Systems Thinking and Innovation Diffusion - AIT...
Transcript of Systems Thinking and Innovation Diffusion - AIT...
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AIT-TIGER LEONG INTERNATIONAL INNOVATION & LEADERSHIP CAMP
Systems Thinking and Innovation Diffusion
Robert Steele
Systainability Asia / AtKisson Group
Chiang Mai, Thailand
Inspiring Innovative Leaders of the Future
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Robert Steele
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AtKisson Group . . . a global network dedicated to transformative change
Current And Past Clients Include:
Levi Strauss & Co. • Ernst & Young • Nike • Baltic 21 (the 11 nations of Northern Europe) • European Sustainable Development Network
• Brother, Inc. (Japan) • Earth Charter International • Swedish SIDA’s Advanced International Training Programs • United Nations Division
for Sustainable Development Egyptian National Competitiveness Council • Government of Singapore • Greater New Orleans, Inc. • SEIYU
(Japan) • SERDP - Strategic Environmental Research & Development Program (US Government) • Seliger Forum 2010 (Russia) •
Sustainable Fashion Academy • States of Queensland, Victoria, NSW, and South Australia • Stockholm County • Sustainable Seattle •
Heinz Endowments • Toyota • UNEP • UNDP • Nile Basin Initiative • Bank of Indonesia • Volvo Cars
Global Affiliate and Associate Network
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The Complex World of our Decision Making
Questioning our Decision-making models….
• Do we make good policy and investment decisions?
• Are we aware of the unintended consequences of our decisions
(including innovations)?
• Are we effective in our cross-sectoral communication and
collaboration to deal with the multi-dimensional nature of complex
problems?
• Do we go for quick fixes because it is easier to treat the
symptoms?
• Do we urgently need new and innovative ways of thinking and a
fresh approach and tools to deal with the problems facing our
societies and the planet?
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Objective
To introduce to participants to the concept and
practice of systems thinking and why it is
beneficial to the innovation adoption and diffusion
process, especially for creating innovations that
contribute to a sustainable lifestyle and future.
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A Little Systems thinking before we really get started . . .
How do you make toast?
Draw it on a piece of paper
No words!
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Session 1: A Systems Thinking Approach to Innovation
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A Sufi Tale of the five blind men and the elephant
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What is the lesson here?
By fixating on the parts of a system, we miss understanding the whole
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The disadvantage of Analytical Thinking… only
From a very early age we are
taught to break apart
problems: to fragment the
world.
This apparently makes
complex tasks and subjects
more manageable, but we pay
an enormous price when we
are adults . . . we can no
longer see the consequences
of our actions.
We lose our intrinsic sense of
connection to a larger whole.
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Lacking a Systems Perspective… the solution to one problem can easily lead to a new and bigger problem later on or somewhere else in the system
“unintended consequences”
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We need a new thinking approach!
“No problem can be solved from the same way of thinking that created it.
(Albert Einstein)
Success in the 21st Century
requires different ways of thinking
about problems, organisations,
business and ourselves.
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We must learn to see and understand the world as a whole system not a collection of individual parts
Source: John Gerber, Systems Thinking Introduction, 2007
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Thinking in Systems
Systems thinking is a perspective of seeing and
understanding systems as wholes rather than as
collections of parts. A whole is a web of
interconnections that creates emerging patterns.
– Peter Senge
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MIT… the of Systems Thinking
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Systems Thinking …
what depends on what,
what is causing what,
where are information flows,
where control decisions are made,
what information flows are critical,
And how best to manage or intervene in the system for desired results.
Systems thinking mind maps
“Systems Thinking is seeking to understand the connections among elements in a system
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Overly simple
mental model
More sustainablemental model
Systems thinking is the practice of examining, and improving, our mental models
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Example… Promoting Sustainable livelihoods in Vietnam… the case of Cat Ba Island
Improved
Quality of Life
Enhance
Tourism
More Tourists
More Jobs
More $$$
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Modified from Maani and Nguyen (2009)
Better to start by looking at the big picture of how things on Cat Ba Island are all connected
© Professor Ockie Bosch and Dr Nam Nguyen
Water
Carbon
Deforestation
Land use
Climate
R1
Environment
?
Economic Growth
Energy use
R2
Energy
Population
Poverty
Population
Food
Agriculture
Biofuel
R3
Biofuel
Globalisation
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Example: Promoting Sustainable livelihoods in Vietnam… What should we do that will not create other future problems?
Pollution
Temporary
immigration
Empoloyment
opportunity
Land required
for tourism
Naturalbeauty
Availability of
underground water
Fresh water
consumption
Employment
opportunity for local
people
+
+
Socialissues
Infrastruture
& facility
+
+
Number of
tourists
Attractiveness
of Cat Ba Island
+-
-
+
Wealth of
local people
-
+
Waste+
+
+
+
Illegal forest
exploitaion--
Total
population
+
Agricultural
Production
Livingcost
-
+
+
-
+
-
+
+
Conservation and
agricultural land
-
+
-
B2
B1R1
R3
R2
B3
B4
B5
B6
Studentpopulation
Assess toeducation
+
-
-
-
R5
R4
Investment+
+
+
Resident
population
+
+
Wealth of
Local
People
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Pollution
Temporary
immigration
Empoloyment
opportunity
Land required
for tourism
Naturalbeauty
Availability of
underground water
Fresh water
consumption
Employment
opportunity for local
people
+
+
Socialissues
Infrastruture
& facility
+
+
Number of
tourists
Attractiveness
of Cat Ba Island
+-
-
+
Wealth of
local people
-
+
Waste+
+
+
+
Illegal forest
exploitaion--
Total
population
+
Agricultural
Production
Livingcost
-
+
+
-
+
-
+
+
Conservation and
agricultural land
-
+
-
B2
B1R1
R3
R2
B3
B4
B5
B6
Studentpopulation
Assess toeducation
+
-
-
-
R5
R4
Investment+
+
+
Resident
population
+
+
Wealth of
Local People
Number
of
Tourists
Increasing
Jobs
SYSTEMS are non-linear and dynamic
Source: Professor Ockie Bosch and Dr Nam Nguyen
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Example of System Thinking in Practice – Industrial symbiosis
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Systems Mapping Exercise
Gladstone
Region
Figure out how trends,decision-making, and information flows are
linked together in multiple cause-effect relationships
Step 1:
Map the elements and Links
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7. Affordable & Clean Energy
8. Decent Work &
Economic Growth
9. Industry, Innovation
& Infrastructure
12. Responsible
Consumption
& production
13. Climate Action 15. Life on Land
14. Life below Water
2. Zero Hunger
3. Health & Wellbeing
4. Quality Education
6. Clean Water & Sanitation
1. No Poverty
5. Gender Equality
11. Sustainable Cities
& Communities10. Reduced Inequalities
16. Peace &
Justice, Strong
Institutions
The Sustainability Compass also lines up well with the 17 SDGs
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2. Zero Hunger
3. Health & Wellbeing
4. Quality Education
5. Gender Equality
6. Clean Water & Sanitation
7. Affordable & Clean Energy
8. Decent Work &
Economic Growth
11. Sustainable Cities
& Communities10. Reduced Inequalities
9. Industry, Innovation
& Infrastructure
13. Climate Action
12. Responsible
Consumption
& production
15. Life on Land
14. Life below Water
1. No Poverty
16. Peace &
Justice, Strong
Institutions
THE COMPASS IS A SYSTEMIC INTEGRATION TOOL
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System Thinking Tools- Connection Circle
1. Select one of the SDGs related to what
you’ve been learning
2. Identify individual elements or factors
contributing to achieving or not achieving
this goal..
2. Write your elements around the circle.
Include no more than 5 to 10.
3. Identify all of the causal connections
between the various elements.
4. Draw an arrow from the cause to the
effect.
• The causal connection must be direct.
5. Look for and identify key feedback loops
that link different elements together in a
closed loop.
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What is a Connection Circle?
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Connection Circle exercise
You have 15 minutes to complete your
Connection Circle.
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Back to Drawing Toast
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ONE KEY
Element
defining the
problem
Part 2 – Causal Systems Mapping
Following from your Connection Circle analysis, select
on element and build a Causal Systems Diagram
around it.
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System Indicator Mapping
Next, start constructing a system linkage diagram.
Use one sticky note for each indicator node in your causal story.
CAUSE
Indicator
EFFECT
Indicator
ONE KEY INDICATOR
Defining the problem
CAUSE
IndicatorEFFECT
Indicator
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Find the cause/effect links. Elaborate out to 2-3 layers away from the central trend – e.g., cause > cause > cause > key indicator > effect > effect > effect. Also try to find the where feedback pathways (loops) exists. EFFECT
IndicatorCAUSE
Indicator
CAUSE
Indicator
CAUSE
Indicator
CAUSE
Indicator
CAUSE
Indicator
EFFECT
Indicator
EFFECT
Indicator
ONE KEY INDICATOR
CAUSE
IndicatorEFFECT
Indicator
CAUSE
Indicator
EFFECT
Indicator
System Indicator Mapping
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A Causal Diagram Story Example - Biking in Bangkok
Number of people biking in the city
Number of people participating in clubs or groups
Number of bike lanes and other infrastructure
Bicycle related Social Media activity
Bike friendly policy, programs, events
Awareness of Health & wellbeing benefits from biking
Economic value added related to biking
% of Good air days
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Example System Maps
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Causal Systems Diagram exercise
With your team, identify one or more connecting
feedback loops from your connection circle.
Focus on 1 key factor/indicator that you want to change
to achieve your SDG.
Use the post-it notes and clean paper to map our your
system of nodes, links and feedback.
You have 20 minutes to complete your systems
diagram,.
Use the SystemScope Handout directions to help guide
you if needed.
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Exercise: Identifying your System Leverage
Points
Gladstone
Region
Leverage Points
Figure out how trends,
decision-making, and
information flows are
linked together in multiple
cause-effect relationships
Use that analysis to
identify the best leverage
points for introducing
change
Step 3: Step 4:
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Small Actions can yield large results
A “leverage point” is a place in a system where a large change towards desired behavior or results can be accomplished by applying relatively few resources.
Artist: Gary LarsonPicture source: http://thwink.org/sustain/glossary/LeveragePoint.gif
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Finding the Leverage Points for system intervention
Leverage points are places in your system map where you can
intervene with an projects, program, technology, policy, etc. that
will change the system relationships towards the direction that
you want and be reflected in your main Indicator.
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We can use systems thinking tools such as the Iceberg to help ask the right questions towards understanding the best places to “leverage change” in a system.
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A Causal Diagram Story Example - Biking in Bangkok
Number of people biking in the city
Number of people participating in clubs or groups
Number of bike lanes and other infrastructure
Bicycle related Social Media activity
Bike friendly policy, programs, events
Awareness of Health & wellbeing benefits from biking
Economic growth related to biking
Carbon emissions and Air quality
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Session 2: Innovation and Innovation Diffusion – from idea to strategy
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Innovation: What we do at the leverage points
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Innovation
An innovation is an idea,
practice, or object that is
perceived as new by an
individual or other unit of
adoption. The
characteristics of an
innovation, as perceived
by the members of a
social system, determine
its rate of adoption.
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New targets and standards
New materials and technologies
New controls and feedback mechanisms
New information flows to new people
New rules, policies, incentives
New forms of organization, cooperation, collaboration
New models, frameworks, environments
New overarching goals and visions
New knowledge, skills and capacities
New mindsets and paradigms
A NEW WILLINGESS TO TRY NEW THINGS
Adapted from “Leverage Points: Ways to Intervene in a System,” by Donella H. Meadows. Available from www.sustainer.org
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Step 1: Review …
Review your System leverage points and the various key linkages that you found.
What is your change goal for your system?
What needs to change in order that the system will produce a new behaviour response.
What could you do at your leverage points to make that change?
Think about a new idea, initiative, technology, programme, or policy.
5 minutes
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Step 2: Brainstorm
Use your Post-it Notes
Write your ideas on your Post-it Notes and stick them on the flip chart
Work as fast as you can!
In Pairs brainstorm ideas for initiatives that could be done at your leverage point to improve system sustainability based on your system dynamics.
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the best ideas with your group and discuss how each of the ideas work towards your system change goal...and synthesize them into one GREAT IDEA for change at your leverage Point
Step 3: Share…
© AtKisson, Inc., 2016 www.atkisson.co
m
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Example:
Leverage Point: Social Media
Title: “Bring a Friend Challenge”
Innovation: Use social media to organise
monthly “Bring a Friend” bike events/ride/parties,
etc. with the various bike clubs and groups.
Bikers are challenged to bring a non-biking
person with them to these events… with the hope
that they will be inspired to join.
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Key Definitions
NOTE: An “innovation” is not always “new”!
Culture: Habits, practices, values, beliefs, customs, and way of life of any group, of any size — from a work team, to a whole nation.
Innovation: Anything not part of that culture that the culture decides to adopt. It could be a theoretical idea, a slang word, a new technology -- anything at all that changes how people think, talk and act.
Diffusion: The spread of an innovation through a culture, as people.
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Innovation Diffusion Strategy …
Involves looking at the Innovation itself …
Pyramid Building – Strategy Level 4
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Innovation Diffusion Strategy …
Involves looking at the Innovation itself …
… but also at the Cultural Context around it.
Pyramid Building – Strategy Level 4
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5 critical factors influencing innovation diffusion
Relative advantage
Compatibility
Complexity of transition
Possibility of testing
Visibility of benefits
Adoption probability grows if innovation has clear
advantages for product, service or current behavior
The more innovation is consistent with pre-existing
higher the adoption probability
Complex changes involved in innovation, reduce
adoption likelihood
A chance to try an innovation before making a final
decision increase adoption likelihood
The more obvious innovation benefits the greater
adoption likelihood
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Adoption of innovation step process
KnowledgePerson becomes aware of an innovation and has
some idea of how it functions
PersuasionPerson forms a favorable or unfavorable attitude
toward the innovation
DecisionPerson engages in activities that lead to a
choice to adopt or reject the innovation
Implementation Person puts an innovation into use
ConfirmationPerson evaluates the results of an innovation-
decision already made
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The Innovation Adoption Curve
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The “Gilman Equation”:A Strategic Change-Planning Tool
N - O > CC, or ...
PerceivedValue of theNEW Idea
PerceivedValue of theOLD Way
PerceivedCOST of the
CHANGE
Pyramid Building – Strategy Level 4
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The Three “Avenues for Action”
AVENUE 1: PROMOTE THE NEW
Increase the Perceived Value of the New Idea. Do what marketers do:
focus on benefits, not features.
Explain to people how the New Way will improve performance, and
improve their lives. Keep the message simple and clear: "This is the
future."
PerceivedValue of theNEW Idea
PerceivedValue of theOLD Way
PerceivedCOST of theCHANGE
Pyramid Building – Strategy Level 4
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“The Three “Avenues for Action”
PerceivedValue of theNEW Idea
PerceivedValue of theOLD Way
PerceivedCOST of theCHANGE
AVENUE 2: DEMOTE THE OLD
Decrease the Perceived Value of the Old Way (Protest and Criticism)
Analyze it, show convincingly why it is bad, why it no longer makes the
grade. Make it look less desirable. Make it look out of date. Show why
the cost of continuing down that road is very, very high … or make it very
high.
Pyramid Building – Strategy Level 4
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The Three “Avenues for Action”
PerceivedValue of theNEW Idea
PerceivedValue of theOLD Way
PerceivedCOST of theCHANGE
AVENUE 3: FACILITATE THE SWITCH
Decrease the Perceived Cost of Change (Facilitation, Assistance,
Subsidies, etc.). Provide incentives, subsidies, and rewards. Make it
quick, make it fun, and make it free.
Give rebates, provide training, do whatever it takes to lower people's
naturally high barriers to change. Reduce the feelings of loss, insecurity,
or threat that might be connected with giving up the old way. Above all,
"facilitate" means "make it easy."
Pyramid Building – Strategy Level 4
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You can analyze Innovations …
.. with the Gilman Equation:
N — O > CC
N = "The Perceived Value of the New Way”
O = "The Perceived Value of the Old Way”
CC = "The Perceived Cost of Making the Change"
In other words, for change to occur, the
new way has to be so much better than
the old way that it overcomes the
perceived cost of making the switch.
Pyramid Building – Strategy Level 4
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Three “Avenues for Action”:
N — O > CC
Increase N:
PROMOTE THE NEW
Decrease O:
DEMOTE THE OLD
Decrease CC:
FACILITATE THE CHANGE
Pursue All 3 Simultaneously!
Pyramid Building – Strategy Level 4
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Step 1: Identifying Target Group Values
Identify the main target groups for your new idea (who needs to support and participate?)
Think about the “values” that your target group currently possess regarding the…
‘old way’ that they are currently supporting or practicing that you want them to change from,
your ‘new way’ (i.e. your new idea) that you want them to adopt,
how they perceive the cost of change of switching from the ‘old way’ to your ‘new way’
And discuss them with your Compass Group before you brainstorm any diffusion strategies.
Pyramid Building – Strategy Level 4
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Step 2: Innovation Diffusion Strategy Development , Pyramid Construction & Reporting
1. Develop three separate but concurrent innovation
diffusion strategies based on the Gilman’s Equation
N – O > CC
2. Write out your group’s three Gilman’s equation
innovation diffusion strategies on a flip chart paper.).
3. Report to the others
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Systems Level Reporting
Prepare a brief report covering . . .
1.What is your system story?
2.What are your identified‘Leverage Points for
introducing a new initiative as part of your system
change strategy?
3.What is your innovation and how will you get
people to buy-in to it, support it and adopt it?
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Session 3: The AMOEBA of Innovation Diffusion and Cultural Change
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Spreading Innovation . ..
Some Questions…
How does a small group spawn historical changes?
How do new ideas (or technologies, or values) spread through an entire culture?
Remember….regardless of whether the innovation is A new technology, a slang word, or a new understanding of what it means to be a human being, the process by which it spreads is called innovation diffusion.
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"Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world; indeed, it's the only thing that ever has.”
- Margaret Mead
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Introducing the AMOEBA
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The Amoeba of CultureA Metaphor for Cultural Innovation & Change Process
Source: Adapted from an idea by Robert Gilman
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Journey into the Amoeba
INNOVATION
CHANGE AGENTS
INNOVATORS
TRANSFORMERS
MAINSTREAMERS
LAGGARDS
REACTIONARIES
ICONOCLASTS
CONTROLLERSCURMUDGEONS
SPIRITUAL
RECLUSES
CA
MM
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
L
L
L
< R
< RI >
I >
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The AMOEBA Game
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What happened …. And why?
Amoeba Debrief
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The Innovation Adoption Curve
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Social System Innovation Diffusion
Innovations are adopted within a social system.
Social systems are governed by norms and
influenced by opinion leadership, change agents,
and the consequences of adoption.
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Raching Critical Mass
The point at which enough individuals have adopted an innovation that the innovation's further rate of adoption becomes self-sustaining.
Early adopters are instrumental in getting an innovation to the point of critical mass, and hence, in the successful diffusion of an innovation.
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Implications
For technology adoption, focus on those factors
(e.g., relative advantage) that are positive.
Showcase examples of practice that others can
relate to, and rely on interpersonal
communication to spread the word.
Cultivate the early adopters and transformers
who have the potential to create a critical mass.
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2º 3º 4º 5º
RANKING MUNDIAL DE USUÁRIOS DE INTERNET
1º 6º
Powerful way for change agents
to affect the diffusion of an
innovation is to affect opinion
leader (i. e. transformers)
attitudes.
Persuading opinion leaders is
the easiest way to foment
positive attitudes toward an
innovation.
Leaders have the knowledge and the social skill to start
word-of-mouth epidemics
Affecting the diffusion of an innovation
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2º 3º 4º 5º
RANKING MUNDIAL DE USUÁRIOS DE INTERNET
1º 6ºIdeas and products and
messages and behaviors
spread just like viruses do.
The change happens not
gradually but at one dramatic
moment, called “Tipping Point”
(the message makes an
impact) .* The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell
“Tipping Point” concept *
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Key Strategy Points
Change Agents need to work with Transformers
Change Agents are more effective when they work together
Reactionaries are most effective when they discredit or disempower Change Agents
Change Agents may waste time if they spend it trying to change Reactionaries
Innovators often make ineffective Change Agents.
Innovators and Change Agents often neglect to model the innovation themselves.
Innovators often remain attached to a "pure" formulation of their idea, at the expense of the innovation's diffusion potential.
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Key Strategy Points, continued
But it's easier to stop real change - to be a Reactionary -than to be a Change Agent.
Reactionaries usually feel that their actions are contributing to the good of the whole.
Iconoclasts should keep Reactionaries busy.
Iconoclasts often make terrible Change Agents, and vice versa.
Curmudgeons can make change difficult.
Many Curmudgeons used to be Change Agents, but they became disappointed and disillusioned.
Recluses can either facilitate change or retard it.
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Remember the A.M.O.E.B.A.
www.atkisson.com
A = Adapt the Innovation
M = Motivate the Change Agents
O = Organize the Transformers
E = Easy Does It for the Mainstreamers
B = Build Momentum
A = Avoid the Reactionaries
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Mapping your own Amoeba Strategy
Strategy for Accelerating Innovation Diffusion
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Amoeba Strategy Mapping Exercise
Task
Take time to think about your own Change Initiative and
try to complete the Amoeba worksheet for all the major roles
and what your strategy might be going forward after you
have had some experience with the Amoeba and have
learned more about the social change process
10 minutes
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In Summary…. A systems approach is to . . .
1. Identify a system - After all, not all things are systems. Some systems are simple and predictable, while others are complex and dynamic. Most human social systems are the latter.
2. Explain the behavior or properties of the whole system - This focus on the whole is the process of synthesis. Analysis looks into things while synthesis looks out of things.
3. Explain the behavior or properties of the question to be explained in terms of the role(s) or function(s) of the whole.
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A Systems approach provides us . . .
Deeper Insight: “Understand components and their links in the system, you will understand its behavior.”
More effective and long-term Leverage: “Change a component or link in the system, and you will change the system behavior.”
Better Solutions: “Solving problems almost always involves changing systems (identify and change the limiting factor.”
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Group Discussion and wrap up:
1. What did you learn and how dos it link to what
you have been learning and discussing during
the camp so far?
2. How they can apply the tools and methods in
their own lives and context?
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