T.A. Ryan’s Quick and Dirty Reviews (Lesson 7) Lesson 7: Adjectives What You Need to Know: 1. In Hebrew, adjectives (i.e. descriptive modifiers like tob) are inflected for gender, number, and definiteness. o This means that they are given specific endings to reflect both the gender and the

number of the noun they are modifying. These endings are the traditional “absolute” noun endings that you learned in Lesson 4.

o This also means that if the noun they are modifying possesses the definite article, the adjective will also possess the definite article.

2. Adjectives can function in three ways within a Hebrew sentence as an attributive, a predicate, or a substantive adjective. o Attributive adjectives modify a nearby noun, agreeing with that noun in gender,

number, and definiteness. This is standard function of an adjective and when functioning attributively, an adjective usually comes after the noun. o Ex. the man the good, a.k.a. the good man

o Predicate adjectives describe the state of the noun. As a predicate, these adjectives agree with their “head” noun in gender and number, but never definiteness. They can either follow or precede the head noun. o Ex. the man good, a.k.a. the man (is) good OR good the man, a.k.a. good (is)

the man o Substantive adjectives function within the sentence as a noun. In other words, the

noun they are modifying is implied and must be determined by the adjective’s inflection. o Ex. hatobim, a.k.a. the good (ones) or the good (men) or the good ([masculine]

things) o Ex. tobah, a.k.a. a good (one) or a good (woman) or a good ([feminine] thing)

Second Level Mastery of Lesson 7: o Mĕōd – an intensifying adjective (“very” or “exceedingly”) o The comparative uses of min (“sweeter than honey” or “too difficult”)

T.A. Ryan’s Quick and Dirty Reviews (Lesson 8)

Lesson 8: (Qal) Participles What You Need to Know: 3. Participles are verbal adjectives that denote continuous action. They are usually translated as “-ing” verbs (ex. “loving”) and like adjectives can function either attributively (the loving man), as a predicate (the man [who is] loving), or substantively as a noun (the loving [ones]).

4. The same rules that applied to adjectives apply to participles. They too are inflected for gender, number, and definiteness. The endings are the same WITH THE EXCEPTION OF the feminine singular ending. Instead of seeing the expected “-āh” or “-t” endings, we see the ending “-et”. 5. Participles come in two “states” – active (“loving”) or passive (“having been loved”). These two states are distinguished by their vowel patterns. Active participles have a qōṭēl pattern while passive participles have a qāṭûl pattern. 6. In Lesson 8, we learned to “parse” (analyze) a participle, listing its stem, state, gender, number, lexical form, root class, and lexical meaning. o Stem – at this point, always Qal o State – active participle or passive participle, determined by the vowel patterns o Gender & number – determined by the endings o Lexical form – the verb as it appears in the vocabulary list; usually if you subtract the

endings and the vowels, you are left with the three radicals of the root o Root class – you are looking to see if the root contains any weak radicals, such as a

nun, a vowel letter (yod, waw, or he), or a guttural (aleph, ayin, he, or chet); if not, the root is “strong”

o Lexical meaning – the definition as found in the vocabulary list (“to love”)

T.A. Ryan’s Quick and Dirty Reviews (Lesson 9) Lesson 9: Pronouns What You Need to Know: 7. The ten-odd forms (there are actually 14) of the independent (free-standing) personal pronouns as found in the chart on Seow p. 92 o These independent personal pronouns are most frequently used as the subject of a

verbless clause, but they can always be for emphasis (see Seow p. 93).

8. The ten forms of the Type A suffixed pronouns (also called pronominal suffixes) as found in the summary chart on Seow pp. 97-98 o These pronominal suffixes are usually attached to prepositions to indicate the object

of that preposition (“to/for him” or “in/with/by you”). Each Hebrew preposition takes a particular “type” of pronominal suffix whether Type A, Type B, or Type C.

9. When the direct object of a sentence is a pronoun (ex. “the woman loved him”), this is indicated by attaching a Type A pronominal suffix to the marker of the definite direct object ēt (see Seow p. 99 for complete chart). Second Level Mastery of Lesson 9:

o Hinnēh – a Hebrew exclamation meaning “Look!” “See!” or “Behold!”, which can take Type A pronominal suffixes

T.A. Ryan’s Quick and Dirty Reviews (Lesson 10)

Lesson 10: Small Words Grab Bag What You Need to Know: 10. Lesson 10 simply teaches you eight new vocabulary words and how they are used in a sentence. These words are… o The three demonstratives zeh “this” (ms), z’ōt “this” (fs), and ēlleh “these”

o These demonstratives function just like adjectives. o Ăšer “who, whom, which, that, when”

o Ăšer always introduces a relative clause. o Ex. “The love of the Lord, which never fails, endures forever.”

o The particle of existence yēš “there is/there are” or simply “is/are” o Yēš is not a verb. To remind myself of that, I like to translate it as “Yes!” o Ex. “There is a prophet in Israel” or “Yes! A prophet in Israel.”

o The particle of negation ’ên “there is not/there are not” or simply “not” o Again ’ên is not a verb, so to remind myself of that I like to translate it as

“No!” o ’Ên is used to negate verbless clauses only.

o The particle of negation lō’ “not” o Lō’ is just like ’ên, but it is used to negate verbal clauses.

o The Hebrew question mark, the prefix hă- o This Hebrew question mark is prefixed to the first word of a sentence to

indicate that the clause is a question. Its most common form is a he with ḥatep pataḥ (an a-class composite šewa).

o True, this looks a lot like the Hebrew article, but you will only find it at the beginning of a sentence.

T.A. Ryan’s Quick and Dirty Reviews (Lesson 11) Lesson 11: The Construct State What You Need to Know: 11. There is no Hebrew equivalent for the English word “of.” To demonstrate a genitival or possessive relationship (such as “the horse of the king”), Hebrew uses what is called a construct chain or a construct pair.

o The thing or person possessed (“horse” in our example) is said to be in the “construct state” while the possessor (“the king”) is said to be in the absolute state. The absolute noun always comes last in the chain.

12. If you master Proverbs 1:1 (see Seow p. 16), you will master the three ways Hebrew represents a genitival or possessive relationship. o Mišlê šĕlōmōh “the proverbs of Solomon” – The first way to show that a noun is in

construct is to give it a particular “construct” noun ending. Unfortunately, this difference only appears in the masculine plural and the feminine singular forms. o Instead of the expected masculine plural ending –îm, the construct masculine

plural ending is –ê (ṣere yod). o Instead of the expected feminine singular ending –āh or –t, the construct

feminine singular ending is –at (pataḥ taw). o Ben¯dāwid “the son of David” – The second way to show that a noun is standing in

construct with another noun is link the two nouns with a maqqēp, which looks like a high hyphen o The maqqēp indicates that the words are so closely linked that they are to be

pronounced as one word. As a result, the first word will lose its accent and the vowel will shorten. (Ex. bên becomes ben¯)

o Melek yišrāēl “the king of Israel” – The third way to show that something is in a genitival relationship is through simple juxtaposition. Here nothing changes in either word, but because the two words are side by side we can interpret them as a construct pair.

Second Level Mastery of Lesson 11: o In a construct chain, if the final absolute noun is either definite or a proper name, the

entire chain will be definite. A noun in construct can never take a definite article. Its definiteness is always determined by the absolute noun.

T.A. Ryan’s Quick and Dirty Reviews (Lesson 12) Lesson 12: Nouns with Pronominal Suffixes What You Need to Know: 13. In Hebrew, personal possession is usually indicated by attaching a pronominal suffix to a noun. Singular nouns take Type A pronominal suffixes while naturally plural or dual nouns (ex. mayîm) take Type C endings. o As is true whenever you add a suffix to a word, stress (the accent) shifts to the last

syllable and as a result vowels will reduce in the earlier syllables that are farthest from the stress.

14. Notice that these possessed nouns stand in construct with their own endings (ex. sûsênû - "the horses of us"). Do you see that there are construct endings before the suffixes? o John often asks us to "psyche out the textbook." Why does Lesson 12 come after Lesson

11, a lesson covering the construct state? In Lesson 11, we learned how Hebrew indicates a genitival or possessive relationship between two words, what you might call the "of" relationship (ex. the horse of the king). It puts the first word in the construct state (indicated by either special endings, a maqqēp and the reduction of the vowels, or simple juxtaposition) and the latter word, the possessor, in the absolute state. In this lesson, we are discussing the same relationship, but now our possessor (the absolute noun) is a pronoun (ex. horse of him) and it is physically attached to the word it possesses (the construct noun).

Second Level Mastery of Lesson 12: o That is all for this week. Maybe it is time you added something you may have missed

from Lesson 7: nouns in apposition (Seow p. 74). Sometimes Hebrew likes to clarified a noun with a relative clause. Instead of just saying "a man eats" you could say "a man, who (ăšer) is hungry, eats." Another way to add clarity in Hebrew is to simply follow up the original noun with another grammatically parallel noun that adds information to the first. For example, "a man, an Egyptian, eats." Both "a man" and "an Egyptian" are the subject of our sentence, but they are not two separate subjects. An Egyptian man is eating, not a man and an Egyptian. "Man" and "Egyptian" are in apposition. We saw this in a recent translation: "after the death of Moses, the servant of YHWH." "Moses" and "the servant of YHWH" are in apposition with one another. Both together are functioning as the object of the preposition ahărê.

T.A. Ryan’s Quick and Dirty Reviews (Lesson 13) Lesson 13: Qal Perfect Verbs What You Need to Know: 15. This week we are learning our first finite inflection of a Hebrew verb - the perfect state. The perfect state is used to denote completed action. It is usually (though not always) translated into English as simple past tense (ex. "he ate"). o The perfect is finite in so far as it is limited to a particular "person" (1st person, 2nd

person, or 3rd person) unlike the participle, which is non-finite and inflected only for gender and number.

o Notice that the perfect state indicates a particular aspect rather than a particular tense. Though often translated as past tense, it speaks more correctly of completed action. At times, it may even be translated as present tense.

16. The 10 endings (what Seow calls the "afformatives") of qal perfect verbs: o 3rd masculine singular: no ending ---- šāmar

o 3rd feminine singular: -āh ---- šāmĕrāh o 2nd masculine singular: -tā ---- šāmartā o 2nd feminine singular: -tĕ ---- šāmartĕ o 1st common singular: -tî ---- šāmartî o --------------------------------------------------------------- o 3rd common plural: -û ---- šāmĕrû o 2nd masculine plural: -tem ---- šĕmartem o 2nd feminine plural: -ten ---- šĕmarten o 1st common plural: -nû ---- šāmarnû

17. The 3 vowel patterns associated with qal perfect verbs: o Qāṭal is the vowel pattern most frequently associated with the perfect state. It is

typically associated with dynamic action verbs. o Qāṭēl and qāṭōl are also attested, but less frequently and are often associated with

stative verbs (verbs that describe a state of condition).

Second Level Mastery of Lesson 13: o Uses of the perfect (see Seow, pp.147-149)

o To express a complete whole o To indicate the condition of the subject o To express attitude, perception, or experience o To state general truths; this is the so-called proverbial perfect o To suggest instantaneous occurrence o To assume the perspective of the recipient (as when writing a letter); the so-

called epistolary perfect o To express the certainty of an occurrence in the mind of the speaker

o Hebrew syntax o A Hebrew sentence typically begins with the circumstance (an adverb or

adverbial phrase), followed by the verb, the subject, the indirect object (if there is one), and finally the direct object (if there is one).

o Ex. Genesis 1:1 o The directive -āh

o An unaccented final -āh is frequently appended to a noun or adverb to indicate direction of motion, ordinarily motion toward a given place.

o Ex. habâyĕtāh "toward the house"

T.A. Ryan’s Quick and Dirty Reviews (Lesson 14 & 15) Lesson 14: Qal Perfect Verbs with Weak Roots What You Need to Know: 18. For weeks we have asked you to list the root class within your parsing. This is because verbs of particular root classes (Strong, I-Gut, II-Gut, III-Gut, III-Aleph, I-Nun, II-Waw/Yod,

III-He, Geminate) will act in consistent ways within a particular conjugation (such as Qal perfect). In Lesson 13, we learned the Qal perfect conjugation for strong verbs. Lesson 14 highlights the regular changes you should expect to see in the Qal perfect conjugation for verbs with weak roots. These are for reference only, but you should start to recognize the patterns. o I-Gut & II-Gut - Where you would expect to see a simple šĕwā', you will see a

composite šĕwā' under the guttural instead, particular the ḥāṭep pat�aḥ. o III-Aleph - The final aleph "quiesces" (a.k.a. goes dormant and takes no vowel) thus

lengthening the vowel before it. o III-He - Remember that III-He verbs are actually III-Yod verbs despite the fact that the

yod is not visible in the lexical form. In second and third person forms, the yod reappears.

o II-Waw/II-Yod - In Qal perfect forms, the middle radical (because it is a vowel letter) usually disappears.

Lesson 15: Piel Perfect Verbs and Participles What You Need to Know: 19. This week we learn a new stem, the Piel or "intensive" stem. (This is in contrast with Qal which is the "basic" stem.) The verbal pattern for the Piel perfect is qiṭṭēl (while the verbal pattern most typical for Qal perfect is qāṭal). This is a ḥîreq-ṣērê vowel pattern with a doubling of the second radical in all its inflections. 20. Know the Piel perfect paradigm (qiṭṭēl). Notice it uses the same endings as the Qal. o 3rd masculine singular: no ending ---- šimmēr o 3rd feminine singular: -āh ---- šimmĕrāh o 2nd masculine singular: -tā ---- šimmartā o 2nd feminine singular: -tĕ ---- šimmartĕ o 1st common singular: -tî ---- šimmartî o --------------------------------------------------------------- o 3rd common plural: -û ---- šimmĕrû o 2nd masculine plural: -tem ---- šimmartem o 2nd feminine plural: -ten ---- šimmarten o 1st common plural: -nû ---- šimmarnû

21. Know the paradigm for the Piel active participle. Its vowel pattern is mĕqaṭṭēl. o Masculine singular: no ending ---- mĕšammēr o Masculine plural: -îm ---- mĕšammĕrîm o Feminine singular: -et ---- mĕšammeret o Feminine plural: -ôt ---- mĕšammĕrôt

Second Level Mastery of Lesson 15:

o As was the case for weak verbs in the Qal perfect, you should expect to see regular changes in the various weak root class verbs in the Piel. o II-Gut & II-Resh - These radicals do not double, so expect to see some changes

as a result. If the middle radical is aleph or resh, you will see compensatory lengthening. If it is a he, chet, or ayin, there will be "virtual doubling". Again where you would expect see a simple vocal šĕwā', you will find a composite šĕwā' with a pat�aḥ.

o III-Aleph - same as the Qal perfect, the aleph quiesces and lengthens the preceding vowel

o Meanings of the Piel (see Seow, pp. 173-174) o Factitive - to make a state of being come to be (e.g., be normal :: normalize) o Intensive - may suggest multiple, repeated, busy, or intense action (e.g., to ask

:: to beg) o Denominative - to make a noun or adjective into a verbal action (e.g., danger

:: endanger) o Declarative - to declare a state of being (e.g., innocent :: to declare innocent)

Ḥag mōlad šāmeaḥ (happy feast of the birth), talmidîm!

T.A. Ryan’s Quick and Dirty Reviews (Lesson 16) Lesson 16: The Hiphil Stem What You Need to Know: 22. This week we learn a new stem, the Hiphil or "causative" stem. The verbal pattern for the Hiphil perfect is hiqṭîl. It is characterized by a prefixed he in the perfect, a ḥîreq-yod in the second syllable of 3rd person forms, but elsewhere it is replaced by a pataḥ. It is usually translated into English as with the helping words "cause to" (e.g. "cause to love"). 23. Know the Hiphil perfect paradigm (hiqṭîl). Notice it uses the same endings as the Qal and Piel. o 3rd masculine singular: no ending ---- hišmîr o 3rd feminine singular: -āh ---- hišmîrāh o 2nd masculine singular: -tā ---- hišmartā o 2nd feminine singular: -tĕ ---- hišmartĕ o 1st common singular: -tî ---- hišmartî o --------------------------------------------------------------- o 3rd common plural: -û ---- hišmîrû o 2nd masculine plural: -tem ---- hišmartem o 2nd feminine plural: -ten ---- hišmarten o 1st common plural: -nû ---- hišmarnû

24. Know the paradigm for the Hiphil active participle. Its vowel pattern is maqṭîl. o Masculine singular: no ending ---- mašmîr

o Masculine plural: -îm ---- mašmîrîm o Feminine singular: -et ---- mašmeret o Feminine plural: -ôt ---- mašmîrôt

Second Level Mastery of Lesson 16: o As was the case for weak verbs in the Qal perfect, you should expect to see regular

changes in the various weak root class verbs in the Piel. o I-Gut - The composite šĕwā' with a sĕgōl takes the place of the simple

silent šĕwā' under the first radical. The vowel under the prefixed he is changed to a sĕgōl.

o III-Gut - The furtive pataḥ appears as expected whenever a he, ḥet, and ayin stands at the end of the form. In the perfect, it only occurs in the 3 masculine singular.

o III-Aleph - It shows the expected quiescence of the aleph, the lengthening of the preceding vowel. The characteristic vowel in the second syllable ṣērê in all 1 and 2 person forms.

o III-He - The original yod in the third radical reappears in 1 and 2 person forms and the 3 feminine singular the third radical changes from he to taw.

o I-Nun - The nun is assimilated into the following consonant when there is not an intervening vowel.

o I-Waw - The majority of I-Yod verbs were originally I-Waw verbs. The waw reappears in the perfect. Also the first vowel is a hōlem instead of the ḥîreq.

o I-Yod - Although rare, there are genuine I-Yod verbs. They retain the yod as the first radical. The vowel under the prefixed he is a ṣērê.

o II-Yod/II-Waw - An additional hōlem waw precedes every consonantal ending. Meanings of the Hiphil (see Seow, pp. 181-182) o Causative - causing something to happen or to be (e.g., to eat :: to feed or

cause to eat) o Factitive - causing or amplifying a state of being (e.g., to be wide :: to widen) o Denominative - to make a noun or adjective into a verbal action (e.g., ear :: to

pay attention) o Declarative - to declare a state of being (e.g., righteous :: to declare

righteous)