System Analysis System Analysis - Mr. Ahmad Al-Ghoul System Analysis and Design.

System AnalysisSystem Analysis

- Mr. Ahmad Al-Ghoul- Mr. Ahmad Al-Ghoul

System Analysis and System Analysis and DesignDesign

AvicennaAvicenna System Analysis and Design SysteSystem Analysis and Design System Analysism Analysis

22

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

Describe software trends, including Describe software trends, including the concept of software as a servicethe concept of software as a service

Explain software acquisition Explain software acquisition alternatives, including traditional alternatives, including traditional versus Web-based software versus Web-based software development strategiesdevelopment strategies

Describe software outsourcing Describe software outsourcing optionsoptions

Explain advantages and Explain advantages and disadvantages of developing disadvantages of developing software in-house versus other software in-house versus other alternativesalternatives


33

Development Strategies Development Strategies OverviewOverview

Selecting the best development path Selecting the best development path is an important decision that requires is an important decision that requires companies to consider three key companies to consider three key topicstopics The impact of the InternetThe impact of the Internet Software outsourcing optionsSoftware outsourcing options In-house software development In-house software development

alternativesalternatives


44

The Impact of the InternetThe Impact of the Internet The Internet has triggered enormous changes in The Internet has triggered enormous changes in

business methods and operations, and software business methods and operations, and software acquisition is no exceptionacquisition is no exception The The Software and Information Industry Association (SIIA) Software and Information Industry Association (SIIA) is is

an industry group that focuses on the digital economyan industry group that focuses on the digital economy SIIA believes that the concept of SIIA believes that the concept of software as a servicesoftware as a service is is

redefining the way that companies develop and deploy redefining the way that companies develop and deploy their information systemstheir information systems

Web-based services remove the responsibility for Web-based services remove the responsibility for installation, maintenance, and upgrades from a company’s installation, maintenance, and upgrades from a company’s in house staffin house staff

The Changing Software MarketplaceThe Changing Software Marketplace In the traditional model, software vendors develop and sell In the traditional model, software vendors develop and sell

application packages to customersapplication packages to customers In addition to traditional vendors, the marketplace now In addition to traditional vendors, the marketplace now

includes many forms of outsourcing, including application includes many forms of outsourcing, including application service providers and firms that offer Internet business service providers and firms that offer Internet business servicesservices


55

The Impact of the Internet on Systems The Impact of the Internet on Systems DevelopmentDevelopment

As analyst, you must consider whether As analyst, you must consider whether development will take place in a web-centric development will take place in a web-centric framework, or in traditional environmentframework, or in traditional environment

the web becomes an integral part of the the web becomes an integral part of the application, rather than just a communication application, rather than just a communication channelchannel

Let’s consider the differences between Let’s consider the differences between traditional and web-based systemstraditional and web-based systems Traditional developmentTraditional development

System design is influenced by compatibility System design is influenced by compatibility issues, including existing hardware and issues, including existing hardware and software platforms and legacy systemssoftware platforms and legacy systems

Systems are designed to run on local and Systems are designed to run on local and wide-area company networkswide-area company networks

Web-based features are treated as Web-based features are treated as enhancements rather than core elements of enhancements rather than core elements of the designthe design


66


Traditional developmentTraditional development Development follows one of three main Development follows one of three main

pathspaths In-house developmentIn-house development Purchase of a software packagePurchase of a software package Use of outside consultantUse of outside consultant

Many applications require Many applications require substantial substantial desktop computing power and resourcesdesktop computing power and resources

Security issues are less complex than Security issues are less complex than with Web-based systems, because the with Web-based systems, because the system operates on a private system operates on a private telecommunication network, rather than telecommunication network, rather than internetinternet


77


Web-based developmentWeb-based development Systems are developed and delivered in an Internet-Systems are developed and delivered in an Internet-

based framework such as .NET or WebSpherebased framework such as .NET or WebSphere Internet-based development treats the Web Internet-based development treats the Web as as the the

platform, rather than just a communication channelplatform, rather than just a communication channel Web-based systems are easily scalable, and can run Web-based systems are easily scalable, and can run

on multiple hardware environmenton multiple hardware environment Web-based software treats the software application Web-based software treats the software application

as a service that is less dependent on desktop as a service that is less dependent on desktop computing power and resourcescomputing power and resources

Limit in –house involvement to minimum, and have Limit in –house involvement to minimum, and have the vendor install, configure, and maintain the the vendor install, configure, and maintain the system system

Web-based software usually requires additional Web-based software usually requires additional layers, called layers, called middlewaremiddleware, to communicate with , to communicate with existing software and legacy systemsexisting software and legacy systems


88

OutsourcingOutsourcing Outsourcing Outsourcing

Is the transfer of information systems Is the transfer of information systems development, operation, or maintenance to development, operation, or maintenance to an outside firm that provides these services, an outside firm that provides these services, for a feefor a fee

Can refer to relatively minor programming Can refer to relatively minor programming tasks, the rental of software from a service tasks, the rental of software from a service provider, the outsourcing of a basic provider, the outsourcing of a basic business process (often called business business process (often called business process outsourcing, or BPO), or the process outsourcing, or BPO), or the handling of a company’s entire IT functionhandling of a company’s entire IT function


99

OutsourcingOutsourcing A firm that offers outsourcing A firm that offers outsourcing

solutions is called a service providersolutions is called a service provider Application service providers (ASP)Application service providers (ASP)

ASP is a firm that delivers a software ASP is a firm that delivers a software application, or access to an applicationapplication, or access to an application

ASP rents commercially available software ASP rents commercially available software such as databases and accounting such as databases and accounting packagespackages

ASPs design, develop, implement, or ASPs design, develop, implement, or maintain the packagemaintain the package


1010

OutsourcingOutsourcing Outsourcing issues and concernsOutsourcing issues and concerns

Mission-critical systems should be out-sourced only if Mission-critical systems should be out-sourced only if the result is a cost-attractive, reliable, business solution the result is a cost-attractive, reliable, business solution that fits the company’s long-term business strategythat fits the company’s long-term business strategy

Outsourcing raises issues such as control, culture, Outsourcing raises issues such as control, culture, communication communication

A company must plan outsourcing carefully issues A company must plan outsourcing carefully issues relating to insurance, potential liability, licensing and relating to insurance, potential liability, licensing and information ownership, warranties, and disaster recoveryinformation ownership, warranties, and disaster recovery

Outsourcing can be especially attractive to a company Outsourcing can be especially attractive to a company whose volume whose volume fluctuates fluctuates widely, such as a defense widely, such as a defense contractorcontractor

Risks include possiblyRisks include possibly Losing confidential informationLosing confidential information Losing control over future developmentLosing control over future development Losing learning opportunitiesLosing learning opportunities


1111

OutsourcingOutsourcing

Outsourcing guidelinesOutsourcing guidelines Keep lines of communication open between Keep lines of communication open between

you and your outsourceyou and your outsource Define and stabilize requirements before Define and stabilize requirements before

signing a contractsigning a contract View the outsourcing relationship as a View the outsourcing relationship as a

partnershippartnership Select the vendor, or service provider carefullySelect the vendor, or service provider carefully Assign a person to manage the relationship Assign a person to manage the relationship

with the outsourcewith the outsource Don’t outsource what you don’t understandDon’t outsource what you don’t understand


1212

In-House Software In-House Software Development OptionsDevelopment Options

A company can choose to develop its own systems, A company can choose to develop its own systems, or purchase, possibly customize, and implement a or purchase, possibly customize, and implement a software packagesoftware package

The most important consideration is total cost of The most important consideration is total cost of ownership (TCO)ownership (TCO)

[1]


1313


Make or Buy DecisionMake or Buy Decision The choice between developing versus The choice between developing versus

purchasing software often is called a make or purchasing software often is called a make or buy, or build or buybuy, or build or buy decisiondecision

The company’s IT department makes, builds, The company’s IT department makes, builds, and develops in-house softwareand develops in-house software

Companies that develop software for sale are Companies that develop software for sale are called software vendorscalled software vendors

A firm that enhances a commercial package by A firm that enhances a commercial package by adding custom features and configuring it for a adding custom features and configuring it for a particular industry is called a particular industry is called a value-added value-added resellerreseller (VAR) (VAR)


1414


Software packages are available for Software packages are available for every type of business activityevery type of business activity Horizontal application: a software Horizontal application: a software

package that can be used by many package that can be used by many different types of organizations, like an different types of organizations, like an accounting packageaccounting package

Vertical application: a software package Vertical application: a software package developed to handle information developed to handle information requirements for a specific type of requirements for a specific type of business, like collage, banks, hospitals, business, like collage, banks, hospitals, real state, and airlines real state, and airlines


1515


Developing a system, buying a Developing a system, buying a software package, or customizing a software package, or customizing a software package – each choice from software package – each choice from above has advantages, above has advantages, disadvantages, and cost disadvantages, and cost considerationconsideration


1616


Developing Software In-HouseDeveloping Software In-House Companies choose in-house development to:Companies choose in-house development to:

Satisfy unique business requirementsSatisfy unique business requirements No commercially available software package can meet No commercially available software package can meet

their unique business requirements their unique business requirements Minimize changes in business procedures and policiesMinimize changes in business procedures and policies

Installing a new software package almost always Installing a new software package almost always require changes in how a company does business; require changes in how a company does business; however, if the purchased package will be however, if the purchased package will be disruptivedisruptive, it , it is better to develop the software in-houseis better to develop the software in-house

Meet constraints of existing systemsMeet constraints of existing systems if the new system must interface with an existing if the new system must interface with an existing

system, a company could develop its own software to system, a company could develop its own software to ensure that the new system will interface with the old ensure that the new system will interface with the old systemsystem


1717


Developing Software In-HouseDeveloping Software In-House Meet constraints of existing technologyMeet constraints of existing technology

The new system must work with existing hardware and The new system must work with existing hardware and legacy systems. That could require a custom design not legacy systems. That could require a custom design not commercially availablecommercially available

Develop internal resources and capabilitiesDevelop internal resources and capabilities When developing the system in-house, the IT staff will When developing the system in-house, the IT staff will

understands the organization’s business functions and understands the organization’s business functions and information support needs so they provide a competitive information support needs so they provide a competitive advantage by responding to business problems or advantage by responding to business problems or opportunitiesopportunities

Satisfy unique security requirementsSatisfy unique security requirements In some cases when security and confidently is one of the In some cases when security and confidently is one of the

organization main issues, building in-house software might organization main issues, building in-house software might be the only choicebe the only choice


1818


Purchasing a Software PackagePurchasing a Software Package A commercially available software package A commercially available software package

might be in some cases an attractive to might be in some cases an attractive to developing in-house softwaredeveloping in-house software

Lower costsLower costs Compare to software developed in-house, a Compare to software developed in-house, a

software package almost always is less expensivesoftware package almost always is less expensive Requires less time to implementRequires less time to implement

The in-house developed software needs to The in-house developed software needs to designed, programmed, tested, and documented, designed, programmed, tested, and documented, when the purchased package, is already has been when the purchased package, is already has been designed, programmed, tested, and documenteddesigned, programmed, tested, and documented

Proven reliability and performance benchmarksProven reliability and performance benchmarks If the product is popular, it almost certainly has If the product is popular, it almost certainly has

been rated and evaluated by independent been rated and evaluated by independent reviewersreviewers


1919


Purchasing a Software PackagePurchasing a Software Package Requires less technical development staffRequires less technical development staff Future upgrades provided by the vendorFuture upgrades provided by the vendor

Adding improvements and enhancements Adding improvements and enhancements regularly by software vendorsregularly by software vendors

Input from other companiesInput from other companies You can contact users in other companies to You can contact users in other companies to

obtain their input about the package, or you obtain their input about the package, or you might be able to try the package before might be able to try the package before making your final decisionmaking your final decision


2020


Customizing a Software PackageCustomizing a Software Package If the standard version of a software product If the standard version of a software product

does not satisfy a company’s requirements, the does not satisfy a company’s requirements, the firm can consider adapting the package to firm can consider adapting the package to meet its needs.meet its needs.

Three ways to customize a software package Three ways to customize a software package are:are:

You can purchase a basic package that vendors will You can purchase a basic package that vendors will customize to suit your needscustomize to suit your needs

You can negotiate directly with the software vendor to You can negotiate directly with the software vendor to make enhancements to meet your needs by paying make enhancements to meet your needs by paying for the changesfor the changes

You can purchase the package and make your own You can purchase the package and make your own modifications, if this is modifications, if this is permissible permissible under the terms of under the terms of the software license. A disadvantage of this approach the software license. A disadvantage of this approach is that system analysts and programmers might be is that system analysts and programmers might be unfamiliar with the software.unfamiliar with the software.


2121


Customizing a Software PackageCustomizing a Software Package DisadvantagesDisadvantages

More cost than purchasing the standard More cost than purchasing the standard packagepackage

The customized package will take longer The customized package will take longer time to obtain than the standard packagetime to obtain than the standard package

Vendors regularly upgrade their standard Vendors regularly upgrade their standard software packages, they might not upgrade software packages, they might not upgrade a customized versiona customized version


2222

Sequence SummarySequence Summary An important trend that views software as a service, rather An important trend that views software as a service, rather

than a product, has created new software acquisition than a product, has created new software acquisition optionsoptions

Systems analysts must consider Web-based development Systems analysts must consider Web-based development environments, and various outsourcing options, including environments, and various outsourcing options, including application service providers and internet business application service providers and internet business servicesservices

If a company choose to handle its own software If a company choose to handle its own software development needs, it can create in-house systems, or development needs, it can create in-house systems, or purchase and possibly customize commercially available purchase and possibly customize commercially available software packagessoftware packages

Companies choose in-house development to: Satisfy Companies choose in-house development to: Satisfy unique business requirements, Minimize changes in unique business requirements, Minimize changes in business procedures and policies, Meet constraints of business procedures and policies, Meet constraints of existing systems, Meet constraints of existing technology, existing systems, Meet constraints of existing technology, Develop internal resources and capabilities, and Satisfy Develop internal resources and capabilities, and Satisfy unique security requirementsunique security requirements

A commercially available software package might be in A commercially available software package might be in some cases an attractive to developing in-house software some cases an attractive to developing in-house software for, Lower costs, Requires less time to implement, Proven for, Lower costs, Requires less time to implement, Proven reliability and performance benchmarks, Requires less reliability and performance benchmarks, Requires less technical development staff, and Future upgrades provided technical development staff, and Future upgrades provided by the vendorby the vendor


2323

Sequence SummarySequence Summary In this Sequence we haveIn this Sequence we have

Described software trends, including the Described software trends, including the concept of software as a serviceconcept of software as a service

Explained software acquisition alternatives, Explained software acquisition alternatives, including traditional versus Web-based including traditional versus Web-based software development strategiessoftware development strategies

Described software outsourcing optionsDescribed software outsourcing options Explained why companies choose to develop Explained why companies choose to develop

in-house software or buy onein-house software or buy one Defined and distinguished between horizontal Defined and distinguished between horizontal

and vertical applicationsand vertical applications Explain advantages and disadvantages of Explain advantages and disadvantages of

developing software in-house versus other developing software in-house versus other alternativesalternatives

Described the three ways to customize a Described the three ways to customize a software package software package


2424

ReferenceReference

[1] System Analysis and Design, Sixth Edition[1] System Analysis and Design, Sixth Edition Authors: Gary B. Shelly, Thomas J. Authors: Gary B. Shelly, Thomas J.

Cashman and Harry J. Rosenblatt , Cashman and Harry J. Rosenblatt , Publisher: SHELLY CASHMAN SEWIES.Publisher: SHELLY CASHMAN SEWIES.

[2] system analysis and design, sixth edition[2] system analysis and design, sixth edition Authors: Kenneth E. Kendall and Julie E. Authors: Kenneth E. Kendall and Julie E.

KendallKendall Publisher: Prentice HallPublisher: Prentice Hall

System Analysis System Analysis - Mr. Ahmad Al-Ghoul System Analysis and Design.

Documents

Transcript of System Analysis System Analysis - Mr. Ahmad Al-Ghoul System Analysis and Design.