Information system (IS) is the study of complementary networks of hardware and software (see information technology) that people and organizations use to

collect, filter, process, create, and distribute data.[1][2][3]

The study bridges business and computer science using the theoretical foundations of information and computation to study various business models and

related algorithmic processes within a computer science discipline.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] Computer information system(s) (CIS) is a field studying computers and

algorithmic processes, including their principles, their software and hardware designs, their applications, and their impact on society [15][16][17] while IS emphasizes

functionality over design.[18]

Any specific information system aims to support operations, management and decision making.[19] In a broad sense, the term is used to refer not only to

the information and communication technology (ICT) that an organization uses, but also to the way in which people interact with this technology in support of

business processes.[20]

Computer hardware is the collection of physical elements that constitutes a computersystem. Computer hardware refers to the physical parts or components of a computer such as the monitor, mouse, keyboard, computer data storage, hard drive disk (HDD), system unit (graphic cards, sound cards, memory, motherboard and chips), etc. all of which are physical objects that can be touched.[1] In contrast, software is instructions that can be stored and run by hardware.

Personal computer[edit]

Hardware of a modern personal computer

1. Monitor 2.Motherboard 3.CPU 4. RAM 5.Expansion cards6. Power supply 7.Optical disc drive8. Hard disk drive9. Keyboard 10.Mouse

Inside a custom-built computer: power supply at the bottom has its own cooling fan.

The personal computer is one of the most common types of computer due to its versatility and relatively low price. Laptops are generally very similar, although

may use lower-power or reduced size components.

Case[edit]

Main article: Computer case

The computer case is a plastic or metal enclosure that houses most of the components. Those found on desktop computers are usually small enough to fit under

a desk, but many newer computers use more compact designs. Laptops are computers with a clamshell form factor, that fold up into a device that includes an

integrated screen.

Power supply[edit]

Main article: Power supply unit (computer)

A power supply unit (PSU) converts alternating current (AC) electric power to low-voltage DC power for the internal components of the computer. Laptops are

capable of running from a built-in battery, normally for a period of hours.[5]

Motherboard[edit]

Main article: Motherboard

The motherboard is the main component inside the case. It is a large rectangular board with integrated circuitry that connects the other parts of the computer

including the CPU, theRAM, the disk drives (CD, DVD, hard disk, or any others) as well as any peripherals connected via the ports or the expansion slots.

Components directly attached to the motherboard include:

The CPU (Central Processing Unit) performs most of the calculations which enable a computer to function, and is sometimes referred to as the "brain" of

the computer. It is usually cooled by a heat sink and fan. Most newer CPUs include an on-die Graphics Processing Unit (GPU).

The Chipset, which includes the north bridge, mediates communication between the CPU and the other components of the system, including main

memory.

The Random-Access Memory (RAM) stores the code and data that are being actively accessed by the CPU.

The Read-Only Memory (ROM) stores the BIOS that runs when the computer is powered on or otherwise begins execution, a process known

as Bootstrapping, or "booting" or "booting up". The BIOS (Basic Input Output System) includes boot firmware and power management firmware. Newer

motherboards use Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) instead of BIOS.

Buses connect the CPU to various internal components and to expansion cards for graphics and sound.

Expansion cards[edit]

Main article: Expansion card

The expansion card in computing is a printed circuit board that can be inserted into an expansion slot of a computer motherboard or backplane to add

functionality to a computer system via the expansion bus.

Storage devices[edit]

Main article: Computer data storage

Computer data storage, often called storage or memory, refers to computer components and recording media that retain digital data. Data storage is a core

function and fundamental component of computers.

Fixed media

Data is stored by a computer using a variety of media. Hard disk drives are found in virtually all older computers, due to their high capacity and low cost,

but solid-state drives are faster and more power efficient, although currently more expensive than hard drives, so are often found in more expensive computers.

Some systems may use a disk array controller for greater performance or reliability.

Removable media

To transfer data between computers, a USB flash drive or Optical disc may be used. Their usefulness depends on being readable by other systems; the majority

of machines have an optical disk drive, and virtually all have a USB port.

is the "working memory" in a computer. Additional RAM allows a computer to work with more information at the same time which can have a dramatic effect on total system performance.

is an expansion card that allows the computer to send graphical information to a video display device such as a monitor, TV, or projector.

is the main, and usually largest, data storage device in a computer. The operating system, software titles and most other files are stored in the hard disk drive.