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Syngas and derivatives - Nexant Training · 2019-02-19 · Coal Other Derivatives1 Other...
Transcript of Syngas and derivatives - Nexant Training · 2019-02-19 · Coal Other Derivatives1 Other...
The Global Petrochemical Industry:
Understanding the Complex Interactions Between Technology, Economics and Markets
Online Training
Manuel Asali
Vice President
Copyright © by Nexant Inc. 2019
All rights reserved
Syngas and derivatives
Section 6
Synthesis Gas (Syngas)
Section 6 Module 1
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Many sources of synthesis gas (syngas)
Syngas Feedstocks
Methane
From natural gas &
unconventional
(shale, CBM etc.)
Other Sources
(possible and emerging)
Petcoke
Refinery Residues
Waste
Biomass
Coal Steam Reforming /
Gasification Syngas
H2 + CO
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Synthesis gas (syngas)
CH4 (METHANE) + H2O 3H2 + CO
-CH2-(Naphtha) + H2O 2H2 + CO
C (COAL) + H2O H2 + CO
Steam Reforming / Gasification
Water Gas Shift Reaction
Partial Oxidation
CH4 + 1/2O2 2H2 + CO
H2O +CO H2 + CO2
Many Reactions Take Place
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Top ten natural gas reserves (trillion cubic metres)
The top 10 countries account for 79 percent of the reserves
(Iran, Russia and Qatar have almost half!)
Iran
33.2
Russia
35.0
Qatar
24.9
Turkmenistan
19.5
US
8.7
KSA
8.0 UAE
5.9
Venezuela
6.4
Nigeria
5.2
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 2018 (Reserves quoted at end 2017)
China
5.5
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Constituents of natural gas
Compositions of Natural Gas
>80% Methane (C1)
[LNG(1)]
Butane (C4)
Condensate (C5+)
Ethane (C2)
Mostly Energy: Power and Heating
Propane (C3)
<20% NGL(2) LPG(3)
Some Chemicals: Syngas to NH3 and MeOH
Fuel: Syngas to gasoline (GTL)
Mostly Chemicals
Chemicals and Energy
Chemicals and Fuels (1) LNG: Liquefied Natural Gas (methane only)
(2) NGLs: Natural Gas Liquids
(3) LPG: Liquefied Petroleum Gas
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Top ten coal reserves (billion tons)
USA, Russia and China have the largest coal
reserves
USA
251
Russia
160
China
139
Australia
145
India
98
Germany
36 Ukraine
34 Kazakhstan
26
South Africa
10
Indonesia
23
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 2018
Reserves quoted at end 2017
Poland
26
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Coal: Formation and structure
Anthracite Bituminous Sub-bituminous Lignite Peat
Increasing heat and pressure with time…
Cellulose (wood) Coal
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There are three major coal conversion paths: carbonisation,
liquefaction, gasification
Coal
Other Derivatives
Other Derivatives
Olefins
Ethanol
Methanol
Liquid Fuels
SNG
Fertilizers Ammonia
Liquid Fuels
Coke
Syngas
Calcium Carbide Acetylene and
Derivatives (VCM)
Coal Tar Naphthalene and
Derivatives
Carbonisation
DCL1
Gasification
ICL2
Methanol Economy
Energy and Fuel Use
Gasoline
Chemicals
1 DCL: Direct coal liquefaction 2 ICL: Indirect coal liquefaction
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Fischer-Tropsch technology
Paraffin formation :
(2n + 1)H2 + nCO CnH2n+2 + nH2O
Olefin formation :
2nH2 + nCO CnH2n + nH2O
n is typically 10-20
Feedstocks: syngas from coal,
biomass, natural gas
Catalysts: transition metals, including
cobalt, iron, ruthenium, nickel, with
promoters
Max Planck Institute for Coal Research
Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
Prof. Franz Fischer and Dr. Hans Tropsch
1923, Fischer and Tropsch
published their famous work
using alkalized iron catalysts
In 1933, Ruhrchemie (now
Celanese AG chemical)
constructed
Coal gasification and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis together allow the production of liquid
fuels out of the solid combustible coal; however, during 1930s and 1940s
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GTL – Gas-to-Liquids / CTO – Coal-to-Liquids
ORYX GTL (QP and SASOL)
Air
Separation
Unit
Fischer-
Tropsch
Synthesis
Hydrocracking
Hydrogen
Production
Unit
Reforming
(gasification)
Steam
Natural Gas
(or coal)
Synthesis
Gas
Hydrogen
Pure
Oxygen
LPG
Naphtha
Diesel FT Products
Huge Qatar gas field spurring investment in GTL
ORYX GTL (QP AND SASOL) – 34 000 bpd of liquids
PEARL GTL (QP AND SHELL) – 140 000 bpd of liquids (>$20 Billion!!)
PEARL GTL
ORYX GTL
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Syngas chemistry could potentially transform the routes
to the building blocks
Methane
From natural gas &
unconventional
(shale, CBM, etc.) Chemicals
Methanol Derivatives
Ethylene & Propylene
Other Chemicals
MEG, Benzene
Synthetic Natural Gas
(SNG), Hydrogen/Power
GTL/CTL
Other Sources
(possible and emerging)
Petcoke
Refinery Residues
Waste
Biomass
Coal Gasification/
Reforming
Methanol
Fuels
Energy
Fertilizers Ammonia
Syngas
H2 + CO
Potential
MTO/ MTP
Syngas Primary Products
Downstream Products
Feedstocks
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