Syntax III: Mapping Ambiguity
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Syntax III: Mapping Ambiguity
Gareth Price – Duke University
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Rules for Lectures in Syntax
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?!
Ǿ ?!
√
now later
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Why analyse Syntax?• It tells us the structure of sentences• It satisfies a curiosity about language in the
same as e.g. Crosswords and, for numbers, Sudoku
• Drawing trees is a great party trick• ... and kills a few hours on the bus.
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What does it tell us about the structure of sentences?
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Recall:XP = {spec} + X’thenX’ = X + YP / YP + X
(complement = necessary to the operation of the sentence)
or X’ = YP + X’ / X’ + YP
(adjunct = incidental to the operation of the sentence)
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New housing project for elderly not yet dead
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New housing project for elderly not yet dead
Two meanings:(a) new housing project for (the) elderly (is) not
yet dead (in e.g. the House)(a) new housing project (is) for (the) elderly
(who are) not yet dead
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Two meanings:{literal}
Surface structure / Phonetic Form [PF]There is a housing project for the elderly (who are not
yet dead) {contextual}
Deep structure / Logical form [LF]A housing project for the elderly is still viable / being
discussed
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• PF• Did you hear that whale?• LF• Did you hear that wail?
• = no such thing as context-free language
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NP VP V’ PP N’ P’ AP A’
NP NP N’
N’ Adv.P Adv.’ AP A’ A N N V P N Neg Adv A New housing project is for elderly not yet dead
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NP VP V’ PP N’ P’ AP A’
NP NP N’
N’ Adv.P Adv.’ AP A’ A N N P N V Neg Adv A New housing project for elderly is not yet dead
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Complaints Against ACC Referees Growing Ugly
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Complaints Against ACC Referees [are] Growing Ugly
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Complaints [are] Against ACC Referees Growing Ugly
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[There are] Complaints Against ACC Referees Growing Ugly
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Recall: Case marking
Canis hominem mordet Canem hominis mordet
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EMT Team Help Dog Bite Man
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I shot the Sheriff with a badge
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I shot the Sheriff with a gun
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I shot the Sheriff with my boots on
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Flowers ate the desks with my boots
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Colourless green bottles sleep furiously
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Det. Adj. N V Adv. PP Det. N
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Det. Adj. N V Adv. P Det. NThe acturous parples thrustle grimulously in the glosselthrop
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What does syntax learn us?
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