TYPE 2 DIABETESBy: Candice Carlson

November 21, 2011

WHY TALK ABOUT DIABETES?

More common.

Nutrition related.

High interest.

Family.

OVERVIEW What is Type 2

Diabetes? History Causes Facts about Type 2

Diabetes. Signs/symptoms Process Diagnostic criteria Management Nutrition Conclusion

WHAT IS TYPE 2 DIABETES? Diabetes is the impairment of the body to

make food into energy. More frequent in older adults. 90 to 95 % of cases are type 2, most

common form. After eating, the body breaks food into

glucose (sugar). Glucose is a fuel source for cells.

In diabetes, the body doesn’t produce enough insulin or cells don’t respond to insulin correctly. Insulin is a hormone that adjusts glucose levels

in blood. Result in high blood glucose levels.

HISTORY Diabetes has been recognized for thousands

of years. Noted as “Sugar Urine Disease.” Medhumeha was discovered by an Indian

physician and said that exercise could cure it. Manuscript noted “passing of too much urine.” The description and name of diabetes was from a

Greek physician Aretaeus of Cappadocia. Hippocrates never mentioned it.

Thought it may have been incurable, “death sentence.” Aretaeus tried to treat diabetes.

Noted that life would be short, painful, and disgusting with diabetes.

No treatment of type 2 diabetes historically.

HISTORY The different types of diabetes were

discovered in the twentieth century. 1921 – Insulin was discovered. 1935 – Roger Hinsworth discovered the types

of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is known as the non-insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus. Adult-onset diabetes Maturity-onset diabetes Most often in middle aged adults but a rising

amount of children are being diagnosed.

FACTS In the United States,

Diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death.

25.8 million people are affected. 8.3 % of the U.S.

Population Diagnosed – 18.8

million. Undiagnosed – 7.0

million.

UNITED STATES DIABETES FACTS

26.9 % of older adults (65 years and older) had diabetes in 2010.

215,000 people 20 years and younger had diabetes in 2010. Type 1 and Type 2 in 2010.

In 2005-2008, 35% of adults aged 20 and older had pre-diabetes. 50% of older adults had pre-diabetes. In total 79 million American adults!!

Causes stroke and heart disease. Primary cause of kidney failure and blindness

(new cases).

GroupNumber or percentage who have diabetes

Ages 20 years or older25.6 million, or 11.3 percent, of all people in this age group

Ages 65 years or older10.9 million, or 26.9 percent, of all people in this age group

Men13.0 million, or 11.8 percent, of all men ages 20 years or older

Women12.6 million, or 10.8 percent, of all women ages 20 years or older

Non-Hispanic whites15.7 million, or 10.2 percent, of all non-Hispanic whites ages 20 years or older

Non-Hispanic blacks4.9 million, or 18.7 percent, of all non-Hispanic blacks ages 20 years or older

2010 UNITED STATES

ETIOLOGY Type 2 diabetics do secrete insulin, unlike

type 1 diabetics. Small amounts.

Main Problem in Type 2 Diabetes Insulin receptors are insensitive to the hormone.

Insulin Resistance

The little amount of insulin secreted does not bind to the cell receptors as it should.

Many people may have diabetes for years before they become diagnosed (asymptomatic).

RISKS Highest Risk: Alaska

Native, Pacific Islander, Asian American, Hispanic/Latino, American Indian, African American.

Inactive Overweight Family history – Parent,

brother, sister with diabetes.

Age – 40 years or older.

RISKS History of cardiovascular

disease. Had gestational diabetes

or had a child weighing more than 9 pounds.

HDL cholesterol is less than 35 mg/dL

Triglyceride level is greater than 250 mg/dL.

High blood pressure – greater than 140/90 mm Hg.

Children are at a greater risk if their mother has type 2 diabetes.

SYMPTOMS Many people do not know they have

diabetes. May be no symptoms. Very mild.

Symptoms may include: Fatigue Blurred vision Weight loss Polydipsia Polyphagia Polyuria Sores don’t heal.

COMPLICATIONS