, 307Faroes

agreements with Netherlands on exchangeof information relating to taxes

in respect of Aruba (2009), 350in respect of Netherlands Antilles (2009),

350Financial crises

IMF’s management of, 124–126

Index 511

international, G20 responses to, 131–133Financial interests

Convention on the Protection of theEuropean Communities’ (1997),Second Protocol, ratification byNetherlands, 365

see also InvestmentsFinland

agreements with Netherlandsin respect of Aruba



in respect of Netherlands Antilleson exchange of information relating to


(2009), 351Finmark province (Norway), legality of

‘scorched earth’ tactics used byGerman troops in World War II in,65–66

Fiore, P., 13 n. 6Fisheries, arbitration on, 169–173Fitzmaurice, G., 183Food

Agreement on international carriage ofperishable (Geneva, 1990),amendments (2008), 359

Aid Convention (1995), amendment(2009), ratification by Netherlands,347

Force, use ofinternational regime on, 13, 27–28, 42, 74

customary law, 15–16, 19–22,25–26, 28

enforcement of, 34–35and necessity principle, 12–18, 29,

38–39, 42humanitarian interventions, 14, 23–25,

39, 92–93non-compliance with, 30–31and state responsibility, 29–39, 42states central in, 37UN system, 16–17, 93

to maintain international peace andsecurity, 17–18, 30–33, 37

to protect nationals abroad, 22–23in self-defence, 18–22, 37

see also International humanitarian lawprohibition of, as peremptorynorm, 41

Forcible reprisals, legality of, 25–26Foreign investments see InvestmentsForest management, sustainable, financing of,

321–323Foster, C, 190Fragmentation of international law, 5–6, 42

and necessity principle, 9France

agreement with Netherlands on possiblereturn of radioactive waste fromreprocessing of irradiated nuclearfuel (1979), amendment (2009), 357

dredge spoils produced by potash saltmines in Alsace region, litigation inNetherlands over, 463–467

Franck, T.M., 41Freedoms

economicfoundational principles of EU based on,

195permissible deviations from, 196

of expression, right to, jurisprudence on,412–420

Fundingof Special Tribunal for Lebanon, 306of sustainable forest management, 321–323

GG20, responses to international financial crisis

by, 131–133Gaza Strip

Israeli blockade of, Netherlands’ views on,307–308

Israeli military action in, and compliancewith international humanitarian law,319–320

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT, 1994)

Art. XX, 9, 109, 111, 122, 152, 156Art. XXI, 110–112Art. XXI(b), 142notification requirements in, 111

General Treaty for Renunciation of War as anInstrument of National Policy(1928), 15

Geneva Conventions on the Laws of War (1949)Additional Protocol I, Protection of

Victims of International ArmedConflicts (1977), 47, 49

Art. 35(3), 56–57, 59Art. 52, 68Art. 53, 55

512 Index

Art. 54(2), 57Art. 54(3), 57Art. 54(5), 53 n. 27, 57Art. 55(1), 57, 59Art. 91, 60on environmental protection, 58interpretations of, 57, 59on military advantage, 62on military necessity principle, 52–53

Additional Protocol II, Protection ofVictims of Non-internationalArmed Conflicts (1977), 72

Art. 17(1), 72–73common articles, Art. 3, 471, 473Convention IV, Protection of Civilian

Persons in Time of WarArt. 33, 60 n. 51, 307Art. 38, 60 n. 51Art. 42, 61 n. 53Art. 49(2), 63Art. 49(6), 63Art. 53, 56, 60, 63, 64 n. 67Art. 147, 56, 471, 473–474

derogations for reasons of militarynecessity in, 52

on state responsibility, 59–60Geneva Gas Protocol (1925), 471, 473–474, 485Genocide

Conventionapplication of, 456Art. II, 456Art. Ill, 456–457Art. V, 455Art. VI, 455–457implementation in Netherlands, 443–444,

455–458ratification by Norway of, 454and referral of prosecutions, 455–458

proposals for early warning and preventionsystems, 135 n. 86

prosecution of, in Netherlands, 445–446Georgia

EU monitoring mission in, Netherlands’contribution to, 312–314

Partnership and Cooperation with EU,Protocol on accession of Bulgariaand Romania (2007), 334–335

Germanyagreement of Netherlands Water Board

‘Rijn en IJssel’ and German WaterBoard

‘Netterdenscher Kanal’ on water levels ofthe ‘Oude Rijn’, 342

law of armed conflict developed in, 51

possible legal action by Netherlandsagainst, on certification oftraditional sea-going sailing ships,299–300

‘scorched earth’ tactics used in Finmark(Norway) in World War II by troopsfrom, legality of, 65–66

Giraud, E., 13 n. 4Global economic crises, 128–130Globalisation, 129Goldsmith, J.L, 21 n. 47Gonzales, Alberto R, 86 n. 20‘Grave and imminent peril/danger’

requirement for state of necessity,106, 168, 176–177, 179

and scientific uncertainty problem, 189Greece, Protocol on accession to European

Economic Community toConvention on Mutual Assistancebetween Respective CustomsAdministrations (1967),termination, 337

Greenlandagreements with Netherlands on

exchange of information relating totaxes


350Greenwood, C., 58 n. 44Guantánamo Bay prison, Netherlands views

and policies on possible closure of,298–299

Guernseyagreements with Netherlands

on access to mutual Agreementsprocedures (2008), 353–354

on exchange of information on relating totax matters (2008), 348

HHaeck, Y., 90Hague Convention (II) with Respect to the

Laws and Customs of War on Land(1899), 51 n. 21

Hague Convention (IV) respecting the Lawsand Customs of War on Land(1907)

Art. 3, 59Art. 52, 64 n. 67

Hague Convention (IX) concerningbombardment by naval forces intime of war (1907), Art. 5, 54 n. 35

Index 513

Hague Convention for the Protection ofCultural Property in the Event ofArmed Conflict (1954)

Art. 4(2), 55–56Art. 4(4), 56Art. 8(1), 55 n. 37Art. 11(2), 55military necessity principle in, 55–56Protocol 2 (1999), Art. 6, 55–56, 69

Hague Regulations on Warfare on Land (1907)Art. 23(g), 52, 53 n. 27, 56,

58, 60, 64 n. 67, 66Art. 27, 54Art. 54, 52

Hague Rules concerning Air Warfare (1923),Art. 26, 54 n. 35

Halabja (Iraq), mustard gas attacks againstcivilians in (1988), 473

Hamas, rockets fired on Israel from Gaza Stripby, 320

Haperen, Peter van, 242–243Health care, agreement of Netherlands and

Australia on provision of medicaltreatment (1991), amendment(2009), 362

Health crises, market access restrictionsallowed in times of, 108–109

Hemelrijk, P., 412–420High seas

fishing in, arbitration on, 169–173pollution of

by ship-generated waste, improvementmeasures, 293–294

Convention Relating to Intervention onthe High Seas in cases of OilPollution Casualties (1969), 168

prohibitions of seal hunting in, 164–165see also Convention on the Law of the Sea

Hizbollah, Israeli military actionin Lebanon against (2006), 37–38

Human rightsclashes of, jurisprudence on, 412–420and counter-terrorism policies/legislation,

258to development, 93, 115 n. 35,

116, 123as essential interests, 91–92, 95to fair trial, 420–421to freedom of expression, jurisprudence on,

412–420of Guantánamo Bay detainees returning to

their home countries, 298–299law

and international humanitarian law, 47

necessity principle in, 81, 86–91, 96–97,413–415

as a defence in non-compliance cases,81–86, 89–91, 95–96

jurisprudence on, 88–90obligations in, 82

to life, 95Netherlands Institute on

(NIRM), 263–264to peaceful enjoyment of possessions,

382–383to protection of privacy, 257–258

jurisprudence on, 412–420to water, 93–94, 260–261

jurisprudence in Netherlands on,424–425

Humanitarian aid, to Somalia, Netherlandsparticipation in internationalmaritime protection of, 274–275

Humanitarian interventions, 92invocation of necessity in justifications for,

14, 23–25, 39, 92–93Humanity, 135Hungary

agreement with Czechoslovakiaconcerning the Construction andOperation of the Gab�cikovo-Nagymaros System of Locks(1977), 173–174

jurisprudence on see Table of Cases,International Court of Justice,Judgments terminationof, 185

IIceland

agreements with Netherlands inrespect of Aruba



agreements with Netherlands in respect ofNetherlands Antilles



ICSID see International Centre forSettlement of Investment Disputes

Illegality, declarations of, 41Imminence, assessment/understanding

of, 20, 177, 179, 190–191

514 Index

ImmunityAgreement on privileges and immunities

of the International Tribunalfor the Law of the Sea,ratification by Netherlands Antilles,326

agreements of Netherlands onconcerning privileges and immunities of

Europol liaison officerswith Albania, 327with Interpol, 328with Slovak Republic, 327

from attack in armed conflict, culturalproperty, 54–56

of international organisationsand diplomats

defence lawyers and witnesses of SpecialTribunal for Lebanon, 306

Netherlands jurisprudence on, 390–401,425–428

Netherlands legislation on, 243,264–266

and payment of fines, 266–268Protocol on the privileges and immunities

of the International SeabedAuthority

ratification by Netherlands Antilles, 326of states, Netherlands jurisprudence on,

386–390Import restrictions

legality of, 108see also Trade

Indiaagreement with Netherlands on social

security (2009), 362balance of payments problems of, 112

Individual criminal responsibility, ininternational humanitarian law,65–69, 74

Indonesia, agreement with Netherlands onmutual administrative assistance incustoms matters and for theprevention, investigation andcombating of customs offences(2003), 338

Institutional uses of force, 17–18Intellectual property

Benelux Treaty on (2005), amendment toRegulations of Implementation(2009), 364

Patent Cooperation Treaty (1970),amendments to Regulations of(2003 and 2008), 364–365

Inter partes litigation, 188

Inter-American Convention onHuman Rights

Art. 12.3, 86 n. 23Art. 13.3, 86 n. 23Art. 27, 86Art. 27.1, 86 n. 21

Inter-American Court of Human Rights, onproportionality principle in humanrights law, 90 n. 29

Internal armed conflicts see Non-internationalarmed conflicts

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)agreements with Netherlands

on regional training course, 327on regional workshops, 326, 328on technical meeting, 327

International Bank for Reconstruction andDevelopment (IBRD), Articles ofAgreement of (1945), Netherlandsparliamentary approval ofamendment (2009), 329

International Centre for Settlement ofInvestment Disputes (ICSID)

jurisdiction of, 141–142on national security, 126on necessity principle, 6, 8, 111–113,

118–120, 127–128, 139, 145–156International community

essential interests of, 83–86, 92, 188fundamental values of, 82

International Convention against Doping inSport (2005), ratification byNetherlands for NetherlandsAntilles, 364

International Convention on Load Liners(1966), amendments (2005 and2008), 360

International Convention for the Prevention ofPollution from Ships (1978),ratification by Netherlands onbehalf of Netherlands Antilles, 343

International Convention on the Rights of theChild, Art. 8(1), 245

International Convention for the Safety of Lifeat Sea (1974), approval ofresolutions and amendments, 360

International Court of Justice (ICJ)on attribution of conduct, 35–36on international humanitarian

law, 46–47on legality of use of force, 34–35

forcible reprisals, 25–26in self-defence, 18 n. 28, n. 29, 19 n. 38,

21

Index 515

on military necessity principle, 63on necessity principle, 7, 40, n. 155, 94,

163, 173–182, 186criticism of, 190, 191

on obligation to preventgenocide, 456–457

on political questions doctrine, 141President, on taxability of pensions of

former members of, 396on state responsibility, 184Statute, Art. 32(8), 394, 396–400on termination of treaties, 184

International Covenant on Civil and PoliticalRights (1967)

Art. 4, 86, 87 n. 22Art. 4.1, 86 n, 21Art. 6, 95Art. 15, 472, 475Art. 18.3, 86 n. 23Art. 19.3, 86 n. 23

International Covenant on Economic, Socialand Cultural Rights (1967)

Art. 11, 424–425Art. 12, 424–425

International crimes, 296aggression, 304prosecutions of

necessity and duress defencesin, 69–72

in Netherlands, 445–446, 470–487universal jurisdiction over, 296

jurisprudence in Netherlands on,443–462, 471, 474

International Criminal Court (ICC)Elements of Crimes, 69Headquarters Agreement with

Netherlands (2007), 367judges from Netherlands, 304permanent premises in The Hague,

303–304Statute of

Art. 8(2)(e)(viii), 73Art. 8(2)(e)(Xii), 73Art. 17, 91Art. 31, 72Art. 31(l)(d), 71–72Art. 53, 91crime of aggression included in, 304on duress, 71–72on military necessity, 66, 69

International criminal lawdevelopment of, 47, 71margin of appreciation

doctrine in, 91

necessity/military necessity in, 65–69, 72,80

International Criminal Tribunal for the FormerYugoslavia

on duress as defence, 71on environmental damage caused by

NATO intervention in Kosovo(1999), 59

on erga omnes obligations, 4 n. 4, 83–84establishment of, 31Headquarters Agreement (1994), Art. XIV,

399on military necessity, 66–69Statute of

Art. 2(d), 66Art. 3(b), 66Art. 3(d), 68

International Criminal Tribunal for RwandaAgreement with Netherlands on witness

staying on Netherlands territory(2009), 345

Completion Strategy, 455, 459–460, 462establishment of, 31prosecutions, 445

referral to the Netherlands of, 444–445,447, 449

Rules of Procedure and Evidence,Art. 11bis, 449, 452–455, 462

Statute of, 448Art. 1, 449Art. 2, 449Art. 8, 452Art. 10, 449Art. 15(2), 449Art. 28, 452, 454–455Art. 29, 448

International criminal tribunalslegislation in Netherlands on establishment

of, 447on piracy, proposals for, 290–293prosecution of war crimes by, 47referral of prosecutions to Netherlands by,

444, 461surrender of suspects to, 448

International development law, necessityprinciple in, 114–117, 122–123

International distributive justiceand international law, 116–117and necessity principle, 103–104

International economic lawnecessity principle in, 7, 101, 102, 134,

144–148clauses in investment agreements on,

148–153

516 Index

as defence in non-compliance cases,102–103, 105, 108, 110, 118–119,122–123, 134

IMF obligations, 126–128as normative response, 102–103,

113–114, 123, 134WTO application of, 108–114see also Economic emergencies

self-judging clauses in, 142–144, 156see also International development law;

International investment lawInternational economic relations, 100

agreements of Netherlands for promotionof

with Denmarkin respect of Aruba (2009), 350in respect of Netherlands Antilles

(2009), 350with Finland


(2009), 351with Iceland


(2009), 352with Norway

in respect of Aruba (2009), 349with Sweden


(2009), 351and international law, 116–117necessity principle in, 101–107, 134WTO role in, 107–108

International environmental lawdevelopment of, 188necessity principle in, 9, 160–161, 163,

180–187, 191jurisprudence, 164–179

International Fund for AgriculturalDevelopment (IFAD), amendments(1995, 1997, 2001 and 2006),approval by Netherlands, 329

International humanitarian law, 46–47compliance with, and Israeli military

action in Gaza Strip (2008-2009),319–320

and human rights law, 47necessity principle in, 9, 48

military necessity, 48–59violations of, 47

and individual criminal responsibility,65–69, 74

and state responsibility, 59–65, 74see also Force, use of, international regime

onInternational investment law

necessity principle in, 117–123, 127–128arbitrations, 6, 8, 111–113, 138–140,

145–153, 156–157International Labour Organization (ILO)

Convention No. 118 Equality of Treatmentof Nationals and Non-Nationals inSocial Security (1962)

Art. 5(1), 380, 383 n. 41, 384Art. 5(2), 383 n. 14

International lawdefinitions of treaties in, 458–459fragmentation of, 5–6, 9, 42general principles of, 6and international economic relations,

116–117on legitimacy of actions against piracy, 278margin of appreciation doctrine in, 91necessity principle in, 4–9, 12, 100–101,

191as circumstance precluding

wrongfulness, 7–8, 39–42, 49–50,95–96, 105, 162, 186

contribution issue, 154–155judicial review of, 6, 8, 15, 140–144, 186,

191and precautionary principle, 189–190and treaty law, 148–152, 182

peremptory norms in, 28, 41, 82–83private

Convention on the Choice of CourtAgreements (2005), ratification byNetherlands, 365

Convention on Jurisdiction and theEnforcement of Judgments inCivil and Commercial

Matters (1988), termination byNetherlands, 365

see also Customary international law;Force, international regime on useof; International criminal law;International economic law;International environmental law;International humanitarian law

International Law Commission (ILC)on circumstances precluding wrongfulness,

40, 49–50on necessity principle, 4 n. 5, 6–7, 9–10, 80

n. 2, 81, 97military necessity, 50

on regimes, 27 n. 91

Index 517

on state responsibility see Articles on StateResponsibility (draft, ILC, 1980);Articles on State Responsibility(draft, ILC, 2001)

study group on the fragmentation ofinternational law, 5

International Maritime Organisation (IMO)Convention Relating to Intervention on the

High Seas in cases of Oil PollutionCasualties (1969), 168

Convention for the Suppression ofUnlawful Acts against the Safety ofMaritime Navigation (SUAConvention, IMO), 279, 287,289–291

International Mobile Satellite Organization(INMARSAT), Convention on,approval by Netherlands

of amendments of (2008), 329International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Articles of the Agreement of (1945)amendments (1997, 2008 and 2009),

approval by Netherlands,329–330

Art. 1, 123criticism of, 124–126economic crisis management by, 123–126,

130institutional reform of, 125, 133necessity principle invoked in observance

of obligations of, 126–128International order, stability of, 105International relations, emergencies in, 110International Renewable Energy Agency

(IRENA), Statute of, ratification byNetherlands, 330

International Seabed Authority, Protocol onprivileges and immunities of,ratification by Netherlands Antilles,326

International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea,Agreement on privileges andimmunities of, ratification byNetherlands Antilles, 326

International Tropical Timber Agreement(1994), prolongation byNetherlands, 347

Internet, influences on freedom of the press of,416

Interpol, Agreement with Netherlands onprivileges and immunities of liaisonofficers at Europol, 328

Interventionshumanitarian, 14, 23–25, 39, 92–93

in Suriname, alleged Dutch planning of,242–243

Investmentsbilateral agreements on, 117–118

arbitration on, 8, 138–140, 145–148,156–157

necessity principle in, 6, 8, 111–113,118–122, 127–128, 139

necessity clauses in, 148–152, 156of Netherlands

with Burundi (2002), 347with Macao Special Administrative

Region of China (2009), 347with Oman (2009), 347

purposes of, 121self-judging clauses in, 143, 156of United Kingdom, with Argentina,

arbitrations on, 150–151of United States

with Argentinaarbitrations on, 118–122, 139, 145–156

Argentinean non-justiciability defences,141

with Uruguay (2004), 143international law on, necessity principle in,

117–123, 127–128Iran

exclusion from Netherlands of studentsfrom, 311–312

Iraqi use of chemical weapons in (1987 and1988), 474

Iraqchemical weapons used by, 297, 473–474

illegal supply of chemicals for,prosecution in Netherlands,470–487

invasion in (2003), investigations intoNetherlands’ political support of,308–309

invasion of Kuwait bydestruction of oil platforms in, 58UN Security Council reactions

to, 31, 33Israeli attack on nuclear reactor in, 21NATO training mission in, Netherlands’

contribution to, 310North of

Allied intervention in (1991), 24legality of Turkish incursions

in, 38–39security situation in, 410–411

Israelblockade of Gaza Strip by, Netherlands’

views on, 307–308

518 Index

construction of barrier/wall in the occupiedterritories, jurisprudence on, 38,63–65

Euro-Mediterranean Agreement with,Protocol on accession of Bulgariaand Romania (2007), 331

military action in Gaza Strip (2008-2009),and compliance with internationalhumanitarian law, 319–320

self-defence rights invoked by, 21–22,37–38

Italy, Agusta helicopter purchases incontravention to EU procurementlegislation by, 210–212

ITC-UNESCO (Enschede), agreement withNetherlands on registration ofinterns, 328

Ivory CoastNetherlands country-oriented policies for

asylum seekers from, 254Stepping Stone Partnership Agreement

with EC (2009), 358

JJacobs, Advocate General, 205–206, 215Japan

agreements with Netherlandson cooperation and mutual administrative

assistance in customs matters(2008), 337

on trade (1912), application of, 437–443Jus ad bellum, relationship with jus in bello,

63, 74Jus in bello see International

humanitarian lawJus cogens see Peremptory norms of

international lawJustice, 135

international distributiveand international law, 116–117and necessity principle, 103–104

Justifications/Justification defences, 70, 185for humanitarian interventions, 14, 23–25,

39, 92–93

KKelsen, H., 30Kenya, agreement with EU on

detention of piracy suspects (2009),286

Knoops, G.G.J., 286–291Kosovo intervention (NATO, 1999)

attacks on industrial facilities in, 58–59legality of, 24, 39, 41

Kouchner, Bernard, 25 n. 80Krasner, S.D., 28Kriegsraison doctrine, 51Kuwait, Iraqi invasion of

and destruction of oil platforms, 58UN Security Council reactions to, 31, 33

LLammers, J., 173, 175–176Landmines, legality of placement in wartime

of, 61–62League of Nations, Covenant of, on use of

force, 15Least injurious means test, 64Lebanon

Israeli military action against Hizbollah in(2006), legality of, 37–38

Special Tribunal forlocated in Netherlands, 305–306, 326,

368legislation on, 306, 374–375

Lefeber, R., 184 n. 71Legal assistance, international, 447–448Legal certainty principle, 422Legality principle, 297 n. 48Lex specialis rules, 150Lieber, Francis, 48, 51Life, right to, 95Lipsky, John, 126 n. 68Local government, European Charter on Local

Self-Government (1985),ratification by Netherlands, 365

Lowe, Vaughan, 7 n. 14, 116Lukashenko, Alexander, 314–315Luxembourg

agreements with Netherlandson the avoidance of double taxation

and prevention of fiscal evasion(1968), amendment (2009), 356

and Belgium on cooperation in controlover crises with possiblecross-border consequences(2006), 363

MMacao Special Administrative Region of

China, agreement with Netherlandson encouragement and reciprocalprotection of investments (2009),347

Index 519

Macedoniaagreements with Benelux

on abolition of visas for diplomaticpassports (2006), 339

on return of illegal aliens, 335Stabilisation and Association Agreement

with EU, Protocol on accession ofBulgaria and Romania (2008), 332

Madagascararable land leased to Daewoo by, 93 n. 43reduction of old age pension of Dutch

citizen living in, 380–386Manual of Land Warfare (Kriegsbrauch im

Landkriege, Germany, 1902), 51Manual of The Law of Armed Conflict,

46 n. 2Margin of appreciation doctrine, application

of, 88–89, 91, 97 n. 56Maritime law, 287

Convention for the Suppression ofUnlawful Acts againstthe Safety of Maritime Navigation,279

UN Convention on the Law of the Sea,278, 281, 287–289

definition of piracy in, 282–283see also High seas; International Maritime

Organisation (IMO); Territorialwaters

Maternity Protection Convention(Geneva, 1952)

revised, ratification by Netherlands, 362termination, 362

Mauritius, agreement with Netherlands onmutual administrative assistance incustoms matters (2008), 338

Measures adopted on grounds of necessity seeStates, necessity invoked by

Mexicoagreements with Netherlands

on avoidance of double taxation andprevention of fiscal evasion(1993), amendment (2008), 355

in respect of Netherlands Antilles, onexchange of informationrelating to tax matters(2009), 348

Middelburg, Bart, 413 n. 57, 414, 419Military advantage, 49, 61–62, 68Military cooperation agreements of

Netherlandswith Benin on status of military and

civilian personnel in ‘Dasa 2009’operation (Cotonou), 340

with Burundi on status of military andcivilian personnel related to, 341

with Rwanda on status of military andcivilian personnel related to,340–341

with South Africa on status of military andcivilian personnel related to,339–340

with Suriname on Dutch military andcivilian staff stationed in Suriname,340

with United States on status of military andcivilian personnel for militarytraining and exercises in, 340

Military missionsanti-piracy operations off Somalian coast,

282–292Netherlands’ participation in, 275–280

of EU, 212–213monitoring mission in Georgia,

Netherlands’ participation in,312–314

NATO training mission in Iraq,Netherlands’ participation in, 310

police officers from Netherlands involvedin, 316–318

of United Nations in Sudan (UNMIS),Netherlands participation in, 309

Military necessity principle, 73and duress, 72and environmental protection, 56–59in international criminal law, 65–69jurisprudence on, 60–65, 74in non-international armed

conflicts, 72–73permissive function of, 51–54, 73–74and protection of cultural property, 54–56restraint function of, 48–50,

59, 73–74Military objects, definitions of, 49, 68Military purposes, legality of attacking

cultural property used for, 54–55Millennium Development Goals, 115–116,

123Mines, legality of placement in wartime of,

61–62Minority groups, vulnerable, 248–249, 406Mobile equipment, Convention on

International Interests in (2001),ratification by Netherlands, 364

Moldavia, agreement with Netherlands onmutual administrative assistance incustoms matters (2006), 338

Mollard Bannelier, K., 57 n. 40

520 Index

Monaco, agreement with Netherlands onmutual extradition of criminals,termination, 336

Monterrey Consensus of the InternationalConference on Financing forDevelopment (UN, 2002), 118

Morocco, Euro-Mediterranean Agreementwith, Protocol on accession ofBulgaria and Romania (2008), 331

Most-favoured-nation clauses in trade treaties,441–442

Movement, four freedoms of, as foundationalprinciples of EU, 195

Multilateral Agreement on the establishmentof an European Common AviationArea (ECAA),amendment of AnnexI, ratification by Netherlands, 344

Multilateral Environmental Agreements(MEAs), 187

Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency(MIGA), 118

Mumbara, Joseph, prosecution of, 445,462 n. 118

Mustard gas see Chemical weaponsMutual assistance

clauses in EU Lisbon Treaty on, 194in criminal matters, 447–448in customs matters, agreements on,

336–338

NNational laws, on crime of piracy, 285National security, 126

and discretion of states, 258in EU law, 208, 214–215

and economic emergencies, 120–121, 126as essential interest, 110–112, 142

determination of, 126–127, 142–143Nationality

agreement between Netherlands andSuriname on the assignment of(1975), continuation of, 269–272

Netherlands legislation on, amendments,245

Necessity principle, 3, 13, 42, 100in international economic relations,

101–107, 134see also Economic emergencies

in international law, 4–9, 12, 100–101, 191as circumstance precluding

wrongfulness, 7–8, 39–42, 49–50,95–96, 105, 162, 186

contribution issue, 154–155

customary, 4, 6–7, 63, 148–149,180–181

EU law, 194–195, 200–201, 203–205,207–209, 216, 217

application by ECJ of, 197–203,205–206, 209–212

ILC on, 4 n. 5, 6–7, 9–10, 80 n. 2, 81in international criminal law, 65–69, 72,

80international development law, 114–117,

122–123international economic law, 7, 101–102,

134, 144–148clauses in investment agreements on,

148–153as defence in non-compliance cases,

102–103, 105, 108, 110, 118–119,122–123

IMF obligations, 126–128as normative response, 102–103,

113–114, 123, 134WTO application of, 108–114see also Economic emergencies

international environmental law, 9,160–161, 163, 180–187, 191

jurisprudence, 164–179international human rights law, 81,

86–91, 96–97, 413, 414–415as a defence in non-compliance cases,

81–86, 89–91, 95–96jurisprudence, 88–90

international humanitarian law, 9, 48see also Military necessity principle

international investment law, 117–123,127–128

arbitrations, 6, 8, 11–13, 138–140,145–150, 156–157

and precautionary principle, 189–190and state responsibility, 40, 59–65,

104–106and treaty law, 148–152, 182in use of force regime, 12–18, 29,

38–39, 42humanitarian interventions, 14, 23–25,

39, 92–93to maintain international peace and

security, 17–18, 30–33, 37right to self-defence, 19–23see also Military necessity principle

states’ invocation of/measures adoptedon grounds of, 4–5, 8, 10

exclusions, 29, 154–155in interest of the international

community, 188

Index 521

judicial review of, 6, 8, 10, 15, 140–144,186, 191

Netherlandsacts/kingdom acts

Aliens 2000Art. 29(l)(b), 251, 404–406,

409–411Art. 29(l)(d), 405, 409–410Art. 29a, 249Art. 29b, 249Art. 91.2, 469

Approval and Publication of Treatiesamendment, 369–370Art. 16, 369–670

Bailiffs, Art. 3a(2), 243, 264–266Benefit Restrictions (Foreign Residence),

381–384, 385 n. 17Chemical Weapons Convention

(Implementation), 295–296Art. 2(1), 296Art. 2(2), 296Art. 2(3), 296Art. 14, 296–297

Coastguard for the Netherlands Antillesand Aruba, 371–372

Convention on the Privileges andImmunities of the United Nationsapproval (1947), 306

Council of State, Art. 39, 423 n. 66Criminal law in wartime, 296–298Drinking Water, 260–261Economic offences

Art. 1, 296, 490Art. 2, 490Art. 6, 490

Environmental management, 293Environmental Taxes, 432–434Extradition, Art. 51a, 273General Administrative Law

Art. 6.12, 422Art. 7.10, 421–422Art. 8.73, 423 n. 66Art. 29, 423 n. 66

General Child Benefit, 383General Old Age Pension, 381, 382–383

n. 12, 384–385 n. 17Art. 9a(l), 380, 382 n. 12, 384, 385 n. 17

Genocide Convention (Implementation),457

Art. 1, 443–444, 456, 460Art. 2, 456Art. 5, 446, 455–456

Government Information (PublicAccess), 423 n. 66

Housing, Art. 40(1), 425–427Implementing Convention on the Means

of Prohibiting and Preventing theIllicit Import, Export and Transferof Ownership of Cultural Property(UNESCO, 1970), 376–378

Import and Export, 488Art. 2(1), 490Art. 2a, 490Art. 2a(6), 488

Income Tax, 401 n. 35International Crimes, 296, 458,

460, 475Art. 2, 444Art. 2(1), 460Art. 3, 446, 457

International Criminal Tribunal for theformer Yugoslavia(Implementation), 306

Art. 2, 453Art. 9, 453Art. 11, 453

International Criminal Tribunal forRwanda (Implementation),447–448, 455

Art. 2(1), 448Judiciary (Organisation) Art. 79(2), 472,

477, 478Municipalities, Put., 243, 391–393Nationality, amendments, 245Personal Data Protection

amendments, 256–260Art. 23(1)(e), 258Art. 23a, 257–260Art. 76, 259Art. 77, 259

Prevention of pollutionfrom ships, 293

Special Court for Sierra Leone(Implementation), 306

Art. 3, 306Special Pensions (1940-1945)

Art. 1(1), 414 n. 59Special Tribunal for Lebanon

(Implementation)(proposed), 306, 374, 375

Art. 2, 306Supplementary Benefits, 383

Art. 4a, 383 n. 14Torture Convention (Implementation)

Art. 5, 462 n. 118Wartime Offences, 475

Art. 1(old), 474Art. 3, 446

522 Index

Art. 3(o1d), 471, 474Art. 8, 471, 474, 475, 476Art. l0a, 475

agreementswith Albania on privileges and

immunities for liaison officers atEuropol, 327

with Anguilla on exchange ofinformation relating to taxes(2009), 348

with Antigua and Barbuda on exchangeof information relating to taxmatters (2009), 349

in respect of Netherlands Antilles(2009), 354

with Australia on provision of medicaltreatment (1991), amendment(2009), 362

with Austria on the avoidance of doubletaxation (1970), amendments(2008 and 2009), 355, 357

with Barbados on the avoidance ofdouble taxation and prevention offiscal evasion (2006), amendment(2009), 357

with Belgiumon availability of a penitentiary in the

Netherlands for enforcement ofcustodial sentences (2009), 338

on avoidance of double taxation (2001),amendment (2009), 256

on cooperation in control over criseswith possible cross-borderconsequences (2006), 363

with Benin on status of military andcivilian personnel in ’Dasa 2009’operation (Cotonou), 340

with Bermudaon access to mutual agreements

procedures (2009), 356on avoidance of double taxation on

individuals (2009), 356on avoidance of double taxation with

respect to enterprises operatingships or aircrafts in internationaltraffic (2009), 356



(2009), 353with Brazil on the transfer of sentenced

persons and the execution ofsentences (2009), 336

with British Virgin Islandson exchange of information relating to

tax matters (2009), 353in respect of Aruba (2009), 353in respect of Netherlands Antilles

(2009), 353with Burundi

on encouragement and reciprocalprotection of investments (2002),347

on status of military and civilianpersonnel related to militarycooperation (2009), 341

with Canadaon exchange of information relating

to tax matters, in respect ofNetherlands Antilles(2009), 348

on mutual administrative assistance incustoms matters (2007), 337

with Cayman Islands on exchange ofinformation relating to taxes(2009), 348


with Cook Islands on exchange ofinformation relating to taxes(2009), 354

with Cyprus on reciprocal holding ofstocks of crude oil and/orpetroleum products (2008), 346

with Dahomey on employment ofNetherlands Volunteers (1972),termination, 358

with Denmarkon exchange of information relating to

taxesin respect of Aruba (2009), 350in respect of Netherlands Antilles

(2009), 349on promotion of economic relations


(2009), 350with Estland on the avoidance

of double taxation andprevention of fiscal evasion(1997), amendment (2008), 355

with European Organization for theSafety of Air Navigation(Eurocontrol), on registration ofinterns, 327

with Faroes on exchange of informationrelating to taxes

Index 523



on exchange of information relating totaxes




(2009), 351with France on possible return of

radioactive waste fromreprocessing of irradiated nuclearfuel (1979), amendment (2009),357

with Germany, agreement of WaterBoard ‘Rijn en IJssel’ and GermanWater Board ‘NetterdenscherKanal’ on water levels of the‘Oude Rijn’, 342

with Greenland on exchange ofinformation relating to taxes


(2009), 350with Guernsey

on exchange of information on relatingto tax matters (2008), 348

on mutual Agreements procedures(2008), 353–354


taxesin respect of Aruba (2009), 352in respect of Netherlands Antilles


in respect of Aruba(2009), 352


with India on social security (2009),362

with Indonesia on mutual administrativeassistance in customs matters andfor the prevention, investigationand combating of customsoffences (2003), 338

with International Atomic EnergyAgency (IAEA)

on regional training course, 327

on regional workshops, 326, 328on technical meeting, 327

with International Criminal Tribunal forRwanda on witness staying onNetherlands territory (2009), 345

with Interpol, on privileges andimmunities of liaison officers atEuropol, 328

with ITC-UNESCO, on registration ofinterns, 328

with Japanon cooperation and mutual

admmistrative assistance incustoms matters (2008), 337

on trade (1912), application of,437–443

with Luxembourgon the avoidance of double taxation and

prevention of fiscal evasion(1968), amendment (2009), 356

on cooperation in control over criseswith possible cross-borderconsequences (2006), 363

with Macao Special AdministrativeRegion of China onencouragement and reciprocalprotection of investments (2009),347

with Mauritius on mutual administrativeassistance in customs matters(2008), 338

with Mexicoon avoidance of double taxation and

prevention of fiscal evasion(1993), amendment (2008), 35

on exchange of information relating totax matters in respect ofNetherlands Antilles (2009), 348

with Moldavia on mutual administrativeassistance in customs matters(2006), 338

with New Zealand on holding of stocksof crude oil, major products andunfinished oils (2008), 346

with Norwayon avoidance of double taxation and

prevention of fiscal evasion(1989), in respect of NetherlandsAntilles, amendment (2009), 357

on exchange of information relating totax matters, in respect of Aruba(2009), 349

on promotion of economic relations, inrespect of Aruba (2009), 349

524 Index

with Oman on encouragement andreciprocal protection ofinvestments (2009), 347

with Panama on protection of ships underflag of Panama against piracy offSomalian coast, 343

with Russia on simplified regulations forentrance and departure for crewmembers of airline companies(2008), 344

with Rwanda on status of military andcivilian personnel related tomilitary cooperation, 340–341

with Saint Christopher (Saint Kitts) andNevis on exchange of informationrelating to tax matters (2009), 349


(2009), 352with Saint Lucia on exchange of

information on relating to taxes inrespect of Netherlands Antilles(2009), 354

with Saint Vincent and theGrenadines on exchange ofinformation relating totax matters (2009), 349


(2009), 353with Samoa on exchange of


with Singapore on avoidance of doubletaxation and prevention of fiscalevasion (1971) amendment(2009), 356–357

with Slovak Republic on privileges andimmunities of Europol liaisonofficers, 327

with Somalia on protection against piracyby Netherlands armed forces,342–343

with South Africafor air services between and beyond

their respective territories (1992),amendment (2009), 345

on avoidance of double taxation andprevention of fiscal evasion(1971), termination (2005), 355

on status of military and civilianpersonnel related to militarycooperation, 339–340

with South-Korea on mutualadministrative assistance incustom matters (2007), 337

with Spainon exchange of information relating to

tax matters, 347in respect of Aruba (2008), 347in respect of Netherlands Antilles

(2008), 354with Suriname

on the assignment of nationality (1975)Art. 5(2), 270–271continuation of, 269–272

on status of Dutch military and civilianstaff stationed in, 340


taxes, 351in respect of Aruba (2009), 351in respect of Netherlands Antilles



(2009), 351with Turkey on social security (1966),

amendment (2009), 361with Turks and Caicos Islands on

exchange of information relatingto taxes (2009), 348

with United Kingdom on the avoidanceof double taxation and preventionof fiscal evasion (2008),Mutual Agreement on theImplementation of Art. 25(2), 356

with United NationsHeadquarters Agreement for

International Criminal Court(2007), 367

Headquarters Agreement forInternational Criminal Tribunalfor the Former Yugoslavia (1994),Art. XIV, 399

Headquarters Agreement for SpecialTribunal for Lebanon (2007), 305,326, 368

on seminar, 328with United States

Dutch-American Treaty ofFriendship (1956), Art. II(1), 437,441–443

on preclearance with respect of Aruba,amendment (2008), 336

Index 525

on status of military and civilianpersonnel in Netherlands Antillesand Aruba related for militarytraining and exercises, 340

with Uruguay on mutual administrativeassistance for the properapplication of customs law and forthe prevention, investigation andcombating of customs offences(2007), 336

circularsAliens 2001, 440

amendment, 367–368on Municipal Taxes (Diplomatic and

International Exemptions) Order,392

Municipalities Fund, 392–393Code of Criminal Procedur

Art. 14a, 490Art. 14b, 490Art. 47, 490Art. 51, 490Art. 57, 490Art. 57(2), 485Art. 110, 490Art. 342(1), 484Art. 343, 479Art. 344(1), 479, 483–484Art. 344(1)(5), 472, 484Art. 359, 484Art. 359(2), 486Art. 539a et seq., 284Art. 552hh, 273, 450–451on criminal actions outside the

Netherlands, 283Constitution

Art. 1, 311Art. 7, 412, 415Art. 10(1), 257Art. 90, 305Art. 91, 459Art. 91(3), 268–269, 305Art. 92, 269, 305Art. 94, 380, 384, 459Art. 100, 274, 277, 280, 310Art. 100(1), 309

Criminal CodeArt. 1(1), 475Art. 1(2), 475Art. 2–4, 446Art. 4(5), 284, 290Art. 4(8), 290Art. 4a, 273, 444, 446–451, 455,

458–462

Art. 5–7, 446Art. 47, 476Art. 48, 476Art. 49, 296, 476Art. 83b, amendment of, 373–374Art. 131, 456Art. 132(3), amendment of, 374Art. 240b, 256Art. 282, 290Art. 381–385, 284, 290

decisions, on deployment of police officersin peacekeeping mission,amendment of, 317

decrees/royal decreesAliens 2000

Art. 3.106, 253Art. 3.13, 368Art. 4.21, 469Art. 5.5, 468, 470 n. 124Art. 8.26, 440

banning the export of certain strategicgoods (1984), 295

implementing the Coastguard for theNetherlands Antilles and ArubaKingdom Act, 373

Import and Export (Strategic Goods), Art.2, 490

setting aside decisions by provinces andmunicipalities to instituteproceedings against

Landsbanski, 431 n. 79Strategic Goods, amendment,

375–376international criminal tribunals inInternational Criminal Court permanent

premises, 303–304Special Tribunal for Lebanon, 305–306

jurisprudenceon admission of aliens, 422, 428–431,

441–442, 467–470on application of treaties, 437–443on asylum procedures, 403–411, 445on diplomatic immunity, 390–401,

425–428on dredge spoil produced by potash salt

mines in Alsace, 463–467on fair trial rights, 420–423on freedom of expression and right to

privacy, 412–420on non-international armed conflicts, 252on permanent residency, 392–393on ‘reasonable time’ requirement, 472,

487, 490on right to water, 424–425

526 Index

on social security, equality of treatmentof nationals and non-nationals,380–386

on state immunity, 386–390on taxing of air passengers, 432–436on universal jurisdiction over

international crimes, 443–462legislation

on admission of aliens, 367–368on approval and publication of treaties,

369–371on counter-terrorism, 373–374on data protection, 256–260on diplomatic immunity, 243, 264–266

and payment of fines, 266–268on establishment of international

tribunals, 447to implement EU legislation

Agreement between EU and US on theprocessing and transfer ofpassenger name record data (2007PNR Agreement), 256–260

approval of EU treaties, 268–269on control of exports, transfer,

brokering and transit of dual-useitems, 375–376

to implement international treatiesChemical Weapons Convention,

294–298European Convention on the Protection

of Children Against SexualExploitation and Sexual Abuse,255–256

Genocide Convention, 443–444,455–458

ILO Convention No. 118 on EqualTreatment of Nationals andNon-Nationals in Social Security,384–385

on policing of territorial waters ofNetherlands Antilles and Aruba,371–373

on Special Tribunal for Lebanon, 306,374–375

on universal jurisdiction, 272–274over acts of piracy, 284, 290

military/police missionsEU monitoring mission in Georgia,

321–314NATO training mission in Iraq, 310police officers involved in, 316–318Royal Navy deployment off Somalian

coast, 274–291UNMIS, extension of contribution to, 309

ministerial regulationsprohibiting the export of 11 chemicals

without a license (1984), 297prohibiting transfer of highly specialised

knowledge to Iranian nationals,311–312

National Institute for Human Rights(NIRM), 263–264

ordersBrokering Services Sanctions, 376on Electronic Publication of Treaties and

Decisions of InternationalOrganisations, 370–371

Municipal Taxes (Diplomatic andInternational Exemptions),391–392

Art. 1(1), 391Art. 3(2), 391Art. 5, 390–392Art. 5(1), 393Art. 5(2), 391, 393

policies and viewsalleged planning of intervention in

Suriname by, 242–243on asylum procedures

implications of European Court ofHuman Rights jurisprudence,248–250

implications of European Court ofJustice jurisprudence, 250–255

on closure of Guantánamo Bay prison,298–299

on Convention on Cluster Munitions,318–319

on European Court of Human Rightsunable to handle case load,301–303

on exclusion of Iranian students fromstudy in Netherlands, 311–312

on financing of sustainable forestmanagement, 312–323

on humanitarian interventions, 24 n. 76,39

on Israeli blockade of Gaza Strip,307–308

on Israeli military action in Gaza Strip(2008-2009) and compliance withinternational humanitarian law,319–320

on lifting of travel restrictions forindividuals from Belarus,314–315

National Waste ManagementPlan, 293

Index 527

non-participation in UN anti-racismconference 2008, 261–263

political support for invasion in Iraq(2003), investigations into,308–309

on possible legal action against Germanyand Denmark by, on certificationof traditional sea-going sailingships, 299–300

on United Kingdom refusing entry toparliamentarian from Netherlands,246–247

prolongations, International TropicalTimber Agreement (1994), 347

prosecution of international crimes in,445–446

export of strategic goods to Pakistanwithout permit, 488–490

illegal supply of chemicals to Iraq for usein chemical weapons, 470–487

piracy suspects, 278, 284ratifications

of Act of Accession of Bulgaria andRomania to EU, amendments, 334

of Agreement on the adoption of uniformtechnical prescriptions forwheeled vehicles (Geneva, 1958),amendments (2008), 358–359

of Agreement between Benelux andBahamas on the abolition of visasfor diplomatic passports (2006),339

of Agreement between Benelux andMacedonia on the abolition ofvisas for diplomatic passports(2006), 339

of Agreement between Benelux andSerbia on the abolition of visas fordiplomatic passports(2006), 339

of Agreement establishing theInternational Fund forAgricultural Development(IFAD), amendments (1995, 1997,2001 and 2006), 329

of Agreement on international carriage ofperishable food (Geneva, 1990),amendments (2008), 359

of Antarctic Treaty (1991), MeasuresATCM XXXI/1–14, XXXII/1–15and Protocol on environmentalprotection (2009 amendment), 341

of Anti-doping Convention (1989), forNetherlands Antilles, 364

of Articles of Agreement of theInternational Bank forReconstruction and Development(1945), amendment (2009), 329

of Articles of the Agreement of theInternational Monetary Fund(1945), amendments (1997, 2008and 2009), 329–330

of Benelux agreements with Macedoniaand Armenia on return of illegalaliens, 335

of Benelux Office for IntellectualProperty, Additional Protocol onthe judicial protection of personsin the service of (2008), 345

of Benelux Treaty concerning IntellectualProperty (2005), amendment toRegulations of Implementation(2009), 364

of Convention on Centralised CustomsClearance concerning theAllocation of National CollectionCosts retained when TraditionalOwn Resources are madeavailable to EU Budget (2009),ratification of Netherlands, 334

of Convention on the Choice of CourtAgreements (2005), 365

of Convention on Cluster Munitions(2008), 346

of Convention on International Interestsin Mobile equipment (2001), 364

of Convention on the InternationalMobile Satellite Organization(Inmarsat), amendments (2008),329

of Convention on the Law of the Sea onbehalf of Netherlands Antilles,342

of Convention on the Means ofProhibiting and Preventing theIllicit Import, Export and Transferof Ownership of Cultural Property(Paris, 1970), 363

of Convention on the prior informedconsent procedure for certainhazardous chemicals andpesticides in international trade(Rotterdam, 1998), amendments(2008), 363

of Convention on the Protection of theEuropean Communities’ FinancialInterests (1997), Second Protocol,ratification by Netherlands, 365

528 Index

Convention on the Protection andPromotion of the Diversity ofCultural Expressions (Paris,2005), 363

of Convention on the Protection and Useof Transboundary Watercoursesand International Lakes (1992),Protocol on water and health(1999), 343

of Convention on the Rights of the Childin Armed Conflict, OptionalProtocol, 346

of Convention on the Rights of Personswith Disabilities, OptionalProtocol, 338

of Customs Convention on theInternational Transport of Goodsunder Cover of TIR Carnets (TIRConvention, 1975), amendments(2008), 359

of EC agreement with China on maritimetransport (2002), amendment(2009), 360–361

of EC Council Decision on Euratom andEuropean Communities’ ownresources, 334

of EC-ACP States Partnership Agreement(Cotonou, 2000), amendment(2005), 358

of Economic Partnership Agreementbetween EC and CARIFORUMstates (2008), 333

of EU Agreement with Switzerland onfree movement of persons, 335

of EU Convention on mutual assistanceand cooperation between customsadministrations, 337

of Euro-Mediterranean Agreement withAlgeria, Protocol on accession ofBulgaria and Romania (2007), 333

of Euro-Mediterranean Agreement withEgypt, Protocol on accession ofBulgaria and Romania (2007), 333

of Euro-Mediterranean Agreement withIsrael, Protocol on accession ofBulgaria and Romania (2007), 331

of Euro-Mediterranean Agreement withMorocco, amendment of Protocol 4, 332Protocol on accession of Bulgaria and

Romania (2008), 331of European Agreement concerning work

of crews of vehicles engaged ininternational road transport(AETR, Geneva, 1970),

amendments (2009), 362of European Agreement on important

international combined transportlines and related installations(AGTC, Geneva, 1991)

amendments (2008), 359Protocol on combined transport on

inland waterways (1997), 344of European Agreement on international

carriage of dangerous goods byinland waterways (2000),amendments (2008), 343

of European Agreement on main inlandwaterways of internationalimportance (AGN, Geneva, 1996),amendments (2008), 344

of European Agreement on maininternational traffic arteries (AGR,Geneva, 1975), modifications toAnnex I, 359

of European Charter on Local Self-Government (1985), 365

of European Convention on the Adoptionof Children (revised) (2008), 364

of European Convention for the Protectionof Human Rights and FundamentalFreedoms, Protocol 14, 338

of Food Aid Convention (1995),amendment (2009), 347

of International Convention againstDoping in Sport (2005), forNetherlands Antilles, 364

of International Convention on LoadLiners (1966), amendments (2005and 2008), 360

of International Convention for thePrevention of Pollution fromShips (1978), on behalf ofNetherlands Antilles, 343

of International Convention for theSafety of Life at Sea (1974),resolutions and amendments, 360

of Maternity Protection Convention(Revised) (Geneva, 1952), 362

of Multilateral Agreement on theestablishment of an EuropeanCommon Aviation Area(ECAA), amendment of Annex I,344

of North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationProtocols on the Accession ofAlbania and Croatia (2008),Netherlands’ ratification of,330–331

Index 529

of Partnership and CooperationAgreement between EU andArmenia, Protocol on accessionof Bulgaria and Romania(2007), 334

of Partnership and CooperationAgreement between EU andAzerbaijan, amendment ofProtocol (2008), 332

of Partnership and CooperationAgreement between EU andGeorgia, Protocol on accession ofBulgaria and Romania (2007),334–335

of Partnership and CooperationAgreement between EU andUzbekistan, Protocol on accessionof Bulgaria and Romania (2008),335

of Patent Cooperation Treaty,amendments to Regulations of(2003 and 2008), 364–365

of Protocol on pollutant release andtransfer registers (2003), 363

of Radio Regulations (1997, 2000, 2003and 2007), 361

of Regional Agreement for the EuropeanBroadcasting Area (EBU, 1961),amendments (2006), 361

of Regional Agreement relating to theplanning of the digital territorialbroadcast service (2006), 361

of Regional Cooperation Agreement oncombating of piracy (2004),342

of Stabilisation and AssociationAgreement between EU andAlbania, Protocol on accession ofBulgaria and Romania (2008), 333

of Stabilisation and AssociationAgreement between EU andCroatia, Protocol on accessionof Bulgaria and Romania(2008), 332

of Stabilisation and AssociationAgreement between EU andMacedonia, Protocol on accessionof Bulgaria and Romania (2008),332

of Statute of International RenewableEnergy Agency, 330

of Treaty concerning a European Vehicleand Driving License InformationSystem (EUCARIS, 2000), 365

terminations/denouncementsagreement with Monaco on mutualextradition of criminals, 336

agreement with Yugoslavia on avoidanceof double taxation and preventionof fiscal evasion, termination forSlovenia (2009), 355

Convention on Jurisdiction and theEnforcement of Judgments inCivil and Commercial Matters(1988), 365

European Convention on theEnforcement of Foreign CriminalSentences, 337

European Convention on theInternational Validity of CriminalJudgments, 336

European Convention on MutualAssistance between theRespective CustomsAdministrations and Protocolon accession of Greece(1967), 337

European Convention on the Transfer ofSentenced Persons and AdditionalProtocol, 336–337

ILO Convention No. 118 concerningEquality of Treatment ofNationals and Non-National inSocial Security (1962), 384

jurisprudence on, 437–443Maternity Protection Convention

(Geneva, 1952), 362Netherlands Antilles

agreements of Netherlands in respect ofwith Antigua and Barbuda on exchange


with Bermuda on exchange ofinformation relating to taxes(2009), 353

with British Virgin Islands, on exchangeof information relating to taxmatters (2009), 353

with Canada on exchange of informationrelating to tax matters (2009), 348

with Cayman Islands on exchange ofinformation relating to tax matters(2009), 354

with Denmarkon exchange of information relating to


(2009), 350

530 Index

with Faroes on exchange of informationrelating to taxes (2009), 350

with Finlandon exchange of information relating to


(2009), 351with Greenland on exchange of




(2009), 352with Mexico on exchange of information

relating to tax matters (2009), 348with Norway on avoidance of double

taxation and prevention of fiscalevasion (1989), amendment(2009), 357

with Saint Christopher (Saint Kitts) andNevis, on exchange of informationrelating to tax matters (2009), 352

with Saint Lucia on exchange ofinformation relating to tax matters(2009), 354

with Saint Vincent and the Grenadines onexchange of information relatingto tax matters (2009), 353

with Spain on exchange of informationrelating to tax matters (2008), 354



(2009), 351agreements of Netherlands with United

States on status of military andcivilian personnel for militarytraining and exercises in, 340

policing of territorial waters of,Netherlands legislation on, 371–373

ratificationsAgreement on privileges and immunities

of the International Tribunal forthe Law of the Sea, 326

Anti-Doping Convention (1989), 364Convention on the Law of the Sea, 342International Convention against Doping

in Sport (2005), 364International Convention for the

Prevention of Pollution fromShips (1978), 343

Post Union of the American States, Spainand Portugal (UPAEP) AdditionalProtocols 6, 7 and 8 (2005), 331

Protocol on the privileges and immunitiesof the International SeabedAuthority, 326

New Zealand, agreement with Netherlands onholding of stocks of crude oil, majorproducts and unfinished oils (2008),346

Non-Combatant Evacuation OperationsGuidelines (2000), 23

Non-compliance with international lawinternational humanitarian law

and individual criminal responsibility,65–69, 74

and state responsibility, 59–65, 74necessity defences in

human rights law, 81–86, 89–91,95–96

international economic law, 102–103,105, 108, 110, 118–119, 122–123,134

IMF obligations, 126–128use of force regime, 30–31

Non-derogable human rights, 87Non-international armed conflicts

law of, 47military necessity principle in,

72–73Netherlands jurisprudence on, 252

Non-legal questions, excluded from disputesettlements, 141

Non-refoulement principle, 85Non-retroactivity principle, 297Non-state actors, and use of force regime,

36–37Norms of international law

conflicting, 92peremptory, 28, 41, 82–83of soft law, 116, 123

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)Agreement on the Status of the North

Atlantic Treaty Organisation,National representatives andInternational Staff (Treaty ofOttawa, 1951), 391

anti-piracy operation off Somalicoast (Operation Allied Protector)arrest and detention ofsuspects, 282, 286Netherlands participation in, 280–282

Kosovo intervention (1999)attacks on industrial facilities in, 58–59

Index 531

legality of, 24, 39, 41Protocols on the Accession of Albania and

Croatia (2008), ratification byNetherlands, 330–331

training mission in Iraq, Netherlands’contribution to, 310

North Pacific Fur Seal Convention (1911),166

Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization(NAFO), 169, 170

Norwayagreements with Netherlands in respect of

Arubaon exchange of information relating to

tax matters (2009), 349on promotion of economic relations

(2009), 349agreements with Netherlands in respect of

Netherlands Antilles, on avoidanceof double taxation and prevention offiscal evasion (1989), amendment(2009), 357

Genocide Convention ratified by, 454‘scorched earth’ tactics used by German

troops in Finmark province of,legality of, 65–66

Notification requirements, in GATT, 111Nuclear energy, agreement of Netherlands

and France on possible return ofradioactive waste from reprocessingof irradiated nuclear fuel(1979), amendment(2009), 357

Nuclear weapons, legality of use of, 58Nuremberg Military Tribunal

on necessity/military necessity principle,51, 65–66, 69–70

Statute of, Art. 6(b), 65

OObama, Barack, decision to close Guantánamo

Bay prison, 298Obligations

erga omnes, 4 n. 4, 83–84, 187–188, 457human rights, 82primary, 185of states

to achieve right to development, 116in EU law

and state sovereignty, 194–195, 199,201, 206–207, 216–217

defence industries, 194–195, 199,201, 206–207, 216–217

in IMF framework, and necessityprinciple, 126–128

Occupation law, 64 n. 67Oil

platforms, destructed by Iraq in Kuwait, 58spillage in Torrey Canyon incident,

167–169supplies/stocks of

agreements of Netherlands onwith Cyprus (2008), 346with New Zealand (2008), 346

as public security concern, 197–198Ojuland, Kristiina, 314–315Okawa, P., 82Oman, agreement with Netherlands on

encouragement and reciprocalprotection of investments (2009),347

Operation Allied Protector (NATO)arrest and detention of suspects, 282, 286Netherlands participation in, 280–282

Operation Atalanta (EU)Netherlands participation in, 275–280Rules of Engagement of, 291

Original jurisdiction, establishment of, 446

PPact of Paris see General Treaty for

Renunciation of War as anInstrument of National Policy (1928)

Pakistan, export of strategic goods withoutpermit from Netherlands to, legalityof, 488–490

Panama, agreement with Netherlands onprotection of ships under flag ofPanama against piracy off Somaliancoast, 343

‘Paramaribo Dialogue’ on financing ofsustainable forest management,321–323

Patent Cooperation Treaty (1970),amendments to Regulations of(2003 and 2008), 364, 365

Peace and security, UN regime of maintenanceof international, 17–18, 30–33, 37

Peacekeeping missions see Military missionsPensions, of Dutch non-residentcitizens, 380–386

Peremptory norms of international law, 28, 41,82–83

Peril see ‘Grave and imminent peril/danger’Permanent residency, determinationof status of, 392–393

532 Index

Personal data, legislation in Netherlands onprotection of, 256–260

Personal risk requirement in repatriation ofasylum seekers, 248–250

Piracyagreements of Netherlands

with Panama on protection of ships underflag of Panama against piracy offSomalian coast, 343

on protection of Somalia against,342–343

crime of, 282–283, 287definitions in national laws, 285international tribunal for prosecution of,

290–293Regional Cooperation Agreement on

combating of (2004), ratification byNetherlands, 342

off Somalian coastarrest and detention of persons suspected

of, 282–286international maritime protection against,

Netherlands participation in,274–291

prosecution of persons suspect of,278–279, 284–286, 288, 290, 291

Political questions doctrine, 141Pollution

dredge spoils produced by potash saltmines in Alsace region, litigation inNetherlands over, 463–467

International Convention for thePrevention of Pollution from Ships(1978), ratification by Netherlandson behalf of Netherlands Antilles,343

Protocol on pollutant release and transferregisters (2003), ratification byNetherlands, 363

by ship-generated waste, improvementmeasures, 293–294

see also Ecological disasters;Environmental management

Pornography, virtual child, criminalisation of,256

Possessions, right to peaceful enjoyment of,382–383

Post Union of the American States, Spain andPortugal (UPAEP), AdditionalProtocols 6, 7 and 8 (2005)ratification by Netherlands Antilles,331

Potash mines in Alsace, dredge spoil producedby, legality of, 463–467

Pradier-Fodéré, P., 13 n. 4Pre-emptive self-defence, right to, 19–20Precautionary principle, and necessity,

189–190Press, freedom of, 416Pressing social needs, 90Preventive self-defence, right to, 20–22Principles of international law, 6

in use of force regime, 28Prisoners

agreement between Netherlands and Brazilon the transfer of sentenced personsand the execution of sentences(2009), 336

European Convention on the Transfer ofSentenced Persons and AdditionalProtocol, termination, 336

see also DetentionPrivacy

right to protection of, 257–258jurisprudence on, 412–420

Private actors, use of force against, legality of,37

Private international lawConvention on the Choice of Court

Agreements (2005), ratification byNetherlands, 365

Convention on Jurisdiction and theEnforcement of Judgments in Civiland Commercial Matters (1988),termination by Netherlands, 365

Privilegesagreements of Benelux on the abolition of

visas for diplomatic passportswith Bahamas (2006), 339with Macedonia (2006), 339with Serbia (2006), 339

see also ImmunityProportionality principle, 320

application of, 91by ECJ, 198, 199by European Court of Human Rights, 90,

384in human rights law, 88–90by International Criminal Tribunal for the

former Yugoslavia, 67by Israeli Supreme Court, 64–65in Netherlands Social Security

legislation, 385in state of necessity, 167–168

Prosecutionsof economic offenses, export of strategic

goods without permit to Pakistan,488–490

Index 533

of international crimesnecessity and duress defences in,

69–72in Netherlands, 445–446, 470–487and universal jurisdiction, 296


Wanton destruction, 67–68of piracy suspects, 278–279, 284–286,

288, 290–291international tribunal for, 290–293

Protocol on pollutant release and transferregisters (2003), ratification byNetherlands, 363

Public securitydeviations from EU law allowed in

protection of, 197–199, 202ECJ definitions of, 198

RR2P doctrine see Responsibility, to Protect

doctrineRacism see Anti-racismRadio Regulations (1997, 2000, 2003 and

2007), ratification by Netherlands,361

Radioactive waste, agreement of Netherlandsand France on possible return ofradioactive waste from reprocessingof irradiated nuclear fuel (1979),amendment (2009), 357

Rawls, J., 102–103‘Reasonable time’ requirement

compensation awarded for exceeding of,423 n. 66

jurisprudence in Netherlands on, 472, 487,490

Refoulement, prohibition of, 405Refugees

ConventionArt. 1F, 290, 445Art. 33, 85

EU Directive on minimum standards forqualification as, 403, 406,408–410

see also Asylum proceduresRegimes, 27

special, 29Regional Agreement for the European

Broadcasting Area (EBU, 1961),amendments (2006), ratification byNetherlands, 361

Regional Agreement relating to the planningof the digital territorial broadcastservice (2006), ratification byNetherlands, 361

Regional Cooperation Agreement oncombating of piracy (2004),ratification by Netherlands, 342

Rendulic, Lothar, prosecution of, 65–66Repatriation, forcible, of Afghan nationals,

legality of, 428–431Reprisals, forcible, legality of, 25–26Rescue operations of nationals abroad, and

right to self-defence, 22–23Responsibility

individual criminal, in internationalhumanitarian law, 65–69, 74

to Protect doctrine, 92adoption of, 24–25

of states, 12and attribution of conduct rules, 35–37bilateral/contractual model of, 83, 85breaches of law of, 30–31

see also Wrongfulnessin international humanitarian law, 59–65,

74and necessity principle, 40, 59–65, 74,

81, 104–106and self-preservation rights of states,

13–14, 161–162and treaty law, 173, 179, 182–184, 191in use of force regime, 29–39, 34, 42

Rhineagreement of Netherlands Water Board

‘Rijn en IJssel’ and German WaterBoard ‘Netterdenscher Kanal’ onwater levels of the ‘Oude Rijn’, 342

potash salt dredge in, litigation over,463–467

Rio Declaration, Principle, 15, 189Risks, personal, and repatriation of asylum

seekers, 248–250Rivers

agreement of Netherlands Water Board‘Rijn en IJssel’ and German WaterBoard ‘Netterdenscher Kanal’ onwater levels of the ‘Oude Rijn, 342

Convention on the Protection and Use ofTransboundary Watercourses andInternational Lakes (1992), Protocolon water and health, ratification byNetherlands, 343

see also ShippingRomania, accession to EU of

534 Index

accession to Convention on the Eliminationof Double Taxation (1990), 355

Act of Accession, amendments, 334Protocol to EU Agreement with

Switzerland on free movement ofpersons (2008), 335

Protocol to Euro-Mediterranean agreementwith Algeria on (2007), 333

Protocol to Euro-Mediterranean agreementwith Egypt on (2007), 333

Protocol to Euro-Mediterranean agreementwith Israel on (2007), 331

Protocol to Euro-Mediterranean agreementwith Morocco on (2008), 331

Protocol to Partnership and Cooperationagreement of EU with Armenia(2007), 334

Protocol to Partnership and Cooperationagreement of EU with Georgia(2007), 334–335

Protocol to Partnership and Cooperationagreement of EU with Uzbekistan(2008), 335

Protocol to Stabilisation and AssociationAgreement of EU with Albania(2008), 333

Protocol to Stabilisation and AssociationAgreement of EU with Croatia(2008), 332

Protocol to Stabilisation and AssociationAgreement of EU with Macedonia(2008), 332

Rome Statute see International Criminal Court(ICC), Statute of

Rotterdam municipality, litigation againstMines de Potasse d’Alsace overdredge spoil production, 463–467

Rules of international law, in use of forceregime, 28

Russiaagreement with Netherlands on simplified

regulations for entrance anddeparture for crew members ofairline companies (2008), 344

Decree prohibiting hunting of seals,164

non-ratification of European Conventionof Human Rights, Protocol,14, 302

Rwandaagreement with Netherlands on status of

military and civilian personnelrelated to military cooperation, 340,341

UN arms embargo imposed on, 18 n. 31see also International Criminal Tribunal for

Rwanda

SSafety

Convention for the Suppression ofUnlawful Acts against the Safety ofMaritime Navigation, 279, 287,289–291

International Convention for the Safety ofLife at Sea (1974), approval ofresolutions and amendments, 360

Saint Christopher (Saint Kitts) and Nevisagreements with Netherlands on exchange



352Saint Lucia, agreements with Netherlands on

exchange of information relating totax matters (2009), in respect ofNetherlands Antilles (2009), 354

Saint Vincent and the Grenadinesagreements with Netherlands on exchange



353Samoa, agreement with Netherlands on

exchange of information relating totaxes (2009), 353

Sanctionsimposed by EU

on Belarus, lifting of, 314–315ECJ jurisprudence on, 199–200on Iran, 312

imposed by UN Security Council onYugoslavia, 33

and Netherlands’ legislation on trade indual-use goods, 375–376

Schwebel, Judge, 32Scientific uncertainty problem, 189, 190‘Scorched earth’ tactics

derogations from prohibition of , 57used in World War II, legality of, 65–66

SeaInternational Convention for the Safety of

Life at (1974), approval ofresolutions and amendments, 360

law of see Maritime lawsee also High seas

Index 535

Seals, hunting of, arbitration on, 164–166Security

as essential interest, 110–112, 142determination of, 126–127, 142–143ecological, 163, 176and economic emergencies, 120–121,

126, 145–147EU law on, 208, 214–215

national, 126and discretion of states, 258

in EU law, 208, 214–215public

deviations of EU law allowed inprotection of, 197–199, 202

ECJ definitions of, 198see also Peace and security

Self-defence, right to use force in, 18–19,40–41

against states that harbour violent non-stateactors, 36

Israel’s invocation of, 21– 22, 37–38pre-emptive, 19–20preventive, 20–22to protect nationals abroad, 22–23and reprisals, 26UN system on, 18–22, 37

Self-judging clauses, in international economiclaw, 142–143, 144, 156

Self-preservation, right of states to, 13and necessity, 14, 161–162

Serbia, agreement with Benelux on theabolition of visas for diplomaticpassports (2006), 339

Sexual exploitation/abuse, EuropeanConvention on protection ofchildren against, 255–256

Ships/shippingcertification of traditional sea-going ships,

possible legal action by Netherlandsagainst Germany and Denmark on,299–300

Convention for the Suppression ofUnlawful Acts against the Safety ofMaritime Navigation, 279, 287,289–291

European Agreement on importantinternational transport lines andrelated installations (AGTC, 1991),Protocol on combined transport oninland waterways (1997),ratification of Netherlands, 344

European Agreement on internationalcarriage of dangerous goods by

inland waterways (2000),amendments (2008), ratification byNetherlands, 343

European Agreement on main inlandwaterways of internationalimportance (AGN, 1996),amendments (2008), ratification byNetherlands, 344

International Convention on Load Liners(1966), amendments (2005 and2008), 360

International Convention for the Preventionof Pollution from Ships (1978),ratification by Netherlands on behalfof Netherlands Antilles, 343

seizure of shipsby Israeli navy in Gaza Strip coastal

waters, 307suspected of piracy or under control of

pirates, 283waste generated by ships, improvements to

prevent pollution, 293–294see also Transport

Simma, B., 26, 34 n. 125Singapore, agreement with Netherlands on

avoidance of double taxation andprevention of fiscal evasion (1971),amendment (2009), 356–357

Slebos, H., prosecution of, 488–490Slovak Republic

agreementswith Hungary concerning the

Construction and Operation of theGab�cikovo-Nagymaros System ofLocks (1977), 174

jurisprudence on see Table of Cases,International Court of Justice,Judgments termination byHungary, 185

with Netherlands on privileges andimmunities of Europol liaisonofficers, 327

Slovenia, agreement of Netherlands andYugoslavia on avoidance of doubletaxation and prevention of fiscalevasion, termination for Slovenia(2009), 355

Social needs, pressing, 90Social security

agreements of Netherlands onwith India (2009), 362with Turkey (1966), amendment (2009),

361

536 Index

equality of treatment of nationals and non-nationals, 380–386

Soft law, norms/obligations of, 116, 123Solana, Javier, 315Solidarity clause in EU Treaty on the

Functioning of the European Union(TFU), 194

SomaliaNetherlands country-oriented policies for

asylum seekers from, 254piracy off coast of

agreement with Netherlands onprotection against piracy byNetherlands armed forces,342–343

international maritime protection against,Netherlands participation in,274–291

South Africaagreements with Netherlands

for air services between and beyond theirrespective territories (1992),amendment (2009), 345

on avoidance of double taxation andprevention of fiscal evasion(1971), termination (2005), 355

on status of military and civilianpersonnel related to militarycooperation, 339–340

South-Korea, agreement with Netherlands onmutual administrative assistance incustom matters (2007), 337

Sovereignty of statesand EU law obligations, 194–195, 199,

201, 206–207, 216–217on defence industries, 207–212, 214–215

Spainagreements with Netherlands on exchange

of information relating to taxmatters


354arbitration case with Canada on fishing in

high seas off Canadian coast,169–173

Special Tribunal for LebanonHeadquarters Agreement of Netherlands

and United Nations on (2007), 305,326, 368

location in Netherlands, 305–306, 326,374–375

Spirit of Humanity (ship), Israeli interceptionof, 307

SportsAnti-doping Convention (1989),

ratification by Netherlands forNetherlands Antilles, 364

International Convention against Doping inSport (2005), ratification byNetherlands for NetherlandsAntilles, 364

Srebrenica, genocide committed in, 457States

discretion ofin national security matters, 258

in EU law, 208, 214–215essential interests of, 145–147, 162–163immunity of, Netherlands jurisprudence

on, 386–390legitimate use of force by

to maintain international peace andsecurity, 17–18

in self-defence, 18–23, 40–41necessity principle invoked by, 4–5, 8, 10

exclusions, 29, 154–155judicial review of, 6, 8, 10, 140–144, 186,

191obligations of

to achieve right to development, 116in EU law

and state sovereignty, 194–195, 199,201, 206–207, 216–217

defence industries, 207–212,214–215

in IMF framework, and necessityprinciple, 126–128

responsibility of, 12and attribution of conduct

rules, 35–37bilateral/contractual model of, 83, 85breaches of law of, 30–31

see also Wrongfulnessin international humanitarian

law, 59–65, 74and necessity principle, 40, 59–65, 74,

81, 104–106and self-preservation rights, 13–14,

161–162and treaty law, 173, 179, 182–184, 191in use of force regime, 29–39, 34, 42

Stoel, Max van der, 472, 479Stone, J., 52 n. 22Strauss-Kahn, Dominique, 126 n. 67, 133 n. 85SUA Convention see Convention for the

Suppression of Unlawful Actsagainst the Safety of MaritimeNavigation

Index 537

SudanNetherlands country-oriented policies for

asylum seekers from, 254UN peacekeeping mission in (UNMIS),

Netherlands’ contribution to, 309Superior orders pleas, 70Suriname

agreements with Netherlandson the assignment of nationality (1975)

Art. 5(2), 270, 271continuation of, 269–272

on status of Dutch military and civilianstaff stationed in, 340

alleged Dutch planning of intervention in,242–243

hosting UNFF meeting on financing ofsustainable forest management,321–323

Swedenagreements with Netherlands in respect of

Arubaon exchange of information relating to


(2009), 351agreements with Netherlands in respect of

Netherlands Antilleson exchange of information relating to


(2009), 351Syria, Israeli attack on nuclear

reactor in, 21

TTargeting

of civilians in Iraq, 473–474military necessity principle applied in,

54 n. 32, 66–67Taxes/taxation

agreements of Netherlands on access tomutual agreements procedures

with Bermuda (2009), 356with Guernsey (2008), 353–354

agreements of Netherlands on avoidance ofdouble taxation and prevention offiscal evasion

with Austria (1970), amendments (2008and 2009), 355, 357

with Barbados (2006), amendment(2009), 357

with Belgium (2001), amendment (2009),356

with Bermudaon individuals (2009), 356in respect to enterprises operating ships

or aircrafts in international traffic(2009), 356

with Estonia (1997), amendment (2008),355

with Luxembourg (1968), amendment(2009), 356

with Mexico (1993), amendment (2008),355

with Norway in respect of NetherlandsAntilles (1989), amendment(2009), 357

with Singapore (1971), amendment(2009), 356–357

with South Africa (1971), termination(2005), 355

with United Kingdom (2008), MutualAgreement on the Implementationof Art. 25(2), 356

with Yugoslavia (1982), termination forSlovenia (2009), 355

agreements of Netherlands on exchange ofinformation relating to

with Anguilla (2009), 348with Antigua and Barbuda (2009), 349


with Bermuda (2009), 348in respect of Aruba (2009), 354in respect of Netherlands Antilles

(2009), 353with British Virgin Islands

(2009), 353in respect of Aruba (2009), 353in respect of Netherlands Antilles

(2009), 353with Canada in respect of Netherlands

Antilles (2009), 348with Cayman Islands (2009), 348


with Cook Islands (2009), 354with Denmark


(2009), 349with Faroes



in respect of Aruba (2009), 351

538 Index


with Greenlandin respect of Aruba (2009), 350in respect of Netherlands Antilles

(2009), 350with Guernsey (2009), 348with Iceland


(2009), 352with Mexico in respect of Netherlands

Antilles (2009), 348with Norway in respect of Aruba (2009),

349with Saint Christopher (Saint Kitts) and

Nevis (2009), 349in respect of Aruba (2009), 352in respect of Netherlands Antilles

(2009), 352with Saint Lucia in respect of

Netherlands Antilles (2009), 354with Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

(2009), 349in respect of Aruba, 349in respect of Netherlands Antilles, 353

with Samoa (2009), 353with Spain


(2008), 354with Sweden


(2009), 351with Turks and Caicos Islands (2009),

348of air passengers, jurisprudence in

Netherlands on, 432–436Convention on the Elimination of Double

Taxation (EU, 1990), CouncilDecision on accession of Bulgariaand Romania, 355

exemptions for staff of internationalorganizations, jurisprudence on,390–401

Taylor, Charles, 306Telecommunications

Radio Regulations (1997, 2000, 2003 and2007), 361

Regional Agreement for the EuropeanBroadcasting Area (EBU, 1961),amendments (2006), ratification byNetherlands, 361

Regional Agreement relating to theplanning of the digital territorialbroadcast service (2006),ratification by Netherlands, 361

Territorial waterspiracy in (armed robbery at sea), legal

regime over, 283, 287–288policing of, of Netherlands Antilles and

Aruba, 71–373Terrorism see Counter-terrorism policies/

legislationTimber, International Tropical Timber

Agreement (1994), prolongation byNetherlands, 347

TIR Convention see Customs Convention onthe International Transport ofGoods under Cover of TIR Carnets(TIR Convention, 1975)

Torrey Canyon incident, 38, 167–169, 180Torture

allegations against United States in war onterror, 86 n. 20, 96

prohibition of, as peremptory norm ofinternational law, 82–83

Traderole in economic development, 113in weapons

EU Treaty clauses onjudicial review of, 209–212and necessity principle, 207–209see also Export; International

economic relationsTransport

Agreement on the adoption of uniformtechnical prescriptions for wheeledvehicles (Geneva, 1958),amendments (2008), 358–359

Agreement on international carriage ofperishable food (1990),amendments (2008), 359

of arrested piracy suspects, 285Customs Convention on the International

Transport of Goods underCover of TIR Carnets(TIR Convention, 1975),amendments (2008), 359

EC agreement with China on maritimetransport (2002), amendment(2009), 360–361

European Agreement concerning workof crews of vehicles engagedin international transport (AETR,Geneva, 1970), amendments(2009), 362

Index 539

European Agreement on importantinternational combined transportlines and related installations(AGTC, Geneva, 1991),amendments (2008), 359

European Agreement on main internationaltraffic arteries (AGR, Geneva, 1975),modifications to Annex I, 359

see also ShippingTreaties

approval and publication of, Netherlandslegislation on, 369–371

definitions of, 458–459on human rights, necessity principle in, 81,

86–89, 96–97interpretation of, 121–122, 432, 435–436law of

and necessity defence, 148–152, 182and state responsibility law, 173, 179,

182–184, 191see also Vienna Convention on the Law

of Treaties (1969)necessity principle in, 7, 8, 148–152referral of prosecutions based on, 450–459,

461–462termination of, 94, 174, 439

and state of necessity, 183–184Treaty concerning a European Vehicle and

Driving License InformationSystem (EUCARIS, 2000)ratification by Netherlands, 365

Turkeyagreement with Netherlands on social

security (1966), amendment (2009),361

Association Agreement with EUAdditional Protocol, Art. 59, 383 n. 14Art. 9, 383 n. 14

incursions into Iraqi territory to fightmilitant Kurds, legality of, 38–39

Turks and Caicos Islands, agreement withNetherlands on exchange ofinformation relating to taxes (2009),348

UUNCITRAL see United Nations, Commission

on International Trade LawUNCLOS see Convention on the Law of the

SeaUnilateral measures, in environmental

protection, legality of, 171

United Kingdombilateral agreements

with Argentina on investments,arbitrations on, 150–151

with Netherlands on the avoidance ofdouble taxation and prevention offiscal evasion (2008), MutualAgreement on the Implementationof Art. 25(2), 356

bombing of Torrey Canyon by, andnecessity principle, 167

Immigration (European Economic Area)Regulation 2006, Regulations,19 and 21, 246–247

parliamentarian from Netherlands refusedentry into, 246–247

policieson Kosovo intervention (NATO, 1999),

24, 39on right to self-defence, 23, 36

storage of US cluster munitions in, 319United Nations

agreementswith Lebanon on establishment of a

special tribunal (2007), 305with Netherlands

Headquarters Agreement forInternational Criminal Court(ICC), 367

Headquarters Agreement forInternational Criminal Tribunalfor the Former Yugoslavia (1994),Art. XIV, 399

Headquarters Agreement for SpecialTribunal for Lebanon (2007), 305,326, 368

on seminar, 328anti-racism conference 2008, Netherlands’

non-participation, 261–263Charter

Art. 2(4), 23, 24, 26 n. 83, 30, 62Art. 25, 451Art. 39, 16–17, 30–31, 32Art. 41, 17Art. 42, 17–18Art. 51, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 194Art. 103, 34, 451Chapter VII, 18, 30–31, 32–33, 305, 312,

451and referral of prosecutions, 451–452, 454on use of force, 16–23, 25–26, 28, 30, 34

Commission on International Trade Law(UNCITRAL), arbitrations, 139, 150

540 Index

Forum on Forests (UNFF), development offinancing instrument for sustainableforest management, 321–323

General Assembly ResolutionsNo. 47/37 (1992) on the Protection of the

Environment in Times of ArmedConflict, 58

No. 96(1) (1946), 456High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges

and Change, 20Human Rights Committee, on

proportionality principle in humanrights law, 90 n. 29

and International Court of Justice, 35Millennium Declaration (2000),

115 n. 36Monterrey Consensus of the International

Conference on Financing forDevelopment (2002), 118

Responsibility to Protect doctrineintroduced by, 24–25

Secretary-General, on right to pre-emptiveself-defence, 20

Security Councilon acts of aggression, 32authorisations of use of force, 17–19,

30–33, 37Resolutions

No. 487 (1981) Middle East, 21No. 660 (1990) Iraq-Kuwait, 31, 32 n.

114No. 662 (1990) Iraq-Kuwait, 31No. 674 (1990) Iraq-Kuwait, 31 n. 107No. 686 (1991) Iraq-Kuwait, 31 n. 107No. 687 (1991) Iraq-Kuwait, 58No. 688 (1991) Iraq, 24 n. 73No. 713 (1991) Yugoslavia, 33No. 955 (1994) Rwanda, 449, 451–452No. 1503 (2003) Rwanda, 455, 462No. 1737 (2006) Non-proliferation

Art. 17, 312Netherlands’ interpretation of,

311–312No. 1757 (2007) Middle East, 305No. 1790 (2007) Iraq, 310No. 1814 (2008) Somalia, 278No. 1816 (2008) Somalia, 278, 288No. 1846 (2008) Somalia, 278, 279,

281–283, 288, 291No. 1851 (2008) Somalia, 278, 282,

288, 291Sudan military mission (UNMIS),

Netherlands’ contribution to, 309War Crimes Commission, 70

United Statesagreements

with Argentina on investments (1991)arbitrations on, 118–122, 139, 141,

145–148, 149–156Art. XI, 120, 122, 143–145,

148–153with EU on the processing and transfer of

passenger record data,implementation in Netherlands,256–260

with NetherlandsDutch-American Treaty of Friendship

(1956), Art. II(1), 437, 441–443on preclearance with respect

of Aruba, amendment(2008), 336

on status of military and civilianpersonnel in Netherlands Antillesand Aruba related for militarytraining and exercises, 340

with Uruguay on investments (2004), 143litigation in Netherlands on state immunity

by, 386–390meeting with Suriname and Netherlands at

UNFF on sustainable forestmanagement, 321–323

military action against Afghanistan,legality of, 37

policies/legislationon national security, 111prohibiting seal hunting, 164–165Restatement of Foreign Relations Law,

84 n. 15on right to use force in self-defence,

21–22, 23 n. 67, 36war on terror methods defended

by, 86 n. 20, 96Universal jurisdiction

Netherlands legislation on, 272–274over acts of piracy, 284, 290over international crimes, 296


Uruguayagreements

with Netherlands on mutualadministrative assistance for theproper application of customs lawand for the prevention,investigation and combating ofcustoms offences (2007), 336

with United States on investments(2004), 143

Index 541

VValues, of international

community, 82Vande Lanotte, J., 90Vehicles

Agreement on the adoption of uniformtechnical prescriptions for wheeledvehicles (Geneva, 1958),amendments (2008), 358–359

Treaty concerning a European Vehicle andDriving License InformationSystem (EUCARIS, 2000)ratification by Netherlands, 365

Vienna Convention on Consular Relations(1961), 392

Art. 36(l)(b), 467–468, 469,470 n. 124

Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations(1961), 27 n. 91, 265, 392

Art. 1, 427Art. 22(3), 426, 427Art. 41(1), 267implementation in

Netherlands, 266–268Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties

(1969), 394, 400, 432, 433,436, 448

Art. 4, 439Art. 20, 439Art. 27, 110, 442Art. 31, 128, 394, 400, 436 n. 87Art. 31–33, 121Art. 31(1), 441–442Art. 31(3), 439Art. 32, 436 n. 87Art. 33(3), 433, 436Art. 53, 41Art. 54, 439Art. 62, 441Art. 73, 184on denunciation and suspension

of treaties, 184Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties

between States and InternationalOrganisations or betweenInternational Organisations (1986),448

Violations see Non-complianceVirtual child pornography, criminalisation

of, 256Visa sanctions, imposed by EU on Belarus,

lifting of, 314–315Vulnerable minority groups,

248–249, 406

WWanton destruction, prosecutions of crime of,

67–68War crimes

Nuremberg Statute on, 65prosecution of, 47

by International Criminal Tribunal for theformer Yugoslavia, 66–68

necessity and duress defences in, 69–72in Netherlands, 445, 446, 470–487

‘War on terror’ see Counter-terrorismWars

arbitration on claims resulting from, 60–63threat of, judicial review of, 205–206,

215see also Armed conflicts

Wastefrom ships, pollution prevention measures,

293–294radioactive, agreement of Netherlands and

France on possible return ofradioactive waste from reprocessingof irradiated nuclear fuel, 357

Waterright to, 93–94

implementation in Netherlands, 260–261jurisprudence in Netherlands, 424–425see also Rivers; Sea; Territorial waters

Weaponschemical

illegal supply to Iraq of chemicals for,prosecution in Netherlands,470–487

Netherlands’ policies on, 294–298nuclear, legality of use of, 58trade in

EU Treaty clauses onjudicial review of, 209–212and necessity principle, 207–209

see also Dual-use goodsWebster, Daniel, 14–15, 19Weeramantry, Judge, 14 n. 11, 188Westendorp, G.E.W., 429–430 n. 78Wilders, Geert, refused entry into United

Kingdom, 246–247Witnesses

expert, 478–479statements by, 479–483requirements for, 483–484

World Bank Group, 114World Food Programme (WFP)

international maritime protection ofhumanitarian aid by, off Somaliancoast, 274–275

542 Index

World Trade Organization (WTO), 107–108,113–114

arbitration by, 109, 112–113see also International Centre for

Settlement of Investment Disputes(ICSID)

Balance of Payments (BOP) Committee,112

Doha Round/Declaration, 113and IMF, 127necessity principle applied by, 108–114Special and Differential (S&D) Treatment,

113Special Safeguard Mechanism in

agricultural sector, 113World War II, legality of ‘scorched earth’

tactics used in, 65–66

Wrongfulness, circumstances precluding, 183,184–185

distress, 94–95, 189necessity, 7–8, 39–42, 49–50, 95, 96, 105,

162, 186WTO see World Trade Organization

YYugoslavia

agreement with Netherlands on avoidanceof double taxation and prevention offiscal evasion, termination forSlovenia (2009), 355

arms embargo imposed by UN SecurityCouncil on, 33

Index 543

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