T h e A r t of T a j w e e d - AdsManager.Com

T h e A r t o f T a j w e e d

10 10 Lessons to Tajweed ComprehensionLessons to Tajweed ComprehensionDr Abu Zayd Quran Literacy Institute

www.studentofislam.com20102010

http://www.ilcjc.org/

LESSON ONE:

الميقىدمىة INTRODUCTION

HOW TO BEGIN YOUR RECITATION

The The ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest


A S t o r y

A Place One Book One Man A Statement A Team A Divine Chain

An I n v i t a t i o n


حمن عن عثمان بن عن أب عبد الر

: ، أن رسول الله قال عفان

ركم من تعلم القرآن وعلمه » « خ

حمن فذاك الذي قال أبو عبد الر

، وعلم القرآن أقعدن مقعدي هذا

اج ف زمن عثمان حتى بلػ الحجوسؾ .بن

a l - T i r m i d h ī 2 9 8 5


THE COURSE: A comprehensive review of the rules of Tajweedaccording to the Reading of Ḥafṣ based upon the textTuhfah al-Aṭfāl by Sulaymān al-Jamzūrī.

INTRODUCTION

الميقىدمىة

Practice

History

Theory The Formal Rules of Tajweed

Biographies of the Imāms of Recitation

Iqrā’ الإقراء

The The ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest INTRODUCTION


Advanced TopicAdvanced Topic

تحفة الأطفالتحفة الأطفال

The Childrens Bequest


الميقىدمىة PREREQUISITES

• Ability to read Arabic script

• Basic knowledge of Tajweed

WHAT YOU NEED FOR THIS CLASS

• Writing material• Mushaf (preferably Madinanedition)• Voice Recorder (optional)• POSITIVE ATTITUDE



Will help you establish a relationship with Allah’s Book

Will help you understand Allah’s Book.

Will improve your pronunciation and recitation of the Qur’an.

Will deepen your appreciation of the beauty and majesty of the Qur’an.

Will help you live a purpose-driven and organized life.

Will help you appreciate real reciters versus popular ones

Benefits of the Class



Course Outline Lesson 1: Introduction/Terminology, Mistakes in Tajweed

Lesson 2: How to Begin (Rules of Istiadhah and Basmala)

Lesson 3: Rules of Nun Sakin/Tanwin, Nun/MeemMushaddad

Lesson 4: Rules of Meem Sakin, Rules of Lam

Lesson 5: The Makharij

Lesson 6: The Sifaat

Lesson 7: Rules of Ra

Lesson 8: The Rules of Assimilation

Lesson 9: The Rules of Madd


الميقىدمىة Terminology

Tarteel

Qirā’ah

Tilāwah

Tajweed

Surah al-Muzammil 4

Surah al-Nahl 98

Surah al-Anfal 2



Contemporarythe precise methodology of reciting the Qur’ān, as it was transmitted from

the Prophet to subsequent generations, based upon a body of rules and principles developed by those well-versed in its recitation

TechnicalReciting the Qur’an by granting each letter its due, including its intrinsic properties

and those features governed by its placement and relation to other letters

إعطىاءي كيل حىرؼو حىقوي كى ميستىحىقوي

Linguistic

Beautify Embellish Adorn

Definition of Tajweed تجويد



طرقطرق

ة ةروا روا

قراءةقراءة قارئ

راو

أصحاب

الطرق

أصحاب

الطرق

راو

أصحاب

الطرق

Advanced VernacularAdvanced TopicAdvanced Topic


الميقىدمىة Advanced Vernacular


من طرق الفلمن طرق الفل

ة حفص ة حفص بروا بروا

قراءة عاصمقراءة عاصم عاصم

حفص

عمرو بن

الصباح

الفل زرعان

عبد

شعبة


الميقىدمىة Advanced TopicAdvanced Topic

Learning the Variant Readings Today

غرى العشر الص

ة اطب الش

عافن

ركث

ن اب

روعم

و اب

مرعا

ن اب

صمعا

زةحم

ائس

لكا

ة ر الد

فرجع

و اب

بقو

ع

فخل

العشر

الكبرى

/ النشربة ط

النشر

All

10


الميقىدمىة Mistakes in Tajweed اللحن

Mistakes

MajorAddition, ommision,

changing of words,

elements, vowels

Forbidden

MinorViolations of madd

duration, ghunnah,

finer rules

Disliked

T h e C o m p a n i o n s a n d e a r l y M u s l i m s w e r e v e r y i n t o l e r a n t o f a l l t y p e s o f m i s t a k e s w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e

Q u r ʼ ā n !


الميقىدمىة Types of Reciters

Reciters

Experts Noble Company

Those who make

mistakes

Excused Double Reward

Blameworthy

T a j w e e d i s t h e o n l y s c i e n c e w h e r e m i s t a k e s a r e r e w a r d e d !


الميقىدمىة Ruling on Tajweed

Types of

Tajweed

Knowledge

TheoreticalCommunal

Obligation

PracticalIndividual

Obligation

The The ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest HOW TO BEGIN

الإستعاذىة كى البىسمىلىة

HOW TO BEGIN YOUR RECITATION

The Rules Of Isti‘adhah and Basmala

يـ الإستعىاذىة كى البىسمىلىة ا يـ الإستعىاذىة كى البىسمىلىة أىحكى ا أىحكى


الإستعاذىة كى البىسمىلىة

الإستعاذىة

Form

أىعيوذي بالله منى الشيطىاف الرجيم أىعيوذي بالله السميع العىليم منى الشيطىاف الرجيم

Manner

Silent If Alone or in Salah

Aloud All other cases

Al-Isti‘adhah اىلإستعىاذىة

Surah al-Nahl 98


الإستعاذىة كى البىسمىلىة Al-Basmalah لىة اىلبىسمى

Surah al-Fatiha 1


الإستعاذىة كى البىسمىلىة Joining 2 Surahs

Why Only 3 Ways ?


الإستعاذىة كى البىسمىلىة Joining Surah Al-Anfal and Al-Tawbah

Al-Tawbah is the only Surah that does not begin with the Basmalah.

LESSON TWO:

يـ النوف الساكنىة كى التنوين ا أىحكىRULES OF NŪN AND NŪNNATION



1.Imām Ibn ‘Āmiral-Shāmī (d 118H)

SPOTLIGHT


QUICK REVIEW

1. What is tarteel in the Qur’an?

2. Define Tajweed.

3. What are the 2 forms of istiadha?


Imām ‘Alī’s definition of Tarteel:

تجود الحروف ومعرفة الوقوف


Levels of Levels of TajweedTajweed

1. Tajweed of Individual Letters

2. Tajweed of Letters in Combination

3. Knowledge of Stopping/Continuing


The Rules of the Letter Nun نand Meem م


Why do we begin with Nun and Meem?

Surah al-Nisa 93


DEFINITIONSDEFINITIONS

The Letter Nun and Meem ن م

Sakin Tanween

Ghunnah

RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION


ـنوـن ـنوـن للنون إن تـسكن و للت ـنوـن للنون إن تـسكن و للت ـنوـن للنون إن تـسكن و للت للنون إن تـسكن و للت

ـن ـن اربـع أحـكـام فـخذ تب ـن اربـع أحـكـام فـخذ تب ـن اربـع أحـكـام فـخذ تب اربـع أحـكـام فـخذ تب

For the For the nūnnūn without vowels and the without vowels and the tanwīntanwīn diction,diction,

exist four basic rules, so take my depiction.exist four basic rules, so take my depiction.



Rules of Rules of NNūnūn

SākinSākin / / TanwTanwīnīn

IẒHĀR

IKHFĀ’

IDGHĀM

IQLĀB



RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 1.IẒHĀR (Manifestation)

ل الإظهار قـبل احـرؾ ل الإظهار قـبل احـرؾ فالأو ل الإظهار قـبل احـرؾ فالأو ل الإظهار قـبل احـرؾ فالأو فالأو

ـبـت فالتعرؾ ـبـت فالتعرؾ للحلق ست رت ـبـت فالتعرؾ للحلق ست رت ـبـت فالتعرؾ للحلق ست رت للحلق ست رت

همـز فهـاء ثـم عـن حاء همـز فهـاء ثـم عـن حاء همـز فهـاء ثـم عـن حاء همـز فهـاء ثـم عـن حاء

مهمـلـتـان ثـم ؼـن خاء مهمـلـتـان ثـم ؼـن خاء مهمـلـتـان ثـم ؼـن خاء مهمـلـتـان ثـم ؼـن خاء The first of these, the rule of The first of these, the rule of IẓhārIẓhār, is before the letters hence,, is before the letters hence,

arising from the throat, six in number, in this known sequence:arising from the throat, six in number, in this known sequence:

HamzaHamza and and HāHā’, then ‘’, then ‘AynAyn and and ḤāḤā’,’,

without the marks, then without the marks, then GhaynGhayn and and KhāKhā’.’.



1. Definition

2. Its Letters: [Guttural Letters]

ء هـ ع ح غ خء هـ ع ح غ خ



Levels of Iẓhār

Farthest Letters:

هـ ء

Middle Letters:

ح ع

Closest Letters:

خ غ



RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 2.IDGHĀM (Merging)

ـة أتـت ـان إدؼـام بست ـة أتـت و الث ـان إدؼـام بست و الث

رملون عندهم قد ثـبـتت رملون عندهم قد ثـبـتتف ف

The second is The second is IdghāmIdghām, with six it takes effect,, with six it takes effect,

in in yarmuloonyarmuloon, a mnemonic which they accept. , a mnemonic which they accept.



• Definition

• Its Letters:

ي ر م ل و ني ر م ل و ن



دؼـما ها قسمان قسم ـكن ـ دؼـما ل ها قسمان قسم ـكن ـ ـنمو عـلما* * ل ـة بـ ـنمو عـلمافـه بؽن ـة بـ فـه بؽن

ا ثـم صنوان تـلا * * إلا إذا كـانـا بـكلمة فـلا إلا إذا كـانـا بـكلمة فـلا ا ثـم صنوان تـلا تدؼم كدن تدؼم كدن

ـه ان إدؼام بؽـر ؼـن ـه والث ان إدؼام بؽـر ؼـن ـه * * والث رن ا ثـم كر ـه ف اللام و الر رن ا ثـم كر ف اللام و الر

But this is of two types, with the first being verbalized,But this is of two types, with the first being verbalized,

with the trait of with the trait of ghunnahghunnah, and by , and by yanmuyanmu recognized.recognized.

Except if this occurs within one word, then there is none,Except if this occurs within one word, then there is none,

no no idghāmidghām in articulation, as in the words in articulation, as in the words dunyadunya and and ṣinwānṣinwān..

The second type is Idghām without the The second type is Idghām without the ghunnahghunnah trait,trait,

in in lāmlām and and rārā, but the latter you must reverberate., but the latter you must reverberate.



• Types of Idghām:

1. With Ghunnah: ي ن م و

2. Without Ghunnah: ل ر



EXAMPLES

Surah al-Nisa 123



EXAMPLES

Surah 6:98



EXAMPLES

Surah 24:45



EXAMPLES

Surah 42:44



EXAMPLES WITHOUT GHUNNAH

Surah Al-Baqarah 5



EXAMPLES WITHOUT GHUNNAH

Surah 24:37



E X C E P T I O N S : 1. No Idghām within one word.

4 Qur’anic Examples:

دنادنا صنوانصنوان قنوانقنوان بنانبنان

2. No Idghām in the following 2 verses:Surah Yasin: v1-2Surah Nun: v1-2

The rule in the above examples is called Izhār Mutlaq.





Surah Yasin 1-2

Surah al-qalam 1

E X C E P T I O N S :




Types of Assimilation

Complete

إدؼام كامل

Incomplete

إدؼام ناقص


RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 3. IQLĀB (Conversion)

ـالث الإقـلاب عند الباء ـالث الإقـلاب عند الباء والث والث

ـة مـع الإخـفاء ـة مـع الإخـفاء مـما بؽن مـما بؽنThe third rule is The third rule is IqlābIqlāb which occurs with the which occurs with the letter letter bābā,,

which is converted to which is converted to meemmeem and pronounced and pronounced with with IkhfāIkhfā..



• Definition

• Letter: بب

• 3 Steps: 1. Nūn converted to meem2. Suppress meem (Ikhfā’)3. Ghunnah



EXAMPLES

Surah al-Maidah 39


RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 4. IKHFĀ’ (Suppresion)

ابع الإخفاء عنـد الفاضل ابع الإخفاء عنـد الفاضل والر والر

من الحروؾ واجـب للفاضل من الحروؾ واجـب للفاضل

ف خمسة من بعد عشر رمزهاف خمسة من بعد عشر رمزها

نتها ت قد ضم ذا الب ـ نتهاف كلم ه ت قد ضم ذا الب ـ ف كلم ه

صؾ ذا ثنا كم جاد شخص قد سماصؾ ذا ثنا كم جاد شخص قد سما

ـبـا زد ف تقى ضع ظالما ـبـا زد ف تقى ضع ظالمادم ط دم ط

The fourth is The fourth is IkhfāIkhfā for the respected student,for the respected student,

with specified letters mandatory for the with specified letters mandatory for the

student.student.

In fifteen letters it takes effect,In fifteen letters it takes effect,

within this prose that I erect:within this prose that I erect:

Relate of the praiseworthy one, how excellent is Relate of the praiseworthy one, how excellent is

he who achieves status robust;he who achieves status robust;

Be ever perpetual in virtue, cultivate piety, Be ever perpetual in virtue, cultivate piety,

and fend off the one who is unjust.and fend off the one who is unjust.



• Definition

• 15 Letters:

ص ذ ث ك ج ش ق سص ذ ث ك ج ش ق س

د ط ز ؾ ت ض ظد ط ز ؾ ت ض ظام اس س س س ددددق ق ق ق خصخصخصخصش ش ش ش اد اد اد اد ج ج ج ج ممممك ك ك ك ن ان ان ان اث ث ث ث ااااذ ذ ذ ذ ففففص ص ص ص ام ام م

اال م اظ ظ ظ ظ ععععض ض ض ض قىقىقىقىت ت ت ت ييييف ف ف ف ددددز ز ز ز يـبـايـبـايـبـايـبـاط ط ط ط ممممد د د د اال م اال م ال م



B R E A K D O W N :B R E A K D O W N :

1) The articulation of nūn like a separate letter

2) between full manifestation and full assimilation

3) without emphasis (shaddah)4) with ghunnah (and 2 durations)5) and association with the subsequent

letter (in characteristics)



EXAMPLES



THE 4 RULES: SUMMARY AND CASE STUDYMuslim Immigrant Mahmood

The Nun: Muslim Identity The Subsequent Letter: US Society

4 Scenarios

Suppression

Assimilation

Conversion

Manifestation

LESSON THREE:

يـ النوف كى الميم الميشىددىة ا أىحكىRULES OF NŪN/MEEM MUSHADDADAH

يـ الميم الساكنىة ا أىحكىRULES OF UNVOWELLED MEEM



1.Imām Ibn ‘Āmiral-Shāmī (d 118H)

SPOTLIGHT


RULES OF THE DOUBLED NŪN & MEEM

دا داو ؼن مما ثم نونا شد و ؼن مما ثم نونا شد

ة بدا ة بداوسم كلا حرؾ ؼن وسم كلا حرؾ ؼن

And articulate And articulate ghunnahghunnah of the of the nūnnūn and and meemmeemthat carries the double accent,that carries the double accent,

and refer to both as letters of and refer to both as letters of ghunnahghunnah, as is , as is obvious and apparent.obvious and apparent.


RULES OF THE DOUBLED NŪN & MEEM

• Definition ن م ن م • Length of 2 Durations

In Continuing and In Continuing and StoppingStopping

Surah al-Baqarah 20

Surah al-Rahman 39


RULES OF MEEM SAKIN

م إن تسكن تج قبل الهجا م إن تسكن تج قبل الهجاو الم و الم

نة لذي الحجا نة لذي الحجالا ألؾ ل لا ألؾ ل

أحكامها ثلاثة لمن ضبط أحكامها ثلاثة لمن ضبط

إخفاء إدؼام و إظهار فقط إخفاء إدؼام و إظهار فقط When stopping on meem before the letters of the alphabet,

but not before the alif layyinah, for he who is intelligent

are three rules for he who would endear them to memory,

and they are the rules of Ikhfā, Idghām and Iẓhār only.


RULES OF MEEM SAKIN

Rules of Rules of MeemMeemSākinSākin

IẒHĀR

IKHFĀ’IDGHĀM


RULES OF MEEM SAKIN

Rules of Rules of MeemMeemSākinSākin

IẒHĀR

SHAFAWYSHAFAWY

IKHFĀ’

SHAFAWYSHAFAWY

IDGHĀM

MITHLAYN MITHLAYN ṢAGHĪRṢAGHĪR


RULES OF MEEM SAKIN 1. IKHFĀ’ SHAFAWY

ل الإخفاء عند الباء ل الإخفاء عند الباء فالأو فالأو

اء فوي للقر ه الش اء و سم فوي للقر ه الش و سم

The first is Ikhfā with the letter bā,

And termed by the reciters as Labial Ikhfā.



• The Letter: بب

• The Meem pronounced with Ghunnah and Ikhfā

• Only occurs between 2 words

• Functionally identical to Functionally identical to IqlIqlābāb


RULES OF MEEM SAKIN 2. IDGHĀM

ان إدؼام بمثلها أتى ان إدؼام بمثلها أتىو الث و الث

ا فتى ا فتىو سم إدؼاما صؽرا و سم إدؼاما صؽرا

The second is Idghām when its likeness appears,

and name it the Smaller Idghām my dears.



Idghām Mithlayn Ṣaghīr

•The Letter: مم

• The Meem is doubled (pronounced with Ghunnah)

• Only occurs between 2 words

• Functionally identical to Meem Mushaddah



IDGHĀM due to assimilation of 2 meems

MITHLAYN due to 2 identical letters

ṢAGHῙR due to 1st Meem unvowelled, 2nd vowelled



RULES OF MEEM SAKIN 2. IẒHĀR SHAFAWY

ه الث الإظهار ف البق ه و الث الث الإظهار ف البق و الث

ه ها شفو ه من أحرؾ و سم ها شفو من أحرؾ و سم

The third is Iẓhār which occurs with the balance

of the letters, and termed Labial Iẓhār in our

parlance.



• The Remaining 26 Letter

• The Meem is pronounced normally

• Can occur within a word or between 2 words


RULES OF MEEM SAKIN WARNING

و احذر لدا واو و فا أن تختفو احذر لدا واو و فا أن تختف

لقربها و الاتحاد فاعرؾ لقربها و الاتحاد فاعرؾ

And be wary of making Ikhfā with wāw and fā when

you read,

due to the closeness and unity of its makhraj, so

take heed.


RULES OF MEEM SAKIN WARNING

Al-Fatiha 7

AlAl--BaqarahBaqarah 1717


LESSON FOUR:

ـ يـ الل ا أىحكىTHE RULES OF LĀM


1. Imām Ibn Kathīr al-Makkī (d 120H)

2. Imām Abu ‘Amr al-Baṣrī (d 154H)

SPOTLIGHT


RULES OF LĀM

للام ال حالان قبل الأحرؾ للام ال حالان قبل الأحرؾ

أولاهما إظهارها فلتعرؾ أولاهما إظهارها فلتعرؾ

قبل اربع مع عشرة خذ علمه قبل اربع مع عشرة خذ علمه

ك و خؾ عقمه ك و خؾ عقمه من ابػ حج من ابػ حج

ثانهما إدؼامها ف أربع ثانهما إدؼامها ف أربع

و عشرة أضا و رمزها فع و عشرة أضا و رمزها فع The lām of the definite article exists in two states before the letters,

the first is its manifest articulation, and should be understood better,

Occurring before fourteen letters, so learn them well,

from this mnemonic: Seek your goal and vain pursuits repel.

The second is its assimilation, which in fourteen does exist,

and likewise, facilitate your recollection of them from this:

Be meritorious, maintain relations for success, and host those who are beneficent;

Shun ill estimations of others, and frequent the noble ones for munificence.

طب ثم صل رحما تفز ضؾ ذا نعم طب ثم صل رحما تفز ضؾ ذا نعم

دع سوء ظن زر شرفا للكرم دع سوء ظن زر شرفا للكرم

ه ها قمر م الأولى سم ه و الا ها قمر م الأولى سم و الا

ه ها شمس م الأخرى سم ه و الا ها شمس م الأخرى سم و الا

و أظهرن لام فعل مطلقاو أظهرن لام فعل مطلقا

ف نحو قل نعم و قلنا و التقىف نحو قل نعم و قلنا و التقى


RULES OF LĀM

TYPES:

1. Lām of the Definite Article (لام ال)التعرف لام

2. Lām of the Verb الفعللام

3. Lām of Commands الأمرلام 4. Lām of the Noun لام الإسم

5. Lām of Particles ( لام هل و بل)لام الحرف



RULES OF LĀM Lām of the Definite Article

• Definition

كتـاب كتـاب ال“a book”“a book” “the book”“the book”

• 2 Rules: Manifestation and Assimilation


RULES OF LĀM

The Lām of al-

The Moon Letters: Iẓhār

ك و ابػ حج

خؾ عقمه

The Sun Letters: Idghām

ث ث ببط ط م حماحمار ر للص ص ممن ن ااذ ذ ففض ض ف زف زت ت مع ع

س س ععد د وء ظ ظ وء ن ررز ز ن ر ل ل ر ففار ففاش ش ر لك لك


RULES OF LĀM Lām of the Definite Article

AlAl--FatihaFatiha 22--33


RULES OF LĀM Other Types of Lām

• Default: IIẓhārẓhār

• If followed by the letter Lām or Rā: IdghIdghāmām


RULES OF LĀM Other Types of Lām


RULES OF LĀM The Grand Word (Lafż Jalālah)

• If preceded by fatha or dhamma: Heavy

• If preceded by kasrah: Light


MAKHĀRIJ

RULES OF LAM SAKINAH

Izhār Idghām [ followed by ل or ر ]

[al-Kahf 18: 72]

[al-Kahf 18: 75]

The Childrens BequestThe Childrens Bequest

The Other Types of Lām



Say, He Allah is one. [al-Ikhlas ]

O my Lord, increase me in knowledge.

[Taha 20: 114]

Say: “The Guidance of Allah, that is the (only) Guidance.” [al-Baqarah 2: 120]

Say: "If the ocean were ink (wherewith to write out) the words of my Lord. Sooner would the ocean be exhausted than would the words of my Lord, even if we added another ocean like it, for its aid." [Kahf 18:109]





Nay, We hurl the Truth against falsehood,

and it knocks out its brain, and behold, falsehood doth perish! Ah! woe be to you for the (false) things ye ascribe (to Us). [al-Anbiyā

21:18]

Nay, Allah raised him (Jesus) up unto Himself; and Allah is Exalted in Power, Wise.

[al-Nisā 4: 158]

Nay, they deny the Hour (of the Judgment to come): but We have prepared a Blazing Fire

for such as deny the Hour. [al-Furqan 25: 11]

Nay, Allah's curse is on them (Israelites) for their blasphemy: little is it they believe. [al-

Baqarah 2: 88]

Is there any reward for good other than good? [al-Rahmān 55: 60]

And say (O Mūsā) to him (Pharoah): “Would you purify yourself (from the sin of disbelief by becoming a believer)?” [al-Nāzi„āt 79:18]



LESSON FOUR:

مىخىارجي الحيريكؼ THE MAKHĀRIJ

(POINTS OF ARTICULATION)



1. Imām Nāfi‘ al-Madanī(d 169H)

2. Imām ‘Āṣim al-Kūfī (d 127H)

SPOTLIGHT

QUICK REVIEW


1. What are the 3 possibilities of what can happen to the meem sakin?

2. What are the two possibilities that can occur with lam sakin?

3. When is the lam pronounced heavy?


MAKHĀRIJ

Singular: Makhraj

Plural: Makhārij

Definition: The Point of Articulation of each letter

Total Number: 17 in 5 Locations

Technique: Make the letter unvowelled and precede it with a vowelled hamzah

اىؽ اىث اىؾ اىر اى ـ


MAKHĀRIJ


MAKHĀRIJ 1.ORAL CAVITY (AL-JAWF)

Not a real makhraj, approximated

Makhraj of the Madd Letters واي

Madd Letters:

Unvowelled Alif preceded by fatha قىاؿى Unvowelled Yā preceded by kasrah قيلى Unvowelled Waw preceded by dhamma يػىقيوؿي

Mnemonic: ا نيوحيهى


MAKHĀRIJ 2. THROAT (AL-ĤALQ)

Six Guttural Letters الحروف الحلقة

أ ىػ ع ح غ خ

3 Levels:

The Farthest Portion أقصى الحلق

أ هـ

The Middle of the Throat وسط الحلق

ع ح

The Closest Portion أدنـى الحلق

غ خ


MAKHĀRIJ 3. THE TONGUE (AL-LISĀN)

Posterior: ق ك

Middle: م ش ج

Edge: ض ؿ

Tip: ف رت د طس ز ص ث ظ ذ


MAKHĀRIJ 4. THE LIPS (AL-SHAFATAYN)

Bottom lip with upper teeth (incisors): ف

Between the lips: ب م و


MAKHĀRIJ 5. NASAL CAVITY (AL-KHAYSHUM)

Ghunnah

LESSON FIVE:

صفىات الحيريكؼ THE ṢIFĀT (ATTRIBUTES)



Attributes

فات الص

Basic

ة ات فات الذ الص

ة فات الأصل الص

Paired

فات الت لها أضداد الص

زمة فات الل الص

Unpaired

فات لا أضداد لها الص

Conditional

ة فات العرض الص

e.g. Idghām, Ikhfā, etc.

OVERVIEW OF THE ATTRIBUTES

صفىات الحيريكؼ


THE ESSENTIAL PAIRED ATTRIBUTES

زمىة الصفىات الل

1. Whispered or Loud

2. Forceful or Soft or or ModerateModerate

3. Elevated or Depressed

5. Flowing or Sharp

4. Closed or Open

• There are a total of 11 paired attributes

arranged within 5 pairs that

necessarily affect each letter.

Every Letter Every Letter is either:is either:



زمىة الصفىات الل Pair Pair 11::

Examples

Attribute

QualityExhalation of Breath

جىرىيافي النػفىس

Whisper

الهىمس

ثوي شىخصه فىحىسىكىت

Loudness

الجىهر

The Rest




Examples

Attribute

QualityFlow of Sound

جىرىيافي الصوت

Soft

الرخىاكىة

The RestThe Rest

Moderate

التػوىسط

لن عيمىر

Forceful

الشدة

أىجدي قىط بىكىت




Examples

Attribute

QualityHeavy/elevated articulation

التفخيم

Elevated

الإستعلء

خيص ضىغطو قظ

Depressed

الإستفىاؿ

The Rest




Examples

Attribute

Quality Adhesion of tongue against palate

Closed

الإطبىاؽ

ص ض ط ظ

Open

الإنفتىاح

The Rest




Examples

Attribute

Quality Smooth, flowing articulation

Flowing

الإذلاؽ

فػىر من ليب

Sharp

الإصمىات

The Rest




Examples

Attribute

Quality Smooth, flowing articulation

Flowing

الإذلاؽ

فػىر من ليب

Sharp

الإصمىات

The Rest

Advanced TopicAdvanced Topic Linguistics Rule:Linguistics Rule: Any Arabic word of more than Any Arabic word of more than 3 3 letters must contain a Flowing letter!letters must contain a Flowing letter!

The The ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest THE UNPAIRED ATTRIBUTES

فات لا أضداد لها الص

• The hissing Sound of ز س صWhistle الصفير

• The echo when stopping on: القىلقىلىة Echoقطب جد • The soft –aw and –ay madd soundsLenience اللين• The slight bending of the tongue tip

towards the roof of the mouth in: ل رDrifting الإنحرىاؼ

• The vibrating, trilling quality of التكرىار Repetitionر

• The expansive sound of شSpreading التػفىشي

• The expansive, elongated quality of ضLengthening الإستطىالىة


HEAVY versus LIGHT

الترقيق التفخيم Separating the novice Separating the novice

from the expertfrom the expert


Always Heavy

• 7 Letters:

خيص ضىغطو خيص ضىغطو قظ قظ

Variable

• ل

• ر• The Madd

Alif ػا ػاى ى

Always Light

• The Rest

Note the configuration Note the configuration of the mouthof the mouth


HEAVY versus LIGHT




By the 5

Heavy Letters:

• Heaviest to least:

• ط • ض• ص

• ظ• ق• غ• خ

By the States

of the Letters:

• Vowelled by fatḥaand followed by

alif قال • Vowelled by fatḥa

قبل • Vowelled by

dhammah قولوا• Unvowelled أقسموا

• Vowelled with

kasrah قل

By Vowels:

• Strongest: fatḥah• Strong: dhamma• Weakest: kasrah

قىاؿى يػىقيوؿي قيلى

Scales of HeavinessScales of Heaviness


HEAVY versus LIGHT




Attributes Summarized by StrengthAttributes Summarized by Strength

T h e A r t o f T a j w e e d

7 7 Lessons to Lessons to TajweedTajweed ComprehensionComprehensionDr Abu Zayd Quran Literacy Institute

20092009

http://www.ilcjc.org/

SPOTLIGHT


Witness Excellence and Precision in Recitation: Shaykh al-Ḥuṣarī

QUICK REVIEW


1. How many total attributes are there?

2. What are conditional attributes?

3. What are the 2 types of Basic Attributes?

4. Name the 7 heavy letters.

SPOTLIGHT


1. Imām al-Kisā’ī (d 189H)

2. Imām Abū Ja‘far al-Madanī (d 130H)

LESSON SIX:

يـ الراء ا أىحكىTHE RULES OF THE LETTER RĀ


The The ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest THE RULES OF RĀ

يـ الراء ا أىحكىA Peak at the Rules of Rā:

Basic Premise:Basic Premise: Fatḥa/dhamma heavy vowelsheavy vowels

Kasrah light vowellight vowel

Basic Principles:Basic Principles:1. Look to the vowel of the rā

2. If unvowelled, look to preceding vowel

3. If unvowelled, look to preceding, etc.

4. Pay attention to heavy letters, conditional vowels


يـ الراء ا أىحكى The The RRāā is heavy in is heavy in 5 5 cases and light in cases and light in 4 4 cases.cases.

• 1. Vowelled with fatḥa or dhamma

• 2. Unvowelled and preceded by fatḥa or dhamma

• 3. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled (other than yā) and preceded by fatḥa or dhamma

• 4. Unvowelled and preceded by conditional kasrah of hamzah al-waṣl

• 5. Unvowelled and preceded by kasrah but followed by heavy letter

HEAVY

• 1. Vowelled with kasrah

• 2. Unvowelled and preceded by kasrah, with no heavy letter following

• 3. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled (other than yā) and preceded by kasrah

• 4. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled yā

LIGHT

Relax and Take a Deep Breath.








HEAVY





LIGHT








HEAVY





LIGHT

كحه ري حمىةه رى

يحه ر جىاؿه ر








HEAVY





LIGHT








HEAVY





LIGHT

حىمنىار آفى يػى ر القػي








HEAVY





LIGHT








HEAVY





LIGHT

ي رقىدي رخىNote that this sukūn is due to

stopping on the word








HEAVY





LIGHT








HEAVY





LIGHT

رالبػىح رالقػىد

رالشػع رالسػح








HEAVY





LIGHT








HEAVY





LIGHT

Only 5 such examples in the Qurʼān:

قىةو ر ف / طىاسو ر ق صىادنار كى إ

صىاد ر لىبالم / صىادنا ر م

يىةو ر وفى مػ رعى فػ


يـ الراء ا أىحكى E X C E P T I O N SE X C E P T I O N S






HEAVY





LIGHT


There are a limited number of Qurʼānic words which are exceptions to these rules

In their case the rā may be pronounced heavy or light

These are subject to the rules of Riwāyah








HEAVY





LIGHT


Unvowelled and preceded by kasrahbut followed by heavy letter vowelled

with kasrah:

فرؽو Only one such example in the Qurʼān: al-

Shu‘arā 63

•The rā may be pronounced heavy (due to the preceding rules)

• But it may also be pronounced light due to that heavy letter being vowelled with kasrah, which is a “light vowel” that lessens its heaviness








HEAVY





LIGHT


كى نيذيرAl-Qamar 54:16

•The rā may be pronounced heavy (due to the preceding rules)

• But it may also be pronounced light due to a fine grammatical point:

The original word was نذريThe yā was dropped in writing








HEAVY





LIGHT


يىسر / فىأىسر •The rā may be pronounced heavy (due to the preceding rules)

• But it may also be pronounced light due to a fine grammatical point:

The original word was سري فأسري/ The yā was dropped in writing








HEAVY





LIGHT


Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled (other than yā) heavy

letter and preceded by kasrah

القطر/ مصر Only two such words in the Qurʼān: al-Saba’ 34:12, Yūsuf 12:21/99, and al-Zukhruf 43:51

•The rā may be pronounced light (due to the preceding rules)

• But it may also be pronounced light due to it being preceded by a heavy letter

LESSON SEVEN:

يـ الإدغىاـ ا أىحكى THE RULES OF ASSIMILATION

يـ المىد ا أىحكى THE RULES OF ELONGATION


SPOTLIGHT


1. Imām Ya‘qūb al-Baṣrī (d 205H)

2. Imām Khalaf (d 229H)

LESSON SEVEN:

يـ الإدغىاـ ا أىحكىTHE RULES OF ASSIMILATION


The The ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest THE RULES OF ASSIMILATION

يـ الإدغىاـ ا أىحكىBasic Issue: Basic Issue: When are two adjacent letters assimilated into each

other?

Basic Rule:Basic Rule:1. The default articulation of every letter is iẓhār (overt pronunciation)2. Sometimes the letters are assimilated based upon their similarities and their vowel states

Basic Principles:Basic Principles: There are four basic types of adjacent letter pairs:

1. Mithlayn 2 2 Identical Letters Identical Letters (same makhraj + attributes)2. Mutaqāribayn 2 2 Close Letters Close Letters (similar makhraj + attributes)3. Mutajānisayn 2 2 Similar Letters Similar Letters (same makhraj, different attributes)4. Mutabā‘idayn 2 2 Distant Letters Distant Letters (very different makraj + attributes)

There are four basic vowel configurations for adjacent letters:1. Unvowelled/vowelled ṢaghīrṢaghīr: : often results in assimilation2. Both vowelled KabīrKabīr: : rarely results in assimilation3. Both unvowelledMuqayyadMuqayyad: : no assimilation4. Vowelled/unvowelledMuṭlaqMuṭlaq: : no assimilation


يـ الإدغىاـ ا أىحكىBasic Examples: Basic Examples: Mithlayn Letters: ب ػ ب Mutaqāribayn Letters: ؽ ػ ؾ Mutajānisayn Letters: ط ػ ت Mutabā‘idayn Letters: ح ػ ـ Four basic vowel configurations for adjacent letters:1. Unvowelled/vowelled ṢaghīrṢaghīr: :

كتىابيب ب اذىى 2. Both vowelled KabīrKabīr::

عض ببػى 3. Both unvowelledMuqayyadMuqayyad: :

صرم 4. Vowelled/unvowelledMuṭlaqMuṭlaq: :

سخ نن ما Note that these last 2 categories never result in assimilation and will not be

discussed further, leaving only Ṣaghīr and Kabīr.


يـ الإدغىاـ ا أىحكى

ṢAGHĪR

• When 2 identical letters appear adjacently, with the first unvowelled and the second vowelled, they are always assimilated

• This is known as IdghāmMithlayn Ṣaghīr

• This can occur within one word or between 2 words

• Examples: خىليوا د د كى قىن ىه م ييكر كك ييدر

KABĪR

• When 2 identical letters appear adjacently that are both vowelled, their default articulation is iẓhār in nearly all

cases: جىجو تى ح ح حى النكىا• Only a few limited exceptions

exist, where these letters are assimilated (Idghām MithlaynKabīr) **details next slide **

1. MITHLAYN (IDENTICAL) LETTERS

1 . M I T H L A Y N


يـ الإدغىاـ ا أىحكىIdghām Mithlayn Kabīr Examples

• Original word تىأمىػنيػنىا تىأمىػنا• The nūn is pronounced with ishmām or ikhtilās as a remnant of the first nūn

• Ishmām = circling of the lips

• Ikhtilās = 2/3 of a ḥarakah

Surah Yusuf 12:11

1 . M I T H L A Y N


يـ الإدغىاـ ا أىحكىIdghām Mithlayn Kabīr Other Examples

• The word مىكػني Original word مىكنىني [18:95]

• The word أىتيحىاجوني Original word أىتيحىاجونىني [6:80]

• The word تىأميريكني Original word تىأميريكنىني [39:64]

• The word نعما Original word نعمى مىا [2:271/4:58]

1 . M I T H L A Y N


• ل ـ ر

• ت ـ ث

Similar makhraj& attributes

• ك ـ ثSimilar attributes but not makhraj

• د ـ س

• ض ـ ر

Similar makhrajbut not attributes

• د ـ ج

• ح ـ هـ

Same attributes, similar makhraj

• ك ـ ت

• ث ـ هـ

• ح ـ ث

Same attributes, different makhraj


يـ الإدغىاـ ا أىحكىMUTAQARIBAYN

(CLOSE) LETTERS

2 . M U T A Q Ā R I B A Y N



ṢAGHĪR

• Assimilation mandatory in 4

specific cases [next slide]

• This is known as IdghāmMutaqāribayn Ṣaghīr

KABĪR

• Never assimilated

2. MUTAQARIBAYN (CLOSE) LETTERS

2 . M U T A Q Ā R I B A Y N


يـ الإدغىاـ ا أىحكى2 . M U T A Q Ā R I B A Y N

Idghām Mutaqāribayn Kabīr 4 Cases

• Single Qurʼānicexample 77:20• مىن يىعمىل

• من كىرىاءه

• الشمسي • الرحيمي

• كى قيل رب • بىل رفػىعىوي اللهي

ل ـ رل ـ الحروف

الشمسة

ق ـ كNūn

Sākin/Tanwīn followed by [ رملو ]



ṢAGHĪR

• General rule is iẓhār

• Assimilation mandatory in only 5 cases and optional in 2 cases

[next slide]

• This is known as IdghāmMutajānisayn Ṣaghīr

KABĪR


3. MUTAJANISAYN (SIMILAR) LETTERS

3 . M U T A J Ā N I S A Y N


يـ الإدغىاـ ا أىحكى3 . M U T A J Ā N I S A Y N

Idghām Mutajānisayn Ṣaghīr 5 Mandatory Cases1. Unvowelled د ] ] followed by vowelled ت ] ]

2. Unvowelled followed by vowelled [ت ] [د ]

3. Unvowelled followed by vowelled [ت ] [ط ]

4. Unvowelled followed by vowelled [ذ ] occurs in 2 verses [ظ ]

5. Unvowelled followed by vowelled [ط ] ت ] ] Incomplete Idghām


يـ الإدغىاـ ا أىحكى3 . M U T A J Ā N I S A Y N

Idghām Mutajānisayn Ṣaghīr 2 Optional Cases

1. Unvowelled followed by vowelled [ث ] [ذ ]

2. Unvowelled followed by vowelled [ب ] [ـ ]



ṢAGHĪR

• Never assimilation

KABĪR


4. MUTABA‘IDAYN (DISTANT) LETTERS

4 . M U T A B Ā ‘ I D A Y N

These are the majority of letter combinations

LESSON SEVEN:

يـ المىد ا أىحكى THE RULES OF ELONGATION


The The ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest THE RULES OF ELONGATION

يـ المىد ا أىحكى

Basic Issue: Basic Issue: When are some vowels and sounds elongated

to longer durations, and exactly how long?

Only Only TajweedTajweed term found in the term found in the SunnahSunnah

Linguistically: Linguistically: To elongate/lengthen/prolong

Technical DefinitionTechnical Definition:: Elongation of the vowel sounds of the three madd letters

نوحها


يـ المىد ا أىحكى A Peak at the Rules of A Peak at the Rules of MaddMadd


يـ المىد ا أىحكى

Types of Madd

المد

Basic

المد الأصل

بع المد الط

Derived

المد الفرع


يـ المىد ا أىحكىT H E B A S I C M A D D

All the madd rules are built upon the 3 basic madd letters:

Unvowelled Alif preceded by Fatḥa قىاؿى Unvowelled Yā preceded by Kasrah قيلى Unvowelled Wāw preceded by Dhamma يػىقيوؿي Mnemonic: ا نيوحيهى Its duration: 2 ḥarakas [referred to as القىصر ]



Even small mistakes in Basic Madd changes meanings !!

أىنىا “I” أىنا “Verily we” أىف “that”

ذنىا أىخى “we took” أىخىذفى “the women took”



The Basic Madd is the most common type of madd, with examples in every Qurʼānic verse !!

How many examples can you find in the following verse?



There are 4 additional types of madd that follow the pattern of the Basic Madd:

1. MADD LĪN Unvowelled Wāw

preceded by Fatḥa يىوىـ Unvowelled Yā preceded

by Fatḥa بىينى Its duration: 2- ḥarakas

[القىصر]2. 5 DISJOINTED

LETTERS حىي طيهرو ] ]

ح ا م , حى يىا ,

ط طىا ق , ا ىى ,

ر رىا

3. SUBSTITUTE MADD [مىد عوىض]

Stopping on tanwīnfatḥa is articulated as a Basic Madd Alif

ا / شىكيورنا بنىاءن / مىاءن / ىيدن Exceptionwords

ending with ػة are

pronouned with unvowelled hā on stopping

رىحمىةن نعمىةن

4. LESSER CONNECTING MADD [مىد الصلىة الصغرىل]

The attached 3rd person masculine pronoun [ ـه /ـه ] plus the word [ هذه] also follows the basic maddwhen

it is vowelled and between 2 vowelled letters



EXCEPTIONS TO THE LESSER CONNECTING MADD [مىد الصلىة الصغرىل] There are 5 exceptions to this rule according to the Ḥafṣ reading

Al-Zumar 39:7

Al-Furqan 25:69

They said: "Keep him and his brother and send to the cities men to collect.” Al-A‘raf 7:111

Al-Shuaraa 26:36

Al-Naml 27:28


يـ المىد ا أىحكىT H E D E R I V E D M A D D

Sometimes the basic madd is prolonged beyond 2 durations due to certain elements (known as causes, sabab, for madd)

There are 2 causes of madd

Causes of Madd

أسباب المد

Hamzah

همزة

Sukūn

سكون


يـ المىد ا أىحكىT H E D E R I V E D M A D D

The Derived Madd

Hamzah

After

Different word

مد جائز منفصل

2,4,5

لاى أىعبيدي

Same word

مد واجب متصل

4,5

النسىاءى

Before

مد بدل 2

ىـ ءىادى

Sukūn (following madd letter)

Actual

مد لازم 6 ḥarakahs

الكلم In a word

ShaddahHeavy

الحىآقةي

SukūnLight

ءىالئىػنى

الحرف In a letter

كم عسل نقص

ShaddahHeavy

SukūnLight

Presented(due to stop)

مد جائز

2, 4, 6

العىالىمػيػنى


Congratulations! What NEXT ? The Advice to Sufyaanibn Abdillah:

I ST IQAMAHرىةن ، إف لكيل عىمىلو شرةن، كىلكيل شرةو فػىتػرىتيوي إلىى سينتي فػىقىد اىتىدىل، انىت إلىى غىير ذلكى فػىقىد ىىلىكى فىمىن كىافى فػىتػ كىمىن كى

[Ibn Hibban, authenticated by al-Mundhiri, Ahmad Shakir, Albani and Arnaut]

T h e A r t of T a j w e e d - AdsManager.Com

Documents

Transcript of T h e A r t of T a j w e e d - AdsManager.Com