System analysis for effective use of biomass as energy resources

ICSS-Asia, Nov. 23, Bangkok

Sohei SHIMADA

Graduate School of Frontier Sciences

The University of Tokyo

Biomass: low energy density

Optimization of transportation is critical for “Biomass to Energy” project.

System analysis using GIS and optimization of economy (cost minimum) and environmental burden (CO2 emission minimum) is a strong tool for

evaluating the project.

Optimal location and size of the power generation plants and biofuel producing plants obtained by the analysis

Examples of analysis;

1. Power generation using EFB (Empty Fruit Bunches) from palm in Selangor State, Malaysia

2. Cocodiesel production in Lucena City, Philippine

3. RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel) power generation in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan

BACKGROUND

Case Study 1

Power generation using EFB (Empty Fruit Bunch) from palm in Selangor

State, Malaysia

Total Fresh Fruit Bunch processed ≈ 79.3 million tonnes

Crude palm oil (CPO) ≈ 15.9 million tonnes

Palm kernel oil (PKO)

≈ 2.0 million tonnes

Palm oil mill effluent (POME)

≈ 53.1 million tonnes

Empty fruit bunch (EFB)

≈ 17.4 million tonnes

Fiber

≈ 10.7 million tonnes

Shell

≈ 4.3 million tonnes

22%

13%

7%

20%

3%

67%

Output of Palm Oil

Issues

EFB (Empty Fruit Bunch)

• Problem of EFB supply chain for power generation

• EFB is bulky and high moisture content

→ inefficiency combustion and difficulty on transportation and store.

• Difficult decision for palm oil mill to commit themselves with certain

EFB handling method since there are many uncertain markets for EFB

based downstream products. →Resulting ‘wait and see’ situation.

Effective use of palm oil wastes system is not yet established.

Fiber and Shell

• Used as fuel to generate electricity to their own palm oil mill. However,

the mills have excess energy.

Energy Balance in Palm oil mill1ton FFB

Boiler

Turbine

Accumulator

Electricity: 95.8MJ

Electricity: 23.8MJ

Steam:1714.2 MJ

Steam:24.2MJ

0.13 t fiber 0.07 t shell

Pow

er central

Oil extraction process

0.23 t EFB

Excess energy :

48 MJ

2760 MJ

1810 MJ

0.65 t steam :

1690 MJ

Electricity :

72 MJ

Boiler efficiency: 65.6%

Heat/power ratio: 1/17.9

Drying

-1500

-1000

-500

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3 4 5 6 7

number of plants

An

nu

al C

os

tm

illio

n J

PN

ye

n/y

ea

r

Capital cost Transportation cost Variable costRevenue ash sales Revenue electricity sales System profit

System Total Cost with Number of Power Plant

Palm oil mill

CHP 1 (6~10 MW)

CHP 1: plant install at palm oil mill(CHP 2: Independent CHP plant)

Distribution of Empty Fruit Bunch

Peninsular Malaysia

Selangor State

-600

-400

-200

0

200

400

600

3 4 5 6 7

number of plants

Pro

fit,

mill

ion

JP

Y y

en

/ye

ar

Capital cost100%Capital cost50%Capital cost0%

Impacts of Capital Cost on Profit

Case Study 2

Cocodiesel production in Lucena City, Philippine

Cocodiesel: diesel oil produced from coconut

Coconut is used for food and diesel oil

Cocodiesel production and blending with the fossil fuel derived diesel

Simulation for 20% Cocodiesel Blend

Amount of CO2

emission per month

Cocodiesel Blend1% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

CO2 emission in kg (Transportation)

6.83 55.03 142.73 258.71 371.82 525.63

CO2 emission in kg (Reduced)

％ Difference

3116.88

0.22 ％

31172.6

0.18 ％

62347.7

0.23 ％

93519.7

0.28 ％

124692

0.30 ％

155867

0.34 ％Transportation Cost per month (\/L) 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05

CO2 emission due to transportation is relatively small compared to the reduction due to the % blend increase: 0.18 – 0.34% difference

Transportation Cost has a minimal effect as % blend increases:0.02 – 0.05 ¥/L (Price increase per liter cocodiesel = ¥ 7 – 12)

Additional cost increases as % blend increases: \ 51,000 (1%) – \4.4M (50%)

Additional cost (\10,000) 5.1 - 8.8 51.3 - 88.0

102.62 -175.9

153.93 -263.9

205.24 – 351.8

256.55 – 439.8

Case Study 3

RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel) power generation in Ishikawa

Prefecture (northern area), Japan

30mm

Omuta

Ishikawa

Hiroshima

Kashima

Mie

Incinerator

Power plant

RDF

Old　 System

9 incineration plants, no thermal recycle

RDF Power Generation System

4 RDF plants + 1 power generation plant

northern　 area of Ishikawa Prefecture

-1,500

-1,000

-500

0

500

1,000

1,500

[Mca

l/]ｔ

Old system 62 120 679 1 1 6 869RDF 180 85 967 18 -1,140 434 12 1 8 564Large area treatment 31 127 -677 679 24 1 2 186Distributed treatment 53 91 -462 679 361

Constructionproces

Collection

proces

Manufacture

of

Transportation of

Powergeneration

Incineraion

Transportation of

Landfill

proces

Dismantlingproces

Sum

Energy Consumption

-200

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

[/t

]ｇ

Old system 1 3 99 0 1 0 0 104RDF 6 19 98 4 -166 60 3 0 1 25Large area treatment 2 35 -99 99 8 0 0 45Distributed treatment 2 19 -67 99 8 0 0 61

Constructionproces

Collection

proces

Manufacture

of RDF

Transportation of

Powergeneration

Incineraion

Transportation of

Landfillproces

s

Dismantling

procesSum

CO2 Emission

-20,000

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

160,000

180,000

[/

]￥

ｔ

Old system 8,163 71,359 36,597 116,119RDF 13,567 72,759 17,600 11,516 -2,155 4,129 117,416Large area treatment 4,510 139,975 -2,978 19,157 160,663Distributed treatment 9,040 77,179 -2,537 20,532 104,214

Constructionproces

Collection

proces

Manufacture

of RDF

Transportation of

Powergenerat

ion

Incineraion

Transportation of

Landfillproces

s

Dismantling

procesSum

Cost

Thank you for your kind attention.