THE CONSERVATIVE ORDER AND THE AGE OF METTERNICHThe Empires Strike Back!

WHAT ARE THESE TERMS?THE KEY TO YOUR AP EXISTENCE FOR THE NEXT TWO WEEKS OR SO…

Conservatism – keeping the status quo…keeping the kings in charge and letting the absolute monarchs run the show

Liberalism – open up democracy to the educated and landowning middle class…elect representatives to legislative bodies and avoid mass democracy

Nationalism – a great pride in your culture or country…will be driving force behind separate ethnicities and cultures being administered by their own representative government

THE CONGRESS OF VIENNALet’s fix this!

CONGRESS OF VIENNA

Representatives of major powers of Europe, including France, met to redraw territorial lines and to try and restore the social and political order of the Old Regime

Big Five Klemens Von Metternich – AUSTRIA Lord Castlereagh – GREAT BRITAIN Czar Alexander I – RUSSIA Some Prussian – PRUSSIA Minister Talleyrand – FRANCE

THE CONGRESS OF VIENNASEPTEMBER 1814-JUNE 1815

WHAT THE WHITE MEN WANT

Legitimacy The deposed kings are returned to their power Bourbons restored in France, Spain, and Naples

Compensation Reward states which helped defeat Napoleon with

land England receives naval bases Austria receives Italian provinces Russia receives much of Poland, and Alexander becomes

king

WHAT THE WHITE MEN DID

Balance of Power GOAL: Arrange the map so that one country can

never gain enough power to be able to take over Strategies to encircle France

Strengthen the Netherlands – buffer state of “Belgium” German Confederation (Bund)

Official end of Holy Roman Empire Austria is President of the Assembly of Confederation Loose confederation of states where members

remained pretty much sovereign

LEGACY OF THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA

Goal – Make a Europe where there will never be another war

Britain emerges as the most powerful country and the lone growing power

Successfully restored the European balance of power…relative peace for the next 100 years

Criticism for limiting and discouraging the spread of Enlightenment ideas

Underestimated the new nationalism generated by the French Revolution

THE CONCERT OF EUROPE1815-1850s

CONCERT OF EUROPE

A series of arrangements to enforce the status quo as defined by the Vienna settlement Highly conservative and against

liberalism/nationalism

Two Components Quadruple Alliance Congress System

CONCERT OF EUROPEQUADRUPLE ALLIANCE

Quadruple Alliance – Russia, Prussia, Austria, and England If a dynastic leader was under attack, all

members of the Alliance promised to help one another

France was seen as a constant threat Austria used the alliance to their benefit the

most

CONCERT OF EUROPECONGRESS SYSTEM

Congress System Countries are designed to meet every couple of

years to discuss new threats Worked effectively until 1822 when Britain pulled

out Disagreed with the handling of Spanish rebellion

HOLY ALLIANCE

Russia, Prussia, Austria Designed to agree to

uphold Christian principles in foreign policy

Britain does not join

More of a way to put down liberalism and nationalism than a way to uphold Christian principles

Reactive, not proactive

QUICK WRITING ASSIGNMENT

Write the introduction…

Discuss the goals and overall legacy of the Congress of Vienna (1814-15).

Underline your thesis.

LIBERALISMSomething Different.

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIBERALISM

First major theory in Western thought that saw the individual as a self-sufficient being, whose freedom and well-being were the sole reasons for the existence of society

The political outgrowth of the Enlightenment

Believe in… Liberty of the individual People should get equal rights before the law Government should protect natural rights

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIBERALISM

DON’T BELIEVE IN PURE DEMOCRACY AND UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE

Most identify with the bourgeoisie (middle class) and believe voting rights shouldn’t be extended below them to the lower classes

LIBERALISM IN ECONOMICS

Economics becomes known as the “dismal science”

Adam Smith – Wealth of Nations No government

intervention (laissez-faire) The Invisible Hand will take

negative qualities of people and turn them into good for the economy

Severely opposed to mercantilism

LIBERALISM IN ECONOMICSTHE DEBBIE DOWNERS

David Ricardo “iron law of wages”

Thomas Malthus Population vs. food supply

LIBERALISM IN ECONOMICS

Utilitarianism – Jeremy Bentham Laws should be made based on “the greatest

happiness of the greatest number” Every law should help the greatest amount of

people at the greatest possible amount

John Stuart Mill – On Liberty (1859) A person should be free as long as it doesn’t

infringe on someone else’s freedom Government should exist to make sure people’s

freedom doesn’t’ get infringed upon Absolute freedom of opinion to be protected from

both government censorship and tyranny of majority

IMPACT OF LIBERALISM

Inspired various revolutionary movements of the early 19th century

Left traces in written constitutions which were installed in European countries during the mid-19th century

Translated into the Romantic period of art, music, and literature

Zollverein – 1834 Economic union of 17 German states which

eliminated internal tariffs and established free trade

Free trade was a liberal idea

CONSERVATISM

WHAT IS CONSERVATISM?

A reaction to liberalism and a popular alternative for those frightened by the violence, terror, and social disorder of the French Revolution

Supported by traditional ruling classes and peasants

Believed in order, society, the state, faith, and tradition

Basically Make life the way it was before the French Revolution

THE BIGGEST THREAT…

The bourgeoisie (middle class), which had stirred up the lower classes in France

EDMUND BURKE

Reflections of the Revolution in France

One of the great intellectual defenses of European conservatism

Predicted anarchy and dictatorship in France as a result of the French Revolution

Advised England to go slow in adapting its own liberties

KLEMENS VON METTERNICH

Foreign minister of Austria and chief architect of the Congress of Vienna

Particularly concerned about the multi-ethnic character of the Austrian empire

Did not want the ideas of the French Revolution to take root in his empire

AUSTRIA AND THE GERMAN CONFEDERATION Austria had the most to lose with FR ideas in

play Carlsbad Diet (1819) – instituted by Concert

Carlsbad Decrees cracked down on liberalism in universities and drove liberalism and nationalism underground Any teacher talking about Enlightenment ideas will be

fired Student organizations would be monitored by student

spies Materials pushing for German unification will be

censored

EXCERPT FROM CARLSBAD DECREES

“The confederated governments mutually pledge themselves to remove from the universities or other public educational institutions all teachers who, by obvious deviation from their duty or by exceeding the limits of their functions, or by the abuse of their legitimate influence over the youthful minds, or by propagating harmful doctrines hostile to public order or subversive of existing governmental institutions, shall have unmistakably proved their unfitness for the important of fice entrusted to them...”

PRUSSIA

Hohenzollern dynasty continues to rule Liberal reforms in Prussia after 1815 were

designed to increase government efficiency instead of giving the people more freedom

Government and Junkers work together to suppress liberal and nationalist movements

GREAT BRITAIN

Tories vs. Whigs Conservative Tories control the government

Corn Laws (1815) Cheaper foreign grains cannot be imported Benefited wealthy landowners who could jack up the

prices of domestic product Habeas corpus repealed for first time in British

history

GREAT BRITAIN

Peterloo Massacre (1819) Pro-liberal crowd in Manchester attacked by

police Crowd wanted the Corn Laws repealed and universal

suffrage for all men 11 killed and 400 were injured Press will be brought under control, mass

meetings will be abolished, and liberals are scared to protest

England – moving toward a conservative, authoritarian state by 1820

JOHN TYAS, NEWSPAPER CORRESPONDENT, THE TIMES

It appears by every account that has yet reached London, that in the midst of the Chairman's speech, within less than twenty minutes from the commencement of the meeting, the Yeomanry Cavalry of the town of Manchester charged the populace sword in hand, cut their way to the platform, and with the police at their head, made prisoners of Hunt and several of those who surrounded him - seized the flags of the Reformers - trampled down and cut down a number of the people, who, after throwing some stones and brickbats at the cavalry in its advance towards the hustings, fled on all sides in the utmost confusion and dismay.

JOHN TYAS, NEWSPAPER CORRESPONDENT, THE TIMES

Of the crowd ... a large portion consisted of women. About 8 or 10 persons were killed, and, besides those whom their own friends carried off, above 50 wounded were taken to the hospitals; but the gross number is not supposed to have fallen short of 80 or 100, more or less, grievously wounded...

Was that [meeting] at Manchester an 'unlawful assembly'? Was the notice of it unlawful? We believe not. Was the subject proposed for discussion an unlawful object? Assuredly not. Was any thing done at this meeting before the cavalry rode in upon it, either contrary to law or in breach of the peace? No such circumstance is recorded in any of the statements which have yet reached our hands.

GOVERNMENT REACTION The Government completely endorsed the

magistrates' actions and decided it was an illegal meeting anyway. In a letter to Canning on 23 September 1819, Lord Liverpool said:

When I say that the proceedings of the magistrates at Manchester ... were justifiable, you will understand me as not by any means deciding that the course which they pursued on that occasion was in all its parts prudent. A great deal might be said in their favour even on this head; but, whatever judgement might be formed in this respect, being satisfied that they were substantially right, there remained no alternative but to support them.

FRANCE

Charter of 1814 – established a constitutional monarchy under Louis XVIII Bicameral legislature –

Chamber of Deputies and Chamber of Peers

1816 – moderate royalists were brought to power through the election…want to roll France back to an absolutist state

FRANCE Spanish revolution crushed in

1823, and French troops were brought in by the Concert of Europe to restore Ferdinand VII, a Bourbon, back to the throne

1820 – heir to the throne was murdered and royalists use it to crack down on liberals

Louis XVIII gets more reactionary and conservative the longer he remains in power

RUSSIA Death of Alexander I in 1825 leaves

power vacuum Younger brother Nicholas was in line to

rule

Decembrist Uprising (1825) Junior military officers (decembrists)

supported liberal measures in government, unlike Nicholas

Sought to prevent Nicholas’s ascension to the throne

Revolt failed, and the leaders and sentenced to death

Botched hanging

Nicholas I becomes the most reactionary monarch

NATIONALISMa great pride in your culture or country…will be driving force behind separate ethnicities and cultures being administered by their own representative government

CHARACTERISTICS OF NATIONALISM

Cultural groups should rule themselves Common language, history, and traditions

would bring about unity and common loyalties

Supported by liberals Immediate origins were in the French

Revolution and the Napoleonic wars

EARLY NATIONALISTS Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803)

The father of modern nationalism Saw every groups as unique and

possessing a distinct national character – “Volksgeist”

No one culture is better than another

Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762-1814) The father of German nationalism Wanted to dehumanize other cultural

groups How to handle Jewish problem?

I see absolutely no way of giving them [the Jews] civic rights, except perhaps if one chops of all of their heads and replaces them with new ones, in which there would not be one single Jewish idea.

NATIONAL REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTS

1820 Spain – revolt crushed by Concert of Europe

Revolted against the Bourbon leader of Spain England withdraws

Naples (Italy) – revolt crushed by Austrian troops Carbonari had triggered revolt

Piedmont (Italy) – revolt crushed by Austrian troops

NATIONAL REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTS

Greek Revolution (1821-1829) The Eastern Question – “Sick man of Europe” Turks retreating England, France, and Russia will help Greeks

Muslims vs. Christians AND loving Greek culture Treaty of Adrianople (1829) – Greek is an

autonomous state but has a German king

REVOLUTIONS OF 1830

France – July Revolution (1830) Charles X – divine right and

absolutism Radical revolt forces Charles X to

quit Will spark a wave of revolts

throughout Europe Metternich: “when France

sneezes, the rest of Europecatches a cold”

REVOLUTIONS OF 1830

July Revolution Louis Philippe, a cousin of

the royal family, becomes the new king under a constitutional monarchy Known as the Bourgeoisie

King France now controlled by

upper-middle class…for the first time since immediately after Charles X took over (1824)

Laws will be made that support the middle class at the expense of the former nobility

REVOLUTIONS OF 1830

Italy (1831-32) Trouble breaks out in

Northern Italy…led by Guiseppe Mazzini and his Young Italy

Austrian troops put down the revolts under Metternich’s direction

German states (1830-33) Carlsbad Decrees worked July Revolution triggers

rumblings for unification Austria’s domination of

German Confederation puts these wishes down

REVOLUTIONS OF 1830

Belgium (1830) Merged with the Netherlands in 1815 but has

great cultural differences Revolt in Brussels is helped by French/British,

who have nothing to lose from Belgian independence

Poland (1830-31) Nicholas I crushes a movement for Polish

independence and reinforces rule

LIBERAL REFORM IN ENGLANDSlow but steady changes…

1820-1830

Young Tories control the government Robert Peel and George Canning

Reforms Abandoning the Concert of Europe Reformed prisons and criminal code Allowed labor unions Established the “Bobbies” Test Act repealed Civil rights for Catholics

1830 AND ONWARD

Led by Earl Grey, leader of the Whigs Heavily supported by the middle class

British national character Be free and don’t revolt when one thing goes

wrong Be a respectful reformer

REFORM BILL OF 1832

Spurred on by a recent cholera epidemic…the people wanted a more proactive government

Provisions Increased number of voters from 6% to 12%

Kept a property qualification for the franchise Eliminated rotten boroughs, which evens levels

of representation in Parliament across the country

Resulted in the supremacy of the House of Commons over the House of Lords

PARLIAMENT’S ACTIONS

Factory Act of 1833 Ages 0-8 cannot work Ages 9-13 – 8 hrs per day Ages 14-18 – 12 hrs per day Destroyed pattern of families working together

Mines Act of 1842 – ages under 10 cannot work in the mines

Factory Act of 1847 – boys under 18 and women cannot work over 10 hrs per day Also known as the “Ten Hour Act”

CHARTISM – UNION IN POLITICS

Political movement in England which fights for democracy among all people

Six Points Universal male suffrage Annual election of House of Commons Secret ballot Equal electoral districts Abolition of property qualifications for Parliament Salaries for members of the House of Commons

Movement fails but all measures will eventually be adopted

OTHER PARLIAMENTARY THINGS

Corn Laws repealed in 1846 Navigation Laws repealed in 1849

Previously all goods had to be brought in to England with British ships

The official end to mercantilism

BIG POINT: BECAUSE OF THESE SMALL BUT STEADY CHANGES, THERE WAS LIMITED INTERNAL UNREST IN ENGLAND FROM 1820-1850, UNLIKE THE REST OF THE CONTINENT OF EUROPE

1848Judgment Day.

1848 – AN OVERVIEW

The turning point in the 19th century Triggered by nationalism, liberalism, and

romanticism as well as economic instability Only Britain and Russia will survive great

instability Results…

End of serfdom in Austria and Germany Universal male suffrage in France Parliaments established in German states Stimulation of unification talk in Germany

1848 – FRANCE

February Revolution Working class and liberals unhappy with the

king, Louis Philippe The nobility unhappy with the Bourgeoisie

King King was forced to abdicate in February 1848

Second French Republic Influenced by Louis Blanc, who opened the

National Workshops which guaranteed work for the unemployed

Reforms Abolished slavery 10 hr workday in Paris Abolished the death penalty

1848 – FRANCE

After April elections, Blanc exited Assembly and workshops are closed – triggers anger

June Days Revolt led by the working class…the National

Guard will seek to crush the uprising and support the bourgeoisie’s power

Workers want to fight against poverty and desire redistribution of income

Barricades put up in street but revolt is crushed by the conservatives

1848 – FRANCE

The National Assembly creates a Constitution which allows for a strong president and a unicameral legislature

Napoleon’s nephew – Louis Napoleon – wins election and becomes president of Republic

1848 – ITALY

Nationalists and liberals seek to finally kick out foreign leaders in Italy

Many city-states defeat outside rulers Giuseppe Mazzini establishes Roman Republic,

protected by Giuseppe Garibaldi Pope Pius IX was forced to flee Rome

Austrian and French troops retake Italian regions

Why? No support from rural people Revolutionaries were not united Lack of leadership among revolutionaries

1848 – AUSTRIA

Austrian government was extremely vulnerable to nationalist and liberal activities

They were not willing to grant any freedoms to any group because they would quickly lose control

1848 – AUSTRIA

Declarations of Independence Louis Kossuth, a Magyar leader, demanded

independence for the Hungarians The Czechs and three Italian provinces also demanded

independence Mass demonstrations from students and workers

Defeat of Hungary…and everyone else Magyars cannot work with Slavs against the

conservative Austrian army Austria had help from Russian armies

Metternich is forced to abdicate because of the mass unrest…his conservatism has been defeated

1848 – GERMAN STATES

Liberals demanded constitutional government and a union or federation of German states

Frankfurt Parliament (May 1848) Liberal, nationalist/romantic

leaders call for a elections to a constituent assembly, from all states in the German Bund, for the purpose of unifying Germany

Presents Prussian king a constitution, which he accepts at first because of threats of rebellion from the lower classes across Germany

1848 – GERMAN STATES

Prussian King Frederick William IV then rejects the liberal constitution Claims “divine right” of kings “I reject your crown from the gutter that has the

stink of revolution on it King then imposes a constitution that

guarantees royal control in the government Austria then demanded that Prussia pay

allegiance to the Bund, which Austria dominated

Prussia then drops plan to unify Germany, leaving Austria the dominant German state in Bund

1848 EVALUATED

Many of the revolutions were spontaneous movements that could not effectively maintain popular support

Middle classes, who led the revolutions, came to fear the radical tendencies of their working class allies…they couldn’t work together Conservatives take advantage to keep control

Different ethnic groups cannot work together to take advantage of conservatives’ weaknesses

1848 EVALUATED

Positive Aspects Universal male suffrage in France Serfdom remains abolished in Austria/German

states Parliaments established in Prussia and other

German states, even though they are dominated by royals

Prussia, others will gain momentum for unification