tariel futkaraZe (qsu qarTveluri dialeqtologiis instituti)

moTxrobiTi brunvis niSnis variantTa istoriisaTvisqarTuli samwignobro enisa da qarTveluri dialeqtebis monacemebis

mixedviT(-an > n; -man > -ma/-m/-em; -qo > q)1

qarTveluri enobrivi samyarosTvis damaxasiaTebeli moTxrobiTi brunvasamecniero literaturaSi orgvarad ganixileba: specialistTa didi nawili masergativad (ergatiuli wyobis erT-erT mTavar elementad) miiCnevs; zogi kiTvlis, rom qarTuli enis moTxrobiTi brunva nominativis variantia (megruli -ida -q sufiqsebis alomorfobis Sesaxeb ix. g.klimovi, 1973, gv. 54. qarTvelurisaxelobiTisa da ergativis igiveobis Sesaxeb ix., g.nebieriZe, 1987).

arsebul qarTvelur enobriv qvesistemebSi saxelobiTi da moTxrobiTibrunvebi mkafiodaa gamijnuli formobrivadac da funqciuradac; Sesaabamisad,Tanamedrove monacemebis mixedviT gaumarTlebelia maTi gamocxadeba erTbrunvad.

sayovelTaod gaziarebuli azris mixedviT, ergatiuli wyobas qmnian: gardamavali moqmedebis gamomxatavi zmna, specifikur brunvaSi (ergativSi)mdgomi subieqti da obieqti, romelic formobrivad emTxveva gardauvali zmnissubieqts, romelic, rogorc wesi, saxelobiTi brunviT (/absolutiviT) arisgamoxatuli; mag., g.klimovis azriT, gardamavali moqmedebis subieqtigamoixateba ergativiT, gardauvalis subieqti da gardamavalis obieqti kiabsolutiviT/saxelobiTiT; ergativs aqvs subieqtisa da iribi obieqtis (xSirad -moqmedebis instrumentis) gamoxatvis funqcia, absolutivs (/saxelobiTs) ki -subieqtisa da pirdapiri obieqtisa (g.klimovi, 1973, gv. 260); miCneulia, romergativs axasiaTebs bivalenturoba: ergativis forma gvevlinebainstrumentalisis (an naTesaobis) rolSic; Sdr., arn. Ciqobava: gardamavalizmnasTan realuri subieqts ergativi gamoxatavs, xolo realur obieqts -saxelobiTi da ara akuzativi (arn. Ciqobava, 1961, 126-127); am avtorTanaucilebel pirobad ar aris miCneuli ergativis bivalenturoba.

qarTveluri moTxrobiTi brunvis Semcveli konstruqcia (svanuri -d-alomorfiani variantis CaTvliT) ganxiluli unda iqnas ergatiuli wyobis erT-erT Tavisebur modelad.

gasaziarebelia mosazreba, rom iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi ergatiulkonstruqcias dasabami eZleva klasovan uRlebaSi (arn.Ciqobava, 1961, gv. 127-128);Tavdapirvelad, ergativi da saxelobiTi iberiul-kavkasiur enebSigaudiferencirebeli iyo da gauformebeli fuZiT gamoixateboda (arn.Ciqobava, 1948, gv. 117; arn.Ciqobava, 1979, gv. 140-142, 146; qarTvelurigaudiferencirebeli ergativis Sesaxeb ix., agreTve, g.maWavariani, 2002, gv. 79;l.palmaiti, 1979 da sxv.). arn. Ciqobavas azriT, iberiul-kavkasiuri enebisTanamedrove brunvaTa sistemaSi ergativi orgvaria: TavisTavadi (qarTul-zanurSi da CaCnur-inguSurSi) da saziaro (ergativ-instrumentalisi - xunZursada andiurSi, ergativ-genetivi - lakurSi, ergativ-lokativi - lezgiurSi)...

qarTvelurSi ergativi pirvelad Cndeba xolmeobiTobis semantikis(mudmivi viTarebis, gangrZobiTi moqmedebis) gamomxatvel zmnebSi (Sdr.: arn.Ciqobava, 1948, gv. 119-127; arn.Ciqobava 1961, gv. 3-4; 1979, gv. 137).

amJamindeli qarTveluri ergativi Taviseburebebs avlens aramxolodergatiuli wyobis/konstruqciis mqone sxva enebTan SedarebiT, aramed,araerTgavrovania qarTveluri qvesistemebis SigniTac. sxva enobriv velSic, erTi 1 statiis Semoklebuli varianti dabeWdilia ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis sax-elmwifo universitetis mier 2008 wels gamocemul krebulSi (gv. 112-128): "akademikos qeTevan lomTaTiZes" (krebuli miZRvnilia q. lomTaTiZis samecniero-pedagogiuri moRva-weobis 75 wlisTavisadmi).

2

enis farglebSi qvesistemebis mixedviT sxvaobs morfemis semantikac daalomorfTa distribuciac: araiSviaTad, semantikuri da distribuciuli kriteriumebis zusti dacva SesaZlebelia mxolod erTi enobrivi qvesistemis(dialeqtis, enis arqauli variantis...) farglebSi; Sesabamisad, morfTaidentifikaciis procesSi gasaTvaliswinebelia enobrivi veliserTgvarovnoba/araeTgvarovnoba. aqve arsebiTia aRvniSnoT:

arqaul samwignobro enasa da qarTvelur kiloebSi (zanur-svanurisCaTvliT) istoriulad da amJamad mimdinare movlenebi ZiriTadad erTienisTvis (/erTi enobrivi sistemisTvis) damaxasiaTebel kanonzomierebebsemorCileba da erT konteqstSia gansaxilveli; Sdr., zogi avtori miiCnevs, romsvanuri, zanuri da samwignobro qarTuli sxvadasxva enaa, ris gamoc aSkaradigiveobriv enobriv faqtebs gverdigverd ar ganixilavs (sxvadasxva enobrivisistemaao); Sesabamisad, misi daskvnebic araadekvaturia (ix. qvemoT).

warmodgenil statiaSi Cveni mizania qarTveluri moTxrobiTi brunviszogi alomorfis warmomavlobis Zieba. Cveni msjeloba aigeba Semdegi zogadi wesisgaTvaliswinebiT:

mocemuli enobrivi erTeulis (enis, kiloTa jgufis, kilos,kilokavis...) farglebSi erTi morfemis alomorfebad unda miviCnioT ismorfebi, romlebic erTnairia mniSvnelobisa Tu funqciis TvalsazrisiTda vlindebian identur, an urTierTgamomricxvel poziciebSi (termin "alomorfs" viyenebT i.naidas mixedviT: mocemuli brunvis niSnis alomorfebad miiCneva rogorc fonologiurad, aseve morfologiurad Sepirobebuli alternatebi; ix. t.futkaraZe, 1986, gv. 32).

* * *ergatiuli wyobis mqone enaTagan mravalsaukunovani da uwyveti

samwignobro tradicia aqvs qarTuls; qarTuli enis magaliTze SesaZlebeliaTvali gavadevnoT ergativis istorias erTi enobrivi samyaros istoriisfarglebSi.

qarTveluri ergativis niSnis ZiriTadi alomorfi ukavSirdeba CvenebiTinacvalsaxelisgan momdinare determinaciul "man" morfemoids, Sesabamisad,pirvel rigSi gasaazrebelia nacvalsaxelTa brunebis istoria qarTveluridialeqturi monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

Tanamedrove qarTulSi man gaiazreba is/igi nacvalsaxelis moTxrobiTbrunvad: igi, ma-n, ma-s, m-is-Tvis... Cans, adreul etapze wrfelobiT brunvaSimyofi mesame piris fardi CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebi: isi/is, igi, egi/ege/eg,mag/magan, man, aman, iman... saxelobiTisa da moTxrobiTis formirebis SemdegqarTveluri qvesistemebis mixedviT gansxvavebulad inawileben "rolebs"; mag.,samwignobro qarTulSi igi gardauvali zmnis subieqts gamoxatavs, man ki -ZiriTadad, gardamavlisas; Sdr.: qarTvelur CvenebiT nacvalsaxelTasamwevrovani sistema momdinareobs orwevrovanisgan: es/eg - is; agi/ege - igi(sakiTxis istoriisaTvis ix., n.CarTolani, 1985, gv. 12, 40). saerToqarTveluri(amosavali) viTareba daculi aqvs svanur kiloebs (ala<*aman "es"/"eg" - eja<"ega"is" (ej da eg erTmaneTTan daakavSira h.Suxardtma); qarTv. man warmomavlobiT III piris nacvalsaxelia da opoziciur wyvilebs dieqtur nawilakTa darTviT iZens:man - aman - iman; Sdr., mag/magi (mag-an, magas...) da agi (aman, amas): aseTive zogadimniSvneloba unda hqonoda mag nacvalsaxelsac; kerZod. "mag" qarTuli enisdialeqtebSi sakmaod xSirad miuTiTebs saganze an pirze sivrceSi konkretizaciisgareSe: mag wyals somdnen", "magan uTxra", "magens hqondaT", "magins yavden erTibiWiSvili" (iqve, gv. 79-81); ase iyo Zvel qarTulSic: "arc magan coda, arcamSobelTa magisTa", "vin aRuxila magas Tualni" (il.abulaZe, 1973, gv. 145).

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droTa ganmavlobaSi fuZis mawarmoebeli sufiqsebi (m-an, m-as) enobrivikoleqtivis mier sxva brunvebis niSanTa rigSi gaiazreba; Sdr.: igi, m-an, m-as (< man-s?), m-is; mag-i, mag-an, mag-as, mag-is, mag-iT...

SeniSvna: Zvel qarTulSi aqtiurad dasturdeba magan: ege, magan, magas, magis, magiT, magad; egeni,magaT… (i.imnaiSvili, 1957, gv. 498; i.abulaZe, 1973). al.focxiSvilis varaudiT (1985, gv. 119), maga+man> maga-n (agreTve: ma+man>ma-n); n.CarTolanis azriT, ma+ag(a): ma- piris nacvalsaxelis Ziria (ma-n), "-gTanxmovnuri Ziri ki agi, eg(e), igi CvenebiT nacvalsaxelSi gvxvdeba; Serwymis gziT miRebuli magafuZis II pirTan dakavSireba gvian moxda orwevrovani sistemidan samwevrovanze gadasvlisas, iseverogorc eg nacvalsaxeli gvian daukavSirda II pirs" (1985, gv. 82). d.meliqiSvilis varaudiT maganmiRebuli Cans ege da man fuZeTa kontaminaciiT (1980, gv. 54). ori nacvalsaxeluri fuZis SerwymisdaSveba met dasabuTebas iTxovs. vfiqrobT, mag-an formaSi gamosayofia -an sufiqsi (Sdr.: meg/mag damag-an; Sdr.: m-an).

zanur kiloebSi man-s Seesatyviseba *mun "is" (TviTon; munefi "isini"; Sdr.:mu "ra" - mudomu "raebi") da *muT (muTefi): saxelobiTi brunva: mu/mun (megr.)"is", mu(q)/muT (laz.) "is" (Sdr., Zveli qarTuli mun "iq": rogorc cnobilia, araiSviaTianacvalsaxeluri da zmnisarTuli fuZeebis saerTo warmomavloba: igi - iq, agi - aq; Sdr., agreTve, n.mariseulimun-d > mun-T (sadac -d mimarTulebiTis niSania). zog sxva qarTvelur kiloSi saxelobiTSiigi-s paralelurad (winadadebaSi igis nacvlad!) man formac gvaqvs; mag.; aWar.:"man midis", "man ambobs". istoriulad man formaSi unda gamoiyos fuZismawarmoebeli -an sufiqsi (brunvis -n niSnis gamoyofas bevri dabrkoleba axlavs):Tavdapirveli man erTian fuZedaa gasaazrebeli; am mosazrebas mxars uWers isic,rom zog qvesistemaSi man saxelobiT-moTxrobiTis saziaro formad gvevlineba(aseve, vin nacvalsaxeli) da amjamindeli saxelobiTi da moTxrobiTi wrfelobiTibrunvisgan gvian yalibdebian.

SeniSvna: Sdr.: n.mari: man formaSi -a(+n) Zveli micemiTis niSania; man formis -n segmentsTavdapirvel brunvis niSnad miiCneven h.Suxardti da ak.SaniZe; sainteresoa ak.SaniZis msjeloba (1980,gv. 619-621): moTxrobiTis niSani Tavdapirvelad unda yofiliyo n, romelic aqamomde Semonaxuligvaqvs ma-n-Si. gansazRvrul moTxrobiTs unda hxleboda "man" nawevari: ganusazRvreli moTxrobiTi:kac-n da gansazRvruli moTxrobiTi: kacn man... sakuTar saxelebs marto erTi forma unda hqonodaT:daviT-n, luka-n... arn.Ciqobavas azriT, -n aris nacvalsaxeluri Zirisgan (savaraudod: *ga/*da/*na?)momdinare sufiqsia, romelic brunvis niSnad gaazrianda (arn.Ciqobava, 1929, gv. 173-178); "-T- WanurSida -n- megrulSi erTi da imave Rirebulebis morfologiuri odenoba unda iyos" (arn.Ciqobava, 1936, gv.77). -n-s determinantad Tvlis g.maWavariani (2002, gv. 79); b.kikviZe fiqrobs, rom -n ar aris ergativisniSani: na determinanti elementis naSTia (b.kikviZe, 1960, gv. 62); -an determinantad miaCniad.meliqiSvilsac, oRond, misi azriT, -n elementi sinqronul WrilSi brunvis niSnadaa gasaazrebeli(d.meliqiSvili, 1980, gv. 56; d.meliqiSvilma Tavisi mosazreba daazusta zepir saubarSi)... g.maWavariani: n sufiqsis moTxrobiTidan saxelobiTSi gadasvla inovaciad unda miviCnioT megrul-WanurSi. aseTi inovacia unda iyos n-s momdevnod -em sufiqsi gaCena svanur nacvalsaxelebSic(g.maWavariani, 1960, gv.99-101; sxva literaturis mimoxilvisaTvis ix., d.meliqiSvili, 1980; k.gabunia,1998; am ukanasknelis azriTac, n warmoSobiT fuZis mawarmoebeli derivaciuli sufiqsia da araergativis arqauli niSani; 1998, gv.37-38).sayovelTaod gaziarebuli Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, samwignobro

qarTulisa da qarTveluri "sisina" kiloebis -ma/-m sufiqsi momdinareobs man IIIpiris nacvalsaxelisagan (arn.Ciqobava, 1939, gv. 168,173; g.klimovi, 1962, gv.55; g.deetersi, 1930, gv.95):

arn.Ciqobavas mixedviT, "moTxrobiTi qarTvelur enebSi - esaanacvalsaxeluri ZiriT gansazRvruli fuZe" (arn.Ciqobava, 1936, gv.174);"moTxrobiTis niSani warmoSobiT nacvalsaxelobiTi Ziri unda iyos. es Tanabradexeba rogorc qarTul n-s, ise Wanursa da megrul q-s da svanur d-s (Ciqobava, 1936,gv.173). megrul-Wanuri q- igive g-a, rac i-g-i, e-g-e nacvalsaxelSi gvaqvs, oRondfonetikuradaa saxecvlili: g>q. es naTlad Cans adgilis zmnizedebidan: a-g (a-g-re) zmnisarTi < aq (megr., qarT., Wan., xof.), haq//haqo (viw.-arq., aTin.), i-g (i-g-i) <iq (qarT.), hiq//hiqo (viw.-arq., aTin.), eq (meg. xof.) ma-g (mag-is) < ma-q (das.kiloebi). balsqvemourSi Senaxulia zmnisarTi, sadac daculia g: im-e-d "sad",dem-e-g (ara, arsad) e-g CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelisagan momdinarea (arn.Ciqobava,1936, gv.173-174; arn.Ciqobava, 1979, gv.144).

bes. kikviZem da g.maWavarianma damajereblad aCvenes, rom svanurSic gvaqvsman/aman ganmsazRvreli nawevari romlisganac miRebulia ergativis -em/-mniSani (Sdr.: m formanti adiReurSic nacvalsaxeluri warmomavlobis

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gansazRvrebiTi nawevarisgan momdinareobs (s.janaSia, 1942, gv. 263). miuxedavadimisa, rom svanuri -em/-m-iani ergativis qarTveluroba (da ara adiReuroba!)aSkaraa, saerToqarTveluri da adiReuri ergativis msgavsebac uTuoa: ergativimomdinareobs determinanti nawilakisgan); kerZod, Zveli qarTulismoTxrobiTisTvis damaxasiaTebeli aman nacvalsaxeli unda aRdges svanur-i -em/nniSnisTvisac da amnem "aman" formis fuZisTvisac: *aman > *aman-em > amn-Lm; sadac -Lmmeoreuli danarTia (bes.kikviZe, 1958, gv. 91: "m-iani bruneba svanurSinacvalsaxeluri, gansazRvruli tipis brunebaa. saxels daerTvis nacvalsaxeliama Tu im brunvis formiT...).

g.maWavariani fiqrobs, rom e-s sigrZe man-is a-s reduqciis Sedegia...(bes.kikviZe, 1958, gv.91-93; g.maWavariani, 1960, gv. 97-100; g.maWavariani, 1985, gv.237-238); ix. agreTve: d.meliqiSvili, 1980, gv. 56: svanurSi -an determinantisufiqsis xmovani SeikumSa moTxrobiTis -em-is gavleniT: am+an-em > amn-em.k.gabunia, 1998, gv. 39-40: man fuZis Semadgenelma -m da -n segmentebma moTxrobiTibrunvis niSnis adgili daikaves: *mana nacvalsaxeluri fuZe svanurSi erTi mxrivgvaZleva -m ergativis niSans (*ma-na > ma > m/em/am > am-d), meore mxriv - ergativis -nniSans: *ma-na > *-na > *na-em > -nLm-d da savaraudo *ma-da > -*da > d...

Sdr., svanurSic saxelobiT brunvaSic SeiZleba aRvadginoT *ama/*aman: ala<*ama (m.Cuxua, 2003, gv. 49-50); *ama < aman. svanuris monacemebi da Zveli qarTulisama da aman variantebi (il. abulaZe, 1973, gv. 4) saSualebas gvaZlevs saerToqarT-velurSi aRvadginoT: *man, *aman/*ama; Sdr.: g.klimovi, 1964, 124-125: *a-ma, *ma;h.fenrixi, z.sarjvelaZe, 2000, gv. 314: *ma; m.Cuxua, 2003, gv. 50: *a-m-(a)....

calke ganxilvis sagania svanuri *ejnem forma:Sdr.: sax. ala, mic. ala-s/amis, moTx. amnLm, moqm. amnoS, viT., amn@r(d), naT. amnLmiS,amMS da sax. eja, mic. ejas, moTx. ejnLm, moqm. ejnoS, viT., ejn@r(d), naT. eCMS (mogvyavsn.CarTolanis mixedviT, 1985, gv. 124).

ala (<*aman) nacvalsaxelis moTxrobiTis amnLm formis msgavsad (amnLm <aman-em) xom ar SeiZleba ejnLm formaSic fuZed *ejan- aRvadginoT (Sdr., ejn-oS"imiT"; amn-oS "amiT")? Sdr.: agi - magi/mag-an; ega - mega/*meg-an; Sdr., svan eja/*ejan(<*ega/*egan) > ejn-Lm. ar gamoiricxeba aseve ejnLm formis warmoqmna analogiiT:amnLm: eja - *ej-em > ej-n-em. Sdr., agreTve, sakamaToa -n-s kvalifikacia imn@r "ra-tom?" (sityvasityviT "rad?), amn@r "amitom?" (sityvasityviT "amad?); ejn@r "imi-tom?" (sityvasityviT "imad?) formebSi; vfiqrobT, aq amosavalia *am-nair-d/*eg-nair-d formebi, romelic saerToqarTvelurSia savaraudo: *am-nair-d > *amn@rd> amn@r; *eg-nair-d > *ej-@r-d > *ej-@r (gaqvavebulma formam ganicada cveTa).

SeniSvna: Sdr.: amn@r(d) formas aRadgens, magram -n- segments micemiTis niSnad miiCnevs T.SaraZeniZe(1955, gv. 130); am-n-@r formaSi -n- da -@r- segmentebs orgvari viTarebiTi brunvis niSnebad Tvlisg.maWavariani (1985, gv. 237-238); l.palmaiti, vfiqrobT, samarTlianad fiqrobs, rom amn@rd formaSi -n- segmenti nairi sityvis nawilia, oRond, misi azriT, amnairi, imnairi qarTulidanaa nasesxebi (aseSemTxvevaSi bundovani rCeba ejn@r formis "nasesxoba"); -n-s micemiTobas (Tu viTarebiTobas) ariziarebs a.oniani (1989, gv. 164-165, 214); misi azriT, rom amn@r, imn@r, ejn@r formebSi gamosayofia -n@r morfologiuri erTeuli (1998, gv. 85; Sdr., iqve, gv. 150: safuZvliania varaudi, rom amn@r, imn@r,ejn@r qarTulis gavleniT mirebulia formebia da aq -n- da -@r- morfologiur erTeulTa gamoyofissafuZveli ar arsebobs). Cveni azriT, aqac da sxva SemTxvevebSic e.w. -n-iani (Tu -n@r-iani) brunvis ga-moyofa saeWvo masalas emyareba: svanur masalaSi -n zogan deterninanti sufiqsis naSTi Cans, zogan - fonetikuri procesis Sedegi.

g.maWavarianis azriT, qarTvelur enaTa diferenciaciis periodSimoTxrobiTi brunva gaformebuli ar iyo. qarTvelur enebSi es brunva saerToprincipis mixedviT - nacvalsaxeluri warmoSobis elementebis gamoyenebiT - ga-formda (g.maWavariani, 1960, gv. 98-104; g.maWavariani, 2002, gv.79); kerZod, misi az-riT, svanuri -m uSualod ar momdinareobs qarTuli -man nawevarisgan; svanurSicarsebobda Zveli qarTulis tipis "gansazRvruli bruneba" (msaz-Rvreli/determinanti - iyo *-aman - CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelisgan momdinarenawevari); substantivisa da postpoziciuri nawevaris erTad brunebis gamo, enk-

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litikurad darTuli nawilaki Seerwya substantivs: *mKr-ad a-ma-n(a)/e-ma-n(a) >*mKrKman/*mKrLman > *mKrKm/mKrLm (1960, gv. 102-103).

SeniSvna: Sdr., g.maWavarianis es msjeloba Taviseburad esmis a.onians; a.oniani Tvlis, romg.maWavarianis azriT, Zveli qarTulis man nawevari da svanuri -em saSualebas ar iZleva saerToqarT-veluri arqetipis rekonstruqciisTvis (a.oniani, 1989, gv. 148); arada, aSkaraa, rom g.maWavarianismtkicebiT svanuri -m -aman/iman nawevarisgan modis, romelic igivea rac Zveli qarTulis aman (gv. 100);e.i g.maWavarianisTvis aman nawevari ufro saerToqarTveluri monacemia; vfiqrobT, logikuria, romsaerToqarTveluri -man/-aman/-iman determinati nawilaki (momdinare CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelisgan)davsaxoT amosavlad rogorc samwignobro enis -ma/-m, ise svanuri kiloebis -m/-Lm morfebisTvis (amukanasknelSi L CvenebiTi/dieqturi da fuZiseuli xmovnebis SerwymiTaa miRebuli). swored -aman, -amas,-amis nawilakebis daSvebiT ixsneba g.maWavarianis mier svanuri zedsarTavi saxelebis irib brunvebSi -amsegmentis arseboba (xoCKm dMna-d, xoCKm dMnas...).

l.palmaitma samarTlianad ar gaiziara g.maWavarianis mier *aman, "iman/emannawevrebis daSveba e, L, K xmovanTa monacvleobis asaxsnelad: "ufro SesaZlebelia,rom yvelgan a-m-iani nawevari SeerTebuliyo" (l.palmaiti, 1979, gv. 115)...safiqrebelia, rom amn-Lm formaSi -Lm analogiiT gaCnda, xolo e.w. micemiTis -Km(arKm) da -Lm segmentTa xmovnebis sxvadasxvaoba SeiZleba aixsnas warmomavlobiT:micemiTis forma adrindelia, Sesabamisad, K fuZiseul da nawevriseul a-s asaxavs,xolo Lm-is xmovani saxelobiTis analogiiTaa miRebuli. vfiqrobT, qarTvelurimoTxrobiTi brunva saxelobiTze axali Cans; Zvel samwignobro enaSi saxelobiTiukve Camoyalibebulia, moTxrobiTi ki - ara (Sdr., arn.Ciqobava, 1939, gv. 173;a.oniani, 1989, gv. 152).

CvenTvis aseve Znelad gasaziarebelia sazRvrulis warmodgena -ad elemen-tiani moTxrobiTis formiT; ufro logikuria davuSvaT, rom svanurSic (ZveliqarTulis analogiurad!) nawevari saxelis fuZes daerToda: *mKra/e(a~) a-man >*mKrLman > mKrLm.

svanuri man-iani bruneba Zveli qarTulis tipis gansazRvruli brunebidanunda momdinareobdes, kerZod, svanurisTvis amosavalia Zveli qarTulisTvisdamaxasiaTebeli wyoba: "keTili igi kaci"; swored aseTi wyobis pirobebSi undaganxorcielebuliyo nawevaris Serwyma atributivTan svanurSi: *xoCa-d i-man(a)mKra-d > *xoCLman mKra-d > xoCLm mKrad (g.maWavariani, 1960, gv. 97-104); am mosaz-rebas gaamyarebs nacvalsaxel ala-s moTxrobiTi varianti: amnem, maremnem tipisformebi. vfiqrobT, g.maWavarianis mosazrebaSi bundovania msazRvreliseuladnavaraudevi d-s sakiTxi; ufro logikuri gveCveneba, *xoCa-d i-man(a) mKra-d kon-struqciis nacvlad aRvadginoT *xoCa i-man mKra-d, romlisganac, -iman nawevarisbolokiduri -an segmentis dakargviT, gacilebiT martivi gziT (bunebrivad)miiReba sintagma: *xoCLm mKrad; saerTod, logikuria msazRvrelSi daculiiyos ergativis ufro arqauli varianti; Sdr., agreTve, ormagi sufiqsaciisdros fuZes uerTdeba ZirTan ufro axlosaa arqauli varianti; mag.: laSxur ki-loSi gvaqvs mKrLm-d da ara mKre-d-Lm.

gamoricxuli ar aris, rom man nacvalsaxelisgan miRebuli (e)m analogiiTgadasuliyo sxva brunvebSic: sax. mara~ > mare; pirvel rigSi mare formas efuZnebaSedarebiT gvian warmoqmnili moTxrobiTi: mare-aman > marLma >marLm; Semdgom -emerTian sufiqsad iqna gaazrebuli da analogiiT gadavida sxva brunvebSic: *marems> marem, marem-iS... sxvagvari axsna sWirdeba xoCKm formas: a-s arseboba cxadyofs,rom an momxdaria ukana mimarTulebis umlauti: xoCems > xoCams, an ufro arqauliwarmoebis micemiTi inarCunebs fuZiseul a xmovans (sax. brunva: mara-~).

amrigad, vfiqrobT, ufro sarwmunoa svanur kiloebSi gamovlenili man-iani ergativis -m niSnis qarTveluroba (vidre misi adiRuri warmomavloba):svanuri ergativis -m/-em warmoiqmna saerToqarTveluri (dasturdeba arqaulqarTulSic) *man/-iman nawevaris cveTis gziT (rogorc samwignobro qarTulsa daqarTvelur e.w. sisina kiloebSi): mara-iman > mareiman > marLman > marLm; nacvalsax-elisTvis Sdr., g.maWavariani: *aman > *aman-Lm > amn-Lm; am SemTxvevaSi -Lm sufiqsisdarTva sazogado saxelTa analogiiT gvian moxda (sazogado saxelebTanCamoyalibebuli brunvis formis ganzogadebiT). Sesabamisad, svanuri e.w. or-

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fuZianoba warmoqmnilia fonetikur niadagze, rogorc amas varaudobdav.Tofuria; kerZod, misi azriT, svanuris orfuZianoba (mare - mara) fonetikurixasiaTisaa da ara morfologiuri rogorc adiReursa Tu xunZurSi; svanuri dagurul-imeruli orfuZianoba (baRana~ > baRane) erTi da igive movlenaa(v.Tofuria, 1979, gv. 451). v.Tofurias msgavsad fiqrobs m.qaldanic dab.jorbenaZec; Sdr., mag., b.jorbenaZe (1995, gv. 125, 342): bicola~ - bicole da mara~> mare, Jaxa~ > Jaxa~ > J@xe erTi rigis movlenebia; Sdr, agreTve, nasesxebi sityvistransformacia: bamba > svan. bamb@~ da megr. bambe...

SeniSvna: svanuri da xunZuri orfuZianobis igiveobis Sesaxeb ix., arn.Ciqobava, 1941, gv. 56; svanuri da mTis kavkasiuri enebis orfuZianobis sxvadasxvaobis Sesaxeb ix., g.Tofuria, 2001, gv. 65. sakiTxis istoriisaTvis ix. m.qaldani, 1974, gv. 151-164: "fuZis bolokiduri a xmovnis e-d qceva saxelobiTi brunvis niSnis -is gavleniT svanuri enis erTi damaxasiaTebeli fonetikuri movlena iyo: muryvama-i > muryvame > muryvam; *RvaJ-ar-a-i > RvaJare > RvaJ@r (m.qaldanis azriT, bolo magaliTSi -a sufiqsi mr.r. gamomxatvelia; igi iwvevs umlauts. Cveni azriT, -a -an formantis fardia da warmomavlobas awarmoebs). Sesabamisad, saxelo-bisTis niSnad svanurSi -e ar ivaraudeba; svanuri -i saerToqarTveluria (da ara *iji-sgan momdinare; Sdr., m.qaldani, 1974, gv. 151). a-i > e~ > e fonetikur process varaudobs g.kartoziac lazuris saxelobiT brunvaSi gamovlenili -e-sTvis: kuCxai > kuCxe, qoTume > qaTamai, dianTili > damTire "dedamTili" (g.kartozia, 2005, gv. 62-63; Sdr., h.fenrixi, z.sarjvelaZe, 2000, gv. 183: -e saxelobiTi brunvis niSnis alomorfia, romelsac Sesatyvisi ara aqvs qarTulSi. Cveni azriTac, -e warmoqmnilia qarTvelurisTvis bunebrivi ai > eprocesiT (Tanac, arc Tu ise didi xnis win; aseTive warmomavlobisa SeiZleba iyos Jaxe-s -e). rig SemTxvevebSi -e analogiiT gadasuli Cans sxva poziciebSi; -e ganzogadda mravlobiT ricxvSic. Sdr.: a. oniani a/e Senacvlebis safuZvlad miiCnevs Zireuli morfemis variantulo-bas: sax. J@xe, mic. Jaxa Zireuli morfemis ori sxvadasxva variantia, msgavsad JeR - JaRE,WiSx - WHSx... formebisa (a.oniani, 1998, gv. 78).aqve aRvniSnavT, rom v.Tofurias, T.SaraZeniZis, m.qaldanis da sxvaTa

safuZvliani mtkicemis miuxedavad, a.onianisTvis sarwmuno ar aris svanur-gurul-imerul-megruli movlenebis erTgavrobis aRiareba (ix. agreTve, i.CantlaZe, 1973, gv. 272: "mKreØs tipis masalaSic dasazustebelia saxelo-biTSi -i sufiqsi imsgavsebs -aØs, Tu odindeli e sufiqs"); Sdr. misi msjeloba (a.oniani. 1989, gv. 176-177): qvemoimerul-zemogurul-leCxumurSi gamoiyofa ori jgufi; erTSi e-s cvlis a, meoreSi - ara. "svanurSi vi-Tareba ki sruliad sxvagvaria, araviTari msgavsi jgufebis gamoyofa aq ar xerxdeba... erTnairi agebulebis sityvaTagan zogi a-Ti bolovdeba, zogi e-Ti... amis gareSec, savaldebulo srulebiT ar aris or enaSi damoukide-blad momxdari cvlilebebi aucileblad erTnairi xasiaTisa iyos - erT-nairi hqondeT mizezica da Sedegic... arsebiTi mainc is aris, rom svanurSi moipoveba saxelebi, romelTa bolokidurSic amosavali xmovania ara a, aramed e, saTanado irib brunvebSi ki saxelobiTis formaSi war-modgenil fuZiseul e-s mainc a enacvleba. sanimuSod SeiZleba davasax-eloT lHje "rZe" (mic. làja) da mesme "mesame" (mic., mesma)". Cveni az-riT, dasavlur kiloebSic sakamaToa e.w. jgufebis gamoyofis sizuste; mag., aWarulSi zogi sazogado saxeli dairTavs ~-s (mela~, kverna~, ana~, babo~, pawa~...), zogi ki - ara (erTmarcvliani da zogi sxva saxeli: da, Zma, deda, kata, Zroxa...); aWarulis swored es ~-darTuli saxelebi gvaZlevs -e-s zemogurul-imerul-leCxumurSi (t.futkaraZe, 1986)... sakamaToa e.w. qar-Tul-svanur enaTa sxvadasxvaobis sakiTxic. iSviaTi lHje - làja, mesme -mesma tipis faqtebi ki SeiZleba aixsnas analogiiT, paradigmis gasworebiT. vfiqrobT, ufro argumentirebulia bicola~ - bicole da mara~ > mareprocesTa erTgvaroba; miT umetes, erTmarcvlian saxelTa msgavsi Tavise-bureba svanurSic Cans (sakvlevia am TaviseburebaTa saerTo safuZveli); Sdr., mag. a.onianis mier dadgenili wesi (a.oniani, 1998, gv. 58-69): I tipis brunebaSi saxelis erTmarcvliani fuZe Tu a-sa da e-ze bolovdeba, erTzemetmarcvlanTa msgavsad, ergativSi mxolod -d-s dairTavs (sxva erT-marcvlian saxelebTan -em/-d paralelurad vlindeba).

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i.CantlaZis azriT, sxva qarTvelur enobriv erTeulTa msgavsad, svanurSicTavdapirvelad gvqonda erTfuZiani bruneba (i.CantlaZis samarTlianiSeniSvniT [1998, gv. 88], mTis kavkasiur enaTa e.w. morfologiuri warmoSobisorfuZianobac diaqronulad SeiZleba fonetikur procesamde davides); svanurisauslautSi mimdinare procesebis gamo (bolokiduri segmentis gauCinareba dadaxuruli marcvlis warmoqmnis tendencia) miviReT orfuZiani (da samfuZiani)bruneba, "romlis saTave saxelis fuZis mawarmoebel determinant -E, -emsufiqsebSi unda veZioT". Semdeg etapze gaZlierda enobriv formaTagaerTmniSvnelianebis tendencia da analogiisken swrafvam kvlav gaamartiva saqme;dRes isev yalibdeba erTfuZiani sistema; Sdr. s.q. *sax-/*Zax- da svan. *Jax-em+i>*Jax-em > *Jax-e > Jaxe; Sdr., agreTve: s.q. *ZaR-l- da svan. *JaR-E+em+i > *JaREmi >*JaRmi *JeRmi > *Jerm > JeR (i.CantlaZe, 1998, gv. 106-107, 122-123; aqve ix sakiTxisistoria). Cveni azriT, svanuri kiloebis Jaxe da JeR tipis saxelebi gacilebiTmartivi gziT miiReba saerToqarTveluri fuZeebidan; vfiqrobT, aq sakamaToaagreTve -em sufiqsis determinantoba da raRac etapze e.w. morfologiuri or-fuZianobis daSveba (amis Sesaxeb vrclad calke gveqneba msjeloba).

aqve aRvniSnavT, rom zog SemTxvevaSi fuZes mirTul ergativniSnian meo-reul fuZed SeiZleba miviCnioT svanuris micemiT da naTesaobiT brunvebSi ga-movlenili formebi (mKram-s > mKrKm > mKra; mKrLm-iS), Tu ar CavTvliT rom isiniwarmoiqmnen nawevaris Serwymis gziT: maras amas > maraams > mKrKm > mKra; mKre-iSamiS > mKrLmiS); problema Semdgom dakvirvebas da damatebiT argumentebs iTxovs.

kvlevis am etapze Cven dasabuTebulad gveCveneba svanuri m-s momdi-nareoba saerToqarTveluri -man/aman nawevarisgan. vfiqrob, ufro bundovaniazanuri ergativis q-s sakiTxi:

g.deetersis azriT, -q sufiqsis warmomavloba srulebiT gaugebaria(g.deetersi, 1930, gv.95). arn Ciqobava miiCnevs (1939, gv.173), rom qarTul n-sa dasvanur d-s msgavsad, megrul-zanuri -q-c nacvalsaxeluri Ziria; kerZod, "q igive -g-a, rac i-g-i, e-g-e nacvalsaxelebSi gvaqvs, oRond fonetikuradaa saxeSecvlili:g > q (Sdr., ag-i, ag-re, aq; igi - iq; mag - maq)... arn. Ciqobavas azriT, igi/egenacvalsaxelisgan jer warmoiqmna moTxrobiTis -man/-q alomorfebi (e.w. pirvelisaxelobiTi brunvis niSnebi), Semdeg etapze ki ganxorcielda igi > i procesi:warmoiqmna meore saxelobiTi (1939, gv. 174-175).

a.onianis azriT, zmnizedaTa Cveneba ver gamodgeba nacvalsaxelebsa damoTxrobiTis q-s Soris geneturi kavSiris arsebobis sabuTad, q-s warmomavlobiskvlevac momavlis saqmed rCeba (a.oniani, 1989, gv.117).

Sdr., agreTve, a.lomTaZe, 1987, gv. 121: qarTulis analogiurad megrul-Wanuris moTxrobiTic gansazRvrebiTi nacvalsaxelis SerwymiT warmoiqmna;oRond, ramdenadac zanurSi qarTuli n-iani tipis (man, magan, vin) Zveli afiqsianiforma ar dasturdeba, aq fuZis ganmsazRvrelad ergativSic nacvalsaxelis sax-elobiTi brunvis forma gvqonoda; ivaraudeba Semdegi saxis fonetikuriprocesi: boSi igi > boSii-qi > boSiqi > boSiq; e.i. a.lomTaZe Tvlis, rom zanurisergativis niSani warmoSobiT igi nacvalsaxelis saxelobiTi brunvis formis ga-martivebuli saxea, rac, vfiqrobT, damajereblad ver gamoiyureba.

k.gabunias TvalsazrisiT, -q (<*g<*go) zanurSi imave funqciis mqone ele-mentia warmomavlobiT, rac -n sufiqsi qarTulSi ("-n sufiqsi warmoSobiT fuZismawarmoebeli derivaciuli sufiqsia da ara ergativis arqauli niSani"; Sdr., ma-n,zan. mu-q). zanurSi moxda formaTa gaerTmniSvnelianeba: nacvalsaxelursa da sax-elur paradigmebSi identuri sufiqsebi gamoiyena enam ergatiulobis gamosaxata-vad: saxelurma fuZem moTxrobiTis niSnad aiRo ara mTlianad nacvalsaxelurifuZe *mu-g, aramed mocemul sistemaSi ukve brunvis niSnad gaazrebuli *-gsufiqsi (k.gabunia, 1998, gv.38)...

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amgvari varaudic uperspeqtivo Cans, vinaidan mocemul "sistemaSi" Tu qve-sistemaSi (megrul-lazurSi) mu, mu-q, mu-s... paradigmaSi fuZed ivaraudeba*mun/*muT (da ara - *mug): didi xania garkveulia, rom megrul-lazur munacvalsaxelis fuZeSi aRdgeba -n/-d da ara hipoTeturi -g; Sdr.: mu-q - mun-ef-i dalaz. mi-q - muT-efi; ase, rom damajerebeli ar aris -q brunvis niSnis momdinareoba-g determinanti (?) sufiqsisgan.

SeniSvna: qarTveluri "sisina" kiloebis meg/mag formebis paralelurad zanurSi (/"SiSina" qarTve-lur kiloebSi) Tu davuSvebT *mug nacvalsaxels, garTuldeba aixsnas nawevaris cveTis mimarTuleba:rogorc wesi, sityvis bolokidurad darTuli nawevari/nawilaki/Tandebuli gamartivebis procesSikargavs bolo marcvals/segments.T.maxarobliZis azriT, ergativi ukavSirdeba ara gansazRvruloba-

ganusazRvrulobis kategorias, aramed vin-sulierobis kategorias, gamomdinareaqedan, zanuri -q unda momdinareobdes ganusazRvrelobis nacvalsaxel koC-isgan: koCi > k > q; "zmnebSi -q afiqss mxolod vin-sulierobis kategoriis ga-moxatva ekisreba" (2005, gv. 46-51). misive azriT, amave funqciisa da masalobrivadamave warmomavlobisaa -q sufiqsi megruli zmnis I da II pirSi: vore-q, vWarun-q... -qaqac sulierobis niSania (gv. 47).

samecniero literaturaSi zmnuri -q sufiqsis warmomavloba ufro dama-jereblad sxvagvarad ixsneba; kerZod:

q.lomTaTiZis mier dadgenilia, rom megruli zmnebis I da II pirSi arse-buli -q sufiqsi qo dadasturebiTi nawilakisgan warmoiqmna (q.lomTaTiZe,1946, gv. 133; Sdr., arn.Ciqobava, 1936, gv. 96-97: megrulis -q igive odenobaa racsvanuris x-): "qarTulsa da svanurSi TurmeobiTsa da garkveul zmnebTan awmyoswarmoebaSi monawileobs meSveli zmna, aseve Wanursa da megrulSic saTanadoSemTxvevebSi gamoyenebuli yofila meSveli zmna, megrulSi dadasturebiTi qonawilakiTurT, WanurSi - awmyoSi uwindebulod, TurmeobiTSi ki - viwur-arqabulSi do- windebuliT (sadac meSveli zmna mTeli formiT gadarCenila),xolo xofurSi - uwindebulod" (q.lomTaTiZe, 1946, gv. 139). q.lomTaTiZis mar-Tebuli daskvniT, ganxiluli movlena qarTvelur qvesistemebSi erTgvarova-nia da erTdrouladac xdeba; kerZod: "megrul-WanurTan Sesadarobis Tvalsaz-risiT sayuradReboa, rom axal qarTulSi meSveli zmna gauCnda swored saSualigvaris zmnebs da swored pirvelsa da meore pirSi. Zvel qarTulma es ar icoda; iqgvqonda vzi, vdga da sxva, axali qarTulisTvis ki es formebi sruliad ucxoa(Sdr.: vzi-var, vxti-var...)... Sdr., balszemouri im normebs uWers mxars, rac damax-asiaTebeli iyo Zveli qarTulisaTvis: sgur "vzi"... balsqvemouri axal qarTulsmihyveba: skur-xEi "vzivar"... udavoa, rom yvela qarTvelur enaSi meoreuli mov-lenaa xsenebuli meSveli zmnis darTva (gv. 136)... aRsaniSnavia isic, romq.lomTaTiZis azriT, Zveli qarTulisa da svanuris xanmetoba erTidaigivemovlenaa da samwignobro enaSi xanmetobis gaqrobis dros emTxveva zanurSidadasturebiTi nawilakis cveTis dasawyisi, oRond, masalobrivad x- da -qsxvadasxva monacemia: "...saerTo araferi SeiZleba hqondes megrul -q-s svanur -x-sTan (x-ari, x-Íari). sxva argumentaciasac rom ar gamovudgeT (mag., x yvela dro-Sia), maT gasaTiSad isic kmara, rom aq Cven arsebiTad gansxvavebuli xnovanebismovlenebTan (xazi yvelgan Cemia - t.f.) gvaqvs saqme: erTi (x-), qarTulis isto-riuli periodis dasawyisSi ukve gadaSenebis gzaze damdgar movlenad Cans, meore(-q) ki sworad am periodidan ikvlevs gzas (aSkaraa, rom q.lomTaTiZe IV-VI sau-kuneebs gulisxmobs.q.lomTaTiZe, 1946, gv. 131-137).

warmodgenil msjelobaSi arsebiTia sami aspeqti:_ Zveli qarTulisa da svanurisTvis damaxasiaTebelia uTemisniSno zmnuri

formebi; Zveli qarTuli samwignobro enisTvis damaxasiaTebeli viTareba Se-monaxulia balszemourSi;

_ Tanamedrove samwignobro enaSi, megrul-WanurSi, qvemosvanurisa da sxvaqarTveluri kiloebSi moqmedebis mudmivoba (mdgomareoba, statikuroba, arse-

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boba) gamoixateba dadasturebiTi morfemoidiT (/nawilakiT, meSveli zmniT),romelic erwymis zmnis formas;

_ moqmedebis mudmivobis damadasturebeli morfemoidi lazursa da me-grulSi saerTo warmomavlobisaa: megrulSi: -q < qoren; lazurSi: -r < ren;procesi ganxorcielebuli Cans arqauli samwignobro enaSi vzi tipis formebzemeSveli zmnis darTvis Tanadroulad.

garkveulwilad problemuria I da II pirSi meSvel zmnad III pirisnacvalsaxelis daSveba (*vWarun qore{n} > vWarunq), amitom, kvlevis am etapze,Cven ar gamovricxavT, rom megrulis zmnuri sufiqsi -q warmoiqmna uSualoddadasturebiTi -qo nawilakisgan da ara dadasturebiTnawilakiani meSveli zmnisIII piris formisgan (qoren)... aqve aRvniSnavT, rom am gzas arc q.lomTaTiZegamoricxavs (1946, gv. 137): "dadasturebiT nawilaks meSveli zmnis funqciistvirTva garkveuli mniSvnelobiT unda SeeZlos saerTod; mag., yabardoul enaSida afxazuris enis tapantur dialeqtSic, agreTve svanurSi, meSveli zmnisa dadadasturebiTi nawulakis monacvleobis SemTxvevebi gvaqvs kidec".

amrigad, vfiqrobT, naTelia:probleburia megrulis zmnuri -q-sTvis amosavlad davsaxoT ganusaz-

Rvreli nacvalsaxeli koCi (Sdr. T.maxarobliZe, 2005, gv. 46); lazuris masalacxadyofs q-s momdinareobas dadasturebiTi qo nawilakisgan; amave nawilakisganunda momdinarebdes ergativis -q-c: zmnuri sufiqsi -q da ergativis -q masalo-brivad da warmoqmnis drois TvalsazrisiTac erTgvaria (t.futkaraZe, 2005, gv.317-318):

zanur metyvelebaSi xSirad gamoiyeneba dadasturebiTi qo nawilaki(aseve, sxva dasavlur sxva kiloebSic; Sdr.: raWuli - qve, aWarul-gurul-imeruli- qe); intensiuri gamoyenebisa da metyvelebis swrafi tempis gamo, megrulSi qoerwymis rogorc zmnas rogorc Tavkidurad (qo-Tqu < qo Tqu), aseve bolo-kidurad (vWarun-q < vWarun qo); safiqrebelia, rom qarTveluri ergativis for-mirebis dasawyis etapze, savaraudod, e.w. xanmetobis dros, gansazRvrebiTi (TudadasturebiTi) nawilaki/meSveli zmna axlda xolmeobiTis (mudmivi mdgomareo-bis, arsebobis) semantikis mqone zmnas;

SeniSvna: arn. Ciqobavam naTlad aCvena (1948, gv. 117-127), rom qarTveluri ergativi yalibdeba iseTigauformebeli fuZisgan, romelic sintagmas qmnis arqauli xolmeobiTis formasTan (xolmeobiTigvqonda adreul samwignobro enasa da qarTvelur kiloebSi zanur-svanuris CaTvliT; zog kiloSidRemdea SemorCenili): "xolmeobiTi eweoda mermindeli awmyos magivrobas funqciiTac da nakvTTawarmoebis mxrivac" (gv. 119); "mesame pirTan arsebuli konstruqciebisTvis amosavali unda yofiliyoindefinituri konstruqcia, is konstruqcia, romelic pirvelsa da meore pirSi SemogvrCa dRem-dis"(117)... dasaxelebul naSromSi xolmeobiTis arqauli formebis arn. Ciqobavaseuli analizicxadyofs, rom qarTvelur qvesistemebSi ergativis warmoqmnis procesi arqauli samwignobro enisformirebis Tanadroulia.ramdenadac pirvelsa da meore pirSi saxeli ubrunvelia iyo (da aris ax-

lac), nawilaki miuerTda zmnas sufiqsad, xolo mesame pirSi - fuZis (wrfelo-biTis formiT) saxiT warmodgenil saxels - saerToqarTveluri ergativis for-mas. droTa ganmavlobaSi enklitikuri -qo saxelis bolokidur poziciaSi gamar-tivda (gacvda): -qo > -q; Sedegad -q-m dakarga dadasturebiTobis funqcia, ris ga-moc frazaSi xelaxla gamoCnda qo nawilaki; Sdr., frazis dinamika: koC qo morTu> koCq qo morTu > koCq qomorTu "kac movida" (nawilakisgan afiqsis warmoqmnasxva enebisTvisac ar aris ucxo); Sdr., analogiuri movlena: Se/Sina morfemoidizmniswinadac iqca da Tandebuladac: saxlsa Sina vida > saxlSi Sevida ("eti-mologiurad -Si ukavSirdeba Se- zmniswinsa da Sua, Soris Tandebulebs"(b.jorbenaZe, m.kobaiZe, m.beriZe, 1988, gv. 435).

mkvlevarTa didi nawili samarTlianad miiCnevs, rom qarTveluri erga-tivis formireba dakavSirebulia gansazRvrulobis kategoriasTan. determini-reba esaWiroeba mxolod III pirs, Sesabamisad, bunebrivia, rom klas-kategoriismoSlis pirobebSi ergativi uyalibdeba III piris saxelebs; vfiqrobT, saxelurifuZis gansazRvra SesaZlebeli iyo rogorc CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelisgan momdinare

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-man nawevariT (samwignobro ena, svanuri, centraluri, mesxuri, fxouri, herulikiloebi), aseve, dadasturebiTi -qo morfemoidiT: dadasaturebiToba da gansaz-Rvruloba garkveulwilad moicavs/gulisxmobs erTmaneTs.

SeniSvna: arn.Ciqobava, 1979, gv. 146: "adiReurSi dRemde SemogvrCa is viTareba, rac Zveli qarTulisanalizis Sedegad SeiZleba vivaraudoT: erTi da igive formantebi gansazRvrul nawevrebadac gvev-lineba da brunvaTa (saxelobiTisa da ergativis) niSnebsac warmoadgens... am formantebis funqciaTa-gan ufro Zveli unda iyos gansazRvrebiTi funqcia".

Cveni msjeloba ase SeiZleba SevajamoT:formantiani ergativi saerToqarTvelurSi ver aRdgeba; saerToqarTvelurSiergatiul konstruqcias qmnis wrfelobiTi brunva nulovani alomorfiT (Sdr.,saerToqarTvelurSi warmodgenili sxva brunvis niSnebi: -i, -s, -is, -ad, -iT...); sva-nuri kiloebi da arqauli samwignobro ena saSualebas iZleva saerToqarTvelur-Si vivaraudoT saxelis fuZes darTuli -man/aman gansazRvrebiTi nawevaris arse-boba: kac-man (>kacma), *mKre-aman (> marem); samwignobro qarTulSi, svanur da si-sina e.w. qarTvelur kiloebSi man nawevrisgan -ma/m/-em brunvis niSnis warmoqmnisparalelurad, zanur kiloebSi qo dadasturebiTi nawilakisgan yalibdeba erga-tivis -q niSani. savaraudoa, rom niSniani ergativisa da zmnis meSvelzmnia-ni(/nawilakiani) formis Camoyalibeba erTdroulad xdeba; procesi saTaves iRebsarqauli qarTuli samwignobro enis arsebobis droidan (Sdr.: svanursa da ar-qaul samwignobro qarTuls erTnairad axasiaTebT agreTve: piris niSanTa xanme-toba, zmnis uTemisniSno warmoeba da sxv.).

Tanamedrove monacemebis mixedviT (sinqronul doneze) ergativis niSnisalomorfebad (sxva variantebTan erTad) unda miviCnioT fuZis mawarmoebeli su-fiqsis gadaazrianebiT miRebuli -an (mag-an), -n (ma-n; Sdr., ma-s), saerToqarTve-luri *man/*aman nawevaris cveTiT miRebuli m/em/-Lm (amn-Lm) da dadasturebiTi qonawilakisgan warmoqmnili -q.

damowmebuli literatura:1. i.abulaZe, Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni, Tb.,1973.

2. k.gabunia, brunvaTa sistemebi qarTvelur enebSi (diaqroniuli analizi), avtorefe-rati filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtoris samecniero xarisxis mosapovebladwarmodgenili naSromisa, Tb., 1998.

3. k.dondua, adiReuri tipis moTxrobiTi brunva svanurSi, ike, I, 1946.

4. g.Tofuria, orfuZiani brunebis sakiTxisaTvis svanurSi, enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi,#2, 2001.

5. v.Tofuria, brunebis sistemisaTvis svanurSi sxva qarTveur enaTa brunebasTan Seda-rebiT, saq. ssr. mecn. akademiis moambe, t. V, #3, 1944 w.

6. v.Tofuria, Sromebi, III, Tb., 1979.

7. v.Tofuria, Sromebi, II, Tb., 2002.

8. i.imnaiSvili, saxelTa brunva da brunvaTa funqciebi Zvel qarTulSi, Tb., 1957.

9. g.kartozia, lazuri ena da misi adgili qarTvelur enaTa sistemaSi, Tb., 2005.

10. b.kikviZe, zedsarTavi saxeli iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi, Tsu Sromebi, t.71, 1958

11. b.kikviZe, moTxrobiTi brunvis niSnis genezisisaTvis qarTulSi, komunisturi aRzr-disaTvis, 1960,#2.

12.Г.А.Κлимов, Очерк общей теории эргативности, М., 1973.

13.Г.А.Κлимов, Склонение в картвельских языках… М., 1962.14. a.lomTaZe, brunebis TaviseburebaTa istoriisaTvis megrulSi, Tb., 1987.

15.Я. Н. Марр, Грамматика древнелитературного грузинского языка, 1925. 16. a.martirosovi, nacvalsaxeli qarTvelur enebSi, 1964.

17. g.maWavariani, brunebis erTi tipis genezisisaTvis svanurSi, Tsu Sromebi, t. 93, 1960.

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18. g.maWavariani, brunebis zogierTi sakiTxi svanurSi ike, XXIII, 1985.

19. g.maWavariani, qarTvelur enaTa SedarebviTi gramatika, Tb., 2002.

20.T.maxarobliZe, ergativis genezisisaTvis, gelaTis mecnierebaTa akademiis Jurnali,Tb., 2005.

21.d.meliqiSvili, piris nacvalsaxelTa fuZis agebulebasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTisakiTxi, narkvevebi iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa morfologiidan, Tb., 1980.

22. g.neibieriZe, arsebobs Tu ara ergatiuli da datiuri konstruqciebi qarTulSi?macne, enisa da literaturis seria, 1937.

23. a.oniani, qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiTi gramatikis sakiTxebi (saxelTa morfologia),1989.

24. a.oniani, svanuri ena, Tb., 1998.

25.l.palmaiti, SeniSvnebi svanuri brunebis Sesaxeb, macne, enisa da literaturis seria,3, 1979.

26.o.uridia, megrulis sintaqsuri Taviseburebani qarTulTan mimarTebiT, Tsu Sromebi,t.93, Tb., 1960.

27.T.uTurgaiZe, qarTuli enis saxelis morfonologiuri analizi, Tb., 1986

28. h.fenrixi, z.sarjvelaZe, qarTvelur enaTa etimologiuri leqsikoni, Tb., 2000.

29. al.focxiSvili, 1985 - al.focxiSvili, pirisa da kiTxviTi nacvalsaxelebis brunebissakiTxebi Tanamedrove qarTulSi, macne, enisa da literaturis seria, 1985,# 4.

30.t.futkaraZe, saxelis formawarmoebis Taviseburebani qarTuli enis samxreT-dasavlur dialeqtebSi, sadisertacio naSromi filologiis mecnierebaTa kandi-datis samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad, Tb.,1986.

31.t.futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, nawili I, qristianobamdeli epoqa, Tb., 2005

32. m.qaldani, saxelobiTi brunvisa da mravlobiTi ricxvis mawarmoebel sufiqsTa sa-kiTxisaTvis svanurSi, qarTvelur enaTa struqturis sakiTxebi, IV, Tb., 1974.

33.Х.Шухардт, О пассивном характере переходного глагола в кавказских языках, Эргативная конструкция предложения М., 1950.

34. a.SaniZe, qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, Tb., 1953.

35.T.SaraSeniZe, svanuri ena, iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis weliwdeuli, XII, 1985w.

36.T.SaraSeniZe, brunebaTa klasifikaciisaTvis svanurSi, ike, VII, 1955.

37.T.SaraSiZe, orfuZianobis erTi tipis Sesaxeb svanur saxelTa brunebaSi, qarTvelurenaTa struqturis sakiTxebi II, 1961.

38.T.SaraSeniZe, svanuri ena, iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis weliwdeuli, XII, 1985.

39. i.CantlaZe, saxelobiTis -e formantis Sesaxeb svanurSi, ike, XVIII, Tb., 1973

40. i.CantlaZe, orfuZianobis sakiTxisaTvis qvemosvanurSi, ike, XXI, 1979.

41. i.CantlaZe, ormagi ajiqsaciisaTvis svanurSi, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiisenaTmecnierebis institutis XXXVII samecniero sesia, Tb., 1981

42. i.CantlaZe, qarTvelologiuri Ziebani, I, Tb., 1998.

43. n.CarTolani, Cvenebis nacvalsaxelTa sistemebi qarTulSi sxva qarTvelur enebTanSedarebiT, Tb., 1985.

44. arn.Ciqobava, moTxrobiTi brunvis genezisisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi, Tsu Sromebi, tX, Tb., 1929.

45. arn.Ciqobava, Wanuris gramatikuli analizi, tf., 1936.

46. arn. Ciqobava, svanuri moTxrobiTis erTi varianti da saxelta brunebis orfuZianobazog kavkasiur enaSi, Tsu Sromebi, XVIII, 1941, Tb.,1941.

47. arn.Ciqobava, ergatiuli konstruqciis problema iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi, tomi I,Tb., 1948; tomi II, Tb., 1961.

48. arn.Ciqobava, iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis Sesavali, Tb., 1979.

49. m. Cuxua, qarTvelur ena-kiloTa SedarebiTi leqsikoni, Tb., 2000-2003

50. b.jorbenaZe, qarTvelur enaTa dialeqtebi, Tb., 1995.

51. b.jorbenaZe, m.kobaiZe, m.beriZe, qarTuli enis morfemebisa da modaluri elementebisleqsikoni, Tb., 1988.

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tariel futkaraZe (qsu qarTveluri dialeqtologiis instituti)

moTxrobiTi brunvis niSnis variantTa istoriisaTvisqarTuli samwignobro enisa da qarTveluri dialeqtebis monacemebis

mixedviT(-an > n; -man > -ma/-m/-em; -qo > q)

formantiani (sufiqsiani) ergativi saerToqarTvelurSi ver aRdgeba;vfiqrobT, saerToqarTvelurSi ergatiul konstruqcias qmnis wrfelobiTibrunva nulovani alomorfiT (Sdr., saerToqarTvelurSi warmodgenili sxvabrunvis niSnebi: -i, -s, -is, -ad, -iT...); svanuri kiloebi da arqauli samwignobroena saSualebas iZleva arqauli qarTulis msgavsad saerToqarTvelurSicvivaraudoT saxelis fuZes darTuli -man/aman gansazRvrebiTi nawevaris arseboba:kac-man (>kacma), *mKre-aman (> marem).

samwignobro qarTulSi, svanur da sisina e.w. qarTvelur kiloebSi mannawevrisgan -ma/m/-em brunvis niSnis warmoqmnis paralelurad, zanur kiloebSi qodadasturebiTi nawilakisgan yalibdeba ergativis -q niSani. savaraudoa, romniSniani ergativisa da zmnis meSvelzmniani(/nawilakiani) formis CamoyalibebaerTdroulad xdeba; procesi saTaves iRebs arqauli qarTuli samwignobro enisarsebobis droidan.

Tanamedrove monacemebis mixedviT (sinqronul doneze) ergativis niSnisalomorfebad (sxva variantebTan erTad) unda miviCnioT fuZis mawarmoebelisufiqsis gadaazrianebiT miRebuli -an (mag-an), -n (ma-n; Sdr., ma-s),saerToqarTveluri *man/*aman nawevaris cveTiT miRebuli m/em/-Lm (amn-Lm) dadadasturebiTi qo nawilakisgan warmoqmnili -q.

Тариел Путкарадзе (Институт картвельской диалектологии КГУ имени Акакия Церетели)

К истории вариантов знака повестовательного падежа (эргативa) на основе данных грузикского книжного языка и картвельских наречий

Обладающий формантом эргатив не может восстанавливаться в общегрузинском языке; думаеться, эргативную конструкцию в общегрузинском образует падеж с нулевым алломорфом (ср. представленные в общегрузинском знаки другого падежа: -i –s, -is, -ad, -it); сванские наречия и архаический книжный язык даят возможность подобно архаическому грузинскому языку предполагать также и в общегрузинском наличие определитеьного артикля -man/aman, присоединяющегося к основе имени: kac-man- (>kacma), *māre- aman (>marem).

Параллельно с образованием в книжном грузинском языке, сванском и свистящих т.н. картвельских наречиях падежного знака -ma/m/-em от артикля man, в занских наречиях от подтвердительной частицы Qo формируется знак эргатива –Q. Можно предполагать, что формирование эргатива со знаком и глагольной формы с частицей происходит одновременно; процесс берет начало со времен существования грузинского книжного языка.

Согласно современным данным (на синхронном уровне), алломорфами знака эргатива (наряду с другими вариантами) следует считать -an (mag-an), -n (ma-n; ср.,ma-s), полученные путем переосмысления основообразующего суффикса, далее м/ем/-ēм (amn-ēm), полученные в результате изнашивания общегрузинского артикля *man/*aman, а также -Q, образованный от подтвердительной частицы Qo.