T5 b ifpri-ws-nov2014-fx_johnson
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Bioenergy Transitions: the local and the global Francis X. Johnson, Senior Research Fellow Stockholm Environment Institute IFPRI Workshop on Biofuels and Food Security 19-20 November 2014
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Transcript of T5 b ifpri-ws-nov2014-fx_johnson
Bioenergy Transitions: the local and the globalFrancis X. Johnson, Senior Research Fellow
Stockholm Environment InstituteIFPRI Workshop on Biofuels and Food Security
19-20 November 2014
The role of agricultural energy sources (and agro-forestry) in LDCs – 3 somewhat convenient truths
1. The modernisation of biomass/energy utilisation is a key component in achieving climate-compatible development pathways in LDCs.
2. Agricultural energy sources (especially agricultural and agro-industrial residues) are often the “low-hanging fruit” in providing both socio-economic and environmental benefits.
3. Significant levels of Institutional development, Investment/Financing/Trade & Good Governance will be necessary to achieve such pathways.
Focus on using available land and biomass more efficiently and effectively; for example, more than 50% of the available biomass
energy is lost when sugarcane is burned before harvesting
Estimated land use for different HH-energy options
Source: von Maltitz, 2014
Lifecycle CO2 emissions for different HH-energy options
Source: von Maltitz, 2014
Country C
A
NOTE: time axis is relative to each country’s progression in use of biomass, i.e. t = 0 when biomass consumption is saturated (i.e. 95%). Dashed lines indicate start of investment in modern bioenergy
Time (relative to industrialization and biomass use)
Share of biomass
Country A
Country B
Country A (e.g. Sweden) started to expand modern bioenergy after phasing out biomass; Country B (e.g. Brazil) phased in modern bioenergy at earlier period in its development; Country C (e.g. Malawi) invests in modern bioenergy at even earlier stage in its development.
Use of biomass relative to start of industrialisation
Symbiotic relations created when agro-industries use feedstock from small growers and produce decentralised energy that is available to rural communities
Agro-industrial company
Small growers
Community households
Decentralised energy (fuels, heat, power,
charging)
Source: Mbow, C., Smith, P., Skole, D., Duguma, L., Bustamante, M. (2013). Achieving mitigation and adaptation to climate change through sustainable agroforestry practices in Africa. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 6:8–14.
Agro-forestry options in combination with modernisation of bioenergy use can support adaptation and/or mitigation
strategies: positive or negative implications, depending on implementation
Example-Mauritius: GHG emissions/tradeoffs across different scales
Economic> appropriate scale> costs of gathering residues> biofuels market models
Social> organisation of small growers> Land rights> actors/networks along bioenergy supply chain
Environmental> use of degraded lands> lifecycle GHG emissions> land use change assessment
Key topics for investigation by primary sustainability dimension
Agro-energy raises many interconnected issues in the African context
Mapart source:Pangea, 2013
• This complexity can lead to inaction that preserves the status quo; however, the status quo biomass utilisation is unacceptable and unsustainable
• Agro-energy development, particularly from residues, can relieve pressure on forest resources while promoting climate-compatible development
International Trade in key bioenergy products: Africa has largely been bypassed thus far
**TRADE creates new investment opportunities that cannot be obtained through AID
Source: Hoffman et al, 2013
Global
Regional
National
Sub-National
Local
Household
Socio-economic
Institutional-legal
Socio-technical
Techno-economic
Political-economic
Relation between different levels or scales and analytical dimensions or approaches to analysing bioenergy transitions
An example of end-use demand structure: Ethanol options in Sierra Leone
• Transport - litres per year (million l): 127
• Blending at 10% (million l): 18
• Addax Bioenergy SL (million l): 85
• Surplus (million l): 67
• Household sector consumes annually:– 50 PJ of fuelwood
– 5 PJ of charcoal
• If replaced with ethanol:– Between 500 million and 1 billion litres!!
• Long-term transformation of biomass from a local resource into a multi-purpose global commodity• Long-term: decades to centuries• Transformation: change in quality, carrier(s),
applications and/or end-uses• Biomass ≠ Bioenergy• Local: used mainly by owners of the resource• Multi-purpose: food, feed, fuel, fibre• Commodity: homogenous characteristics,
technical standards, trade-compatible• Concerned with transition process, in relation to
alternative energy-climate-development pathways
Global Bioenergy Transition
Google Scholar Citations: “Bioenergy” or “Biofuels”
